Warm Up 3/28 A dog’s pituitary gland produces the hormone ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal...
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Transcript of Warm Up 3/28 A dog’s pituitary gland produces the hormone ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal...
Warm Up 3/28
A dog’s pituitary gland produces the hormone ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol helps regulate body weight, mineral balance, the structure of connective tissue, the production of white blood cells, and skin health. When cortisol levels are low, the pituitary gland secretes ACTH. When cortisol levels are high, the pituitary gland stops secreting ACTH. Based on this information, which of the following would most likely be the cause of elevated levels of cortisol in a dog?
A Undersized adrenal glandsB An excess of ACTHC An inactive pituitary glandD An immune response to the excess level of cortisol
2007-2008
DomainBacteria
DomainArchaea
DomainEukarya
Common ancestor
Kingdom: Animalia
Domain: Eukarya
INVERTEBRATES!!!!
Heterotrophs must ingest others for
nutrients Multicellular
complex bodies No cell walls
allows active movement Sexual reproduction
no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms
Nematoda
Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata
Annelida Echinodermata
mollusks
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist
tissues
bilateral symmetry
body cavity
segmentation
coelom
starfish vertebrates
endoskeleton
segmentedworms
insectsspiders
backbone
specialization & body complexity
specialized structure & function,muscle & nerve tissue
distinct body plan; cephalization
body complexity digestive & repro sys
digestive sys
body size
redundancy,specialization, mobility
body & brain size, mobility
radial
bilateral
Space for organ system development increase digestive &
reproductive systems increase food
capacity & digestion increase gamete
production Coelem
mesoderm & endoderm interact during development
allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. stomach
ectoderm
ectoderm
mesodermendoderm
ectodermmesoderm
endoderm
mesodermendoderm
acoelomate
pseudocoelomate
coelomate
coelom cavity
pseudocoel
Sponges: Name means 'full of holes' no distinct tissues or organs
do have specialized cells (amoebocytes and choanocytes)
no symmetry sessile (as adults)
food taken into each cell by endocytosis
Sponges Diffusion is the method used for
circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes
Reproduction Asexual – Fragmentation Sexual – Hermaphrodites: release egg and
sperm; produce flagellated, swimming larvae
Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral tissues, but no organs two cell layers predators
tentacles surround gut opening
extracellular digestion release enzymes
into gastrovascular cavity absorption by cells
of gastrodermis
Medusa = motilePolyp =
sessile
hydra
Cnidocyte (stinging cell)with nematocyst
trigger
dischargednematocyst
undischargednematocyst
tentacles
mouth
sensorycell
stingingcell
Nerve Net: not centralized, can respond equally on all sides
Use diffusion for circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes
Reproduction Asexual – Budding (polyp) Sexual – External
fertilization/development (medusa)
Flatworms tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical
cephalization = concentration of nervous system and sense organs in anterior end Eye spots Lateral flaps(smell)
increase specialization in body plan
ectoderm
mesodermendoderm
Animals nowface the world
head on!
acoelomate
Gastrovascular Cavity – one opening for mouth and anus
Use diffusion for transport and gas exchange
Protonephridia Network to excrete ammonia Flame bulbs Nephrostomes
Locomotion Cilia used to move along
mucus Muscles used to undulate
(swim)
Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical many are parasitic
Hookworm Nerve ring
Exhibits cephalization Longitudinal muscles = thrashing motionLongitudinal muscles = thrashing motion
C. elegans
Complete digestive system tube running through length of body (mouth,
esophagus, midgut, rectum, anus) Midgut secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
Material circulate body in fluid of pseudocoelom Gas exchange occurs by diffusion Wastes collected by simple structures leading to
excretory pores in body wall Nitrogenous waste usually ammonia, but Nitrogenous waste usually ammonia, but sometimes sometimes
ureaurea Reproduction = sexual
Internal fertilization/external development Zygote = resistant cell – can survive harsh environmentZygote = resistant cell – can survive harsh environment
Rigid cuticle shed periodically
slugs, snails, clams, squid soft bodies, mostly protected by hardd shellsshells General body plan:
Muscular foot (movement) Visceral mass (contains internal organs) Mantle (fold of tissue over visceral mass creating mantle
cavity) Nerve ring & nerve cords – exhibit cephalization– exhibit cephalization Locomotion via muscular foot, or jet propulsionfoot, or jet propulsion
Differentiated digestive tract Radula: belt of curved teeth for scraping up food
Open circulatory System: 3-chambered heart pumps hemolymph
Gas exchange via gills in mantle cavity Use countercurrent exchange
Nitrogenous waste removed by metanephridia Nephridiopore discharge into mantle cavity
Reproduction: most reproduce sexually Many snails hermaphroditic Ciliated larvae = trochophore
Segmented worms earthworms, leeches segments
increase mobility redundancy in body
sections Setae (Bristles) =
traction for burrowing
Longitudinal + Circular muscles = peristaltic or slinky type movement
fan worm leech
Complete Digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus)
Closed cirulatory system Separted body fluids
(blood and interstitial) hemoglobin as
repiratory pigment Moist skin = respiratory
surface (gas exchange)
Excretory system = metanephridia in each segment Nephrostome Nephridiopore Waste usually
ammonia Reproduction
Some asexual – regeneration
Sexual – hermaphrodites that cross fertilize
insects6 legs, 3 body parts
crustaceansgills, 2 pairs antennaecrab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp
arachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions
Spiders, insects, crustaceans most successful animal
phylum (most abundant on Earth)
segmented specialized segments
(head, thorax, abdomen) allows jointed
appendages specialized for swimming, walking or flying
exoskeleton chitin + protein Molting – shed
exoskeleton periodically
Extensive cephalization Well developed sense Well developed sense
organs (eyes, organs (eyes, olfactory, antennae)olfactory, antennae)
Complete digestive Complete digestive tract (foregut, midgut, tract (foregut, midgut, hindgut)hindgut)
Excretory SystemExcretory System Malpighian tubulesMalpighian tubules Waste = uric acid Waste = uric acid
(terrestrial)(terrestrial) Waste = Waste =
ammonia/urea ammonia/urea (aquatic) (aquatic)
Open circulatory system Open circulatory system (hearts and body (hearts and body movement circulate movement circulate hemolymph)hemolymph)
Gas exchange:Gas exchange: Gills (aquatic)Gills (aquatic) Book lungs (terrestrial)Book lungs (terrestrial) Tracheal system (terrestrial)Tracheal system (terrestrial)
SpiraclesSpiracles TracheaeTracheae
Reproduction – SexualReproduction – Sexual Internal Internal
fertilization/external fertilization/external developmentdevelopment
MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
Name means 'spiny skin' Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
Bilateral larvae; radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton Nerve Ring with radial nerves Short Digestive tract Gills for gas exchange Excretion:
Coelomocytes Phagocytize wastes andCarry to discharge sites
Circulation Water Vascular system: madreporites take
in water from environment; water flows through tubes terminating in tube feet (used for locomotion)
Hemal System: fluid moves through tubes due to peristalsis and cilia
Reproduction Asexual – Regeneration Sexual – external fertilizationfertilization
and development
Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?…roundworms?
Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral
symmetry? Which group has no symmetry?
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata