Warm UP 8-12-14Warm UP 8-12-14Using the maps in chapter 6, write a brief paragraph (5-7 sentences) explaining why

the St. Lawrence River valley was the strategic key to control of the whole center of

North America.

Pages 109-123

Maps: pg

110, 111,113,114,116,118,120,123

Contemporary illustrations of historical events may not only hive us information about those events but tell us something about the attitude and intention of

those who made the illustrations. The caption to the engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere (p. 133) observes that it is “both art and

propaganda.” Drawing on the account of the massacre in the next (pp. 132-133) enables you to

see the ways in which Revere’s engraving combines factual information with a political point of

view. Answer the following questions.

Interpreting Historical IllustratinsInterpreting Historical Illustratins

1. What parts of the encounter between the British redcoats and the colonists does the engraving entirely leave out?

2. The text says that the British troops fired “without orders.” How does the engraving suggest the opposite?

3. How does Revere’s presentation of the colonial victims seem especially designed to inflame the feelings of the viewer?

Chapter 6 Chapter 6

The Duel for

North America

France grows in StrengthFrance grows in Strength France a latecomer to the New

World. 1500’s involved with foreign wars

and domestic issues. Catholics vs. Protestant Huguenots. Blood bath.

1598 Edict of Nantes- limited toleration to French Protestants.

France begins to grow in strength. Strong ministers and Louis XIV.

Ruled for 72 years since the age of 5.

Interest in New WorldInterest in New World* 1608-establish Quebec colony.* Leading figure was Samuel de

Champlain. Befriended the Huron tribe, made war with the Iroquois.

* France relationship with Iroquois would be damaging. Unable to have easy access to the Ohio valley.

* Iroquois would side with British.* Prolonged struggle for control

of the Continent.

New France (Canada) ColonyNew France (Canada) Colony Government fell under autocratic

control of the king. No elected representatives, assemblies, or right to trial by jury.

Population slow to grow. Why? 1750-60,000 inhabited the

region. Little economic motive to move

to the colony. Huguenots were denied refuge

there. Gov’t favored Caribbean island

colonies rich in sugar and rum.

New France expansionNew France expansion• Value: Beaver. Warmth and

appearance.• Fur trappers pursued the

beaver over woods and waterways.

• Coureurs de bouis- risk takers, heavy drinkers, free spenders. Backwoods man.

• Recruited Indians into the fur business.

Fur tradeFur trade* Indians recruited were decimated by disease and alcohol.

* Damage many traditional and religious beliefs the Native Americans held.

* Damage the ecology of the regions, almost wiping the beavers out in some parts.

* Great distances were covered in search of beaver pelts. See page108.

ExpansionExpansion Jesuits- Worked to save Indian

souls. Vital role as explorers and geographers.

Antoine Cadillac-founded Detroit in 1701 “city of straits” Hold British advancement.

Robert de La Salle- founded Louisiana to contain Spanish expansion.

Establish number of Forts in what is Louisiana and Mississippi including New Orleans in 1718.

Control of Mississippi RiverControl of Mississippi River

* Control of the mouth of the river important.

* Control of Interior North America to allow for strong fur trade.

* Allow for trade of grain and products from the fertile Illinois region trading posts with the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes.

Conflicts of EmpiresConflicts of Empires* King Williams War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713). Earliest battles pitting British colonists against Coureurs de bouis.* Small in scale. North America not worth regular troops at this point.* Guerilla warfare. French attacked British frontier settlements such as Schenectady, N.Y. (1690) and Deerfield Mass. (1704)* British un-succesful at attempts in Montreal and Quebec.

* British success at Port Royal of Acadia.* Treaty of Utrecht (1713)- British rewarded Acadia renamed Nova Scotia and the Hudson bay region. Pinched the French in. (See page 110.)* Also limited trade with the Spanish. Led to friction and smuggling. * War of Jenkins Ear. 1739 British and Spanish in the Caribbean and buffer colony of Georgia. Soon merged with King George’s War.

ContinuedContinued

* British colonists along with fleet captured French Fortress Louisbourg.

* Treaty of 1748 gave Fortress back to French.

* Colonists outraged at what they believed belonged to them. Their glory tarnished by Old World diplomats.

* Fighting in time intensified between two countries in the Ohio River Valley.

