Warm-up for 28-1

JFK 1960 inauguration speech

Election of 1960 mood of restlessness among voters

US recession, USSR had launched Sputnik, dev. long range missiles, aligned w/ Cuba, & shot down U-2 plane

nominees were John Kennedy (D) & Richard Nixon (R) Kennedy was handsome & charismatic–criticized for inexperience & RC

religion 2 factors helped JFK (TV & Civil Rights)

1. 1st ever TV debates showcased Kennedy’s confidence-TV age of politics began2. Martin Luther King was arrested for sitting at a segregated lunch counter

Nixon refused to take a position & JFK’s brother helped get King released *African-American vote helped carry key states in the S & MW

John F. Kennedy 35th U.S. President (D) 1961-1963 had inspiring inaugural speech 1st family fascinated the public (wife Jacqueline, children Caroline

& John) glamour & talented advisors reminded many of a modern-day

Camelot

New Military Policy Communist influence had spread to 3rd world countries

including Cuba flexible response- policy of preparing for a variety of military

responses rather than relying on the use of nuclear weapons

And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you -ask what you can do for your country.

Crisis over Cuba

Fidel Castro- communist dictator of Cuba

Eisenhower cut off relations w/ after Castro seized U.S. oil refineries Eisenhower gave permission for

the CIA to train Cuban exiles for an invasion

JFK learned about it right before taking office, yet approved

Bay of Pigs invasion –April 17, 1961 - was a failure from the start (1,500 Cuban exiles that landed

faced 25,000 troops backed by tanks & aircraft)

disaster left JFK embarrassed

Cuban Missile Crisis Soviet Premier Nikita

Khrushchev promised to defend Cuba w/ Soviet arms

in Oct. of 62’ photographs revealed nuclear missiles ready to launch

JFK stated any attack from Cuba would mean an all-out attack on the Soviets

U.S. ships quarantined Cuba from any more Soviet ships

Soviets offered to remove missiles for a pledge not to invade Cuba

U.S. also secretly agreed to remove missiles from Turkey

Crisis in Berlin- August 1961 millions had fled East Germany to be free from Communist rule Khrushchev wanted to close roads but JFK refused Berlin Wall- concrete wall separating W & E Berlin from 1961 to

1989 (length of barriers ~110 miles) *wall becomes an ugly symbol of Communist oppression hot line- phone allowing the leaders of the U.S. & Soviet Union

to talk (est. 1963) Limited Test Ban Treaty- barred nuclear testing in the

atmosphere (1963- still allowed underground detonations)

President Kennedy used this handwritten note card while delivering his speech to the people of Berlin on June 26, 1963 at Rudolph Wilde Platz. On it he phonetically spelled German phrases from his speech, including "Ish bin ein Berliner".

There is a misconception that Kennedy made a risible error by saying Ich bin ein Berliner. By using the indefinite article "ein," he supposedly changed the meaning of the sentence from "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a jelly doughnut.“ The indefinite article is omitted in German when speaking of an individual's profession or residence but is still used when speaking in a figurative sense. Since the President was not literally from Berlin but declaring his solidarity with its citizens, "Ich bin ein Berliner" was the only way to express what he wanted to say. It is also true that though the word "Berliner“ is used for a jelly doughnut in the north, west and southwest of Germany, but the word is not used in Berlin itself or the surrounding region, where the usual word is "Pfannkuchen."

Warm-up for 28-2

Video warm-up

Besides 9/11, is their any other historical event that was so powerful that you remember where you were and what you were doing? Explain. What are some past historical events that people would have remembered forever?

The Promise of Progress New Frontier

JFK’s legislative plan included medical care for the elderly, rebuilding urban areas, bolster the

national defense, & expand the space program

JFK lacked popular mandate- clear indication voters approved his plans

JFK took over during a recession & pushed for deficit spending (spending more than the govt. took in)

Congress approved 20% budget increase for armed services Domestically- increased minimum wage & extended unemployment insurance

Foreign Aid Programs

Peace Corps- volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, & LA Between 1961 and 2013, over 210,000 Americans joined

the Peace Corps and served in 139 countries.

