Warmup 9/16

If an organism cannot obtain its own food, it is still living? Why?

What characteristic of STERNGRR is that?

A human using insulin to control the amount of sugar in their blood is an example of what characteristic of STERNGRR?

DNA Technology

Gel Electrophoresis (DNA Fingerprinting)

How does it work?

Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into pieces

The DNA is placed into the gel and an electric current is run through it

The smaller pieces of DNA will move through the gel faster

Real World Application

Determining who your biological parents are: only ½ of the DNA will match mom, the other ½ matches dad◦Maternity testing: mother◦Paternity Testing: Father

Crime Scene Investigation: all of the DNA should match◦Matching DNA found at the crime scene to

suspectsNatural Selection Evidence

◦The more bands organisms share, the more related they are

M C F1 F2

Warmup 9/17

What are 3 ways we can use a gel electrophoresis?

What is the role of a restriction enzyme?

What causes the bands of a DNA fingerprint to separate? Which size travels the least?

SG Answers 1-7

1. Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific points.

2. Step 1 is to cut the DNA. Step 2 is to place the DNA into a gel. Step 3 is to run electricity through the DNA which separates the DNA.

3. The shorter DNA segments travel furthest down the gel because they can get through it easier.

4. Maternity testingPaternity testingCriminal InvestigationNatural Selection Evidence

5. The criminal is Suspect 2 because the bands match up the best with the crime scene DNA.

6. The most recently evolved organism is organism 2. They share 5 bands.

7. Larry is the father.

Transgenics

Transgenic Technology

Genetic Engineering: modification of organisms by humans so the organism will do what we want it to

Recombinant DNA: DNA that has been taken from one species and placed into another species

How is it made?◦Restriction Enzymes are used to cut DNA at

specific spots◦The cut DNA is moved to another piece of DNA

and is inserted using an enzyme called DNA synthase

Transgenic Organism: Organism with the DNA of another species inside it (it has recombinant DNA)

How is it used?

Medicine◦Produce insulin for diabetics ◦Produce growth hormone for dwarfs◦Produce vaccines

Warmup 9/18

What is recombinant DNA?

How is recombinant DNA used in DNA technology?

What is a genetically modified organism?

What are 2 examples of genetically modified organisms and why were they made?

Agriculture◦Make crops resistant to herbicides and repel

insects◦Increase the quality and quantity of oil in

Canola plants

Genetically Modified Organism: organism that has been modified by humans to better fulfill our needs

Ethics of Transgenics

Pros: ◦The GMOs we make produce more food, are

juicier, have more vitamins that their normal counterpart

◦The GMOs are more resistant to pests, drought, and herbicides

While no problems have been reported yet, many people are unsure if GMOs will have unforeseen long-term consequences

People are not told that the food they are buying is a GMO

Answers to questions 8-12

8. Transgenics are made when you pinsert the DNA of one organism into another organism.

9. Two agricultural uses of transgenics are increasing the quality of the food (vitamins, size, etc) and making them resistant to insects.

10. Skip this question.

11. Two medical uses of transgenics are to create insulin and growth hormone.

12. Insulin is produced by inserting the human gene for insulin into a bacteria, allowing the bacteria to grow and produce the insulin, then harvesting the insulin.

Human Genome Project

Genetic Map of all the DNA in a humanEach segment or gene codes for a proteinThere are 30,000 genes in the human

bodyTook 13 years to complete

Human Genome Project

How does this help us?◦Now that we know where harmful genes are,

we can check to see if a person has itWhat did it cost?

◦Over 13 years, it cost $3,000,000,000 (3 billion)

Stem Cells and Gene Therapy

• Stem Cells: cells in an organism that do not have a specific function and can become any cell in the organism

Applications

Regrow tissues that do not normally fix themselves

Gene Therapy: changing the DNA of humans with disorders◦Replacing the degenerating nerves of

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patients so they are healed

◦Replacing the cells that produce insulin so people are no longer diabetic

Cloning

Cloning: the process of producing an exact copy of the original organism◦The new organism is genetically identical to its

“parent”We have been cloning for many years but

we have never cloned a human before due to ethical reasons

Should we clone other organisms?

Warmup 2/25

What is a stem cell?

What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

How can gene therapy be used to cure genetic disorders?

SG 13-17

13. The goal of the HGP was to map out the genes on human DNA.

14. There were approximately 30,000 genes sequences by the HGP

15. One use of gene therapy that has resulted from the HGP is the cure for ALD.

16. The ethical dilemmas associated with gene therapy center around the retrieval of embryonic stem cells.

17. Stem cells are cells that are unspecialized. They can be used to regrow cells/tissues/organs that have degenerated.