WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648I. Change in the nature of war. * The Catholic Crusade

A. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis (1559)-- Ended Hapsburg-Valois Wars

B. Phillip II (1556-98)1. Increased Spanish Habsburg power2. Opposed the spread of Protestantism

3. Battle of Lepanto, 1571

II. Civil War in FranceA. Francis I (1515-47) – Concordat of

Bologna (1516)B. Calvinism in France: Huguenots

NobilityC. Catherine de’ MediciD. Nine civil wars between 1562-1589

E. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572

War of the Three Henry’s

F. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) (1589-1610) -- Bourbon

1. Politique – “Paris is worth a Mass”

2. Edict of Nantes, 1598

III. Revolt in the Netherlands

A. Netherlands as a major financial center (Antwerp; Amsterdam)

1. Trade

2. Decentralized political organization

-- Stadtholders

3. Burghers (middle class)*

4. Religious toleration of Calvinists

Vermeer:

View of Delft

c. 1660

Rembrandt

Masters of the Cloth Guild

The Old Stock Exchange in Amsterdam was a center of mercantile activity and religious and intellectual interactions

B. Civil War in Netherlands: 1568-1578

1. King Philip II tries to impose control

a. Duke of Alva – “Council of Blood”

b. Alexander Farnese – siege of cities

2. William of Orange (1533-1584)

3. 17 Protestant provinces vs. Spain.

a. United Provinces of the

Netherlands

b. Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)

B. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

1. Assisted Protestant Netherlands:

a. wool industry

b. death of William the Silent

c. defeat of Antwerp

d. fear of Spanish invasion

C. Spanish Armada, 1588

1. Defeated by England

2. End of Philip’s goal – Christian Crusade

V. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

A. Causes

1. Failure of Peace of Augsburg

a. terms violated by both sides

2. Two armed factions emerge

a. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League

B. First continent-wide war in modern

history.

Holy Roman Empire 1618

1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

a. Ferdinand of Styria

1) Battle of White Mountain

“Defenestration of Prague”

2. Danish Phase (1625-29)

a.Catholic invasion of North Germany

b. Albert of Wallenstein

1) Edict of Restitution

2. Swedish Phase (1629-35)

a.Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32)

1) Battle of Breitenfeld, 1630

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 17

September 1631Albert Cuyp

4.French Phase (1635-1648)

“International Phase”

a.French foreign policy

1) anti-Habsburg (Habsburg Fence)

a.Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

Cardinal Richelieuc. 1637OiI on canvas, 260 x 178 cmNational Gallery, London

C. Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Principles of Peace of Augsburg reasserted (with Calvinism now included).

2. Provisions:

a.Edict of Restitution revoked.

b. Independence of United Provinces from Spain confirmed

c. Swiss Confederacy recognized

d. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) gained territory and international stature.

e. Pope denied participation in

German religious affairs.

d. Individual states (over 300) gained

independence from Holy Roman

Empire. significance:

Europe in 1648

3. Results and aftermath

a. Germany devastated*

b. Future wars no longer primarily

religious.

1) Modern age of sovereign states.

2) Balance of power politics.

a. Catholic crusade failed.

b. Nobles dominated the war

Population Loss in

Germany during the 30 Years’

War

e. Two Habsburg branches weakened.

1) Spanish decline

2) Austrian Habsburgs lost

influence over Germany.