ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì...

22

Transcript of ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì...

Page 1: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� ��������� �

��������� ��� ��������� ��� ! "#�$�%���

&(')& *,+.-0/21�34657-0891:+;=<?>A@CBEDGF9HJILKMHN<?OQPRF)ST<VUXWZYMF�U[<\HZS

]^`_baCcedgfh^`_[aCcjilkm_[^`_[aCcZc _on?pqnrcs YMF)HZF k\_b^`_[aCcCc BE@=WZYMF�>M<\>MPqBR>MFrIVH7KQIVHZWt<VU,WNYMF%FrumvQIwWNBR<\> p0x F%U[<?PqPR< szy I|{wIVPEI�} ~?� p`� YMF)>IVPqPGWNYMFJF9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMFr@2<VU f F9BRWZYQF9H`YQI|{\FJ>MF9�mIwWNBR{\F7HNF)I?PGKQIVHZW)�\KA<m@CBRWZBq{?FJHNF)I?PGKQIVHZW)�\<?H2�)F9HN<HNF)IVP�KQI?HCW p�mWNI?HCW�O����9<?>Q@ZBqDMF9HNBR>M�hWZYMF��9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>ADGBR>Q�hPqBR>MFrIVH�KMHN<?OMPqF9S6� s YQBq��Y�<G�9��vQHN@ s YMF)>km_[^`_[aCcZc�d$� U[<?H�I?PRP ^`_[aCc�ph� U=WNYMF�F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF)@�<VU f YQI|{?FL>MF)�\IVWZBq{?F.HZFrIVP2KQI?HCWr�,WZYQF9�IVHNFL@oW�IVOMPqFLF9Bq�?F9>�{wIVPqvMFr@�I?>QD s F�DGF9�Q>MFLWZYQF������?�9�R�����Q�����M�\ ���I?@�WNYMF�@CKAI?��F s YMBE��Y�Bq@@ZKQIV>M>QF)D¡O��¡I?PRP¢WNYMF9BqH%�9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>ADGBR>Q�.F)BR�\F9>�{?Fr��WN<?H�@ pe£ BR¤\F s BE@CF�BRU0WZYMF)��YAI|{?F�KA<m@CBRWZBq{?FHNF)IVP¢KAIVHZW)�MWNYMF9�¡IVHNF�vM>Q@CWNI?OMPRF�F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF)@¥IV>QD s F�DGF��Q>QF�WZYMFh�G¦M���§�\���q�����Q���¨�Q�? ��.I?@WZYQF@CKQI\��F s YMBE��Y©Bq@�@ZKQI?>M>MF)DªO��«I?PRPtWNYMF9BqHh�9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>QDMBR>M��F9Bq�?F)>�{?F)��WZ<\HN@ p­¬ Bq>QI?PRPq�?�s F�DGF��Q>QFLWZYMF® ��9¦Q��¯Z�L���Q�����M�\ N��I?@�WZYMFh@ZKQI\��F s YMBE��Y°Bq@�@ZKQI?>M>MF)D�O��®I?PRP`WZYMF�F)BR�\F9>G±{?Fr��WN<?H�@ s YM<\@ZF�F9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMFr@�YQI|{\F��9F9HN<6HZFrIVP`KAIVHZWN@ p¡� YMFr@CFhF9Bq�?F9>�{wIVPqvMFr@���<\HZHNF)@ZKA<\>QDWZ<�@C<\PRvGWNBR<\>Q@ s YMBq��Y²F)B³WNYMF9H�<\@N��BqPqPqIVWZF _ B³U`WNYMF9�6YQI|{\F�>M<\>M�9F)HZ<�BqS�IV�?Bq>QI?HZ��KQIVHZW c <?H¥HNF�±S�IVBq>²��<?>A@oW�IV>mW _ BRUXWNYMF9BqH´BqSLI?�?Bq>QIVHN����<\SLKA<\>MF9>mW´BE@´IVPE@C<L�)F9HN< c�p`µ <?HNF9<w{?F)H)��@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?>Q@KMHN<?�\HZFr@Z@ s B³WNY¡WZBqS.F�I\�9�9<?H�DGBR>Q�(WN<

^`_[^¢¶�·CaCc`d¹¸|º2»§^¢¶?¼ _on?p¾½?cx YQIwW s F s <\vMPqD6PqBq¤?F�WZ<�DG<�BE@´WN<hDGF�WNF9HNSLBR>MF�WZYMF.@oW�IVOMBqPRBRWo�¡<VU2F9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMFr@ s YMF)>s F(Bq>Q��PqvQDGF:WZYMF.>M<\>MPRBq>MFrIVH%WZF9HNS�@ p�£ F�W)¿ @�@oW�IVHZW%O��²DGF)I?PRBq>M� s B³WNYWZYQF.@ZBRSLKMPqFL�9I?@ZF(<?Uf >Q<VW:YAI|{mBq>M��I?>��®F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF)@ s B³WNYÀ�9F)HZ<HNF)I?PeKQI?HCW p®Á <VWZFhWZYQIVW:F){?F9>lOAF9U[<?HNF s FO�F9�?Bq>,� s F6F9Â�K�F)��W�WZYMF²PqBq>MF)I?HLWZF9HNS�@LWZ<°DG<\SLBR>QIVWZFI?>QD«@Z< s F²F9ÂGKAFr��W�WZYQF²HZFr@CvMPRWN@s YMF)> km_[^`_baCcCc�d�� WZ<6YM<?PED®F9{?F)>U[<\H k\_b^`_[aCcCchÃd��Qp:� >®WZYMF�PqBq>MF)I?H�@Z�G@oWNF9S�@)� s F.YQI\DWZYAIwW ^`_[^¢¶�·CaCc`d¹¸ º2» ^¢¶?p`£ F�W)¿ @tPq<m<\¤�U[<?H´@Z<?SLF9WZYMBq>M��@CBqSLBRPEIVHtBq>¡WZYMF�>M<\>MPRBq>MFrIVH´�9I\@CF%WZ<DGF9WZF9HNSLBR>QF¥WNYMF%Pq<G�9I?PAO�F9YQI|{�Bq<?vMH7<VU¢WNYMF�@C<\PRvGWNBR<\>h>MFrIVHtIV>�FrumvMBRPqBqOMHZBqvMS$K�<?Bq>mW p`Ä F��Q>MFÅ » O�� ^`_[aCc=d Å » _[^¢¶m·CaCc _on?p Æ\c

n

Page 2: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

WZ<¥�QPqP?WNYMBq@XHN<?PqF pX� YQF9> s FeF9Â�KAIV>QD�I?HZ<\vM>QD�Fru\vQBRPqBROQHZBqvMSzKA<\BR>mW�@jO���PRF9WCWNBR>M� ^²dg^jÇwi�È[^@Z<:WNYQIwW]^`_[aCc=dgfh^`_[aCcjilk\_b^`_[aCcZc _on?p Émc]ÈÊ^�d ]^`_baCc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì?Î2iÀf�ÈÊ^hiÏkrÐ�Ë ÌVÍ,Ì?ÎAÈ[^ _on?p¾Ñ?c]ÈÊ^�dgf�ÈÊ^hiÏkrÐ�Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì Î ÈÊ^ _on?p Ò\c

