Warm-upHow might

the situation depicted here have caused anger and resentment on the part of the Germans?

After WWI, Germany had to pay off huge war debts while also dealing with povertyat home. Here children use German marks, worth less than a penny, as building blocks.

World War IIThe Road To War

(1931~1941)

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSWhy is it important to distinguish between historical facts and interpretations?

What kinds of sources offer the best insight into the causes, course, and effects of World War II?

TIMELINE1931 ~ Japan overruns Manchuria

1933 ~ Adolf Hitler is named Chancellor of Germany

the same year that FDR is elected president of the United States.

TIMELINE ~ continued1934 – Stalin begins

the great purge in the USSR

1934 – Chinese Communists flee in the long march.

1935 ~ Congress passes the first Neutrality Act. This bans the sale of arms to countries at war.

TIMELINE1936 ~ Italy conquers Ethiopia

Roosevelt is reelected.1938 ~ Chamberlain and Hitler meet

at the Munich Conference.

TIMELINE1939 ~ Invasion of Poland begins

WWII1939 ~ Congress repeals the arms

embargo1940 ~ Roosevelt sends 50 destroyers

to Britain in exchange for military bases in the Western Hemisphere.

1940 ~ Germany defeats France and attacks Britain by air.

1941 ~ Roosevelt proposes lend-lease program to aid the Allies.

TIMELINE1941 ~ Japan bombs Pearl Harbor and the U.S. enters the war.

VOCABULARYTOTALITARIANFASCISMPURGENAZISMAXIS POWERSAPPEASEMENT

KEY PERSONALITIESAdolph HitlerNeville ChamberlainBenito MussoliniFranklin D. RooseveltJoseph StalinWinston ChurchillMao ZedongHarry S. TrumanJiang Jieshi

Best Supporting ActorsGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeorge MarshallAlbert Einstein

TOTALITARIANWhere the government exerts total control over a nation.

It dominates every facet of life.

Uses terror to suppress individual rights

Silences opposition

TOTALITARIANHitler acted as a totalitarian when he held the Nuremberg Party Rally.

180,000 people gathered.Lasted one week.Nazi Party had political meetings, parades, and the Oath under the Cathedral of Light.

Hitler leads the audience in a “holy oath”

The Faces of Totalitarianism (pg 531)

Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Communist Soviet Union

Extreme nationalismMilitaristic expansionCharismatic leaderPrivate property with strong government controlAnticommunist

Mussolini (El Duce)

FASCISMA philosophy of governing style which emphasizes the importance of the nation or an ethnic group AND the supreme authority of the leader.

FASCISMHitler and Mussolini were both

fascists. They relied on a strong,

dictatorial governmentNeither one of them respected

individual rights and/or freedoms.

Historically, Fascists and Communists are fierce enemies, even though they both rely upon a strong, dictatorial government.

BENITO MUSSOLINI

Italian middle class demanded strong leadership

Inflation and unemployment were high

Established the Fascist party

Preyed upon fear of economic collapse

Used NATIONALISMIl Duce “the leader”Black Shirts – his

armyAnticommunistCharismatic

Il Duce“Italy wants peace, work, and calm. I will give these things with love if possible, with force if necessary.”

STALIN Focused on creating a Communist state

GOALS: Agricultural and Industrial growth

Economy – placed under state management

1937 – The Soviet Union had become the world’s second largest industrial power.

Millions died from famine caused by this restructuring

PURGE

A political term that means to remove enemies and undesirable people from power.

Stalin used purges to “purify” his Communist party.

The Great Purge began in 1934 with “show trials.”

The only possible verdict was GUILTY.By 1939 his agents arrested 7 million people.A million were executedSeveral millions ended up in forced labor camps.Most victims were innocent.Purge successfully eliminated all threats to his

power.