* British pushing westward from Atlantic colonies France trying to hold on to maintain its hold on the interior.

* British become concerned by constant presence of French in the area.

Washington’s role against FranceWashington’s role against France* 1749 Virginia speculators (Washington) had shaky rights to some 500,000 acres in the area.* French were producing forts in the area including Fort Duquesne.* 1754 Governor sent Washington (21 yrs) to secure claims to the land.* Encountered French detachment of troops and fired upon them. French leader killed and men retreated.* French reinforcements surrounded Washington at Fort Necessity and forced his surrender. (July 4)

ContinuedContinued* Fighting started from this moment, British in Nova Scotia remove 4000 French Acadians who scatter as far as Louisiana (Cajuns)

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

* Starts with Washington’s fired shots. 1st three conflicts started in Europe.* 7 Years War (Europe)* Previous altercations colonists were less unified. Those who fought were nearest to the conflict those who were remote avoided it. * British Government summoned inter-colonial congress to Albany New York.* 7 of the 13 Colonies showed up. Immediate purpose to keep the Iroquois tribes together with the British. Longer purpose was to achieve greater unity in the colonies.

Ben FranklinBen Franklin* Pennsylvania Gazette printed Join or Die cartoon.

* Created a scheme for colonial home rule at Albany. Delegates adopted it but the colonies and London rejected it. Why?

* Colonists not enough independence and London felt it gave too much.

British blunders earlyBritish blunders early* Braddock sent to capture Fort Dusquene.* Soldiers reluctant and movement was slow.* Encounter French and repelled them but into the woods they fired upon the redcoats where Braddock killed and Washington had two horses shot from under him.* Native Americans advanced through the frontiers attacking British colonists confident after Braddock’s defeat.* Washington tried to protect the frontier.

Pitt’s VictoryPitt’s Victory* 1757 William Pitt became the foremost leader in London’s Government.* Stopped going after the French West Indies and focused his efforts on Canada.* 1758 focus on Louisburg and claimed victory. 1st major victory of the war.* Quebec was seized by James Wolfe.(1759)* Montreal falls in 1760 and the French claims fell in North America.

* British emerged as the dominant power in North America.

* Naval power takes its place on top.

Restless ColonistsRestless Colonists

* War bolstered colonists self image of themselves and image of British invincibility was gone in their army.* Friction between British regulars and colonists developed.* Some British upset at lack of colonists commitment to the effort: smugglers!* Colonists refused to supply troops and money. Distance.* Demand Rights and Privileges without the duties and responsibilities.

War’s Aftermath????????War’s Aftermath????????

Battle For The Continent

Battle For The Continent

What was the impact of the Seven Years’ War on imperial and Indian-white relations?

What was the impact of the Seven Years’ War on imperial and Indian-white relations?

The Middle GroundThe Middle GroundOhio Valley Area

Ohio Company claims the land

French, British, and Natives fighting for land

Natives keep getting pushed out

Fighting back meant suicide

The Seven Years WarAKA The French and Indian WarThe Seven Years WarAKA The French and Indian War

Battle started over Ohio Valley area

Indian and French join together to fight the British (at first they were winning)

Britain raised money and sent over men and naval forced to defeat the French

Outside help

Other countries (Prussia and Austria)

Natives/Colonist

The aftermath: A World TransformedThe aftermath: A World TransformedPeace of Paris (1763)- France gave Canada to Britain for a few islands

Spain gave Florida to Britain for the Philippines and Cuba

France gave Spain the Louisiana territory

Land east of the Mississippi belonged to Britain

War costs high = raised taxes on the colonies to help pay for war

The aftermath: Native RelationsThe aftermath: Native RelationsPontiac’s Rebellion

French had give native land to the British - Natives must join together to reclaim their land and fight back

Natives began to seize British forts

Proclamation of 1763 came from England

No settlements west of the Appalachian mountains were allowed

Land was reserved for natives

Only colonial govt could purchase these lands - not private citizens

The aftermath: Native RelationsThe aftermath: Native Relations

Pennsylvania

Quakers rule comes to an end; policy of accommodation with the natives ends too

Quakers resigned their seats in politics

Gov declared war on hostile natives and offered a bounty for native scalps

Paxton Boys-removal of all natives in the area

Holy Experiment fails

The aftermath: Colonial IdentitiesThe aftermath: Colonial IdentitiesAlbany Plan of Union (1754)- Ben Franklin plan to create a Grand Council of delegates from each colony to control taxes and deal with native relations (never sent to London for approval)

