Warm UpWarm Up

Pick up your pot of gold off of the Pick up your pot of gold off of the overhead and write a serious wish overhead and write a serious wish in the middle, decorate it , cut it in the middle, decorate it , cut it out and hand it to meout and hand it to me

Chapter 15 pt. 1: Personality Chapter 15 pt. 1: Personality and The Psychoanalytic and The Psychoanalytic

PerspectivePerspective

Personality and the Four Personality and the Four PerspectivesPerspectives

PersonalityPersonality refers to refers to your characteristic your characteristic pattern of thinking, pattern of thinking, feeling, and actingfeeling, and acting. .

Four Basic Four Basic Perspectives on Perspectives on Personality:Personality:

1. 1. Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic

2. Trait 2. Trait

3. Humanistic 3. Humanistic

4. Social Cognitive4. Social Cognitive

The Psychoanalytic The Psychoanalytic PerspectivePerspective

Mostly based on the Mostly based on the ideas of ideas of Sigmund Sigmund Freud.Freud.

Freud argued that Freud argued that personality was mostly personality was mostly influenced by influenced by unconscious unconscious conflicts/motivations conflicts/motivations and early childhood and early childhood sexuality/experiencessexuality/experiences. .

2 most basic motives 2 most basic motives were were sex and sex and aggression.aggression.

The Psychoanalytic The Psychoanalytic PerspectivePerspective Psychoanalysis:Psychoanalysis: specifically refers to specifically refers to

Freud’s theory on unconscious Freud’s theory on unconscious motivations influence on our personality motivations influence on our personality and to the techniques used to and to the techniques used to uncover uncover and interpret unconscious conflicts and interpret unconscious conflicts and tensionsand tensions which may be causing a which may be causing a psychological disorder.psychological disorder.

From this viewpoint, only through From this viewpoint, only through understanding your unconscious understanding your unconscious conflictsconflicts can you overcome can you overcome psychological problems like depression, psychological problems like depression, anxiety, etc. anxiety, etc.

Methods for Tapping Into Methods for Tapping Into the Unconsciousthe Unconscious

1. Hypnosis:1. Hypnosis: Freud “discovered” Freud “discovered” the unconscious when the unconscious when hypnotizing his patientshypnotizing his patients. Under . Under hypnosis patients would talk freely hypnosis patients would talk freely about the onset of their symptoms about the onset of their symptoms and their lives which allowed Freud and their lives which allowed Freud access to “unconscious conflicts.”access to “unconscious conflicts.”

Freud eventually Freud eventually turned awayturned away from from hypnosis since not all patients reacted hypnosis since not all patients reacted to it. to it.

Methods for Tapping Into Methods for Tapping Into the Unconsciousthe Unconscious

2. Dreams:2. Dreams: considered considered the “the “royal road to the royal road to the unconsciousunconscious.”.”

Manifest contentManifest content (dream sequence) was a (dream sequence) was a censored expression of censored expression of the dreamer’s the dreamer’s unconscious wishes called unconscious wishes called latent contentlatent content which which can be analyzed by can be analyzed by psychoanalystspsychoanalysts..

Methods for Tapping into Methods for Tapping into The UnconsciousThe Unconscious

3. Free Association:3. Free Association: technique in which technique in which patients relax and patients relax and say whatever comes say whatever comes to their mindto their mind without without censoring themselves censoring themselves no matter how trivial no matter how trivial or embarrassing the or embarrassing the flow of thoughts is. flow of thoughts is.

Methods for Tapping into The Methods for Tapping into The UnconsciousUnconscious

To Freud nothing you did or said was To Freud nothing you did or said was ever accidental; ever accidental; Everything offered Everything offered insights into the unconsciousinsights into the unconscious. .

4. Freudian Slips:4. Freudian Slips: slips of the slips of the tongue or actions which may illustrate tongue or actions which may illustrate unconscious motives/feelings.unconscious motives/feelings.