Alliance for Progress-economic & technical assistance to Latin America By 1973 the program was widely viewed as a failure and it

was cancelled.

Race to the moon Soviets 1st to put a man in space (Yuri Gagarin) Alan Shepard 1st American in space NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Admin.) – constructed

new launch facilities in FL and mission control center in TX July 20, 1969 – Neil Armstrong walked on the moon funding for science programs increases resulting in new

technologies (computer chips, medical, telecommunication, & aviation advances)

1963- JFK presented Congress w/ a civil rights bill & a $10 billion tax cut

Mercury (‘59-’63) – Alan Shepard becomes 1st American in space in 1961, John Glenn 1st to orbit Earth

Gemini (‘62-’66) – long duration space flight & vehicle docking

Apollo (‘61-’72) – 1969 Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin land on the moon in six Apollo spaceflights twelve men walked on the Moon

Moon landing marked an end to the space race

Manned missions continued w/ Skylab, the shuttle program (1981-2011), and the ISS

Albert II became the first monkey in space on 14 June 1949, in a U.S.-launched V-2, after the failure of the original Albert's mission on ascent. Albert I reached only 30–39 miles altitude; Albert II reached about 83 miles. Albert II died on impact after a parachute failure. Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were under anesthesia during launch. The death rate among monkeys at this stage was very high: about two-thirds of all monkeys launched in 1940s and 1950s died on missions or soon after landing.

On 19 August 1960 Russia launched Sputnik 5, which carried the dogs Belka and Strelka, along with a gray rabbit, 40 mice, 2 rats, and 15 flasks of fruit flies and plants. It was the first spacecraft to carry animals into orbit and return them alive. One of Strelka's pups, Pushinka, bred and born after her mission, was given as a present to Caroline Kennedy by Nikita Khrushchev in 1961, and many descendants are known to exist.

Tragedy in Dallas

November 22, 1963 JFK landed in Dallas

JFK shot riding in an open-air limo near the TX School Book Depository

LBJ took the oath of office aboard Air Force One

Lee Harvey Oswald charged w/ murder – ex-marine & Castro supporter

Warren Commission- 2 hits out of 3 shots from 140 feet, and from 60 feet up- extremely difficult

a nightclub owner named Jack Ruby shot Oswald during a prison transfer

Warren Commission-investigated & concluded Oswald acted alone 2 bullets from the 6th floor

Depository caused all the injuries to JFK & Connally (magic bullet & head shot)

a 1979 reinvestigation concluded Oswald was part of a conspiracy w/ 2 shooters Possible 2nd shooter on the

grassy knoll

**American system of govt. proved sturdy

Warm-up for 28-3

Video warm-up

Does government have a responsibility to try to right social wrongs (poverty, discrimination, & lack of opportunity), and if so, at what level? Can government change how people treat each other?

Lyndon Baines Johnson 36th U.S. President (D) 1963-1969 Texas representative that idolized FDR VP for JFK helping win key states in the S passed JFK’s tax reduction plan spurring economic growth passed JFK’s Civil Rights Act of 64’ prohibiting discrimination LBJ’s agenda focused on poverty Economic Opportunity Act- $ for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-

business loans, & job training 1964 election- won against Senator Barry Goldwater in a landslide D’s increased majority in Congress, giving LBJ power to pass legislation

Great Society- LBJ’s programs to reduce poverty & racial injustices in the U.S. (Education- federal $ for textbooks, materials, & special education) (Housing- slum rebuilding & new low-income housing- HUD created) Healthcare-

Medicare-provides insurance for Americans age 65 or older Medicaid- provides insurance to welfare recipients

Immigration- Immigration Act of 1965- ended national-origins quotas est. in the 20’s

allowed non-European immigrants to settle in the U.S.