NAZISMA political party – Nazi Party.A form of FascismIn 1919 the Nazi party was small. Otherwise known as the

National Socialist German Workers’ Party

Party philosophy was shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

ADOLF HITLERExtreme nationalismForwarded racism – Aryans were a master raceBelieved in private property with strong government controlAnticommunistDer Fuhrer believed Germany needed lebensraum

1932 – Nazi party was strongest

Japanese Invade Manchuria

MILITARISM IN JAPANMilitarist leaders also believed in the

need for living spaceJapanese militarists seized Manchuria

in 1931Province is rich in natural resources and is about twice the size of TexasLeague of Nations investigatedJapan was condemnedJapan quits league

FRANCO in Spain

Rebelled against the republic3,000 Americans formed up to fight against Franco in an attempt to stop fascism in 1936.Soviet Union sent equipment and

advised Hitler and Mussolini to support Franco.

Franco becomes Spain’s fascist dictator.

Cost of victory = 500,000 livesThe Axis is born

LEAGUE of

NATIONS

Condemned Japan, but did not take action

Hitler noticed this and pulled Germany out of the League

The League did not even stop Hitler when he violated the Treaty of Versailles.

Hitler had sent troops into the Rhineland.

Mussolini invades Ethiopia and the League launched an economic boycott

THINK

NATIONALISM ~ What is it?Did you say…….

Devotion to one’s nation???Nationalism usually suggests that a nation’s people believe themselves, their ideals, and their goals to be superior to those of other nations.

Are YOU a NATIONALIST???

AXIS POWERS

In 1936 Germany’s Hitler signed an agreement with Italy’s Mussolini.

This agreement created what Mussolini called an “axis” between Rome and Berlin.

Germany and Italy, who were joined later by Japan, were known as the Axis Powers.

SECTION TWOWAR IN EUROPE

VOCABULARYBLITZKRIEGCOLLABORATIONRESISTANCEALLIESAPPEASEMENTNONAGGRESSION PACT

BLITZKRIEG

“Lightening Warfare”Hitler unveiled this strategy during the

invasion of Poland.Involved a fast, concentrated air and land

attack that took the enemy’s army by surprise.

Stuka (dive-bombing warplane), then the panzers, then the infantry.

Using this tactic the German troops overran Poland in less than a month.

COLLABORATION

Close cooperationGeneral Petain had Vichy France adopt a

policy of collaboration with Germany.Vichy France – southern region of France

that was the only place left unoccupied by the German army.

Vichy was a town that was both a vacation resort as well as the commanding headquarters for the French.

ALLIES

The group of countries who opposed the Axis Powers.

{ Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union }

APPEASEMENT

Giving in to a competitor’s demands.Britain practiced a policy of

appeasement in order to keep the peace.Hitler demanded the Sudetenland ~ an

industrial region of western Czechoslovakia with a heavily German population.

NONAGGRESSION PACTSigned by Stalin and Hitler

Promised never to attack each other

A second secret pact was signed whereas Hitler agreed to give the Soviet Union a portion of Poland.

THE PHONY WAROnce Poland fell, French and British troops sat on the Maginot Line

German troops sat on the Siegfried Line staring back a few miles away

SitzkriegHitler invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in two months

FALL OF FRANCEGermans

trapped 400,000 British and French soldiers at Dunkirk

A few days later, Italy entered the war and sided with Germany

RESISTANCEConsisted of groups of French citizens

who distributed anti-German leaflets.Led by Charles de GaulleFree France – a government in exile in

LondonLargely an underground movement

BATTLE OF BRITAINThe German Luftwaffe began bombing runs over Britain

15 August 1940 – Hitler had 2,000 planes fly over Britain and run bombing raids for two straight months.

185-26“Never in the field of human conflict, was so much owed so many by so few

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_britain_air_observer.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/602sqdn-spit1.jpg

BATTLE OF BRITAINWhy is this significant?

Much of Europe had fallen to German and Soviet aggression. France, Britain’schief ally, had surrendered to Germany. The British army had been forced to retreat from the continent. The outcome was crucial because Britain was the lastpowerful nation in Europe fighting against Germany. Britain’s victory led Hitlerto call off the invasion of Britain indefinitely.