Ex:Ex: Accidentally calling your wife Accidentally calling your wife “mom”“mom”

Man sending a post card to his wife Man sending a post card to his wife while on vacation which reads: while on vacation which reads: “Wish you were her.”“Wish you were her.”

Unconscious vs. Unconscious vs. PreconsciousPreconscious

Unconscious:Unconscious: According to Freud is a reservoir of According to Freud is a reservoir of

mostly mostly unacceptable thoughts, unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelingswishes, feelings and memories we and memories we are unaware of. are unaware of.

Contemporary viewpoint-Contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are information processing of which we are unawareunaware

Preconscious:Preconscious: information that is not information that is not conscious, but is retrievable into conscious, but is retrievable into conscious awareness. Ex: conscious awareness. Ex: phone phone numbernumber, best friend’s last name, etc. , best friend’s last name, etc.

Structure of Our Personality Structure of Our Personality According to FreudAccording to Freud

To Freud, To Freud, Personality is Personality is like an iceberg.like an iceberg.

Only can see Only can see very small part very small part of it of it (conscious) (conscious) while most of while most of it is unseen it is unseen (unconscious)(unconscious)

Id

Superego

Ego Conscious mind

Unconscious mind

Parts of Personality Parts of Personality According to FreudAccording to Freud

1. Id:1. Id: largest part of your largest part of your personality that is personality that is unconscious, unconscious, largely largely instinctual, and purely instinctual, and purely operates to satisfy operates to satisfy biological, sexual, and biological, sexual, and aggressive drivesaggressive drives. .

Seeks immediate Seeks immediate gratification and operates gratification and operates according to the according to the pleasure pleasure principle.principle.

Parts of Personality According to Parts of Personality According to FreudFreud

2. Superego:2. Superego: part of part of personality that develops personality that develops around the age of 4 to 5.around the age of 4 to 5.

Is your voice of conscience and focuses on how you ought to behave according to the ideal. .

Provides standards for Provides standards for judgment and future judgment and future aspirations; pushes you aspirations; pushes you towards perfection. towards perfection.

Parts of Personality Parts of Personality According to FreudAccording to Freud

3. Ego:3. Ego: the largely the largely conscious part of your conscious part of your personality that personality that mediates mediates conflict between your id conflict between your id and superego. and superego.

Operates according to the Operates according to the reality principlereality principle satisfying satisfying the id’s desires in ways that the id’s desires in ways that will will realisticallyrealistically bring bring pleasure rather than pain. pleasure rather than pain.

Your Personality Arises From Conflict Your Personality Arises From Conflict Between Pleasure Seeking Impulses Between Pleasure Seeking Impulses and Internalized Social Restraints and Internalized Social Restraints

Against ThemAgainst Them

Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development According to Freud, personality According to Freud, personality

developed during the life’s first few years. developed during the life’s first few years. He believed that He believed that Adult’s conflicts are Adult’s conflicts are rooted in unresolved conflicts from rooted in unresolved conflicts from early childhoodearly childhood which were often which were often related to conflicts in psychosexual related to conflicts in psychosexual development.development.

Psychosexual Stages:Psychosexual Stages: childhood childhood stages of developmentstages of development during which during which according to Freud, the id’s pleasure according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies are focused on distinct seeking energies are focused on distinct erogenous zones. erogenous zones.

Know the Psychosexual Know the Psychosexual StagesStages

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Stage Focus

Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing

Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for

control

Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings

Latency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)

Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)

Conflict During the Phallic Conflict During the Phallic StageStage

The Oedipus Complex:The Oedipus Complex: boys boys develop sexual desires towards develop sexual desires towards their motherstheir mothers and feelings of jealousy and feelings of jealousy and hatred towards their fatherand hatred towards their father

Fear of punishment from their father Fear of punishment from their father leads to leads to castration anxietycastration anxiety and and eventual repression of feelings towards eventual repression of feelings towards mother and identification with rival mother and identification with rival parent (father). parent (father).

