Warm Up1. Where did

Homo sapiens first live?

The red lines on this map represent the migrations of homo sapiens. The numbers are how many years ago they made these movements.

2. What was the last continent they moved to?

3. When did they get to America?

lukerosa@gmail.com

To 3500 BCE

Nature, Humanity, and History

The Earth and Its Peoples (Bulliet et al)World History (Amsco)

p. 7

I. Hunter-gatherers migrated from East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, the Americas

A. Humans used fire in new waysB. Humans developed toolsC. Small groups of hunter/gatherers made what

they needed to survive; some weren’t self-sufficient and traded people, ideas, goods

1.1 Big Geography/Peopling of the Earth

1856: Neander Valley (GermanyFossilized bones of “neanderthals”Modern human body, heavy brow ridge, low

forheadCommon in Europe 40,000 years ago

Charles DarwinOn the Origin of Species (1859)

Diversity of species and changes over time = evolutionNew species can be created through evolution

The Descent of Man (1871)Humans share characteristics with African ApesTherefore-humans evolved in Africa (“African

Genesis”)

Evolution

Java Man: Indonesia (1891)Australopithecus africanus: southern Africa

(1924)“African southern ape”Transitional creature between apes and

humansWalked upright (bipedalism), small brain

Peking Man: Beijing, China (1929)Lucy: Ethiopia (1974)

Early Humans

Early HumansGreat Ice Age

Pleistocene epoch2 million BCE – 9,000

BCETemp. changesRainfall/vegetation

changesHomo habilis

Handy humanLarger brainAbility to locate foods

throughout seasons/remember locations

Homo erectusUpright humanFirst to be found

throughout and outside of Africa

Homo sapiensWise humanModern humansMigrated from

Africa to Europe, Asia, the Americas

Map 1-1, p. 6

Cave DrawingsDisplay of artistic and

intellect of hominidsLascaux, Francehttp://www.lascaux.culture.fr/index.php?fichier=02_01.xml

Chauvet Caves, Francehttp://archeologie.culture.fr/chauvet/fr/visiter-grotte

This site is in French, but you can still do the virtual tour and see the

paintings.

Altamira Cave, Spainhttp://en.museodealtamira.mcu.es/Prehistoria_y_Arte/arte_Altamira.html

Cave of Hands, Argentina

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936

p. 12

Prehistory to 8,000 BCETools made of stone, bone, wood, etcRise of Homo sapiens being successful

huntersContributed to the extinction of

mastodon/mammothStill hunter-gatherer societies

Spent 3-5 hrs/day hunting/gatheringFruits, berries, seeds, edible roots

The Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

p. 14

1.4 million yrs ago: deliberate fires500,000 yrs ago: sustainment of hearthsCooking “invented” through wildfires (probably)

Meat/veggies become easier to digest and better to the taste when cooked

Gave light for after dark hoursProvided heat in colder climates/seasonsProvided protection against animalsHelped in hunting

Scare animals into trapsSmoke out bees to get honey

Fire

Hunter-Gatherer SocietyCommunity

Enough people to defend/protect the group

Enough people to hunt/gather and support the group

NOT so many as the food will not feed the entire group

Mobile (most)Follow herds/seasonal

plantsLived under

overhangs/caves

Sedentary (some)Fishing villages that

relied on the seaDid not move according

to weatherCreated solid

structures to live in

Gender RolesWomen: gathering,

cooking, child careMen: hunting, shelter (patriarchy!!)

The Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)Began c. 8,000 BCEAssociated with the rise

of agriculture AKA: Agricultural

Revolution/Neolithic Revolution

(one of the) Most important turning points in historyRapid population

increaseChanged human

interaction with the environment

Domestication of crops and animals

First occurred in the Middle East (Fertile Crescent)Wheat and barley

Shifting or Swidden AgricultureAllowing fields to lay

fallow for a period of time to restore fertility

8,000 BCE: Barley and wheat domesticated in Middle East Sorghum cultivated in the eastern Sahara

6,000 BCE: Middle Eastern crops spread to Greece

5,000 BCE China domesticates rice Saharan farmers domesticate: black eyed peas, millet, sesame,

gourds West Africa domesticates: rice and yams Mexico (corn), Brazil/Panama (manioc), Mesoamerica

(beans/squash)

4,000 BCE: Middle Eastern crops spread to Central Europe African farmers settle along Nile River in order to use the flood

waters to water crops Peru: potatoes/quinoa cultivated

2,600 BCE: Central Europeans use ox-drawn plows

2,000 BCE India cultivates beans, green/black grams

CROPS

Dogs were the first to be domesticatedUsed in Siberia for hunting

Sheep/goats: provided meat, milk, skinsCattle/donkeys: beasts of burdenLlamas: only domesticated beast of burden in

the Americas

Animals

PastoralismMobile groups that followed/depended on large

herds of animalsCentral Asia/Africa

Arid areas where agriculture could not thrive

Agriculture vs. Pastoralism

Positive (?)Less likely to starve

due to surplus of foodCreation of

cities/civilizationsArt/architecture

Stonehenge (megalith)

ReligionNeolithic goddesses

Specialized labor

Less varied diet—less nutritious than the varied diets of foragers

Shorter in heightDeath at an earlier age

Disease (from animals, close contact with others)

Water contamination (human and animal waste, disease)

Harder/longer work Cultivation, clearing,

protection of land

Effects of Agriculture

Negative

http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/stonehenge

p. 23

Warm UpEarly humans were hunter gatherers who lived in clans, learned how to make fire and invented the first tools.

1. What was necessary for early humans to survive?

2. How did fire help early humans survive?

3. What do you think some of their first tools were?

JerichoJordan RiverRound, mud

dwellings (early dwellings)

Rectangular buildingsOpen courtyardsPlastered walls(later dwellings)

Stone wall protection

TurkeyMud brickNO protective wallLong distance tradeMetallurgy

Early Cities

Çatal Hüyük

A section of an earlier dig

An artists reconstruction of the site.

Obsidian flints

Crate storage

Local women sorting finds at the dig house.

The Experimental House

Inside the experimental house

Food preparation area

A wall mural in the experimental house

A wall mural found here

Storage bins in the experimental house.

This mural shows an auroch, like a modern bull with large horns.

A bull head mounted on the wall and another wall painting in the experimental house.

An auroch head mounted on the wall. This is a replica.

Archaeologists at work

Lots of archaeology is simply tedious and time consuming removal of dirt.

A skeleton found in a house.

An artists view of the floor burial at Catal Huyuk. The red comes from red ochre applied after death.

An infant burial. The baby is wearing 2 turquoise bead bracelets , one on each wrist.

Another burial in the floor