Warm Up 2/4

Warm Up 2/41. What is the biggest difference between an

ROV and an AUV?2. Name the ROV that explored the Titanic.3. Name the HOV that explored hydrothermal

vents.4. Name the bathyscaphe that traveled to the

Mariana Trench5. What is one piece of information a scientist

could gather from an ocean corer?

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James Cameron Challenger Deep

43” diameter of internal cabin!!!

70 minute ascent!

Ocean GeographyEarth is 71% water

Northern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere

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Is that water evenly distributed over the earth?

61% ocean

80% ocean

Nope!

Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink.

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Ocean GeographyThere are ____________ large ocean basins.

1.2.3. 4.

“World Ocean” = term used by oceanographers

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Are these oceans separate?

SIZE(in millions of km2)

DEPTH (feet … average)

TEMPS

PACIFIC 166.2 13,741 Depends on location

ATLANTIC 86.5 12,258 Depends on location

INDIAN 73.4 3,872 Hottest

ARCTIC 9.5 1,330 Coldest

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Ocean Diagrams in NotesLabel, color code, cut and paste into notes

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Ocean Geography

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What’s the difference between an ocean and a sea?

Structure of the EarthBig Bang explosion 4.5 billion years ago

Cosmic dust particles collideCondensed to a molten earthDenser particles flowed to center

D = mass volume

Formation of Earth

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Layers of the earth cake

Earth’s Layers ModelMaterials:

Earth’s Layers handout

ScissorsColored pencilsGlue stickstextbook

Procedure:Fill in blocks of 4 main

layers of earth on lower right side

Cut and paste blocks next to corresponding wedge

Cut and label portions of earth’s interior (terms on left side)

Use textbook as guides

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Layers of the EarthCore

Inner Core – solidOuter Core – liquid

MantleThought to be solid, but so hot that it flows like

lavaSwirls and mixes like boiling soup =

convection currents

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Layers of the EarthMantle (continued)

Asthenosphere Portion of upper

mantle Location of convection

Lithosphere Upper mantle into the crust Where plates located

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21mantle convection

Layers of the EarthCrust

Thin in comparison to core and mantleRigid skin on top of mantleTwo kinds

Continental Oceanic

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Ex) Gravy skin

Crust and Mantle - Wiz

Banana pudding

Structure of the EarthOCEANIC CRUST

Basalt 5km “thin”“young”Dark in colorIron, magnesium

=DENSE

CONTINENTAL CRUSTGranite20-50km thick“old”Light in colorSodium, potassium,

calcium, aluminum

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Continental Drift TheoryAlfred Wegener 1912Supercontinent

Pangaea

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What is up withthese drifting continents, y’all?

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Similarities in:1. types of fossils (Mesosaurus)

2. shape and fit of continents androck formations;

3. age and structure

Continental Drift Theory

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I know the plates are moving. I just don’t know how to prove it…

Plate Tectonics Theory 1950sEntire surface of earth moves, not just

continentsLithosphere-

crust and uppermost mantlePlates- broken up pieces that move over the

more “plastic” (fluid) asthenosphere

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REVIEW:What’s the asthenosphere famous for???

CONVECTION CURRENTS!!

What crazy awesome technology developed during WW2 helped to validate the Theory of Plate Tectonics??????

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SONAR

Mid-Ocean Ridgediscovered by sonar after WWIIchain of submarine volcanic mountainsLargest geological feature on the earth.Displaced from side to side by transform

faults (cracks)

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Mid-Atlantic RidgeEast Pacific Rise

Sea Floor Spreading (cont’d)Sonar also found trenches, mostly in the

PacificTons of geological activity along mid ocean

ridges.Earthquakes- near ridgesVolcanic activity- near trenches

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http://www.geosociety.org/educate/LessonPlans/SeaFloorSpreading.pdf

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Significance of Mid-ocean ridgesGeologic ages- rocks near the ridge are

“young” compared to rocks far from the ridgeVery little sediment near the ridge- and an

increase in sediment further from the ridgeMagnetic anomaly bands

Bands of rock on seafloor parallel to mid-ocean ridges

Alternate between normal and reversed magnetization

Mirror images on opposite sides of ridge

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Warm up 9/10Answer the following in complete sentences:

In what state of matter does the inner core exist?