� U s F�DGF9�Q>MF f @ZvQ��YhWNYQIwW´BRW¥��<\>mWNIVBq>Q@tIVPqP¢WNYMF�PRBq>MFrIVHtWZF)HZS�@)��WZYMF)>¡WZYMBE@JHNF)DGvQ�9F)@7WN<]ÈÊ^dgf�ÈÊ^ _on?pÔÓVc

x F�>M< s >MF)F)DhWZYMF�U[<\PRPq< s Bq>M�.WZYMF)<?HNF9S�@ pÕ�ÖØ×�ÙQÚw×�ÛÝÜ�ÞbÜlßCà`á�âGãØäØåØÙ�æ2çRè¡éJê[Úwè9ë�Õ(ÖX×�ÙAÚ|×�Û«ìwÞ�íbî fðï �|��¦�ñ��9ò³óm��¦Aô|�V�Ô�Q���:õ2òÊ� ïö ��¯Nñ�¯Z���w�G�M�V¯��b��÷`� ï �9¦ Å »0ø ¸ º2» ��ù�ñ)ñV� ï �Ôú�òʦ²�9ñwù��:¯Z�§óVòbñV¦��\�NñV�G� ^jÇVûÕ�ÖØ×�ÙQÚw×�ÛüÜAÞÊý¢Þ�íbî fþï �|�L¦�ñ²�9ò³ó\�9¦Qôw�w�³�Q���Lõ2òÊ� ï²ö �9¯Zñ6¯Z���V�Q�Q�w¯��¨��÷J� ï ��¦°� ï �9¯Z���Nÿ\òE���¨��������?�9�R�²ù��w¦Aò î ñw���«ñ î � ï �²¦�ñw¦Q�³òʦ����w¯¡��ú|���§�9ù�����õ ï òb  ï òE�¡���w¦�ó\�9¦Q����ñ � ï �¡�����?�9�R����Q�����Q�? ������ ñ î � ï ���Ôòʦ����w¯L��ú|���§�9ù �V¦�²� ï �9¯Z���Zÿ\òE���b���w¦l�G¦M���§�\���q��ù��w¦Qò î ñV��� ñ î � ï �¦�ñV¦Q�Ôòʦ����w¯���ú|������ù���Ïõ ï òb  ï òE�:òʦ ���G¯�¦®���w¦�ó\�9¦Q�t��ñh� ï �.�G¦Q���§�\���R�:���Q�����M�\ N� ��� ñ î� ï �(�Ôòʦ����w¯���ú|������ù û� � � YQF9<?HNF9S�@ n\pRn IV>QD n\p ½ �\BRWeWNYMF9>�U[<\PRPq< s @2WNYQIwW=WZYMF%F9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMFr@2YQI|{\FJWZYMF�@ZI?SLF@CWNIVOQBRPqB³Wo�LI?@`BR>�WNYMF¥PqBq>MF)I?He�9I\@CF pØ� YMFr@CF¥SLI?>MBRU[<?PEDM@eI?HZFtWNYMF%I?>QIVPq<?�\��WZ<�WNYMF%@ZvMOQ@ZKQI\��F)@Bq>WZYQF:PqBR>QF)IVH��)I?@ZF p ��vMOQ@ZKQI\��F)@�IVHNF(KQPqI?>MF)@ s YM<\@ZF.OQI?@ZBq@%BE@¥WNYMF.F9Bq�?F9>�{\F)��WN<?H�@´<?U`WZYMFPqBR>MFrIVHØKMHN<?OMPqF9S pX� YQF7S�I?>MB³U[<\PqDQ@j<?UMWZYMFt>M<\>MPqBR>MFrIVHØKMHN<?OMPqF9SÏI?HZF=S.<\HZF=�?F)>MF9H�IVP���vMHN{?FrD@ZvMHCUbI\��Fr@¥WNYQIwW�O�F9YAI|{?F.PRBq¤?F�@ZvMOQ@ZKQI?�9F)@�BR>�WNYMFLPRBq>MF)I?H�KMHN<?OMPqF9S Bq>®WZYQIVW�B³UJI6@C<\PRvGWNBR<\>WZ<:WZYQF�>Q<?>MPqBR>QF)IVH7KMHN<?OMPqF9ST@CWNI?HCW�@e<\>�@Z<?SLF�SLI?>MBRU[<?PED¢�GB³W s BqPRP,@CWNI|�L<?>hWZYQIVWJSLI?>MBRU[<?PEDU[<?H´I?PRP�WNBRSLF px F.IVHNF�>M< s PRF9UÊW¥WZ<�DGF�WNF9HNS.Bq>MF�WNYMF(@CWNI?OMBRPqBRWo��<?UØWNYMF(F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF)@ s BRWZY��9F9HN<�HNF)IVPKQI?HCW�@ p0x F s BRPqPj@CWNIVHZWJO�� s <\HZ¤�Bq>M�:WZYMHN<?vM�\Y¡IL@ZBRSLKMPqF�F�ÂMI?S.KQPRF p� ^ âMÛ°ã��b×�ÜAÞ¨ÜAÞ ¬ BR>QD�WNYMF�@oW�IVOMBqPqB³Wo��<?UXWNYMF�F)umvMBqPqBROMHNBqvMS <?U

]�6d��� _on?p �\c]�Ld�����i�����?¼ _on?p �\c

x F��)IV>¡HZF s HZBRWZF�WNYMBq@¥I?@� ]� ]� � d � � �� ��n!� � � �"� i � �#���� � � _Cn?pqn)�mc]^`_[aCced¹f�^`_baCcjilk\_b^`_[aCcCc�¼ _Cn?pqn?n|c

