WARM UP – after EXAM copy and answer the 3 questions below Once you finish warm-up you can start...
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Transcript of WARM UP – after EXAM copy and answer the 3 questions below Once you finish warm-up you can start...
WARM UP – after EXAM copy and answer the 3 questions below
Once you finish warm-up you can start your homework by reading pages 272-285.
What are the ways that a nation increases its territory?
What are some reasons countries expand their borders?
What might be benefits or drawbacks of expansion?
Samuel F. B. Morse … _ .._. (Known as Morse Code)
Morse began his communication system using 10 miles of copper wire
The government gave him $30,000 to increase it to 40 miles
The first message went between Baltimore and DC
Industrialism
During the mid 1800s, America went from being primarily agricultural to more industrial
Workers left farms and cottage industries to work in mills, often textile mills
Farming
Farmers were more efficient after they specialized, growing only 1 or 2 crops (called specialization)
Market Economy – Market Revolution
(19th century new way people acquired goods)
People now went to a market to exchange their goods and services
They no longer needed to be self-sufficient
The open market allowed the American economy to grow
Factors of ProductionLandLaborCapitalEntrepreneurshipTechnologyA market economy/capitalism
allows individuals to own all the above
Entrepreneurial Spirit (comes from
the French word “entrepreneur” which means to undertake)
Capitalism – people control the factors of production and allow them to keep the profits
Francis Cabot Lowell pooled money with other investors to open textile mills
Entrepreneurial Spirit
Entrepreneurs can make a lot of money, but they assume all of the risk
Charles Goodyear died in debt after developing rubber and developed the process of vulcanization.
Risk does not always pay off
Other Inventions
Elias Howe - sewing machine
I M Singer - foot treadleRobert Fulton -steam boat
allowed for goods to be transported upriver, against the tides
Telegraph
Using a system of dots and dashes,carrried across copper wire, messages could be tapped across the country
Trains used the telegraph to keep schedules and relay updated prices
Canals
Canals were dug to connect waterways
Flatboats were pulled by animals
With the rise of railroads, canals were soon replaced
Erie Canal – Clinton’s Ditch
Trains….Trains…..
Shipping goods by train was more expensive than by wagon or flatboat, but speed was the key
Trains ran everyday and in all seasons.
Consumer prices fell
Farming in the Midwest
The Midwest was covered with fertile soil
John Deere’s steel plow allowed animals to cultivate the soil
Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper (usually shipped in parts) did the harvesting of 5 men
Trains….Trains…..
Canals, roads and railroads connected cities and regions
Regional specialization created goods for the market
Most advances occurred in the North
WARM UP – copy and answer:
1. What led to the rise of Capitalism?2. Describe the impact of the market revolution on potential customers3. How did new products, communications methods, and transportation methods help the U.S. economy?4. How did the transportation revolution bind U.S. regions to one another and to the rest of the world?
1. What led to the rise of Capitalism? Investors were willing to risk their own money in new industries, standing to earn huge profits if successful2. Describe the impact of the market revolution on potential customers. The cost of consumer goods dropped, so more workers became consumers3. How did new products, communications methods, and transportation methods help the U.S. economy? New products led to a growing number of consumers. New methods of communication and transportation made the operation of business more efficient and profitable4. How did the transportation revolution bind U.S. regions to one another and to the rest of the world? Canals, railroads, and improved roads reduced the price of shipping and the linked the country’s interior to international ports like New York City.
Thomas Jefferson
In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of America
Forty years later, America demanded more land
Manifest Destiny
John L. O’Sullivan coined the term of manifest destiny as our God-given right to own all the land from the Arctic to Latin America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Most Americans agreed
Heading West
Farmers, miners, trappers and merchants headed west of the Rockies
Ports in the Oregon Territory welcomed trade from China and Japan
What about the Indians???
By the 1830s, almost all the Indians had been killed or moved west of the Miss R.
Some joined white cultureSome fought white settlersSome continued to move
Black Hawk War
White settlers wanted to push the Indians out of the upper Midwest
A prophet told Black Hawk of a prophesy where he would lead the Indians to victory
The Indians lost and were moved west of the Miss R.
Middle Ground
Land between Indian and White settlements was called the middle ground
As the Indians were pushed west, the middle ground moved west
The middle ground kept moving
Fort Laramie Treaty
Indians sometimes attacked white settlers
The Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851, gave Indians control of the Plains and the US agreed to abide by the treaty and make annual payments to the Indians
Fort Laramie Treaty
The settlers continued to settle on Indian land, destroy their hunting grounds, kill off the native buffalo and elk, and trample the land.
Subsequent treaties demanded that the Indians move from these lands
Trails West – Santa Fe Trail
Many trails began at Independence, MO. ended
Fearing Indian attacks, most wagon trains banded together
Traders exchanged goods for gold, silver and fur with Mexicans and returned home
Trails West – Oregon Trail (extended from Independence Missouri to Portland Oregon)
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, missionaries, told of the fertile land in the Willamette Valley
Hundreds of farmers settled there, arriving by Conestoga
Trails West – Donner Party
Not every trip west was successful
The Reed-Donner party left Independence in May and attempted to take a short-cut to catch up with the rest of the group
Trails West – Donner Party
They did not make it across the mountains before the November snows
By the time they were rescued, only about half survived – by eating the flesh of the dead
Trails West – Mormons
The Mormon religion was established in 1846 by Joseph Smith
Mormons believe that the lost tribes of Israel came to America and blended with the Native Americans
Trails West – Mormons
They also believed in polygamyFor this, they faced
discrimination which forced them to move from New York to little-populated, Nauvoo, IL
Smith and his brother were killed by an angry mob
Trails West – Mormons
The Mormons, under Brigham Young, moved west until they settled in Salt Lake City
They remained isolated until the California gold rush
Oregon Territory
The territory took in all of northwestern America.
