Warm–up #2. Warm–up #2 Solutions –3 2 5 Warm–up #2 Solutions.
Warm-Up
description
Transcript of Warm-Up
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Warm-Up1. Why do you communicate?2. How do you communicate?3. How do you think cells
communicate?4. Do you think bacteria can
communicate? Explain.
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Warm-Up1. Compare the structure & function of these
receptor proteins: GPCR, tyrosine kinase and ligand-gated ion channels.
2. What is a second messenger? What are some examples of these molecules?
3. What are the possible responses to signal transduction in a cell?
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Cell CommunicationCHAPTER 11
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Do bacteria communicate?
Bonnie Bassler on How Bacteria “Talk”
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Video Questions:1. Why are scientists studying how bacteria (and
not just human cells) communicate?2. What is quorum sensing?3. Describe how Vibrio fischeri use quorum
sensing in squid.4. According to Bonnie Bassler (Princeton
University), what are scientists hoping to use as the next class of antibiotics?
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Cell SignalingAnimal cells communicate
by:Direct contact (gap junctions)Secreting local regulators
(growth factors, neurotransmitters)
Long distance (hormones)
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3 Stages of Cell Signaling:1.Reception: Detection of a signal
molecule (ligand) coming from outside the cell
2.Transduction: Convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response
3.Response: Cellular response to the signal molecule
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Reception
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Transduction
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Response
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1. ReceptionBinding between signal molecule (ligand) +
receptor is highly specific.Types of Receptors:
a) Plasma membrane receptor water-soluble ligands
b) Intracellular receptors (cytoplasm, nucleus)
hydrophobic or small ligands Eg. testosterone or nitric oxide (NO)
Ligand binds to receptor protein protein changes SHAPE initiates transduction signal
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Plasma Membrane Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Tyrosine Kinase
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
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Plasma Membrane Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Tyrosine Kinase
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
7 transmembrane
segments in membrane
G protein + GTP activates enzyme cell response
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
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Plasma Membrane Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Tyrosine Kinase
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Attaches (P) to tyrosineActivate
multiple cellular responses at
once
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel
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Plasma Membrane Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Tyrosine Kinase
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Signal on receptor
changes shapeRegulate flow of
specific ions(Ca2+, Na+)
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2. TransductionCascades of molecular interactions relay
signals from receptors target moleculesProtein kinase: enzyme that
phosphorylates and activates proteins at next level
Phosphorylation cascade: enhance and amplify signal
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Second Messengerssmall, nonprotein molecules/ions that can
relay signal inside cellEg. cyclic AMP (cAMP), calcium ions
(Ca2+), inositol triphosphate (IP3)
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cAMPcAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphateGPCR adenylyl cyclase (convert ATP
cAMP) activate protein kinase A
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3. Response Regulate protein
synthesis by turning on/off genes in nucleus (gene expression)
Regulate activity of proteins in cytoplasm
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An Example of Cell Communication
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/cellcom/
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Signal Transduction Pathway Problems/Defects:
Examples:DiabetesCholeraAutoimmune diseaseCancerNeurotoxins, poisons, pesticidesDrugs (anesthetics, antihistamines,
blood pressure meds)
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Cholera
Disease acquired by drinking contaminated water (w/human feces)
Bacteria (Vibrio cholerae) colonizes lining of small intestine and produces toxin
Toxin modifies G-protein involved in regulating salt & water secretion
G protein stuck in active form intestinal cells secrete salts, water
Infected person develops profuse diarrhea and could die from loss of water and salts
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Viagra
Used as treatment for erectile dysfunctionInhibits hydrolysis of cGMP GMPProlongs signal to relax smooth muscle in
artery walls; increase blood flow to penis
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Viagra inhibits cGMP breakdown
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Apoptosis = cell suicideCell is dismantled and digestedTriggered by signals that activate
cascade of “suicide” proteins (caspase)Why?
Protect neighboring cells from damageAnimal development & maintenance
May be involved in some diseases (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
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Apoptosis of a human white blood cell
Left: Normal WBCRight: WBC undergoing apoptosis – shrinking and forming lobes (“blebs”)
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Effect of apoptosis during paw development in the mouse