Colonial interests were similar

More British than ever (fought the war together English and colonists)

British nationalism - global empire

George WashingtonGeorge Washington

Ignored Proclamation of 1763 and “bought” as much land as he could in secret

Chapter 7Chapter 7

The Road to RevolutionThe Road to Revolution

Deep Roots of the RevolutionDeep Roots of the Revolution Republicanism- a just society

where all citizens willingly submit their private interests for the interests of the common good.

Needed to be selfless, self-sufficient, and desire for civic involvement.

Opposed to a hierarchical and authoritarian institutions. (Monarchies)

Republicanism- a just society where all citizens willingly submit their private interests for the interests of the common good.

Needed to be selfless, self-sufficient, and desire for civic involvement.

Opposed to a hierarchical and authoritarian institutions. (Monarchies)

continuedcontinued

Radical Whigs: Feared the threat to liberty posed by the power of the monarchy and his ministers.

Fear of corruption that will destroy common person’s liberties.

Colonial life bolsters these attitudes. No royalty, run their own affairs, distance weakens authority.

Shock in 1763, when Britain tries to reign in the American colonists.

Radical Whigs: Feared the threat to liberty posed by the power of the monarchy and his ministers.

Fear of corruption that will destroy common person’s liberties.

Colonial life bolsters these attitudes. No royalty, run their own affairs, distance weakens authority.

Shock in 1763, when Britain tries to reign in the American colonists.

Mercantilism and GrievancesMercantilism and Grievances Belief that wealth is

power and a countries wealth is measured by gold and silver in the treasury.

Country needs to export more than it imports.

Possessing colonies puts you at a distinct advantage. Supply raw materials and they buy finished goods.

Belief that wealth is power and a countries wealth is measured by gold and silver in the treasury.

Country needs to export more than it imports.

Possessing colonies puts you at a distinct advantage. Supply raw materials and they buy finished goods.

continuedcontinued American colonies supply

tobacco, sugar, and ship masts and refrain from making woolen clothing or beaver hats.

Buy exclusively from Britain. Avoid economic self-sufficiency

and self government. Regulate system with

Navigation Act of 1650. Tariff duties regulated.

American colonies supply tobacco, sugar, and ship masts and refrain from making woolen clothing or beaver hats.

Buy exclusively from Britain. Avoid economic self-sufficiency

and self government. Regulate system with

Navigation Act of 1650. Tariff duties regulated.

continuedcontinued System created money shortage.

Colonists buy more than they sell. Forced colonists to pay difference

with hard cash. (Gold & Silver) Colonists assemblies created paper

money which Parliament prohibited. Americans feel their welfare is being sacrificed for the well being of British commercial interests.

System created money shortage. Colonists buy more than they sell.

Forced colonists to pay difference with hard cash. (Gold & Silver)

Colonists assemblies created paper money which Parliament prohibited. Americans feel their welfare is being sacrificed for the well being of British commercial interests.

+ & - of Mercantilism+ & - of Mercantilism Navigation acts had little burden

prior to 1763. Loosely enforced if at all.

London paid liberal bounties for ship parts and Virginia enjoyed a monopoly on tobacco in the British market.

Protection of the Navy and Army without cost to them.

Navigation acts had little burden prior to 1763. Loosely enforced if at all.

London paid liberal bounties for ship parts and Virginia enjoyed a monopoly on tobacco in the British market.

Protection of the Navy and Army without cost to them.

NegativesNegatives

Reduce economic initiative or creativity. Dependent on British agents and

creditors. Felt used, always treated like the child

of the economy never able to grow.

Reduce economic initiative or creativity. Dependent on British agents and

creditors. Felt used, always treated like the child

of the economy never able to grow.

Aftermath of French Indian WarAftermath of French Indian War Debt from the French and Indian

war was around 140 million pounds. 1/2 from defending the colonies.

Prime Minister George Grenville and Parliament redefine the relationship with the colonies.

1763 begins to strictly enforce the Navigation Acts.

