Warm-up• Turn to page 328 – read the quote from Wilson at the top

of the page. What does the release of energy suggest about what might happen during the progressive era?

• Take a look at the time line that covers pages 328 and 329. What are some of the changes/events that are going on in the United States, between 1890 and 1920? Do you notice a trend in the type of events?

• Turn to page 335 – look at the photo at the bottom – • What is the age group of these factory workers? How are they

dressed? • What details do you notice about the factory and the machinery?

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM• As America entered into the 20th

century, middle class reformers addressed many social problems

• Work conditions, rights for women and children, economic reform, environmental issues and social welfare were a few of these issues

• Purpose was to return power of the government to the people

3

ORIGINS OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT

MOVEMENTS THAT LED TO PROGRESSIVISM

NEW INTEREST IN THE POOR

CHARITY

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

SOCIAL GOSPEL

SETTLEMENT HOUSES

GOOD GOVERNMENT

4

WHO WERE THE PROGRESSIVES?

small businessowners

teachersand socialworkers

reformminded

politiciansThe majority were from the well

educated urban middle class

5

Politicalreform

End to whiteslavery,

prostitution,and sweat

shops

Americanizationof

immigrants

End of urban

politicalmachines Women’s

suffrage

Rate regulationof privateutilities

Anti-trustlegislation

End of childlabor

Prohibition

Immigrationrestrictions

PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERS – Every progressive reform movement had at least one of the following four goals:

• 1) Protect Social Welfare• 2) Promote Moral Improvement

• 3) Create Economic Reform

• 4) Foster Efficiency

1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE

• Relieve urban problems• Social Gospel and settlement house

movements had begun the efforts to soften the harsh effects of industrialization.

• The Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) – provided many activities for community

• Salvation Army – feed poor, care for kids• slum brigades – convert immigrants

• Florence Kelley• Lived in Jane Addams’s Hull house.• Becomes advocate for improving lives of

women and children

Florence Kelley

• Turn to page 331 – Read the Key Player section:• What do you think the term

“guerrilla warrior” suggest about Kelley?

• Page 331 – What was Florence Kelley’s role in the progressive movement?

2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENT• Some reformers felt that the answer

to societies problems was personal behavior - morality

• They proposed such reforms as prohibition – the banning of alcoholic beverages

• Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)• Frances Willard takes over in 1879• By 1911- boasted 245,000 members• Increase women's roles in society

• Push for women’s suffrage

Questions:• Turn to page 332 – Read the Historical Spotlight section:

• What are the goals and methods of the anti-saloon league?• What specific reasons did the League have for trying to ban

alcohol?

• Page 332: What goals did the WCTU have in common with other progressive organizations?

3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORM• The Panic of 1893 prompted

some Americans to question the capitalist economic system• Laissez faire system called into

question• Edward Bellamy called the

capitalist ideal a “brutal and cowardly slaughter of the unarmed and overmatched by bullies in armor”

• As a result some workers embraced socialism• Eugene Debs organized the

American Socialist Party in 1900• Turn to page 332 – read the

personal voice: Explain what Debs is saying about competition in American during this time.

Debs encouraged workers to reject American Capitalism

MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESS

• Though most progressives did not embrace socialism, many writers saw the truth in Debs’ criticism

• Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in business• Ida Tarbell exposed Standard

Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition

Ida Tarbell

Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker

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THE MUCKRAKERS

Lincoln Steffens

Ida Tarbell

Upton Sinclair

Jacob Riis

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John Spargo

Ray Stanndard Baker

Frank Norris

Lewis Hine

"Men with the muckrake are often indispensable to the well-being of society, but only if they know when to stop raking the muck." TR 1905

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FRANK NORRIS

This literary novel exposed the stranglehold railroads had over wheat and other farmers. It called for regulation of railroad corporations.

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UPTON SINCLAIR

HIS BOOK, THE JUNGLE DESCRIBED THE FILTHY CONDITIONS IN THE MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY AND LED TO THE PASSAGE OF THE FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION ACT OF 1906

MOVIE MADE FROM THE BOOK IN THE EARLY 1900’S

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“…old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together… the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit.”