It was claimed by Britain and America
James K. Polk, an expansionist, used the slogan, 54° 40’ or Fight” in his presidential campaign
Oregon Territory
It was more land than Polk actually wanted and although he was edging toward war with Britain over his demand, there was no way America could fight a successful war with Britain while fighting Mexico
His bluff worked though
WARM UP – Review “Manifest Destiny” COPY QUESTIONS/ANSWERS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the United States?2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.3. What were the effects of the U.S. government policies towards Native Americans in the mid 1800’s?4. What difficulties were faced by families like the Whitmans and the Hauns?5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their search for a new home?
1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the United States? Black Hawk believed he was destined to lead his people in a rebellion against the U.S.
2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny. That U.S. expansion in the West was inevitable3. What were the effects of the U.S. government policies towards Native Americans in the mid 1800’s? U.S. government at first agreed to boundaries that protected Native American territories, but later broke these agreements and moved Native Americans to different lands4. What difficulties were faced by families like the Whitmans and the Hauns? Disease, death, fatigue and loneliness5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their search for a new home? They were fleeing from religious persecution
Stephen Austin Leads American cotton farmers -
settled in eastern Texas (between the Colorado and Brazos rivers) where “no drunkard, no gambler, no swearer, and no idler” would be allowed
To keep settlement orderly, Mexico gave empresarios, land grants, to others
Stephen Austin’s father received an empresario but died before dividing his land for settlement
Mexico – the early years
The earliest Spanish settlements were missions and trading posts
Their objective was to convert the Indians to Catholicism
After Mexico received their independence from Spain, they outlawed slavery in 1821
Mexico – building a country
Independent Mexico looked for ways to increase their economy
They eased trade restrictions with the US
They encouraged American farmers to settle in Mexico to protect the area from Indians
Mexico – the invasion
The empresarios allowed settlers to buy cheap land
They came by the thousands, pledging to obey Mexican lawNo slavesSpeak SpanishBecome Catholic
Mexico – the broken promises
American settlers did not observe any of Mexico’s requests
Soon the American population surpassed the Tejano (native) population
Presidents John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson offered to buy Texas from Mexico
Mexico – it’s mine, not yours
Mexico refused to sellProtestant, slaveholding,
English-speaking settlers continued to pour into Texas
In 1830, Mexico closed its borders but lacked the security to enforce it
Mexico – Yankee, go home
But the Americans kept coming
By 1836 there were more slaves in Texas than Tejanos
General Santa Anna took over the Mexican government and declared himself dictator
Mexico – they can’t do that
Fearing Santa Anna would enforce Mexican law, the Americans declared independence
Santa Anna marched his army to the Alamo in San Antonio, destroyed the fort and killed all the Americans inside
Mexico – the fat lady sings
After two Mexican victories at the Alamo and Goliad, American forces, led by Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto
The Republic of Texas was born
Mexico – got the short straw
The Tejanos, who fought with the Americans against Santa Anna, now faced discrimation by the Americans
Texas was denied statehood because they wanted to enter the Union as a slave state
Texas – finally a state
James K. Polk ran for president in 1844 as an expansionist
His victory gave him a mandate to admit Texas into the Union
They became a state in 1845
James K Polk
Polk’s ideas to expand America do not end with Texas.
He threatens war with Britain over the Oregon Territory
He sends troops into Mexico to instigate a war – that Mexico cannot win.
A 3rd Party, the Liberty (anti-slavery) Party pulled enough votes from Whig Henry Clay to cause Clay to lose to Dark Horse candidate, James K. Polk
Polk Urges War
Polk was elected promising to expand the country
He wasted no timeHe believed that a war
with Mexico would allow him to claim AZ, NM and CA too
Buying Mexico?
Gen. Santa Anna was replaced as Mexico’s president
Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to offer to buy land north and west of the Rio Grande
Mexican officials refused to see him
Buying Mexico?
Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to invade Mexico, crossing the Rio Grande
When Mexico reacted to the invasion, Polk and Congress declared war
Sectional Attitudes
Although most Americans backed the idea of expansion, not everyone was happy about Polk’s aggressiveness
Sectional differences arose
Sectional Attitudes
The North viewed expansion as a way to increase slavery, slaves states and add pro-slavery senators in Congress
The South wanted the additional farmland and Congressional seats
WARM-UP
Chapter 10 – pages 302-303Time Line Discussion – The time line covers events in the U.S. and the world the decade before the Civil War.
What major acts of Congress are shown and when did they occur (there are two)?
Which political party is formed at this time?
What wars were fought in this period (there are two)?
Who was the woman mentioned on the time line and what did she do?
What group of people achieved freedom?
War Begins
Gen. Taylor invades Mexico through Texas
Gen. Kearny invades Mexico in S. California
Gen. Fremont invades Mexico in N. California
War Ends
California fell and became the Bear Flag Republic
Generals Grant and Lee fought in Mexico under Gen. Winfield Scott
Mexico fell after a failed attempt to restore Santa Anna
Spoils of War
Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
It gave the US the present-day states of Utah, Arizona, NM, and California
Natives were promised some freedoms
Token Payment to Mexico
Pres. Pierce signed the Gadsden Purchase – giving Mexico $10 million for land that wasn’t for sale
The new southern border is how you see it today
California Gold
Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, outside San Francisco
Gold fever hit miners around the world
The population of CA increased to over 100,000 people
California Gold
People arrived from America, China, Japan and Europe
Most settlers did not get rich from gold, but many merchants and farmers found CA profitable
California’s Statehood
California immediately applied for admission to the Union
The South was outraged at the thought of another free state