Warm Up #2 How does the soil of a grassland

compare to the soil of a forest? Which is more prone to erosion?

What is compost? Give two reasons why it is beneficial to use it.

What do pesticides do? Why are they good, why are they bad?

Chapters 21 & 22Farming, Food and Waste

Review Plants = water, sun, soil

SOIL: Silt, Clay, Sand, Loam

Layers: O A B C

Grasslands (good) vs. Deserts (medium) vs. Forests (poor)

Erosion

Erosion Revisited Erosion – moving from one

place to another Wind and Water

3 Types Sheet Erosion – thin layer

taken off surface

Rill Erosion – water into soil & breaks down from inside

Gully Erosion – major rill erosion

Effects of Erosion US and Canada

Desertification – productive land desert Rainforests, China

Water contamination Algal Blooms Fertilizers/soil = less

oxygen Mississippi River valley

PesticidesPesticide – something

that kills pests

Biocides – kill wide range of things

Herbicides – plants

Fungicides – fungi

Insecticides – insects

DDT is Good for You?DDT – famous pesticide

(1940s to 1960s)

Variety of uses Insects, homes, people

Rachel Carson Author of “Silent Spring” DDT = toxic

Hawk eggs thinning Biomagnification – conc.

Increases up food chain

No…DDT actually sucks hardcore

Why? Doesn’t break down, toxic,

long-lasting (like CFCs)

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s)

Grasshopper Effect Pesticides = Polar regions

Save the whales and the Inuit

Effects of Pesticides Loss of pollinators

Honeybees & almonds

Pest resistance = new species (like the flu)

Pesticide Treadmill – pests resist pesticides = new pesticides required

Health problems Farmers and consumers Headaches, nausea,

miscarriages, etc.

Warm Up #3 Give two reasons why DDT resembles

CFCs.

What is the pesticide treadmill, and why does it create problems for farmers and pollinators (bees)?

How can desertification happen in forest biomes? Why does it happen in forests and not grasslands?

Farming and Nitrogen

TypesOrganophosphates

Glyphosate (Roundup) – most used herbicide

Organochlorines DDT Atrazine – formally most

common herbicide

Inorganic Pesticides Sulfur (ancient times)

Microbial agents – living organisms instead of pesticides (praying mantis)

Pesticide Alternatives Go organic! – no pesticides!

Crop rotation – growing different crop in field each year

Pest-killing organisms (Indonesia)

Genetic engineered plants

Salad vacuum?

Going Organic..What That Means

Organic – pesticide-free, natural fertilizers, hormone free, no genetic mods.

Cows = ONLY eat organic No steroids, growth hormones

Is it really organic? China, India and WalMart

Why more expensive?

Local farmer’s markets

Farming Alternatives

Crop Rotation – different crops in field each year

Rotational Grazing – grazing in diff. parts of farm Less desertification via erosion

Contour Plowing – plowing across hill less H20 runoff

Terracing – growing crops on different levels Rice paddies (Asia)

Other Strategies Perennial Species –

plants growing 2+ years Preserves soil

Cover Crops – protect soil & replenish with N Rye, clover

Mulch – protects soil from erosion

For Plants to Grow… Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Photosynthesis, water, etc.

Nitrogen – amino acids

Phosphorus – cell membrane, ATP (energy)

Potassium – metabolism of plant

3 main components of FERTILIZER

The Power of Legumes Crop rotation – farming

diff. crops in diff. locations each year

Legumes – alfalfa, peas, peanuts, beans, etc.

Nitrogen fixation = amazing Symbiotic relationship

w/bacteria in soil (rhizobia)

Replenish nitrogen-poor soil

Quick Quiz #2 What does it mean to be organic? What

are some of the standards of “organic” food?

What are the three main ingredients in fertilizer? What does each ingredient do?

Why is crop rotation important in pest control, and soil erosion control?

Quick Quiz #1 What are the three main components of

fertilizer, and what are their functions?