EXCERPT FROM THE JUNGLE

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IDA TARBELL

Miss Tarbell, in her book, revealed after years of diligent research the illegal means used by John D. Rockefeller to monopolize the early oil industry.

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CARTOON SHOWING THE “OCTOPUS” STANDARD OIL SEIZING THE NATION’S OIL BUSINESSES

IDA TARBELL

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JACOB RIIS: DOCUMENTED POVERTY AND HOPELESSNESS

Jacob Riis

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Evicted

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4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY• Many Progressive leaders

put their faith in scientific principles to make society better• In Industry, Frederick Taylor

began using time & motion studies to improve factory efficiency

• Taylorism became an Industry fad as factories sought to complete each task quickly – becomes known as scientific management.• Attempt to make tasks

simpler and easier.

Scientific Management - Ford• Taylorism – looks to streamline the production process

• Speed of production process increases• Workloads are increased to match• Some not as fast as others

• Ford introduces the assembly line – 1913• Time-and-motion studies led to expansion of lines• 1914 – three full lines in operation• Production skyrockets• High worker turnover – exhaustion or injury• To keep workers happy – Ford introduces the 8 hour work day, and pays

$5 a day.• Ford revolutionizes the assembly line by keeping it simple

• Turn to page 333 – looking at the picture – what does it reveal about what it would be like to work on an assembly line?

• Video on Taylorism - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slfFJXVAepE

Contrasting• Contrast the goals and effects of scientific management

with other progressive reforms• Scientific management reformers worked to improve

efficiency and productivity, while other reformers aimed at improving individual behavior or addressing economic inequality.

Key Ideas

• Progressivism aims to protect social welfare

• Progressives promote moral and economic reform

• Progressive reformers improve workplace efficiency

CLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENT

• Efforts at reforming local government stemmed from the desire to make government more efficient and responsive to citizens

• Some believe it also was meant to limit immigrants influence in local governments

• Natural Disasters affect politics:• Galveston, Texas – 1900 hurricane

leads to commission based local government

• Dayton, Ohio – 1913 flood leads to council-manager form of government

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GALVESTON TEXAS: REFORM COMES FROM DISASTER

In September 1900, a hurricane slammed into Galveston almost head on. Waves were higher than 15 feet and winds howled at 130 miles per hour. By the time the storm passed, more than 8,000 people were dead, countless were injured and half of the island's homes had been swept away.

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37CITY MANAGER FORM OF CITY GOVERNMENT GAINED POPULARITY AFTER FLOODS IN DAYTON OHIO IN 1913. COLLEGE EDUCATED HIGHLY PAID PROFESSIONALS ARE HIRED TO RUN CITIES THIS LOWERS THE RISK OF CORRUPTION.

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39

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Corruption in the city

41WHY WERE CITIES SO CORRUPT?

CITIES GREW SO FAST, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS COULD NOT HANDLE IT

IMMIGRANTS FROM SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE HAD NO KNOWLEDGE OF DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY AND WERE EASY PREY FOR BOSSES

BUSINESSMEN WERE CLOSELY LINKED WITH BOSSES MAKING CORRUPTION HARD TO FIGHT

Reform Mayors• Some cities had mayors who

introduced progressive reforms without changing how the government was organized• Hazen Pingree (Detroit)

• Concentrated on economic issues• Pingree’s potato patches

• Tom Johnson (Cleveland)• One of 19 socialist majors of the time

• Give me some examples of progressive reforms these majors initiated.

• What is “gas and water socialism”?

43

“GAS AND WATER SOCIALISM”

TO COUNTER PRIVATE BUSINESSES HOLDING CITY SERVICES HOSTAGE, SOME CITIES INITIATED MUNICIPAL (CITY) OWNERSHIP OF UTILITIES. PUBLIC OWNERSHIP LED TO IMPROVED CITY SERVICES AS WELL AS LOWER RATES.

LOS ANGELES DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND POWER GENERATING PLANT. AN EXAMPLE OF GAS AND WATER SOCIALISM TODAY.

Key Ideas

• Incompetent handling of natural disasters like hurricanes and floods prompts local reform

• Progressive mayors such as Hazen Pingree of Detroit, work to reform local government.