Proclamation of 1763, no movement west of the Appalachian Mts.

Debt from the French and Indian war was around 140 million pounds. 1/2 from defending the colonies.

Prime Minister George Grenville and Parliament redefine the relationship with the colonies.

1763 begins to strictly enforce the Navigation Acts.

Proclamation of 1763, no movement west of the Appalachian Mts.

Sugar Act of 1764. First act passed to raise tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. Increased the duty on sugar from the West Indies.

Quartering Act of 1765: Colonies needed to provide food and quarters for British troops. Some assemblies refused the Quartering act or only gave a fraction of the supplies needed. Why did British troops need to be there?

Sugar Act of 1764. First act passed to raise tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. Increased the duty on sugar from the West Indies.

Quartering Act of 1765: Colonies needed to provide food and quarters for British troops. Some assemblies refused the Quartering act or only gave a fraction of the supplies needed. Why did British troops need to be there?

Stamp tax of 1765: To raise money to support the new military force in the colonies.

Mandates use of stamped paper to certify payment of the tax. Used on fifty items.

London asking the colonies to pay their fair share.

Colonies see this as aggression. Striking at their liberties that were their rights more than the cost of it.

Stamp tax of 1765: To raise money to support the new military force in the colonies.

Mandates use of stamped paper to certify payment of the tax. Used on fifty items.

London asking the colonies to pay their fair share.

Colonies see this as aggression. Striking at their liberties that were their rights more than the cost of it.

Trail by JuryTrail by Jury

Right to trial by Jury was taken away with the regards to the Sugar and Stamp act.

Offenders would be tried in an admiralty court, burden of proof would be placed on defendant to prove innocents.

Right to trial by Jury was taken away with the regards to the Sugar and Stamp act.

Offenders would be tried in an admiralty court, burden of proof would be placed on defendant to prove innocents.

No Taxation without RepresentationNo Taxation without Representation American distinction between

legislation and taxation. Believed parliaments right to rule

matters affecting the entire empire including trade but denied right to impose taxes where no Americans were seated.

Grenville dismissed the protests claiming the colonists had virtual representation. Every member of Parliament represents all British subjects.

American distinction between legislation and taxation.

Believed parliaments right to rule matters affecting the entire empire including trade but denied right to impose taxes where no Americans were seated.

Grenville dismissed the protests claiming the colonists had virtual representation. Every member of Parliament represents all British subjects.

Response to the Stamp ActResponse to the Stamp Act Stamp Act Congress of 1765- 27 delegates from

9 colonies. Statement of their rights and grievances asking the King to repeal the legislation.

Impact- another step connecting the colonies and eroding sectional suspicions of rival colonies.

Non importation agreements against British goods were made. Create own wool clothing=eating less lamb chops. United the colonies in their goals.

Stamp Act Congress of 1765- 27 delegates from 9 colonies. Statement of their rights and grievances asking the King to repeal the legislation.

Impact- another step connecting the colonies and eroding sectional suspicions of rival colonies.

Non importation agreements against British goods were made. Create own wool clothing=eating less lamb chops. United the colonies in their goals.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty: Protest groups. Enforced non-importation agreements with force. Tar and Feather, handed effigies, ransacking official houses.

Collecting the taxes broke down. Stamp agents resigned no one to enforce law.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty: Protest groups. Enforced non-importation agreements with force. Tar and Feather, handed effigies, ransacking official houses.

Collecting the taxes broke down. Stamp agents resigned no one to enforce law.

Merchants, manufacturers and shippers suffered from the non importation agreements.

Laborers thrown out of work. Demands in England to repeal the Stamp Act. Act is repealed and put into place the Declaratory Act,

reaffirming its right to tax the colonies.

Merchants, manufacturers and shippers suffered from the non importation agreements.

Laborers thrown out of work. Demands in England to repeal the Stamp Act. Act is repealed and put into place the Declaratory Act,

reaffirming its right to tax the colonies.

Nonimportation went into effect again but less effective. Why?

British feeling lack of order sent 2 regiment of troops into Boston in 1768.

Clash with Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. Crowd taunting ten troops with snowballs. Anger still over a merchant killing an eleven year old boy.

Nonimportation went into effect again but less effective. Why?