End Section Two

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SECTION 3 Japan Builds an EmpireFood for Thought : Why did Japan look beyond China for future expansion?

VOCABULARYMANCHURIAN INCIDENTPUPPET STATEBURMA ROADGREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY

SPHERE

MANCHURIAN INCIDENT1900’s ~ Japan has a population

explosion1930 ~ Population = 65 millionOBVIOUS NEEDS ~ Raw Materials and

Markets as well as land to feed her rising population.

September 1931 – A Japanese army stationed in Manchuria claimed that Chinese soldiers tried to blow up a railway line.

Japanese army captured several cities.Japan’s government tried to call off the

army.By February 1932 – all of Manchuria had

been seized.

PUPPET STATEJapan announced that the

invaded land of Manchuria was now called “Manchukuo.”

Manchukuo was a puppet state.

Manchukuo was independent from China, but was ruled / advised by Japanese leaders.

DEFINITION: An independent country under the control of a powerful outsider (usually a geographic neighbor).

BURMA ROADA 700 mile long highway linking Burma to China.

Presently Burma is Myanmar.Japan had seized the major cities of Beijing and Tianjin by 1937.

Jiang Jieshi fiercly resisted.Japanese weaponry was far superior.

Japan bombed cities.“Rape of Nanjing” – 100,000 civilians were brutalized or killed by the Japanese soldiers.

BURMA ROAD (2)Roosevelt condemned these actions.“the epidemic of world lawlessness is

spreading”He called for a peaceful nations to

quarantine themselves.Neutrality ActsBurma road was used by the Soviet Union

and Britain.Both sent a steady stream of supplies to

the Chinese to help them defend against Japanese invasions.

GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHEREA title given to the area of Japanese

control which had extended from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies.

Similar to Hitler’s Lebensraum (“living space”).

TRIPARTITE PACT1940 ~ Japan allied itself with

Germany and Italy through this pact.Japan is getting ready to challenge

the Europeans and the Americans for supremacy in Asia.

AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR

NEUTRALITY ACTSA series of acts which

was an attempt to prevent involvement in WWII.

1935 ~ banned the U.S. from selling weapons to nations at war

1936 ~ banned the U.S. from loaning money to countries at war

1937 ~ permitted trade of nonmilitary goods with warring nations.

NEUTRALITY ACTSRoosevelt said that the neutrality acts

actually encouraged aggression. What do you think?

By the end of 1938 – Italy had conquered Ethiopia, Japan had invaded China and Germany had taken Austria and the Sudetenland. The United States stood back and watched. This was FDR’s argument made in hindsight.

VOCABULARYNEUTRALITY ACTSCASH AND CARRYAMERICA FIRST COMMITTEELEND-LEASE ACT

CASH AND CARRYAn American policy which stated that warring nations could trade nonmilitary good with the U.S. as long as they paid cash and transported the cargo for themselves.

AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEEA group of isolationists who wanted to block further aid to Britain.

1940 ~ France fell to Germany and now Britain stood alone to defend against Hitler.

Many Americans wanted to support Britain with “all aid short of war”

50 destroyersThis group was at 800,000 members during at its height.

LEND-LEASE ACTChurchill (Britain) told FDR (who had just been reelected to a third term) that his country was nearly bankrupt.

The Lend-Lease Act was a program designed by FDR to provide supplies to Britain without expecting immediate payment.

Passed in 1941 and gave the president the power to “aid any nation whose defense was vital to American security.”

LEND-LEASE ACT (2)By the end of the war, the United States had extended $49 billion dollars worth of lend-lease aid to 40 nations.

Is the United States still neutral??

AMERICANS AT WAR

1941 ~ Hitler invades the Soviet Union and Hong Kong falls to Japan.December 7th, 1941 ~ Japan attacks Pearl Harbor1942 ~ Japan conquers the Philippines

1942 ~ The U.S. defeats the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway. Japanese Americans are interned in camps.