Electra Complex:Electra Complex: similar process similar process some psychoanalysts feel some psychoanalysts feel women feelwomen feel towards their fathers and mothers. towards their fathers and mothers.

Personality Development Personality Development and Conflictand Conflict

Identification:Identification: process by which process by which children incorporate their children incorporate their parents’parents’ values into their developing values into their developing superegos. superegos.

Fixation:Fixation: refers to a lingering focus refers to a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stageearlier psychosexual stage. Occurs . Occurs when those sexual needs are when those sexual needs are overindulged or deprived.overindulged or deprived.– Ex: Ex: Anal RetentiveAnal Retentive, etc. , etc.

Personality and Dealing with Personality and Dealing with AnxietyAnxiety

The ego has to deal with a variety of The ego has to deal with a variety of forms of anxiety based on unconscious forms of anxiety based on unconscious conflicts and the conflicting desires of conflicts and the conflicting desires of id and superego. id and superego. At times to avoid At times to avoid anxiety it looks to protect itself by anxiety it looks to protect itself by usingusing: :

Defense Mechanisms:Defense Mechanisms: methods methods that the ego uses to reduce that the ego uses to reduce anxietyanxiety. Involves unconsciously . Involves unconsciously distorting reality to make itself feel distorting reality to make itself feel better.better.

Examples of Defense Examples of Defense MechanismsMechanisms

1. Repression:1. Repression: banishesbanishes anxiety- anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.memories from consciousness.– Ex: Child Sexual Abuse is “forgotten.”Ex: Child Sexual Abuse is “forgotten.”

2. Regression:2. Regression: when an individual when an individual retreats to an retreats to an earlier more infantile earlier more infantile psychosexual stagepsychosexual stage, where some , where some psychic energy remains fixated. psychic energy remains fixated. – Ex: When stressed someone may Ex: When stressed someone may

smoke or drink more (oral fixation). smoke or drink more (oral fixation).

Examples of Defense Examples of Defense MechanismsMechanisms

3. 3. Reaction Formation:Reaction Formation: when the ego when the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their impulses into their opposites.opposites. People will People will express opposite of their anxiety arousing express opposite of their anxiety arousing feelings.feelings.

Ex:Ex: Those with Unacceptable homosexual Those with Unacceptable homosexual impulses may become gay bashers.impulses may become gay bashers.

4. 4. Projection:Projection: when people disguise when people disguise their own threatening impulses by their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. attributing them to others.

Ex:Ex: Husband who is cheating may Husband who is cheating may constantly accuse wife of the behavior.constantly accuse wife of the behavior.

Examples of Defense Examples of Defense MechanismsMechanisms 5. 5. Rationalization:Rationalization: offering self-offering self-

justifying explanationsjustifying explanations in place of the in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. reasons for one’s actions.

Ex:Ex: Justifying Cheating on Taxes by Justifying Cheating on Taxes by saying the government would use $ to saying the government would use $ to create nuclear weapons.create nuclear weapons.

6. 6. Displacement:Displacement: shifting one’s shifting one’s sexual or aggressive impulses to a more sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening object or acceptable or less threatening object or person…redirect anger at “person…redirect anger at “safer outletsafer outlet.”.”

Ex:Ex: Angry at boss or supervisor and you Angry at boss or supervisor and you take it out by yelling at spouse. take it out by yelling at spouse.

Examples of Defense Examples of Defense MechanismsMechanisms 7. 7. Sublimation:Sublimation: when people rechannel when people rechannel

their unacceptable impulses into their unacceptable impulses into socially socially approved activities. approved activities.

Ex:Ex: Playing football to rechannel Playing football to rechannel aggressive impulses. aggressive impulses.

*8. *8. Intellectualization:Intellectualization: separating separating oneself from emotional impact of a oneself from emotional impact of a situation by focusing on problem in situation by focusing on problem in systematic factual way or in the systematic factual way or in the abstract. abstract.