Why are legumes important to include in crop rotation? What about them allows them to have this property?

Draw a simplified version of the nitrogen cycle, being sure to include the names of the process along with the gasses.

Warm Up #4

Why are legumes important to include in crop rotation? Give some legume examples.

What is fertilizer used for? What are the important components of fertilizer?

What can happen if there is too much nitrogen?

How Food is Made

The Nitrogen Cycle Simplified

N2 NH4 NO3 N2

Assimilation

Nitrogen Fixation

Ammonification Nitrification Denitrification

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation (N2) – gas N taken in by plants

Ammonification (N2 NH4) – breaking down dead stuff/waste into N (toxic)

Nitrification (NH4NO3) – bacteria put oxygen in ammonium (less toxic)

Denitrification (NO3N2) – release N into atmos.

Assimilation (NO3NH4) – plants take N from soil

Why This Cycle Matters Air = 75% Nitrogen

Why the sky is blue!

Plants need nitrogen Growth and green color Amino acids! (protein)

Too much nitrogen kills plants Needs to be released

into atmos.

Negative Impacts of N-CycleEutrophication – build up

of nitrogen in soil / oceans Less oxygen, kills plants &

fish Algal blooms

Increased toxicity of soil/oceans via erosion Ammonia (Windex)

Water acidification via erosion Kills fish

Review Organic vs. Regular

Crop/Grazing Rotation = good for pests/soil

Compost

Fertilizer and N-cycle

Eutrophication and algal blooms

Green Revolution Green Revolution –

hybrid species of grains Goal: more crop yields

Expensive – poor farmers can’t afford hybrid seeds

Hunger crisis solved?

Mutant Fruit!Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) – food with changed DNA

Improves crop yields Disease, drought, etc.

Pest-repellant No pesticides needed

Enriched with vitamins & minerals

NutritiousOral vaccines

Developing countries

Creating the Mutants

Common Gene Mutations

•Bt gene = insect killing gene

•HT gene = herbicide (Roundup) tolerant gene

Safe? [Franken-foods] New pests = possible

Expensive

Biodiversity Threatened Bred vs. wild salmon

Possible health effects Livestock deaths from

eating GM foods. Cancer?

Staple Carb. Crops Rice

Wheat

Corn

Soybeans

Potatoes

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)Corn-based sugar

natural

Found in: Sodas and Juices Candy and Fast Food

Same nutrition as sugar

Surplus of corn = HFCS

Obesity & diabetes connection Obviously….

How Seafood is “Farmed” Aquaculture –

growing aquatic species in pens

Disrupts food chain, contaminates water (fish waste)

Herbivorous fish = good (China’s rice paddies)

Meat…a symbol of Wealth

Meat = expensive to produce Cows, chickens, pigs

need a lot of GRAINS

CAFO (confined animal feeding operation) – animals housed/fed (soy and corn)

Antibiotics in food

Where Things Get Real

Cut meat eating by 20% = MORE energy saved than EVERYONE driving Prius

Chicken “housing” Too fat to move (KFC)

Foie Gras (Goose Liver) A disease, not a delicacy

Cow calf housing = hutches Less movement = more tender

veal

Animal Cruelty? Uh, yeah…

Uplifting Videos:Kentucky Fried Cruelty with Pam Anderson http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sARe

wW_Po64&feature=related

Foie Gras: A Disease not a Delicacy with Roger Moore

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32815SIgq1A

Super Cows http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmkj

5gq1cQU&feature=fvwp&NR=1

Warm Up #5

From a business standpoint, why do you think people would selectively breed cows?

From a moral standpoint, why would organizations like PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) take issue with this practice?

Where do you stand on this issue? Do you think breeding should be selective? Do you think it is different than selectively breeding humans? Why or why not?

This is a Belgian Blue. This muscular cow has been made by generations of artificial insemination, in which breeding is incredibly selective; only the most muscular bulls (males) are allowed to breed with cows (females). They do this same practice with horses.

Warm Up #6 After watching the majority of Food Inc., did it

change the way you view your food? Why? If not, why not?

There are less supermarkets in poorer urban areas in comparison to wealthier areas. Why do you think that is?

Why do you think famines happen? Give two reasons.

Hunger and Obesity

Food Inc.: Industrialized FarmingBiodiversity Loss

Habitat destruction and pesticide runoff Using only one type of seed instead of variety (Monsanto)

Soil Erosion, loss of fertility, water logging, desertification

Air and Water Pollution Greenhouse gas emissions (tractors, pesticide sprays) Groundwater contamination (nitrogen, pesticides) Eutrophication

Human Health Drinking water = nitrates Bacteria contamination in meat (E.coli) - manure

Can Organic Feed us All?Old Belief: organic farming = more land required

for same yields Deforestation, 2 billion people die, etc.

NOW Organic = 20% less productive than industrial

farming (Developed countries) Far less pollution

Developing = same or more yields than current techniques

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE Shift in gov’t subsidies & consumer attitude

Price of milk/water < Price of soda (ideal world) Walmart and organic (corporate influence)

Supermarkets are NOT Evenly distributed…

Redlining – denying or increasing the costs of services to groups of people Racial, religious, etc. Supermarket redlining

(Whole Foods)

Fast food and the poor Bad calories = cheaper

(gov’t subsidies)

Beverly vs. South Central

Environmental RacismEnviro. Racism – inequality linked to environmental factors

Waste facilities = poor areas Oil rigs = poor, black areas

“Cancer Alley” Supermarkets

Food Inc. Chicken and soy farmers vs.

corporations (Smithfield & Monsanto) Slaughterhouse = poor town

Population Growth Revisited 1 century = 5 billion

more people!

As of 2012 – 1 billion people = hungry Hungry = < 2000

calories/day

How to feed them all??

Nutrition and MalnutritionYour body needs: Carbs, fat, protein,

vitamins, minerals, water

Malnutrition – nutritional imbalance 3 billion people =

malnourished

Developing countries = cheap grains (rice, corn)

Famine and Corruption Famine – large-scale

food shortage, starvation

Causes: Quakes, war, disease

Corruption: Price gouging,

hoarding, economic turmoil

Diseases with Malnutrition Goiter – lack of iodine

Enlarged thyroid gland

Anemia– lack of iron

Marasmus – not enough calories/protein Thin/wasting away

Kwashiorkor – mostly starchy food diet Discolored skin, bloated

belly (liver failure)

Quick Quiz # 3You are looking at two people, you are told one of

them has goiter, while the other has kwashiorkor.

How can you tell which has which? Describe distinguishing features of each disease.

Why does each person have swelling in certain parts of their body? What can be done to fix this problem?

Why do famines occur? Why can it lead to corruption?

Skinny vs. Fat…how is this determined? BMI (Body Mass Index) – proportion of height

and weight BMI = [weight (lbs) x 703 ÷ height (in)2] <18 = underweight, 18-25 = healthy, 30+ =

obese Racist?

Obesity – Seriously overweight (64% of Amurrica) Heart problems, diabetes, etc.

Developing vs. Developed countries

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa –

obsessive fear of gaining weight, unrealistic perception of body weight

Bulimia Nervosa – binging/purging cycle Purging Type - vomiting Non-Purging Type - exercise

Binge-Eating Disorder – compulsive over-eating

Perception is Reality Body Dysmorphic

Disorder – unrealistic perceptions of body shape and size

Size and the Media

Perception of attractiveness Men vs. women

10% eating disorders = men

Signs of AnorexiaLanugo – thin hair on body

Amenorrhea – not having period for 3+ months

Secretive eating habits

Bad breath (ketotic)

Swollen cheeks/joints

OCD behaviors in other ways

Signs of BulimiaWeight = usually normal

Issues with impulse control

Discolored, eroded teeth

Enlarged glands below neck

Excessive exercise following a meal

Secretive eating habits