1943 ~ Jews in the Warsaw ghetto rebel. 1943 ~ Mussolini is overthrown and Hitler invades Italy1943 ~ Americans help defeat Axis armies in North Africa.

1943 ~ American troops in the Pacific take Guadalcanal and begin the island-hopping campaign.

D-Day 7 August 1942

Marines Cross A River

Protecting The Airfield

AMERICANS AT WAR (2)

1944 ~ American and British troops lead the D-Day invasion of France

1944 ~ Japan begins Kamikaze attacks.

1944 ~ De Gaulle leads Allies into Paris.

1945 ~ Truman becomes president after FDR’s death.

AMERICANS AT WAR (3)1945 ~ American

troops liberate Western Germany.

1945 ~ The United States drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1945 ~ Hitler commits suicide

1945 ~ Germany and Japan surrender

VOCABULARYSELECTIVE TRAINING AND SERVICE ACTGIOFFICE OF WAR MOBILIZATIONLIBERTY SHIPVICTORY GARDEN

SELECTIVE TRAINING AND SERVICE ACT

Required all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service.

Some men were selected from this pool to serve one year in the army.

September 1940 ~ First peacetime draft The United States is preparing for war

“Four Freedoms Speech”FDR’s vision of what the

troops would be fighting for.

“We look forward to a world founded on four essential freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression….The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way…. The third is freedom from want [need]…. The fourth is freedom from fear.”

GI“Government Issue”More than 16 million Americans served

as soldiersSoldiers who were getting pounded by

enemy gunfire and crossing hot deserts and turbulent seas.

Their experience during war was often a daily struggle to stay alive.

Office of War MobilizationThis office served as the superagency for the

centralization of resourcesThe Ford Motor Company was converted to

build B-24 Liberator bombers.

Liberty ShipsMass production techniques were introduced into shipbuilding.

Cut the time to build one ship from 200 days down to 40 days.

These were large sturdy merchant ships used to carry both supplies and troops.

Victory GardenA home vegetable

garden planted to add to the home food supply and to replace farm produce that was being sent to the soldiers.

A way to enlist public support from home

By 1943 victory gardens produced one third of the country’s fresh vegetables.

Unit 2 ~ Section 2RETAKING EUROPE

VOCABULARYATLANTIC CHARTERCARPET BOMBINGD-DAYBATTLE OF THE BULGE

ATLANTIC CHARTERA declaration of principles that were secretly

decided upon aboard a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August of 1941.

Atlantic Charter members were mainly Winston Churchill and FDR.

This becomes the basis for the United Nations.

Atlantic Charter

CARPET BOMBINGA style of bombing where warplanes scatter

large numbers of bombs over a wide area.This technique was created by the RAFInitially German and British warplanes tried

to pinpoint strategic targetsLater resorted to simple carpet bombing

The eight principal points of the Charter were:no territorial gains were to be sought by the

United States or the United Kingdom;territorial adjustments must be in accord with the

wishes of the peoples concerned;all people had a right to self-determination;trade barriers were to be lowered;there was to be global economic cooperation and

advancement of social welfare;the participants would work for a world free of

want and fear;the participants would work for

freedom of the seas;there was to be disarmament of aggressor

nations, and a postwar common disarmament.

D-DAYThe day the invasion of Western Europe

began.June 6th 1944 ~4,600 English warships1,000 RAF bombers23,000 British and American airborne troops1,000 American bombers150,000 Allied troops landed on 60 miles of

coastline of Normandy, France.

D-Day (2)Allies suffered

2,000 casualties at Omaha beach alone

Within a week a half a million men had come ashore

By late July, the Allied forces in France numbered some 2 million troops

BATTLE OF THE BULGE1944 ~ mid December ~ The name given to

the German attack that smashed into the U.S. First Army and pushed it back, forming a bulge in the Allied line.

Hitler was using thousands of 15 year old soldiers as new draftees to reinforce his line.

Largest battle in Western EuropeLargest battle ever fought by the U.S. ArmyInvolved 600,000 GI’s80,000 killed, wounded or capturedGerman losses totaled 100,000