Ex:Ex: A A wife who learns her husband is dying wife who learns her husband is dying tries to learn all she can about the disease, tries to learn all she can about the disease, prognosis, treatment options. Look at it in prognosis, treatment options. Look at it in scientific way to avoid emotion. scientific way to avoid emotion.

Examples of Defense Examples of Defense MechanismsMechanisms

*9. *9. Denial:Denial: when person denies when person denies threatening behavior or events are taking threatening behavior or events are taking place. place.

Ex:Ex: Person who is in a horrible accident Person who is in a horrible accident states emphatically “I will walk again!” states emphatically “I will walk again!”

*10. *10. Undoing:Undoing: idea that if you have idea that if you have unacceptable impulses/behavior you can unacceptable impulses/behavior you can undo or undo or make it up by doing somethingmake it up by doing something..

Ex:Ex: After cheating on wife, husband buys After cheating on wife, husband buys her jewelry. her jewelry.

DEFENSE MECHANISM HANDOUT.DEFENSE MECHANISM HANDOUT.

Psychoanalytic Personality Tests: Psychoanalytic Personality Tests: Assessing the UnconsciousAssessing the Unconscious

Projective Tests:Projective Tests: test which test which presents ambiguous (unclear) presents ambiguous (unclear) stimulistimuli which is designed to get at which is designed to get at one’s inner/unconscious dynamics one’s inner/unconscious dynamics when you interpret it. when you interpret it.

WHAT DO YOU SEE?

Types of Projective TestsTypes of Projective Tests Thematic Thematic

Apperception Apperception Test (TAT):Test (TAT): test test where people where people express their express their inner feelings inner feelings and interests and interests through the through the stories they stories they make up about make up about ambiguous ambiguous scenesscenes. .

Types of Projective TestsTypes of Projective Tests

Rorschach Inkblot Test:Rorschach Inkblot Test: most most widely used projective testwidely used projective test, , looks to identify people’s inner looks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their feelings by analyzing their interpretations of blots. interpretations of blots.

Neo- Freudians Neo- Freudians

Supporters of Freud Supporters of Freud Had 2 major differences with Had 2 major differences with

FreudFreud1. They placed more emphasis 1. They placed more emphasis on the on the conscious mindconscious mind

2. Doubted the role of 2. Doubted the role of sex and sex and aggression aggression

Neo-FreudiansNeo-Freudians Alfred Adler:Alfred Adler: emphasized emphasized

the importance of the importance of SOCIAL SOCIAL tensionstensions in childhood rather in childhood rather than sexual tensions to explain than sexual tensions to explain personality development. personality development.

Proposed idea of Proposed idea of inferiority inferiority complex:complex: feeling of inferiority feeling of inferiority during childhood which causes during childhood which causes individuals to overcompensate individuals to overcompensate and either have significant and either have significant achievements or develop achievements or develop antisocial tendenciesantisocial tendencies..

Neo-FreudiansNeo-Freudians Carl Jung:Carl Jung: Came up with several Came up with several

important Psychoanalytic ideas including: important Psychoanalytic ideas including: 1. Collective Unconscious:1. Collective Unconscious: idea that idea that

humans have a shared reservoir of memory humans have a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species’ historytraces from our species’ history..

2. Complex2. Complex: unconscious impulses that : unconscious impulses that lie behind an individuals mysterious lie behind an individuals mysterious behavior. At core of complex was idea behavior. At core of complex was idea known as known as Archetype:Archetype: universal pattern of universal pattern of experienceexperience.. Example of Archetypes:Example of Archetypes:– A. A. Anima/AnimusAnima/Animus:: feelings towards feelings towards

opposite genderopposite gender

Criticism of Psychoanalysis?Criticism of Psychoanalysis?

Development is not just in Development is not just in childhoodchildhood

Overestimated Overestimated parental parental involvementinvolvement

Might have created Might have created false false memoriesmemories in patients in patients

Is Repression a Myth?Is Repression a Myth?