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PROGRESSIVE REFORMS ON THE STATE LEVEL

ROBERT La FOLLETTE AND THE

WISCONSIN IDEA

REGULATING BIG BUSINESS

• Under the progressive Republican leadership of Robert La Follette, Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business• Railroads targeted• Universal tax policy• End corruption of officials• Equality for all – level playing field• Main goal was to regulate bug

business for the public good Robert La Follette

PROTECTING WORKERS• As the number of child workers rose, reformers worked to end child labor• Cheap labor source• Immigrants and poor send kids• Could work in small spaces• Suffered from serious health problems• Developed bad habits

• National Child Labor Committee – 1904• Investigators sent out• Leads to Keating-Owens Act 1916

• Fails, but leads to reform• By 1920 child labor half of 1910 #’s

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LEWIS HINE

In 1907, the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) gave Lewis Hine his first assigned project. Hine was to photograph New York tenement homework. In 1908, the NCLC provided Hine with a monthly salary and assigned him to photograph child labor practices. For the next several years, Hine traveled extensively, photographing children in mines, factories, canneries, textile mills, street trades and assorted agricultural industries. Hine’s photographs alerted the public to the fact child labor deprived children of childhood, health, education and a chance of a future. His work on this project was the driving force behind changing the publics attitude and was instrumental in the fight for stricter child labor laws. By the early 1900’s, 28 states had laws regulating child labor.

The majority of photos in the section on John Spargo were taken by Lewis Hine

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JOHN SPARGO-CHILD LABOR

John Spargo was a British reformer who moved to the United States in 1901. He became an influential Muckraker with the publishing of his book The Bitter Cry of the Children in 1906. The book detailed the plight of working children.

“Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men… The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners’ consumption.”

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EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS• The Supreme Court and the states

enacted or strengthened laws reducing women’s hours of work• Muller v. Oregon – 1908 – 10 hr. work day

for women• Arguing that women needed the

protection of the government• Bunting v. Oregon – 1917 – 10 hr. work

day for men

• Progressives also succeeded in winning worker’s compensation to aid families of injured workers• Maryland in 1902, first state

ELECTION REFORM

• Citizens fought for, and won, such measures as secret ballots (Australia Ballots), referendum votes, and the recall

• Citizens could petition and get initiatives on the ballot

• In 1903, Minnesota passed the first statewide primary system

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MAJOR REFORMS AT THE STATE LEVEL

} SECRET BALLOT: NO ONE CAN KNOW HOW A CITIZEN VOTED

} INITIATIVE: THIS ALLOWED THE VOTING PUBLIC TO PETITION STATE GOVERNMENTS TO CONSIDER BILLS WANTED BY THE PEOPLE

} REFERENDUM: GAVE THE VOTERS THE RIGHT TO DECIDE IF A PROPOSED STATE LAW SHOULD BE PASSED

} RECALL: VOTERS HAVE THE RIGHT TO REMOVE ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES FROM OFFICE

} DIRECT PRIMARY: CANDIDATES FOR OFFICE ARE CHOSEN BY THE VOTERS INSTEAD OF POLITICIANS OR BOSSES

Question• Why would a secret ballot help end threats or intimidation

from opposing political parties?

DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS

• Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. senators

• To force senators to be more responsive to the public, progressives pushed for the popular election of senators

• As a result, Congress passed the 17th Amendment (1913)

Key Ideas

• Progressive governors such as WI. La Follette help reform state government.

• States pass laws to end child labor and improve working conditions

• States introduce election reforms that pave the way for the 17th amendment, which provides for direct election of U.S. Senators.

Closing Thought

•Progressivism prompted new laws, political cleanups, and other changes aimed at protecting social welfare, promoting moral and economic reform, and improving industrial efficiency.

SECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE

• Before the Civil War, American women were expected to devote their time to home and family

• By the late 19th and early 20th century, women were visible in the workforce

Warm-up

• 1) Turn to page 337 – read One American’s Story

• 2) Answer the following:• How did Susette La Flesche

become a spokesperson for the Ponca?

