Warm-Up QuizDay 13

• 1. Who invented the cotton gin?

• 2. What did the Cotton Gin do?

• 3. Who led the most successful slave revolt in American history?

Religion

Alexis de Tocqueville – Democracy in America

• Analyzed pros & cons of American democracy

• Noted the strength of religion in America– Due to separation of church

& state– “Despotism may govern

without faith, but Liberty cannot.”

Second Great Awakening• Reaction against

enlightenment & deism• More emotional and

evangelical faith• Charles Finney

– Emphasized personal role in salvation

– Led tent revivals throughout the North

– “All sin consists in selfishness, and all holiness or virtue, in disinterested benevolence”

Perfectionism

• Faith in human capacity achieve a better life through conscious acts of will

Millerites• Believed that Christ would return by March 22, 1844• Thousands gave away their belongings in anticipation

– Also climbed on roofs & hills to be closer to heaven– Movement gave rise to Seventh Day Adventists &

Jehovah Witnesses

Mormon Trek

• Joseph Smith started Mormonism in NY (1830)

• Finds Golden Plates bur

• Church moved to IL– Attacked by locals for

practicing polygamy

• Joseph Smith killed by a mob; Brigham Young took over

• Led Mormons on a trek to Utah

Utopian Communities• Some wanted to create

a perfect society where people shared goods, labor, or family life

• Brook Farm – Transcendentalists

combined philosophy and plain living

• New Harmony– Model factory town

• Oneida– Universal marriage turns

into successful flatware company

• Shakers– Followers of Ann

Lee (they think she is a female Christ)

• First settle near Albany, NY in 1776

– Governing principles

• Agrarian communal living

• Celibacy

- Live in gender segregated, dorm-like housing, but can work and pray together

- God is male and female- Believe in finding the Inner

Light- Expressions take the

form of hymns and work songs, as well as rhythmic swaying and “dancing” when the spirit moved them

– Community with no marriage, no sex, & social equality

– Guess why they died out?

Transcendentalism

• Intellectual movement in New England – They wanted to

transcend (or rise above) reason

• Leader was Ralph Waldo Emerson

• “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind”

Henry David Thoreau

• Wrote Walden while living in a cabin.– Wanted to connect

with nature

• Also wrote “Civil Disobedience” & refused to pay taxes– He opposed the

Mexican War. – Influenced Gandhi &

MLK

Other famous American authors• Edgar Allan Poe

– wrote dark gothic horror stories; wanted to make you tense

• Emily Dickenson– wrote poetry about life, death, loneliness, and God

• Herman Melville – wrote Moby Dick, about an obsessed captain and a white whale

• Washington Irving– Wrote about upstate

NY – Rip van Winkle &

Sleepy Hollow

• James Fenimore Cooper– Struggle between

wilderness & civilization on the frontier

– Last of the Mohicans

• Nathaniel Hawthorne– Oppression of

Puritanism– The Scarlet Letter

• Hudson River School– Group of American artists who painted landscapes of

the American wilderness.

• 2nd G.A. said you are responsible for your own salvation

• Transc. said you should follow your conscience

• Put those two together and you get reformers