British feeling lack of order sent 2 regiment of troops into Boston in 1768.

Clash with Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. Crowd taunting ten troops with snowballs. Anger still over a merchant killing an eleven year old boy.

Townshend act proved useless and were repealed except for the tea tax to prove authority.

Samuel Adams promoted colonial rights. Set up the 1st committees of correspondence which led to similar organizations through out.

Spread resistance by exchanging letters and keep opposition alive. Inter-colonial committees were the next step.

Virginia set up such a committee as a standing committee in the house of Burgess.

Townshend act proved useless and were repealed except for the tea tax to prove authority.

Samuel Adams promoted colonial rights. Set up the 1st committees of correspondence which led to similar organizations through out.

Spread resistance by exchanging letters and keep opposition alive. Inter-colonial committees were the next step.

Virginia set up such a committee as a standing committee in the house of Burgess.

Tea Tea

British East India Company facing bankruptcy with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. London would lose heavily in tax revenue.

Gave the company a complete monopoly in the American colonies.

Colonists found it unfair. A trick. British officials tried to enforce the law and

colonists rose to fight it. Only Boston got the ships into the Harbor with

the determination of Thomas Hutchinson.

British East India Company facing bankruptcy with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. London would lose heavily in tax revenue.

Gave the company a complete monopoly in the American colonies.

Colonists found it unfair. A trick. British officials tried to enforce the law and

colonists rose to fight it. Only Boston got the ships into the Harbor with

the determination of Thomas Hutchinson.

Townshend Acts passed in 1767. Place taxes on import duties of glass, paper, paint, white lead, and tea.

Distinction is between internal and external taxes. Made this an indirect tax payable at American ports. Americans didn’t see the distinction.

Used to pay royal governors and judges. London sees as long overdue reform Amercians see it as another effort at control

Townshend Acts passed in 1767. Place taxes on import duties of glass, paper, paint, white lead, and tea.

Distinction is between internal and external taxes. Made this an indirect tax payable at American ports. Americans didn’t see the distinction.

Used to pay royal governors and judges. London sees as long overdue reform Amercians see it as another effort at control

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party December 16, 1773.

People dressed as Indians boarded the ships and destroyed 342 chests of tea

Reactions varied both good and bad. Reaction in England is the intolerable acts. Including the

Boston Port act. Closed the port until the tea is paid for. Restriction on town meetings, officials who killed colonists

would be tried in England, and a new quartering act.

December 16, 1773. People dressed as Indians boarded the ships and destroyed

342 chests of tea Reactions varied both good and bad. Reaction in England is the intolerable acts. Including the

Boston Port act. Closed the port until the tea is paid for. Restriction on town meetings, officials who killed colonists

would be tried in England, and a new quartering act.

Quebec Act- Colonists look at it as an insult. Gives French Canadians rights to practice Catholic faith and permitted old customs including no assemblies or trial by jury. The boundaries extended southward into the Ohio river valley.

Colonists see dangerous precedents being created. Arousal of Anti-Catholics.

Quebec Act- Colonists look at it as an insult. Gives French Canadians rights to practice Catholic faith and permitted old customs including no assemblies or trial by jury. The boundaries extended southward into the Ohio river valley.

Colonists see dangerous precedents being created. Arousal of Anti-Catholics.

Response to the Intolerable acts among colonies was sympathetic.

Created the Continental Congress 1774

Met in Philadelphia to consider ways to redress the grievances. 12/13 showed (Georgia). 7 weeks.

Created the Association: Complete boycott of British goods. If not met they would meet again in May 1775.

Response to the Intolerable acts among colonies was sympathetic.

Created the Continental Congress 1774

Met in Philadelphia to consider ways to redress the grievances. 12/13 showed (Georgia). 7 weeks.

Created the Association: Complete boycott of British goods. If not met they would meet again in May 1775.

Imperial Strengths and WeaknessImperial Strengths and Weakness

British Professional army of 50,000 vs. untrained American miltia.

Money to hire troops. Hessians (Germans), American Loyalists, and services of Native Americans.

Dis: Problems with the Irish, France looking to get back at the British, and Government confused and inept. No William Pitt to lead the way.

No desire to attack their American cousins.

British Professional army of 50,000 vs. untrained American miltia.