� YMF.F9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMFr@%I?HZF � I?>QD ��n\p�x F s Bq@ZYWN<¡DMF�WZF)HZSLBq>MF:WZYMF�@CWNIVOQBRPqB³Wo�²<?U`WZYQF:�)F9HN<F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF p�x F s BqPqP`DG<hWNYMBE@%O��<\OGWNI?BR>QBR>M�¡IV>�F)umvQIVWZBq<?>²U[<\H ]� <\>MPR�²Bq>®WZF9HNS�@�<VU �_ >Q<VW`Bq>:WNF9HNS�@0<VU � � s YMBq��Y s Ft¤m>Q< s WZ<�O�F´@CWNIVOQPRF c�pØ� >:WNYMBE@e�9I\@CF\� f Bq@eIVvGWN<?S�IwWNBq�)IVPqPR�DGBEIV�\<?>QI?P¨�GIV>AD�@Z< s F��9I?>hWNvMHZ>¡<?vQH´IwWCWNF9>mWZBq<?>�WZ< km_[^jc�p`� U f s F9HNF%>Q<VW¥DGBEIV�\<?>QI?P¨� s F

½

Page 3: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

s <?vMPEDÀ@CWNIVHZW:O�� S�IV¤�Bq>M�®I���YQIV>Q�?F�<?U¥{wIVHNBqI?OMPRFr@�Bq>l<\HNDGF)H�WN<�DGBEIV�\<?>QI?PRBE@ZF�B³Wr�eI?@:Bq>$ n\p ½MpRn\px FL>M< s s <\vMPqD®PqBR¤\F(WN<��A>QD®IhU[vM>Q��WZBq<?>&% _'��c @ZvQ��Y®WZYQIVW ��_[aCc�d % _'�Ø_baCcCc U[<?H�I?PRPa�p(Á < s IwW�WZYMFL<\HZBq�?Bq>,� � d(�d � IV>AD�@Z<)% _b�mc¥d �Mp+* Pq@Z<Q�,@ZBR>A��F:WZYMFL<?HNBq�?Bq>Bq@�I?>F)umvMBqPqBROMHNBqvMSTK�<?Bq>\Wr� ]�Ldg� IwWJWZYQF�<?HNBR�\BR>,�GI?>QD6@C<,% Ð _¨�\c`d¹�MpÕ�ÖØ×�ÙQÚw×�Û�ÜAÞ.-ß0/:×�å�ë9Úw×21ÏâMåØê k Ù�'3Õ�ÖØ×�ÙQÚw×�Û«ìwÞ=í[î ]^`_[aCc=dgfh^`_[aCc)i.km_[^`_baCcCc õ ï �9¯Z�^jÇ òE�4�\�'5e¦��6��9ú ]^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì Î d�� �V¦� f òE�,�?�75`¦��6�6òʦQ��ñ6� ï ¯Z���.���Q���¨�Q�? ����98� ï �L�����?�9�R�L���Q�����M�\ N�+�+�,÷´� ï ���G¦M�����?�9�R�L���Q�����M�\ N�+�����w¦:�6� ï �h ��9¦Q��¯Z�.���Q�����Q�? ����+;� ï �9¦®� ï �:¯Z�����G�Ô�b� î ¯ZñVù � ï �¥��¯Z�9ôròbñw���(��õeñ�� ï ��ñV¯Z��ù:�:�N�\���Ôú²�w¦:��� ï ��¯Z�L�Nÿ\òE���¨�:�6 ���¦A�¨¯Z�ù��w¦Qò î ñV���<�=;­���w¦�ó\�9¦Q�Ø�§ñ>��; �w� ^jÇVû ��� �V¦� ���­�w¯N�¥�G¦Aò'?��Q��÷0�9�G�@�=;gù.ò³ó ï �ئ�ñw���� û� YMF���F)>\WNHZF:S�IV>MBRU[<?PED²WNYMF9<\HZF)S#WZF9PqPE@�vQ@%WZYQIVW�@ZvQ��Y®I)% _A�¢c F9Â�BE@CWN@ p(Á I?S.F)PR�\��WZYMF��F)>mWZHNFS�IV>MBRU[<?PED©B³W�@CF)P³U(@NIwWNBq@C�QFr@hIVPqP%WZYMF®HZFru\vQBRHNF9SLF9>mW�@LU[<?H)% _'��c�pÏ� W¡@NIwWNBq@C�QF)@�WZYMFO�<?vM>QDQIVHN�L�9<?>QDMB³WNBR<\>Q@=@ZBq>Q��F�B³Wr¿ @=W�IV>M�\F9>mW=WN<�� ; IwW7WZYQF%Fru\vQBRPqBROQHZBqvMS$K�<?Bq>\W _ s BRWZYQ<?vGWPq<\@N@=<?UX�\F9>MF)HNI?PRBRWo�?� s F%YQI|{\F�I\@Z@ZvMSLF)D�WZYMBE@tWN<.O�F�WZYMF�<\HZBq�?Bq> c IV>QDhB³U ��_b�\c`d % _A�0_b�\cZc �WZYQF9> @CBq>Q��F.WNYMF���F)>\WNHZF.S�IV>MBRU[<?PED�Bq@�I?>�Bq>�{|I?HZBEIV>mW�S�IV>MBRU[<?PED¢�jBRW�U[<?PqPR< s @�WNYQIwW ��_[aCc�d% _A�0_[aCcCc U[<\H´IVPqP a�pÁ < s WZYQIVW s Ft¤�>M< s WZYQF´@C<\PRvGWNBR<\>(F9Â�BE@CWN@)� s FJ�)IV>.�?<�IVYMFrI?D(I?>QD(�Q>QD.B³W pXx FJ¤�>M< sIVPqHNF)I?DM��WZYAIwWB% _A�¢c S:vQ@CW7@NIwWZBE@CU[�:WNYMF¥O�<?vQ>QDMIVHN�L��<?>ADGB³WNBR<\>Q@C% _b�mc`d % Ð _b�\c`d¹� I?>QD�Bq>I?DQDGB³WNBR<\>�BRW´S(vA@oW¥@NIwWNBq@CU[��WZYQF�F)umvQIwWNBR<\>��_baCced % _A�0_[aCcZc _Cn?pqnr½\c