What ocean has the greatest average depth?What hemisphere contains the greatest

percentage of ocean water?

What term from yesterday’s earth picture does this diagram represent?

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Warm up 9/11

1. Identify and describe two differences in characteristics of rock near a mid-ocean ridge as opposed to further from the ridge.

2. Describe two of the three pieces of evidence that supported Wegener’s Continental Drift Theory.

3. What do the black and white stripes on the diagram below represent?

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Agenda 9/11Finish seafloor spreading labResume notesTsunami videos, article, questions

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Magnetic anomaly bands prove seafloor not created all at once but cooled from molten material at different times in geologic history

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Creation of the Sea FloorPieces of oceanic

crust separating at mid-ocean ridges create cracks called riftsRifts release

pressure (remove cap from soda bottle)

Allow molten material (bottled up) to reach earth’s surface, cool, solidify and form new crust

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Seafloor spreading = process by which the sea floor moves away from the mid-ocean ridge to create new sea floor

Occurs at a divergent boundary (moving away)

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Creation of the Sea Floor

Bill Nye Seafloor

MID-OCEAN RIDGESeafloor spreadingDivergent(plates separate,

magma bubbles up)

TRENCHSubductionConvergent(plates move

together, form trench)

Earthquakes = tsunamis

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Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics…REVIEW: Plates (in lithosphere) float on

swirling convection of asthenosphereNew oceanic lithosphere (plates) formed at

mid-ocean ridgesIf that plate also includes a slab of

continental plate, then continents move tooAs new is created, old is destroyed. WHY?

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Lithosphere destroyed at trenchesFormed when 2 plates collide and 1 dips below

the other and sinks into mantle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE

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Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics…

Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics…Subduction = downward movement of platesTrenches are AKA “subduction zones”

because this is where subduction occurs! Convergent boundaries (moving together)Island arcs = volcanic island chains

associated with trenches

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Subduction of oceanic and continental plates

Subduction of two continental plates

Why will the oceanic plate sink under the continental plate every time?????

Tsunamis series of great sea waves caused by an

underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption.

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TsunamisIndonesian - History

Channel

Japanese Tsunami 2011

Banda Aceh Tsunami

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Warm up 9/12

Ridges and Trenches!!1. In a complete sentence, compare and contrast ridges and trenches by the plate boundary at which they occur2. Name the 2 major ridges of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans3. At which geologic feature is seafloor created?4. At which trench is seafloor destroyed?

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Agenda 9/12Finish tsunami work worth a test grade nowFinish notes 12 slides (only 8 with words)Sketch, label, submit designs with group

members (3-4 in each)

After school tutoring

FRIDAY = models, lab questions

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Tohoku Tsunami

Tsunami crashing 1:30 in

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Fukushima

Geologic Records in Ocean SedimentsStudying sediments gives clues to the history

of the earthTwo major types: 1. Lithogenous- derived from terrestrial

rock that has been eroded- most common is red clay

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2. Biogenous- made of skeletons and shells of marine organismsCalcareous ooze- primarily CaCO3, calcium

carbonateSiliceous ooze- primarily SiO2, or silica.

These microfossils can give clues to ancient ocean temperatures

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Geologic Records in Ocean Sediments

Geological Provinces of the Ocean

Seafloor divided into 2 main regions1. Continental

margins = submerged edges of continents

2. Deep-sea floor

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Continental margin

Continental MarginBoundaries between continental and oceanic

crustsWhere thick sediment deposits Made of 3 parts:

1. Continental shelf- biologically rich, part of continent that is underwater. Ends at a ‘shelf break’ where shelf abruptly gets

steeper

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Up to 6 miles of sediment deep!

Continental margin (cont’d)2. Continental slope- begins at shelf break and

descends to deep-sea floor3. Continental rise- made of thick layers of

sediments building up on sea floor at the base of the slope.