Money to hire troops. Hessians (Germans), American Loyalists, and services of Native Americans.

Dis: Problems with the Irish, France looking to get back at the British, and Government confused and inept. No William Pitt to lead the way.

No desire to attack their American cousins.

Generals were 2nd rate. Soldiers brutally treated. Had to conquer the

Americans. 3,000 miles from home Geographically expansive

amount of territory to cover.

The colonies used time to their advantage.

Generals were 2nd rate. Soldiers brutally treated. Had to conquer the

Americans. 3,000 miles from home Geographically expansive

amount of territory to cover.

The colonies used time to their advantage.

America’s plus and minusAmerica’s plus and minus

Outstanding leaders: Washington, Franklin,Marquis de Lafayette

Fighting defensively Agriculture they were

self reliable. Believed in a just cause.

Outstanding leaders: Washington, Franklin,Marquis de Lafayette

Fighting defensively Agriculture they were

self reliable. Believed in a just cause.

NegativesNegatives Badly organized for war.

Disunity cause problems. Continental Congress was debating and struggled to keep unity.

Sectional jealousy over issues such as military leaders.

Economically feeble. No gold or silver and unwilling to tax would print continental money that became worthless.

Inflation hit hard.

Badly organized for war. Disunity cause problems. Continental Congress was debating and struggled to keep unity.

Sectional jealousy over issues such as military leaders.

Economically feeble. No gold or silver and unwilling to tax would print continental money that became worthless.

Inflation hit hard.

ShortagesShortages

Military Supplies lacking in the colonies. Need French help to receive a reliable amount of supplies.

Food and manufactured goods were in short supplies. Go 3 days w/o food. Lack of shoes and clothing. Ragged and never equipped.

Militia men: Unreliable to stay and receive little training. Baron Von Steuben trained many soldiers by the end.

Military Supplies lacking in the colonies. Need French help to receive a reliable amount of supplies.

Food and manufactured goods were in short supplies. Go 3 days w/o food. Lack of shoes and clothing. Ragged and never equipped.

Militia men: Unreliable to stay and receive little training. Baron Von Steuben trained many soldiers by the end.

African Americans in WarAfrican Americans in War

Blacks fought at Trenton, Brandywine, Saratoga, and others.

Prince Whipple “crossing of the Deleware”

Many initially were barred from service but by war’s end 5,000 blacks were in service many from the north.

Also cooks, spies, roadbuilders, drivers.

Blacks fought at Trenton, Brandywine, Saratoga, and others.

Prince Whipple “crossing of the Deleware”

Many initially were barred from service but by war’s end 5,000 blacks were in service many from the north.

Also cooks, spies, roadbuilders, drivers.

British sideBritish side

Virginia governor in 1775 issued proclamation promising freedom to any enslaved black who joined the British army.

In time thousands fled. End of war 14,000 blacks were moved

to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and England.

Virginia governor in 1775 issued proclamation promising freedom to any enslaved black who joined the British army.

In time thousands fled. End of war 14,000 blacks were moved

to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and England.

ProfiteersProfiteers

Profit before Patriotism. Sold to British because they could pay in gold.

Speculators forced sky high prices for army clothes while soldiers froze.

Truth is select minority were true to the cause of the revolution.

Profit before Patriotism. Sold to British because they could pay in gold.

Speculators forced sky high prices for army clothes while soldiers froze.

Truth is select minority were true to the cause of the revolution.

Not every colonists supported the war! Roughly 20-30 percent were loyalists 40-45 percent were Patriots The rest remained neutral.

Not every colonists supported the war! Roughly 20-30 percent were loyalists 40-45 percent were Patriots The rest remained neutral.

Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

Drift toward war continued. Muskets collected drilling in the open. Detachment of British troops sent to

Lexington in April 1775. Seize gunpowder and bag the rebel leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock.

Lexington the minutemen refused to disperse in a timely fashion shots were fired and 8 colonists were killed.

Emerson: “Shot heard round the World”

Drift toward war continued. Muskets collected drilling in the open. Detachment of British troops sent to

Lexington in April 1775. Seize gunpowder and bag the rebel leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock.

Lexington the minutemen refused to disperse in a timely fashion shots were fired and 8 colonists were killed.

Emerson: “Shot heard round the World”