]��_baCc`d % Ð�_A�¢c ]�0_[aCc�· _Cn?pqn)Æmcs YMBE��Y�Bq>6<?vMHJF9ÂMIVSLKMPqF�O�F)�9<?SLF)@��nBD9��iE�����d % Ð _'��c¢_�� DF�.iE���c _Cn?pqn9É�c��nBD % _A�¢c,iE�����d % Ð _'��c¢_�� DF�.iE� % _'��cZc _Cn?pqnrÑ\c� % _A�¢c,iE�����d % Ð _'��cG� % _A�¢c�¼ _Cn?pqn)ÒmcÁ < s Bq>²<?H�DGF9H´WZ<hDGF9WZF)HZSLBq>MF�WNYMF(@CWNIVOQBRPqB³Wo�¡<VU � � s F�<\>MPR�¡>MF)F)D¡WZ<h¤m>Q< sIHKJ _A�Ø·L�Gc WZ<Pq< s Fr@oWt<?H�DGF9HJBq> �XpM* @´I.HZFr@CvMPRW)� s F�F�ÂGKQI?>QDN% _'��c I?@% _'��c`d"O ¶ i�O J �.i�O � ��ei�OQPF� P i­¼)¼9¼ _Cn?pqn|Ó?c��Bq>Q��F2% _¨�\c´dÏ� IV>AD!% Ð _b�mcJd�� ��WNYMF9> O\¶(d�O J dÏ�Mp�� >Q@ZF9HZWZBq>M��WZYQBq@�Bq>\WN<�WNYMF:I?OA<w{\FF)umvQIVWZBq<?>,� s F�<?OGW�IVBq>� % _A�¢c,iE����¥d % Ð _'��cG� % _A�¢c _Cn?pqnR�mc��S7O � � � iEOQPF� PRT iE��� � dS§½UO � �.ilÆVOQPW� � T �XS7O � � � iEOQPF� PRT _Cn?pqnR�mc

_'�Y�ZO � cQ� � �ZO P � P dI[L_A�\wc _Cn?p¾½V�mcIV>AD�@Z< O � d"� I?>QD OQP%dg�Mp2x F�WZYMF)>6<?OGW�IVBq>hWNYQIwW% _'��c`d �]�:�=i^[L_A� \ c�¼ _Cn?p¾½Gn|c

Æ

Page 4: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

Á <?WZF%WZYQIVW´@CBq>Q��F%WZYQF��9<mF9_���BqF9>mW7<?U � � BE@t>M<?>Q�9F9HN<Q�\�Q>QDMBR>M�:WZYQF��9<�FF_���BqF9>mWt<VU � P s I?@vM>M>QF)��Fr@Z@NIVHN� _ U[<\H �­Ãdg�\c�p`¬ <?H �©Ãd¹� ��WNYMF�@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?>¡Bq@JWZYMF)>¡vQ>Q@oW�IVOMPqF p* @0IV>.I?@ZBqDMF?�wBRU ��dg� �VIVPqP�YMBq�?YMF)HjWNF9HNSL@0I?HZF7IVPE@C<%�9F9HN< pa` F�WNvMHN>MBR>Q�´WZ<%WZYQF7<\HZBq�?Bq>QI?PF)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@)�ØB³U ��d � �ØWZYMF)> ]� db��� S.FrIV>Q@ �°d��_b�mco¸dc » �2IV>QDl@C< ]�­de�� S.FrIV>Q@��df�0_b�\c F�ÂGK _A��_b�\c,_CnB�°¸ c » cZc�p¥¬ <\H �0_b�\c�·L��_b�mc�Ãdz� �QWNYMF9>®I?@ a øhg � s F(YQI|{?F�WNYQIwW� ø � OMvGW � ø �Ø_¨�\co¸jilk ¶6m Ãd­�Mp2� YMBE@e�9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>ADM@ØWZ<�WNYMFJUbI\��W`WNYQIwW`U[<\H �©Ãd¹� �?WZYMF)HZFBE@`>M<�Pq<?>M�\F9HeI(@CBq>M�?PqFJF)umvMBqPqBROMHNBqvMS K�<?Bq>mW)�mOMvGWtIVPqPQK�<?Bq>\W�@ s BRWZY ��d­� I?HZFJFru\vQBRPqBROQHZBqvMSK�<?Bq>\W�@ p&('Wn oð1�p)q r 8Fq\46/25�s�-08�1.+ü1+q�t /2389+)s�/�uwv 8WxZy´/zy¥+L-08Fs�{|f} 4)s�-0891:+)~� >�WZYMBE@J@CFr��WNBR<\>,� s F s BE@CY�WZ<�DG<:WZYMF��\F9>MF)HNI?PAWNYMF9<\HZ���9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>ADGBR>Q��WZ<.F�ÂMI?S.KQPRF n?pqn?pÁ <?WZFhWZYQIVW.WNYMF��Q>QIVP7HNF)@ZvMP³WL<VU¥�9F9>mWZHNFhS�I?>MB³U[<\PqDlHZFrDGvQ��WZBq<?>lBE@(WZ<�HZFrDGvQ��F¡I�@Z�G@oWNF9S<VU�� FrumvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ s YMF9HNF�WZYQF(��<\HZHNF)@ZKA<\>QDGBq>M�LPRBq>MFrIVH´KMHN<?OQPRF)S YQI\@��®F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF)@ s B³WNY�9F)HZ<¡HNF)IVP0KQI?HCW�WZ<²I¡@C�G@CWZF)S <VU��lF)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ s YMF)HZF.F9{\F9HN�²F9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMF.<VU=WZYMFLPqBR>QF)IVHKMHN<?OMPqF9S YQI\@j�)F9HN<´HZFrIVP\KQIVHZW p,� >:F�ÂMIVSLKMPqF n\pRn � s FeHNF)DMvQ��FrD�WZYMFt@C�G@CWZF)S <?U ½ F)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@WZ<�I�@ZBq>M�?PqF�F)umvQIwWNBR<\> pC* @´ILHNF)@ZvMP³Wr� s F�>MF9FrDhWN<�O�F�IVOMPqF�WZ<�DGF9WZF)HZSLBq>MF�WZYQF�@oW�IVOMBqPRBRWo�<VU`@Z�G@oWNF9S�@J<VUz� F)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ s YMF9HNF�IVPqP,WNYMF�F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF)@J<?UØWNYMF(�9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>QDMBR>M�LPqBR>QF)IVHKMHN<?OMPqF9S�YAI|{?F7�9F9HN<¥HNF)I?P�KQIVHZW p0� YMBE@0Bq@XWZHNBq{mBEIVP�BRU� dzn �?IV>AD(BE@Ø{?F9HN��DGB�_���vMPRW`B³U� d¹½Gpx F%KMHN<w{�BqDMFJWZYMF�SLF�WNYM<GD�vQ@ZF)D�Bq>�WNYMF�� d¹½ �9I\@CF%BR>!$ n\p ½Mp ÆQpa* P³WNYM<?vM�\Y�U[<?HNS(vQPqI?F´U[<?H�?F)>MF9H�IVP��°F�ÂGBE@oW _ @ZF9F�}¾~?� c � s F s BRPqP0HZFr@oWNHZBE��W%<?vMH�IwWZWZF9>mWNBR<\>²WZ<hWZYMF�� d�n IV>QDY� d�½�9I\@CFr@ p�z�7���L� �Z���z���M�����4�!�����G�����G�]�� åØ× � ê'��×må�æMâ��bäØ×)�Lêbë)Ö �e×\ÚwÙ&��×mâ��C�%âGÚ|ë;=<?>A@CBEDGF9H7WNYMF�KMHN<?OMPqF9S ]^e_[aCc`d¹f�^`_baCcXilk\_b^`_[aCcZc�¼ _Cn?p¾½?½\c� U f <?>MPq��YQI\@t<?>MF�F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF s BRWZY6�)F9HN<:HNF)I?P¢KQIVHZW)��WNYMF9>¡WZYAIwW´F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF�BE@ �MpÕ�ÖØ×�ÙQÚw×�Û�Ü�Þ��XÞ�í[î�� òE�:�w¦���ò³óm��¦Aô|�V�Ô�Q�Lñ î f ÷`òÊ�=òE�(�V�¾�9ñ��V¦��9ò³ó\�9¦Qôw�w�Ô�Q�Lñ î f �mû� �6WZYMF)<?HNF9S n?p É �AWZYMF.F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF � BE@�IVPE@C<¡IV>F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF(<?U f � p�£ F�W è OAF:WZYMFF9Bq�?F)>�{?F)��WZ<\He<VU f I?>QD å O�F¥WNYMF�F9Bq�?F9>�{\F)��WN<?H=<VU f � �9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>ADGBR>Q��WZ<.F9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMF �Mp� YMF)> s F s Bq@ZY�WZ<�S�IV¤\F�IL��YQI?>M�?F�<VU0{wIVHNBqI?OMPqF)@7O�� s HZBRWZBq>M�

^d�¡ è i � ¼ _Cn?p¾½VÆmc� U s F�>M<\HZS�IVPqBE@CF è @ZvQ��YhWNYQIwW _ å · è c`dÏn ��WNYMF9>²I\@tBR>¢$�~G~ s F�<\OGWNI?BR>

_ å ·C^jced�¡�_ å · è c,iI£ ¤¦¥¨§#¤¦©dª¬«#ª®­�©VªX¯®©Vª®°M±³² _Cn?p¾½wÉ�c_ å ·C^jced�¡�¼ _Cn?p¾½?Ñ\c

É

Page 5: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� YMF)>]¡¢_[aCc`d _ å · ]^e_baCcCc _Cn?p¾½VÒmc

d _ å ·Zfh^�ilkm_[^jcCc _Cn?p¾½\Ó?cd _ å ·Zfh^jcXi¹_ å ·Zkm_[^jcCc _Cn?p¾½U�mcd _bf � å ·C^jcXig_ å ·Nk\_b^jcCc _Cn?p¾½U�mcd _b� D å ·Z^jcjig_ å ·Nk\_b^jcCc _Cn?p Æ?�mcd¹� D\_ å ·Z^jcjig_ å ·Nk\_b^jcCc _Cn?p ÆMn|cd¹� D9¡�ig_ å ·Nk\_b^jcCc�· _Cn?p Æ\½\c

@Z< s F�YQI|{?F���<\>G�QHNSLF)DhWZYQIVWJWZYMF�PqBR>QF)IVHJKAIVHZWtBE@J>M< s BR>�WZYQF�DGF)@ZBRHNF)D�U[<\HZS pÕ<�(Ù � ê'��×�å�æMâ¦�bäØ×�è+��êbë)Ö"�e×\ÚwÙ&��×mâ��C�%âGÚ|ë* �mIVBq>¡�9<?>Q@ZBEDGF9H7WZYQF�KMHZ<\OMPqF9S

]^e_[aCc`d¹f�^`_baCcXilk\_b^`_[aCcZc�· _Cn?p Æ?Æmcs YMF)HZF�WZYQBq@tWNBRSLF f YQI\@7W s <LKMvQHZF)PR��BqS�IV�\BR>QI?HZ��F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF)@)��´>µ·¶ pÁ < s Bq><?H�DGF)H´WZ<�HZFrDGvQ�9F�WZYQBq@¥WZ<¡Ih@Z��@CWZF)S#<VU2W s <hF)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@%��<\HZHNF)@ZKA<\>QDGBq>M�LWZ<WZYQF¡F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF)@4´>µ·¶´� s F s IV>mW.WZ< s HZBRWZF¡WNYMF6PRBq>MF)I?H.WZF9HNS�@.<VU ^ BR>«WZF)HZS�@.<VU%WZYMFF9Bq�?F)>�{?F)��WZ<\HN@t��<\HZHNF)@ZK�<?>QDGBq>M�.WZ<�WZYMF�F)BR�\F9>�{wIVPqvMF)@�´>µ7¶ p7£ F9W è O�F�WZYQF�F9Bq�?F)>m{\F)��WZ<?HJ<?Uf s B³WNY(F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF�µ·¶ pj� YMF)>2¸è Bq@jWZYQF=F)BR�\F9>�{?Fr��WZ<\Hj<?U f s BRWZY:F9Bq�?F9>�{wIVPqvMF � µ7¶´�|vM>ADGF9HWZYQF�I\@Z@ZvMSLKGWNBR<\>�WZYAIwW f Bq@7HNF)I?P pz* @JI:HNF)@ZvMP³Wr� è IV>QDN¸è @CKAIV>�WZYMF���F)>mWZHNF�@ZvMOQ@ZKQI?�9F%<?Ufp0� >�<\HNDMF9H`WN<:DGFrIVP�F9>mWZBqHNF9Pq� s BRWZY�HZFrIVPAF9Bq�?F9>�{\F)��WN<?H�@9�?<?OQ@ZF9HN{?FJWNYQIwW è J d"` F _ è c IV>ADè � d©� S _ è c IVPE@C<�@ZKQIV>�WZYQF���F9>mWNHZF�@ZvMOQ@ZKQI?�9F p0x F�WNYMF9>²��YM<�<m@CF�WZ< s HNB³WNF^d ¡ J è J i&¡ � è � i � _Cn?p ÆVÉ�cs YMF)HZF � BE@�@C<\S.F9WZYMBq>M��>Q<?>MPqBR>QF)IVH p�* @%Bq>&$�~G~A� s F(PRF9W å OAF(WZYMF:F9Bq�?F9>�{\F)��WN<?H´<?U f �s BRWZY6F9Bq�?F)>m{wI?PRvMF µ·¶ pz* @ s BRWZY è � s F�WNYMF9>²DGF9�Q>MF å J d ` F _ å c IV>QD å � d­� S _ å c�p� >:<\HNDMF9HØWZ<�>M<\HZS�IVPqBE@CFeWZYMFr@CFt{?Fr��WN<?H�@9� s F=vA@CF7WZYQFtU[<?PqPR< s Bq>M�´WNYMF9<\HZF)S�U[HN<?S ¬ HNBqF)D�±S�IV> } ~?� pÕ�ÖØ×�ÙQÚw×�ÛüÜAÞº¹¢Þ+» ¦À�9ò³ó\�9¦Qôw�� ���ñw¯)¼oñw¯���ò³óm�9¦ î �G¦� 9��òbñw¦M÷¥�w�L�N�\��¯Zñ���¯�òb�V�§�G½®ñ î f  �ñw¯�¯Z�9¾���MñV¦�Vòʦmó.��ñ�� ï ���9ò³ó\�9¦Qôw�w�Ô�Q� � òE��ñV¯�� ï ñZómñw¦��w���§ñ.�9ô|�9¯�ú.�9ò³ó\�9¦Qôw�� ���ñw¯�¼ î �G¦� 9�¨òbñV¦U½:ñ î f �õ ï òb  ï �?ñr����¦�ñw�7 �ñV¯�¯Z�����Qñw¦:����ñL� ï �.��ò³óm��¦Aô|�V�Ô�Q� � ûí ¦ ñw� ï �9¯�õeñw¯0�w�N÷=ò î

