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Warmup 8/25
1. What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after?
ManConcrete
2. What other types of energy are probably present?
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• What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after?• Balloon• Water• Person
• What other types of energy are probably present?
Warmup 8/25
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What helps us understand space?• Actual samples from space• Particle accelerators• Telescopes
• All wavelengths of light
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What is Light?• Energy• Electromagnetic wave
• Can travel without a medium (matter)• Transverse waves
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• Electromagnetic spectrum• All travel at the speed of light (3x108 m/s)• Vary in wavelength and frequency
Many Types of Light
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• Radio
• Microwave
• Infrared
• Visible
• Ultraviolet
• X-ray
• Gamma
Types and Uses
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• Which set of “hills” takes more energy to run?• High energy
• Short wavelength• High frequency• Large amplitude
Energy in Waves
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Really Muscular Idiots
Ultra X-treme Grannies
Visualize
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•Used to write really BIG or small numbers easily.
• For example...
100000000000000000000000 stars in the universe
Easier…
1 x 1024 stars in the universe
That means 1 followed by 24 zeros.
Scientific Notation
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The Better Way
• How can we use this for all numbers?
Earth to Pluto – 4,670,000,000 miles
- There are 9 numbers after the 4 so… 109
- Since the non-zero numbers are 467…
4.67 x 109
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• Standard form to scientific notation
• 7,345
• 0.000007
• Can you go backwards?
Scientific notation to standard form
• 9.807 x 1012
• 2.11 x 10-6
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1. List the types of light in the Electromagnetic spectrum in order. Which type of light do you think is the most useful to humans and WHY?
2. Change 6,200,000,000 scientific notation.
3. Change 7.31 x 103 to standard notation.
Warmup 8/26-27
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How has our “picture” of the universe changed?
• Greeks• Aristotle
• Earth-centered• Rotating spheres
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Early Scientists
•Galileo•Copernicus•Kepler•Newton
• Mathematical laws about movement of planets
• First to use telescope in astronomy
• Calculation of gravity• Sun-centered universe
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Next generation of scientists…
• Einstein• Calculations• Universe changing size• Disbelieved
• Added a constant to his equations
• Results = static universe
• Friedmann• Removed Einstein’s
constant• Universe changing shape• Won Einstein’s approval
http://wouterdeheij.wordpress.com/2013/04/27/famous-innovation-quotes-from-steve-jobs-gunter-pauli-einstein-henry-ford-and-many-others/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Fridman.png
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The Big Bang Theory
• Lemaitre• Priest and physicist• Universe began as a
single point• Expanded since that time
• Hubble• Astronomer• Published around same time• Provided evidence
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/
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Spectroscopy Activity
Draw the lines that you see• Make sure the # of lines, color of the lines and order is accurate
Write a conclusion – based on your observations, what can you conclude about the different materials and light you see the material produce?
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How is a spectrum created?• All objects emit light• Pure light from a source• Continuous spectrum
• If light passes through gas or dust• Light absorbed• Excites/heats atoms• Emit own light• Makes an emission spectrum
• Unique
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~jbattat/a35/cont_abs_em.html
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What does a spectrum tell us?
• Each chemical or atom has a unique spectrum.• Like a fingerprint
• What chemicals are present
http://www.umsl.edu/~physics/Lab%20Connection/Electricity%20and%20Magnetism%20Lab/12-lab13.html
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How do astronomers use spectra?• Look at light from
• Stars (gas in outer layers)• Nebula
• Determine chemical composition• Can also determine movement of object
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-236/
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Mercury
Lithium
Hydrogen
Sodium
Unknown
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Warm Up #2
•Why are emission spectra important?•How are emission spectrum created?•What 2 things can astronomers learn by looking at the spectrum from a star?
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Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift• Change in emission spectrum
• Same pattern• Shifted from where it should be
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http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html
Relating back to light…• Blue-shift
• Moving towards us• Wavelength shortens
• Red-shift• Moving away from us• Wavelength lengthens• Bigger the shift the further
away it has come from• Hubble only saw red-shifted
spectra
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Hubble’s Conclusions• Universe
moving away from us
• Things further away are moving away faster
• Expansion rate has
since beginning
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1967
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Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation• Further evidence of the big
bang• Picture =
• Universe all same temp• Very cold• Not what we actually see
• Where else could the microwaves come from?• Extreme red-shift
• From a high energy wave
• Travel long distances• Oldest light we observe• Time when universe was all the
same temp.• The Big Bang
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“Why do we use/have to learn about the Metric System?”
Scientists need a universal way to communicate data.
195 countries in the world use metric system. 3 don’t.
Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S.A. if they are not labeled in metric units.
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MYANMARLIBERIA
UNITED STATES
Who do we think we are?
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“What does the Metric System measure?” Length - meters, m Mass – grams, g Volume - liters, L Time - seconds, s Temperature - Celsius, ºC
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Kilo (k)1000units
Hecto (h)100units
Deka (da)10
unitsBasic Unit
(m, g, L)Deci (d)
0.1units
Centi (c)0.01units
Milli (m)0.001units
Metric Conversion (Staircase Method)
To convert to a smaller unit, movedecimal point to the right
To convert to a larger unit, movedecimal point to the left
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For example…7000 mg = ____ g
Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase.
Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams.
Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.
Kilo (k)1000units
Hecto (h)100units
Deka (dk)10
unitsBasic Unit
(m, g, L)Deci (d)
0.1units
Centi (c)0.01units
Milli (m)0.001units
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For example…7000 mg = ____ g
Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase.
Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams.
Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.
Kilo (k)1000units
Hecto (h)100units
Deka (dk)10
unitsBasic Unit
(m, g, L)Deci (d)
0.1units
Centi (c)0.01units
Milli (m)0.001units
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Let’s practice…
.15 L = _________ mL
20 cm = _________ m
.47 km = _________ mm
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Warm-up
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Orion Nebulahttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr1995044a/
Large Magellanic Cloudhttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr2006055a/
What is Space?• Is it empty?
• Brainstorm a list with your neighbor
of 5 things you might find in space …
• Interstellar medium • Dust and Gas• Nebulas
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Nebular Hypothesis
• How do we get from Point A to Point B?• Random collisions of atoms• Areas of growing mass
• Spherical shape• Pull in more matter• Increase in
• Temperature• Pressure
• Spin• Creates a bulge in the sphere
http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06_17.jpg
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Nuclear Fusion
• High temperatures• 2 particles become 1• Releases a lot of energy• Video clip
• Particle accelerators• Man-made• Create new elements• Find smallest particles
Fermi National Labhttp://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/olympics-physics-hammer-throw/
http://www.universetoday.com/52696/nuclear-fusion-power-closer-to-reality-say-two-separate-teams/
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Color and Temperature• What did you see as a pattern?• Objects give off a variety of light• Peak depends on temperature
• Peak shows most common type of light
http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html
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H-R Diagram Graphing Activity•Look for patterns
http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram
http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017b/
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Main Sequence Stars• Find group on H-R
diagram• Wide variety• Highest # of stars• Stars stay here the
longest• Actively fusing hydrogen
into helium• Outward pressure from
fusion• Inward pressure from
gravity• Equal in these stars• Maintain size
http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram
http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/the-science-of-the-supernova/
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How do we know how far away that is?• Parallax effect
• Compare distant stars to nearby stars
• Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun
• Calculate the distance
• Further away = less of a shift
• Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances
http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30105.HTM
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http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/aruiter/ASTRONOMY110/parallax.gif
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Looking Back in Time• If a star is 10 light years
away• How old is the light we see
today?• Is that star still there today?
• If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away• If they could see with the
Earth with great detail, what would they see right now?
• When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean?
http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1214c/
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• Distances in space are very large• Created new unit - Light year
• Distance• 9.5×1012 km or 5.9×1012 mi
• Proxima Centauri : 2.5 x 1013 miles
Light-Years
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Daily Review #6
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What happens to our Sun?
• Form red giants• Fusing helium• Core collapsing• Outer layers
spread out• Cools
http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg
http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html
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What then?• Forms a white dwarf
• Ran out of helium• No more fusion
• Outer gasses moving away• Planetary nebula
• Leaves a hot, dense corehttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html
Ring Nebulahttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004032d/
Cat’s Eye Nebulahttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/
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What about the fate of larger stars?• Become red supergiants
• Fuse elements larger than helium• All the way to iron
• Short lives
• Supernova• No more fusion• Core violently explodes• Fuses heavier atoms• Very bright, short time• Spreads out material
http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/
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What then?
• Forms a neutron star• If a lower mass core• Very dense
• Not very big• Lots of gravity
• Can produce gamma and x-rays when it pulls items into it
Neutron star in supernova Cassiopeia Ahttp://www.space-pictures.com/view/pictures-of-space/pictures-of-stars/neutron-star/index.php
http://www.clccharter.org/maya1/Supernova/supernova.html
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Or…• Forms a black hole
• Higher mass cores• Infinitely dense• Need to travel faster than the speed
of light to escape
• How can we see?• Will bend light from nearby stars• See dust and gas swirling around
• Hot enough to give off x-rays
• Probably at the center of most galaxies• Including ours!
• Video
Whirlpool Galaxyhttp://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2001010a/
http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html
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Warm Up #4
• What is happening inside a red supergiant star?
• What happens in a supernova?• How is a neutron star different from a black hole?
• Why should we not be able to see a black hole?
• Why can we “see” a black hole?
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Age of the Universe• Rocks on Earth
• 4.2 billion years
• Oldest stars• 10-12 billion years
• Universe must be older• Estimate backwards• 13.8 billion years
http://www.universeadventure.org/big_bang/conseq-ageofuniv.htm
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/07/31/the-size-of-the-universe-a-har/
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What happens next?• Big Crush
• Stops expanding• Gravity causes to crush• Repeat the process
• Big Chill• Expand at slowing rate• Get cooler as expands
• Big Rip• Expand at increasing rate• Everything gets ripped apart
http://sandeepdmisra.wordpress.com/2011/04/
http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/eli_sonafrank/Expansion_-_Fate_of%23168EE9.html
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What else is out there?• Visible matter• Dark matter
• Does not give off light• Things weigh more than they should
• Dark energy• Causing the increase in expansion
rate seen in most recent data• Thus fate of the universe is…
• Big Rip
• Adding these items makes models better fit actual observations
http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-what_is_dark_energy.php
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Warm Up #3
•What makes a star a main sequence star?
•Why does the size of the core of a main sequence star not change?
•What will eventually happen to our Sun and why?
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Metric System Olympics
• Create a data table to organize the following items (one per group)• You will be doing the following “events” – paper plate “discus”, straw “javelin” and long jump
• For each “event” you will need a measurement, then you will change that measurement to another unit, and you will write this last unit in scientific notation