• What sentence in the passage states the main idea about La Flesche?

• 3) Do you think that men and women have the same opportunities open to them?

• 4) Do men and women share equal rights in public life?

Domestic & Farm Workers

• “Cult of Domesticity” prior to Civil War

• Lower class women are forced into workforce

• Farm duties remain the same• Domestic work reserved for

African Americans and unwed immigrants

• 70% of women employed in 1870 were servants• Opportunities lead to decline

WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCE

• 25% of women employed at turn of century

• Opportunities for women increased especially in the cities

• The garment trade claims half of the woman workforce

• Unequal treatment for women• As business expanded so did

opportunity for women. • High school education becomes

essential• 1890 more women graduating HS than

men

Turn to page 338

• Read Now & Then about Telephone Operators

• How did the gap between men’s and women’s salaries draw more women into the workforce?

Key Ideas

• African American and immigrant women often work as domestics

• More women, especially immigrants, work in industry, where they are paid only half as much as men doing equivalent jobs.

• More women take white-collar jobs as teachers, typists, and bookkeepers.

WOMEN LEAD REFORM• Many of the leading progressive

reformers were women• Middle and upper class women

also entered the public sphere as reformers

• Many of these women had graduated from new women’s colleges• Examples: Vassar College, Smith

and Wellesley College• Columbia, Brown ,Harvard establish

separate schools for womenColleges like Vassar and Smith

allowed women to excel

WOMEN AND REFORM

• Women reformers strove to improve conditions at work and home

• “Social Housekeeping”• In 1896, black women formed

the National Association of Colored Women (NACW)• Community services provided

• Suffrage was another important issue for women

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THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR WINNING SUFFRAGE

• NAWSA – National American Woman Suffrage Association

• Suffragists tried three approaches to winning the vote

• 1) Convince state legislatures to adopt vote (Succeeded in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado)

• 2) Pursue court cases to test 14th Amendment• 1875 Supreme Court rules that women are citizens,

but citizenship did not confer right to vote

• 3) Push for national constitutional Amendment

Turn to page 340

• Read the Key Player section about Susan B. Anthony

• What do you think of Anthony’s outrage when only African American males – and not women, black or white – were granted the right to vote after the Civil War?

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Lucy Stone 1818-1893

Lucretia Mott 1793-1880 Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815-1902:her daughter (Harriet E. Blatch) became a prominent suffrage leader in the 20th century

Susan B. Anthony 1820-1906

19TH CENTURY WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE LEADERS

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LEADERS OF THE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT IN THE 20TH CENTURY

Carrie Chapman Catt: 1859-1947

Maud Wood Park: 1871-1955

Lucy Burns 1879-1966

Alice Paul:1886-1977

82NEW SUFFRAGE LEADERSHIP LED BY ALICE PAUL AND CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT BROUGHT NEW TACTICS TO THE FIGHT FOR A WOMAN'S RIGHT TO VOTE. INCORPORATING TECHNIQUES USED BY THE BRITISH SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT,THEY ACHIEVED THEIR GOALS WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE 19TH AMENDMENT IN 1920.

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NOT ALL WOMEN WERE IN FAVOR OF VOTING

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STATES THAT GAVE WOMEN THE SUFFRAGE BEFORE THE 19TH AMENDMENT

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THE STRUGGLE FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

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PRO SUFFRAGE POSTER

88MANY MEN SUPPORTED THE STRUGGLE FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

IN 1912 TEDDY ROOSEVELT'S BULL MOOSE PROGRESSIVE PART ENDORSED FULL WOMEN SUFFRAGE

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THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT, UNDER NEW LEADERSHIP LAUNCHED AN ALL OUT CAMPAIGN TO WIN THE VOTE

90ALICE PAUL AND LUCY BURNS ORGANIZED A PROTEST PARADE TO COINCIDE WITH PRESIDENT WILSON’S INAUGURATION IN MARCH 1913

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ORDER OF MARCH FOR THE 1913 SUFFRAGE PARADE. DELEGATES FROM NATIONS WHO HAD ALREADY GRANTED WOMEN THE VOTE WERE IN THE FRONT.