f,�¡d � �Ø· _Cn?p Æ\Ñ\cf � �.d�¿@�A· _Cn?p Æ?Òmc

�w¦:� � Ãd ¿ ÷`� ï �9¦ _A�Ø·L�Gc`d¹�AûÀ ¯Zñrñ î û � �hDGF9�Q>MBRWZBq<?>,�_A��·Zf,�¢c`d _bf � ��·L�¢c _Cn?p ÆmÓ?c_'�A· � �¢c`d _A¿@��·L�¢c _Cn?p ÆV�mc� _7�A·0��c2d ¿L_'�A·0��c _Cn?p ÆV�mc

@Z< s F�S(vQ@CW´YQI|{\F�IVWtPqF)I\@oW´<\>MF�<VU � d ¿ <?H _'�X·0��c`d¹�MpÑ

Page 6: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� YMBE@tWZYMF)<?HNF9S I?PRPq< s @7vQ@tWN<.>Q<?HNSLI?PRBE@ZF¥WNYMF�F9Bq�?F)>m{\F)��WZ<?H�@7<VU f @CvQ��Y�WZYAIwW_ å · è c`d ½G· _ å · ¸è c`d¹�M· _ ¸å · è c`dg�Q· _ ¸å · ¸è c`d¹½M· _Cn?p É\�mc

IV>AD�U[<\H�µ ·ÂÁ:dgÆM·CÉA·9¼)¼9¼ �_ åaà · èWÄ c`dÆÅ n B³Uhµ d^Á� B³Uhµ Ãd^Á _Cn?p ÉQn|c

s YMF)HZF åaà IV>AD èlà U[<\H,µ d ÆM·ZÉQ·9¼)¼9¼ I?HZF6WNYMFF9Bq�?F)>�{?F)��WZ<\HN@.<VU f �9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>QDMBR>M�®WZ<F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF)@ s B³WNYL>M<?>M�)F9HN<¥HNF)I?PGKQIVHZW pa* @`I%HZFr@CvQP³W2<VU�<?vQH0DMF��Q>MBRWZBq<?>L<?UA>M<\HZS�IVPqBE@ZIVWZBq<?><?> å I?>QD è �MBRWJU[<?PqPR< s @=WNYQIwW_ å J · è J ced n

É } _ å · è c,i¹_ å · ¸è cji¹_ ¸å · è cji¹_ ¸å · ¸è c � _Cn?p Ém½\cd�n _Cn?p É\Æmc

IV>AD¢�GPRBq¤?F s Bq@ZF?�_ å J · è � c`d¹�M· _ å � · è J ced­�Q· _ å � · è � c`d�n\¼ _Cn?p É?É�c

Á <?WZF0WNYQIwWjBRU f Bq@j>M<VWj@ZF9PRUGI?DjÇo<\BR>mW)�rWNYMF å�à s BRPqP?>M<?W,OAFe<?HZWZYM<\�?<?>AIVPwIVSL<?>Q�tWZYMF)SL@ZF9Pq{?Fr@ p£ Bq¤?F s Bq@ZF%U[<?HJWNYMF èRà p* @JBq>¢$�~G~A� s F��Q>QD�WZYAIwW^`_[aCc=dÈ¡ J _[aCc è J iE¡ � _baCc è � i � _[aCc _Cn?p ÉmÑ\c

_ å J ·C^`_baCcCc7dÈ¡ J _[aCc¢_ å J · è J cjiE¡ � _[aCc¢_ å J · è � cjiI£ ¤¦¥�§¤¦©dª¬«�ª®­#©VªX¯®©Vª®°M±³² _Cn?p É\Òmc_ å J ·C^`_baCcCc7dÈ¡ J _[aCc�¼ _Cn?p É�Ó?c

£ Bq¤?F s Bq@ZF?� _ å � ·C^`_[aCcZced ¡ � _baCc�¼ _Cn?p Éd�mc� ��DGF9�Q>MBRWZBq<?>,�f � å d�� µ·¶ å ¼ _Cn?p Éd�mc

s YMF)HZF å d å J i µ å � pMÉ umvQIVWZBq>M�LHZFrIVP¢IV>QD¡BqS�IV�?Bq>QI?HZ��KQI?HCW�@9��WNYMBE@tWZF)PRPE@tvQ@tWNYQIwWf � å J d ¶ å � · _Cn?p¾ÑV�mcf � å � d=� ¶ å J ¼ _Cn?p¾ÑGn|c* @JILHNF)@ZvMPRW)�

