Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?
-
Upload
bianca-coll -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
1
Transcript of Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?
![Page 1: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Warm-up
•What are the four macromolecules and their function?
![Page 2: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mindstretcher
1. What is the name of the region at which reactants bind to an enzyme during a biochemical reaction?
a) Catalyst
b) Product
c) Substrate
d) Active site
![Page 3: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mindstretcher
2. How are enzymes able to speed up biochemical reactions?
a) They provide energy to the reactants.
b) They absorb energy from the products.
c) They lower the activation energy of the reaction.
d)They increase the number of available reactant particles.
![Page 4: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3. The diagram below shows a single glucose molecule.
This molecule is also referred to as
a) A polysaccharide
b) A monosaccharide
c) A fatty acid
d)A nucleic acid
Mindstretcher
![Page 5: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
EnzymesEnzymes
![Page 6: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Metabolism
•The totality of an organism’s chemical processes, involving thousands of precisely coordinated, complex, efficient and integrated chemical reactions in the cell.
![Page 7: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Enzymes are “biological catalysts”:they make all the chemical reactions happen
in the cell!
![Page 8: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Enzymes = “biological catalysts”
•Catalyst = chem agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed
•Protein
•Specific
•Reusable
![Page 9: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Catalyst: something that speeds up a chemical reaction
Enzyme: proteins that speed up/help jump start reactions in an organism
Therefore enzymes are catalysts because they speed up biochemical reactions
• We need enzymes for every process that happens in our bodies!
e.g. Digesting food, replicating DNA
![Page 10: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Enzymes Enzymes Substrate: the material that an enzyme
binds to and breaks down
Complex: enzyme and substrate together
Active site: Where the enzyme and substrate bind together
![Page 11: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
EnzymesEnzymesEnzymes often end in -ase
•Lactase breaks down lactose
•Amylase breaks down amylose
•Make up your own enzyme-substrate names. Write on your paper
![Page 12: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Quick CheckQuick Check1. What’s a substrate?
2. What do enzymes usually end in?
3. Is catalase an enzyme or a substrate? How do you know?
4. What do you predict is the substrate for the enzyme sucrase?
![Page 13: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Enzyme SpecificityEnzyme SpecificityEnzyme SpecificityEnzyme SpecificityEnzymes are specific:
• They only work with one substrate
• The enzyme and the substrate fit together like a lock and a key
Enzymes are reusable: meaning _________
therefore the enzyme is not changed during a reaction
The substrate is changed, it becomes the product(s)
![Page 14: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Activation Energy•For reaction to occur,
reactants must absorb energy to break bonds
•Activation Energy is the amount of energy reactant molecules must absorb to start a chemical reaction.
![Page 15: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Enzymes Lower Activation Energy•Stress bonds for
catabolism (breakdown)
•Orient molecules for anabolism (building)
•Provide microenv. that facilitates the reaction
![Page 16: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Catalytic Cycle of Enzymes
![Page 17: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
•Enzymes are proteins
•Proteins are long chains of amino acids foldedinto a very specific shape
•The function of every protein depends on itsstructure or shape
•Change the shape of an enzyme and it won’t work
•What would change the shape of an enzyme?
![Page 18: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
•Temperature—increase temp, increase reaction rate, until heat denatures protein
•pH – most optimal from 6-8
•Ionic conc. – most enz cannot tolerate high salinity
•Many adaptations are exceptions to above
![Page 19: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Denature: enzyme changes shape so that it no longer works properly
Destroying EnzymesDestroying EnzymesAn enzyme’s job is determined by its SHAPE
Enzymes are denatured by high temperatures and low pHs.
![Page 20: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Optimum Temperature and pH
1. Find the highest point on the curve. 2. Drop down to the x-axis.
3. Record temperature or pH.
![Page 21: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Factors Influencing Rate of Enzyme Action:
pH pH - the optimum (best) in most living things is close
to 7 (neutral)
•high or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity
•A few enzymes (such as gastric protease) work best at a pH of about 2.0
![Page 22: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Temperature - strongly influences enzyme activity
•optimum temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C.
•reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures
•above 45 C most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function)
Factors Influencing Rate of Enzyme Action: Temperature
![Page 23: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Factors Influencing Rate of Enzyme Action: Concentrations of Enzyme and
Substrate
•When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off.
![Page 24: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
lactose + H2O glucose + galactose
lactase
substrate
enzyme
products
Enzymes (Notes)Enzymes (Notes)
![Page 25: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
\
Enzyme FoldableSUBSTRATES A &
B
ENZYME
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCT AB
ENZYME
1 2
3 4
![Page 26: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TAB 1• ENZYME: proteins that act as catalyst to speed
up chemical reactions in living cells.
• SUBSTRATE: the substance and enzyme acts on
![Page 27: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tab 2Induced Fit:
ACTIVE SITE: a region of an enzyme molecule which the substrate binds to
•A change in the shapeshape of an enzyme’s active site
•Induced Induced by the substrate
![Page 28: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tab 3Factors that Affect Enzyme
Action:
•pH
•Temperature
•Amount of substrate
![Page 29: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Tab 4•Reusable or NOT reusable? Reusable
•Specific or not specific? Specific
•Effect on chemical bonds that join atoms in molecules:
•Break bonds or
•Make bonds
•What macromolecule? Enzymes always protein
•Examples of biological catalysts: Protease, Lactase, Amylase
![Page 30: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ReviewQuiz!
![Page 31: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Question 1
What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions called?
A. Amino acidsB. Reactants C. EnzymesD. Substrates
![Page 32: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Question 2 What is a substrate?
A. The compound that is before the arrow in a chemical reactionB. Another name for an enzymeC. The material that an enzyme binds to D. The term used to describe the structure formed after an enzyme binds with a complex
![Page 33: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Question 3 How do enzymes affect the activation energy of
a chemical reaction?A. Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for a reaction to startB. Enzymes decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction to startC. Enzymes do not alter activation energy of chemical reactionsD. Enzymes initially decrease activation energy than increase it
![Page 34: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Question 4
Which of the following statements best describes enzymes?
A. enzymes cannot be reused after a reactionB. Enzymes are organic catalystsC. Enzymes slow down chemical reactionsD. Enzymes can bind to any substrate
![Page 35: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Question 5
An enzymes job is determined by its what?
A. sizeB. shapeC. colorD. Activation energy
![Page 36: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Answers
![Page 37: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Question 1
What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions called?
A. Amino acidsB. Reactants C. EnzymesD. Substrates
![Page 38: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Question 2 What is a substrate?
A. The compound that is before the arrow in a chemical reactionB. Another name for an enzymeC. The material that an enzyme binds to D. The term used to describe the structure formed after an enzyme binds with a complex
![Page 39: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Question 3 How do enzymes affect the activation energy of
a chemical reaction?A. Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for a reaction to startB. Enzymes decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction to startC. Enzymes do not alter activation energy of chemical reactionsD. Enzymes initially decrease activation energy than increase it
![Page 40: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Question 4
Which of the following statements best describes enzymes?
A. enzymes cannot be reused after a reactionB. Enzymes are organic catalystsC. Enzymes slow down chemical reactionsD. Enzymes can bind to any substrate
![Page 41: Warm-up What are the four macromolecules and their function?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649caf5503460f94973657/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Question 5
An enzymes job is determined by its what?
A. sizeB. shapeC. colorD. Activation energy