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On Monday, March 3, 1913, clad in a white cape astride a white horse, lawyer Inez Milholland led the great woman suffrage parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in the nation's capital. Behind her stretched a long line with nine bands, four mounted brigades, three heralds, about 24 floats, and more than 5,000 marchers.

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94The procession began late, but all went well for the first few blocks. Soon the crowds, mostly men in town for the following day's inauguration of Woodrow Wilson, surged into the street making it almost impossible for the marchers to pass. Occasionally only a single file could move forward. Women were jeered, tripped, grabbed, shoved, and many heard “indecent epithets” and “barnyard conversation.” Instead of protecting the parade, the police “seemed to enjoy all the ribald jokes and laughter and part participated in them.” One policeman explained that they should stay at home where they belonged. The men in the procession heard shouts of “Henpecko” and “Where are your skirts?” One hundred marchers were taken to the local

Emergency Hospital.

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THE MISTREATMENT OF THE MARCHERS BY THE CROWD AND THE POLICE ROUSED GREAT INDIGNATION AND LED TO CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS WHERE MORE THAN 150 WITNESSES RECOUNTED THEIR EXPERIENCES; SOME COMPLAINED ABOUT THE LACK OF POLICE PROTECTION, AND OTHERS DEFENDED THE POLICE. BEFORE THE INQUIRIES WERE OVER, THE SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HAD LOST HIS JOB. THE PUBLICITY HELPED INVIGORATE THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT WHICH WENT ON TO TOTAL VICTORY IN 1920.

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Cartoons comparing suffrage marchers to the heroes of the American Revolution

97By 1916, almost all of the major suffrage organizations were united behind the goal of a constitutional amendment. When New York adopted woman suffrage in 1917, and when President Woodrow Wilson changed his position to support an amendment in 1918, the political balance began to shift in favor of the vote for women. On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment, and 2 weeks later, the Senate followed. When Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment on August 18, 1920, the amendment passed its final hurdle of obtaining the agreement of three-fourths of the states. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified the ratification on August 26, 1920, and the face of the American electorate changed forever.

WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE• Carrie Chapman Catt takes over for

Anthony as head of NAWSA. • Concentrates on: organization; ties

between local, state, and national workers; establish wide base support; cautious lobbying; ladylike behavior

• Native-born, educated, middle-class women grew more and more impatient

• Through local, state and national organization, vigorous protests and World War I, women finally realized their dream in 1920 with the passage of the 19th amendment• 72 years after Seneca Falls convention in

1848The 19th Amendment gave women

the right to vote in 1920

SECTION 3: TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL

• When President William McKinley was assassinated 6 months into his second term, Theodore Roosevelt became the nations 26th president

McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in Buffalo in September

of 1901

ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERS

• Roosevelt grabbed national attention by advocating war with Spain in 1898

• His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba

• Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s vice-president

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

THE MODERN PRESIDENT

• When Roosevelt was thrust into the presidency in 1901, he became the youngest president ever at age 42

• He quickly established himself as a modern president who could influence the media and shape legislation

TRUSTBUSTING

• By 1900, Trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries

• Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act

1902 COAL STRIKE

• In 1902 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, and the right to unionize

• Mine owners refused to bargain• Roosevelt called in both sides

and settled the dispute• Thereafter, when a strike

threatened public welfare, the federal government was expected to step in and help

“THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO FOOD REGULATION

• After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

• The Act mandated cleaner conditions for meatpacking plants

PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT

• In response to unregulated claims and unhealthy products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906

• The Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other

harmful ingredients off the market

ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENT

• Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the federal government paid very little attention to the nation’s natural resources

• Roosevelt made conservation a primary concern of his administration

Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author

John Muir at Yosemite Park

ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves

• He also set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites and he established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parksYellowstone National

Park, Wyoming

ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTS

• Roosevelt failed to support Civil Rights for African Americans

• He did, however, support a few individuals such as Booker T. Washington

NAACP FORMED TO PROMOTE RIGHTS

• In 1909 a number of African Americans and prominent white reformers formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• The NAACP had 6,000 members by 1914

• The goal of the organization was full equality among the races

• The means to achieve this was the court system

1964 Application

SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM UNDER PRESIDENT TAFT

• Republican William Howard Taft easily defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan to win the 1908 presidential election

• Taft “busted” 90 trusts during his 4 years in office

• Payne-Aldrich Tariff – not very effective, lacks the cuts promised.• Intended to lower rates on manufactured goods.