]¡ J d�_ å J · ]^`_baCcCc _Cn?p¾Ñ?½\cd�_ å J ·Zfh^`_[aCcjilkm_[^`_[aCcZcCc _Cn?p¾ÑVÆmcd�_ å J ·Zfh^`_[aCcZcXi¹_ å J ·Zkm_[^`_baCcCcZc _Cn?p¾ÑwÉ�cd�_¨f � å J ·C^`_baCcCcØig_ å J ·Zkm_[^`_[aCcZcCc _Cn?p¾Ñ?Ñ\cd�_ ¶ å � ·C^`_baCcCcXi¹_ å J ·Zkm_[^`_[aCcZcCc _Cn?p¾ÑVÒmcd ¶ _ å � ·C^`_baCcCcXi¹_ å J ·Zkm_[^`_[aCcZcCc _Cn?p¾Ñ\Ó?cd ¶ ¡ � ig_ å J ·Zkm_[^`_baCcCcCc�¼ _Cn?p¾ÑU�mc

Ò

Page 7: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

£ Bq¤?F s Bq@ZF?� ]¡ � d�� ¶ ¡ J i¹_ å � ·Nk\_b^`_[aCcZcCc�¼ _Cn?p¾ÑU�mc* >AD¡@Z< s F�YQI|{\F��9<?>G�AHZSLF)D�WNYQIwWtWZYQF�PRBq>MF)I?HJKQIVHZWJBq@´>M< s Bq>¡WZYMF�DGFr@CBqHNF)DhU[<?HNS p� >°KQIVHZWZBE��vQPqI?H)�XB³W(BE@�K�<\@N@CBqOMPqFLWZ<S�I?¤?F�I¡WZH�IV>Q@CU[<?HNS�IwWNBR<\>�@Z<6WZYQIVW(<?vQH�KMHN<?OMPqF9SO�F)��<\SLF)@t<VUØWZYQF�U[<?HNSÊË ]¡ J _baCc]¡ � _baCc]Ì�_[aCcfÍÎ d ÊË � ¶� ¶ � ÏÏ Ð ÍÎÊË ¡ J _baCc¡ � _baCcÌA_[aCc�ÍÎ i �^ÑÒ ÊË ¡ J _[aCc¡ � _[aCcÌQ_baCcfÍÎ�ÓÔ _Cn?p Ò?�mc

s YMF)HZF Ð ��<\>\W�IVBq>Q@2WNYMF>Õ\<?H�DMI?>.OQPR<G��¤G@e�9<?HNHZFr@CK�<?>QDMBR>M��WN<�WZYQF�@CWNI?OMPRF¥F9Bq�?F9>�{wIVPqvMFr@¥}¾~?� p�z�7���7� �¢�]�CÖQ���f×Ø�z�>�G�6���LÙ¬ HN<?S#YMF)HZF:<?>,� s F(<\>MPq���<?>A@CBEDGF9H¥WZYMFL�9I\@CF s YMF9HNF:WZYMF)HZF.IVHNF�W s <hF9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQF)@ s B³WNY�9F)HZ<�HNF)I?P,KQI?HCW p7� YMF:�9I?@ZF s YMF)HZF�WNYMF9HNF�BE@´<\>MPR��<?>MF(F9Bq�?F9>�{wIVPqvMF s BRWZY�)F9HN<LHZFrIVPjKAIVHZWBE@[email protected]�{\F9H�@CBq<?>�<VUØWZYMBE@ p �GF9F�F�ÂMI?S.KQPRF n?pqn?px F�YAI|{?F ^`_[aCc=d�¡ J _baCc è J iE¡ � _baCc è � i � ¼ _Cn?p ÒMn|c* @´BR>²F9ÂGI?SLKMPRF n\pRn �GWZYQF(��F)>\WNHZF�S�I?>MB³U[<\PqD�WNYMF9<\HZF)S _ WNYMF9<\HZF)S n\p Æmc WZF9PqPE@´vQ@tWNYQIwW%B³Wr¿ @K�<\@N@CBqOMPqF%WN<.�Q>QD � _[aCc I\@JI:U[vM>Q��WNBR<\>6<VU ¡ J _baCc IV>QD ¡ � _baCc ��@C< s F�<\OGWNI?BR>

^`_[aCc=d�¡ J _[aCc è J iE¡ � _baCc è � i � _7¡ J _[aCc�·0¡ � _baCcCc _Cn?p Ò\½\cÁ < s �tI?@LBq>©F�ÂMIVSLKMPqF n?pqn � s F¡WZvQHZ>©<?vQH�IwWCWNF9>mWZBq<?>ªWN<®�A>QDGBq>M� � _A¡ J _[aCc�·L¡ � _[aCcZc�px F�¤�>M< s WZYQIVW � S:vQ@oW6@ZIVWZBE@oU[� � _¨�M·Z�mcd Ï IV>QD �2ÚFÛ _¨�M·N�\cd �2Ú6Ü _¨�M·N�\cd Ï p* DQDGB³WNBR<\>QIVPqPq�?�MBRW¥@ZIVWZBE@o�AF)@=WZYMF�DMBÞÝ�F9HNF9>mWZBEIVPjF)umvQIwWNBR<\>ß �ß a d ß ^ß a � ]¡ J è J � ]¡ � è � _Cn?p Ò?Æmc

d¹f�^hiÀkm_[^jcM�ª_ ¶ ¡ � i¹_ å J ·Nk\_b^jcCcNc è J �ª_L� ¶ ¡ J ig_ å � ·Zkm_[^jcZcNc è � _Cn?p ÒVÉ�cs YMF)HZF

f�^dgfÏ_'¡ J è J iE¡ � è � i � c _Cn?p Ò\Ñ\cd�¡ J f è J i�¡ � f è � ilf � _Cn?p Ò?Òmcd�� ¶ ¡ J è � i ¶ ¡ � è J ilf � _Cn?p ÒmÓ?c

@Z<:WNYQIwWß �ß a d¹f � iÀkm_[^jcz�ª_ å J ·Zkm_[^jcZc è J �ª_ å � ·Zkm_[^jcZc è � _Cn?p ÒV�mcd¹f � iÀk=_A¡ J è J iE¡ � è � i � c��©_ å J ·Nke_7¡ J è J i&¡ � è � i � cNc è J�©_ å � ·Nke_A¡ J è J i&¡ � è � i � cNc è � ¼ _Cn?p ÒV�mc