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Deep Ocean Basins Abyssal Plain

Great plain on ocean floor - very flatCovers 50% of earth’s surfaceCan be interrupted by seamounts (underwater

mountains), or guyots (flat topped seamounts)Habitat of unusual marine organisms

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Warm up 9/131. The tsunamis in Indonesia and Japan in 2004

and 2011 were a result of earthquakes at what type of plate boundary?

2. What geological feature occurs at this type of boundary?

3. Describe the components that make up biogenous sediment. How are these different than components of lithogenous sediment?

4. Which part of the continental margin is the steepest and occurs after the shelf break?

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Warm Up 9/16In a complete

sentence, describe the differences between passive and active margins.

Would point A fall on a passive margin? Why or why not?

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Warm Up 9/16Label the features represented at points A,B,C, and D

Which of the four features represented at A,B,C, and D accounts for the majority of the sea floor (and thus, earth’s surface)?

What is the difference between a guyot and a seamount?

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AC

D

B

Agenda 9/16Finish modelsFinish lab questionsGet your grade from meVocabulary homeworkNotes/Pictures/Video on Hydrothermal ventsPossibly start new material

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After school ReviewToday 2:20pmMeet here, possibly move roomsGoing through the test by concept

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How big is the blob fish??

Continental MarginsTwo Types

1. Active margins- occur at plate boundaries Geologically very active- earthquakes and volcanoes trenches found offshore, no rise shelf is nearly non-existent, slope is very steep often have steep rocky shorelines

Ex- West coast of South America

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Two types of Continental Margins (cont’d)

2. Passive margin- edge of continental crust is within a plate- no plate boundary nearby Geologically ‘inactive’ flat coastal plains wide continental shelves, more gradual slopes,

thick rises Ex- North Carolina!

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Oceanic and continental crust meet at plate boundary = ACTIVE

Oceanic and continental crust meet within a plate = PASSIVE

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Degrees West Longitude

Elevation (m)

70.0 194570.2 232770.4 119370.6 -80070.8 -166171.0 -346371.2 -488871.4 -713271.6 -543071.8 -452672.0 -398572.2 -411772.4 -410572.6 -429372.8 -358273.0 -4022

Mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal ventsSeparation at mid-ocean ridges creates

cracks called riftsSeawater seeps in the cracks and is heated by

rising magma

Hot water rises through the crust as hydrothermal vents (deep sea hot springs)

Nat Geo hydrothermal vents

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Up to 600 degrees!!

Hydrothermal VentsLava bursting forth, bringing with it

hydrogen sulfide, or H2S, which is poisonous to living things on earth!!!

These living species not only survive in it, but they thrive. And they do it in total darkness!!!!

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H2S skin rash (mild contact)

Hydrothermal vents Mineral rich water cools in the ocean and the

minerals are deposited, making tall chimneys called black or white smokers

Rich in unusual marine life!!!!!

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Hydrothermal vent creatures

Hydrothermal ventsSo why are scientists so surprised to find life so deep in the ocean?

What did they previously think organisms needed to survive?

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Tube worms have no mouth, eyes or stomachs- they have bacteria inside them that produce their food.

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Many animals at this depth lack color or pattern. Why????

In the dark, there’s no need to camouflage for hunting or hiding!

Seafloor geology and life.What is the connection between the

geological features of the seafloor and living things in the ocean??

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Test Information Four layers of earth Four major ocean basins Oceanic vs. continental

crustsWegner, Continental

Drift Theory, Plate Tectonics

Review from first two quizzes [4 questions]

Mid-ocean ridges [Mid-Atlantic, East Pacific Rise, rifts]

Plate boundaries [Convergent vs. divergent]

Processes [seafloor spreading vs. subduction]

Geological features [mid-ocean ridge vs. trench]

Tsunamis and causeSedimentsContinental margin,

abyssal plainHydrothermal vents

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35 multiple choice10 fill-in blank (6 diagram)2 short answers

Diagram on Test

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Warm Up 2/4

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