Conservative Rep. eliminate most cuts• Blamed for raising cost of living

• Public Land issues: Appoints Richard Bollinger, who sells 1million reserved acres in Alaska.• Goes against Progressive ideals

Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s War Secretary

TAFT LOSES POWER• Taft was not popular with the American

public nor reform minded Republicans• Splits the party• Too cautious

• By 1910, Democrats had regained control of the House of Representatives

• Teddy Roosevelt not allowed to run on Republican ticket• Bull Moose Party created – Progressive

ideals• Splits Republicans: Conservatives vs.

ProgressivesTaft called the Presidency, “The lonesomest job in the world”

1912 ELECTION • Republicans split in 1912 between

Taft and Teddy Some• The Democrats put forward a reform -

minded New Jersey Governor, Woodrow Wilson• Endorsed a progressive platform known

as the New Freedom: called from antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs

• Taft and Teddy trade blows• Wilson stays out of mud slinging

• “Don’t interfere when your enemy is destroying himself”

• Wilson supports small business, free-market competition. Trusts are evil.

• Reform wins the election!• 75% of vote goes to Wilson, Teddy, and

Debs who are all progressive candidates

Republicans split in 1912

Section 4 closing thought• When Taft could not hold together conservative and

progressive wings of the Republican Party, the party split, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the presidency in 1912.

Section 5: WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

• As America’s newly elected president, Wilson moved to enact his program, the “New Freedom”

• He planned his attack on what he called the “triple wall of privilege”: trusts, tariffs, and high finance• Unlike Teddy, Wilson wants to break up all

trusts, not just regulate

• Wilson comes from a family of ministers• Grows up in the South, graduates from

Princeton, studies law, teaches Political Science,• 1902 becomes president of Princeton• 1910 becomes Governor of New Jersey

W. Wilson U.S. President 1912-1920

CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT & THE FEDERAL TRADE ACT

• In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which strengthened the Sherman Act• Declares certain business practices

illegal – buying stock to create monopoly• Trade Unions no longer subject to Anti-

trust laws – legalizes strikes and boycott activities: Supports the workers!!!

• Federal Trade act of 1914• Set up “watchdog” agency called the

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)• Investigates, regulates and punishes

unfair business practices • Hands out over 400 cease-and-desist orders

under Wilson• Protects consumers from business fraud

FEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVES• Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs• Believed lower tariffs would increase

competition • Lost revenues from lowered tariffs had to

be made up

• Ratified in 1916, the 16th Amendment legalized a graduated federal income tax• Tax on individual earnings and corporate

profits• Incomes under 4000 would not be taxed.

• Tax then ranges from 1-6%• Taxes quickly become governments man

source of revenue

Federal Reserve System• Wilson turns attention to financial reform• All sides agreed that the nation needed a way

to make credit more easily available & government needed a way to easily adjust circulation of money

• Federal Reserve Act of 1913• Divides nation into 12 districts• Each district has a federal reserve• Fed Banks have power to:

• Issue paper currency• Transfer funds

• Established the Federal Reserve System• One of Wilson’s enduring achievements• Decentralized private banking system under

government control

LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISM• While the Progressive era was responsible for

many important reforms, it failed to make gains for African Americans• Wilson disappoints progressives who favored

social reforms• Appoints segregationists to federal agencies

• Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights once in office • Won support of NAACP during 1912 election,

promising to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching• As president opposes anti-lynching laws• Capitol and federal offices resume segregation practices

under Wilson• Wilson’s refusal to extend civil rights, pointed to the limits

of progressivism under his administration• Civil rights would be stalled further with start of WWI

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in

the 1920s

Section 5 closing thought:• Although Wilson initiated progressive economic and

political reforms, his record on social reforms disappointed progressives. Women win the vote with little real help from Wilson, and his record on civil rights was poor.