Environmental- Silent Spring by Rachel Carson triggered an environmental movement

(Water Quality Act of 1965- required states to clean up rivers)

Consumer Protection- Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader criticized the unsafe auto industry

Warren Court (1953-1969) SC during the period when Earl Warren

was CJ known for activism in areas of civil rights

& free speech (banned state prayer in public schools, limited

power to censor books & film, declared state loyalty oaths unconstitutional)

reapportionment- redrawing of election districts to reflect changes in pop. (rural residents w/ lower pop. sometimes had

more representation -pop. shifts) (district apportionment is known as

gerrymandering-manipulating district boundaries to create partisan advantages)

rights of people accused of crimes greatly expanded (evidence seized illegally could not be used in

court, free counsel provided, lawyer present during questioning)

Miranda v. Arizona suspects must be read their rights before

questioning

The word gerrymander was used for the first time in the Boston Gazette on 26 March 1812. The word was created in reaction to a redrawing of Massachusetts state senate election districts under Governor Elbridge Gerry. In 1812, Governor Gerry signed a bill that redistricted Massachusetts to benefit his Democratic-Republican Party. When mapped, one of the contorted districts in the Boston area was said to resemble the shape of a mythological salamander. The term gerrymander is a blend of the governor's last name and the word salamander.

Miranda Rights Scenario

Scenario #1

Benny was arrested by New York Police and charged with the armed robbery of a taxicab driver. While Benny was in jail waiting for his trial, a New York undercover officer was placed in Benny’s cell. Before the officer asked any questions, Benny said that he had robbed the cab driver. Benny’s statement was used against him at trial, despite his objection that he was not read his Miranda Rights, in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Should the court allow the statement?

Scenario #1:

The Supreme Court held that this was not a violation of the Fifth Amendment. They felt that unless the defendant could show that the police officer actually questioned the prisoner, instead of merely listening to him, then the discussion did not qualify as a custodial interrogation.

Note: A later Supreme Court case went even further, saying that Miranda warnings are not required if the defendant does not know he is speaking to a law enforcement agent.

Scenario #2

Rhode Island police officers arrested Jared on suspicion of shooting a local taxicab driver in the head, and then burying the body nearby. Jared was read his Miranda rights, and indicated that he wished to speak to a lawyer. On the way to the station, the police began talking to each other about the murder, while Jared listened in the back seat. Then, without warning, Jared admitted to the murder. At his trial, Jared argued that the police had coerced him into admitting to the murder, and that his Fifth Amendment rights had been violated. Should the court allow the statement?

Scenario #2

The Supreme Court said that this situation had not violated the defendant’s Miranda rights because he had not been expressly questioned, nor had the police said anything that he knew would likely coerce the defendant into admitting guilt.

Note: The court did indicate in a later case that if, under the same circumstances, the officer’s conversation was intended to produce a confession, then it would violate the defendant’s Fifth Amendment, even absent express questioning.

Scenario #3

Robert Berkemer was driving 40 mph in a 25 mph zone when he saw the flashing lights of a patrol car behind him. He dutifully pulled over to the side of the road. The officer approached him, and requested that he step outside of the vehicle. Robert stepped out of the car, and the officer asked him whether or not he was aware of how fast he was going. In response to the officer’s questioning, Robert admitted that he had been speeding. At his traffic hearing, Robert argued that because he was detained and interrogated without receiving his Miranda warnings, his confession should not be admitted. Should the court allow Robert’s confession?

Scenario #3

The Supreme Court said that Miranda Warnings need not be given before roadside questioning of a motorist detained at a routine traffic stop. They did not feel that such stops impair a person’s free exercise of his privilege against self-incrimination to require that he be warned of his constitutional rights.

Impact of Great Society

LBJ greatly extended the power of the presidency

# of poor people did decline

Great Society contributed to a growing budget deficit

Communist forces in Vietnam would eventually overshadow the Great Society