� YMBE@9�jWZ<\�?F�WNYMF9H s BRWZY BRWN@�Bq>MBRWZBEIVPe�9<?>QDMB³WNBR<\>Q@��9I?>®O�F�@C<\PR{\F)D�U[<?H � p�� > KMH�I?��WZBE@CF\� s F�9I?>¡DM<:WNYMBE@JO���PRF9WCWNBR>M�� dÈàhi � J ¡ J _[aCcXi � � ¡ � _[aCcji Û J ¡®�J _baCcji Û � ¡ J _baCcá¡ � _[aCcXi Û P ¡Q�� _[aCc�¼ _Cn?pÔÓw�mcÓ

Page 8: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

¬ HN<?S WNYMF:Bq>MBRWZBEIVP2��<\>QDGBRWZBq<?>Q@)� àÀd � J d � � d Ï p�� YMF.DGBÞÝ�F9HNF9>mWNBqI?PØFrumvQIwWNBR<\>��9I?>OAF@Z<?Pq{?F)D�U[<?H Û J � Û � IV>QD Û P O��hF)umvQIVWZBq>M����<�FF_��9BRF)>\W�@ p* @�I¡HNF)@ZvMP³Wr� s F.YAI|{?F.HZFrDGvQ��FrD<\vMH�KMHN<?OMPqF9S#WN<6I6@Z�G@oWNF9S <?UeW s <�Fru\vAIwWZBq<?>A@%<?UWZYQF�U[<?HNS � ]¡ J]¡ � � d � � ¶� ¶ � � � ¡ J¡ � � i � HKJ _A¡ J ·L¡ � cH � _A¡ J ·L¡ � c � ¼ _Cn?pÔÓ�n|c�z�7���7â ã�Ö®�a���L�0�áÖUäeå����z�Gä��Q�0�� > <?H�DGF9H�WN<²DGF�WNF9HNS.Bq>MF�WNYMF�@CWNIVOQBRPqB³Wo�®<VUJIV>�F)umvQIVWZBq<?> BR>�WNYMF�IVO�<w{?F.U[<?HNS6� s F�>M< sU[<?PqPq< s x I?HND�} ~\� pjx F s BRPqPMDG<%WZYMBE@0O���PR<�<\¤mBq>M��IwWØWZYMFJ@CWNIVOQBRPqB³Wo��<?UMWZYQF7OQHNI?>Q��YMF)@X<VUAWZYMFæ <\KGUjOMBRU[vMH��9IVWZBq<?>h>QF)IVH=WZYQF�OQB³U[vMH��9IVWZBq<?>�K�<?Bq>mW _ >M<?WZF%WZYQIVW=WNYMF�IVO�<w{?F¥S�I?>MBRKQvMPqIVWZBq<?>Q@s F9HNFDG<?>MF®F�ÂMI?��WZPq�ªIVW�WZYQF�OMBRU[vMH��9IwWNBR<\>gK�<?Bq>\W c�p £ F�W�WZYMF æ <?KMU�OMB³U[vQHN�)IwWZBq<?>­O�F®IU[vM>Q��WZBq<?>�<?UG@Z<?SLF2KQI?HNI?SLF�WZF)H ¿ s YMBq��Y�I?HZBE@ZF)@�Bq>�WZYMF�ç Ä�É @ZvQ��Y�WZYQIVW ¿d­� HNF9KMHNF)@ZF9>mW�@O�F9Bq>M�hF9ÂGI\��WNPR�6IwW%WZYMF.OMBRU[vMHN�)IwWNBR<\>²KA<\BR>mW p�� >²WNYMBq@��)I?@ZF?�MWNYMFLIV>QI?PR<\�?<?vA@JF)umvQIVWZBq<?>6WZ<WZYQF�IVO�<w{?F�Bq@ � ]¡ J]¡ � � d � �=_'¿jc è=_A¿jc��èe_A¿jcé�7_A¿jc � � ¡ J¡ � � i � HKJ _'¡ J ·0¡ �Uê ¿jcH � _'¡ J ·0¡ �Uê ¿jc � _Cn?pÔÓV½\cs YMF)HZF �7_b�\c`d¹� IV>QD èe_¨�\c`d ¶ p0� U s F�PRF9Wìë dÈ¡ J i µ ¡ � �MWZYMF)>ßß a _'¡ J i µ ¡ � cedÏ_'�Y� µ èXcG¡ J ig_ µ �¡iEèXcá¡ � i H J i µ H � _Cn?pÔÓwÆmc

]ë dÏ_'�Y� µ èXc ë iEíÀ_ ë · ¸ë ê ¿jc _Cn?pÔÓ|É�cs YMF)HZF í Bq@´@Z<?SLF9WZYMBq>M�L>M<?>QPRBq>MF)I?H pàe×�ÛÀÛlâ­ÜAÞ.î,Þðï ï ��¯Z�¡�Nÿ?òE���¨����¨¯N�w¦M� î ñV¯�ù � ï �w�%òE�h�w¦��V�Ôúw��òb ¡�V¦� ï �|��� ï � î ñw¯�ùòñ dë i^óJ_ ë · ¸ë ê ¿jc õ2òÊ� ï,ó°dI[�ô�Ë ë Ë �Rõ �w�ìë ø � ���Q  ï � ï �w�J�6?��Q�V�¨òbñV¦¢ö û·÷0ø �N�� �ñwù����

]ñ dÏ_7�Y� µ èXc ñ i¹_ºùLi µ ÈVc ñ Ë ñ Ë � i^[ ô Ë ñ Ë \ õ ¼ _Cn?pÔÓVÑ\cÀ ¯Zñrñ î �N�9�RñVõ û� U s F�PqF�W�ñ d�ú�¸ èû �GWNYMF9>6O�� £ F)SLSLI n\p Ò �

]ú©i µ ]ü ú dÏ_7�¡i µ èXcGú­iZù@ú P i µ Èýú P · _Cn?pÔÓwÒmcIV>AD�@Z< ]ú d"��ú­i&ù:ú P ¼ _Cn?pÔÓ?Ó?cx F:WNYMF9> �\F�W�F)umvMBqPRBqOMHNBRvQSL@�IVW ú$d�� I?>QD ú � dþ���=_'¿jc0ÿlù2_A¿jc�dþ��� Ð _¨�\cG¿�ÿlù2_b�\cØi�Q_'¿ � c�pÁ < s WZYQF��9F)HZ<�@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?>²BE@¥@CWNI?OMPqF�B³U �7_A¿jc��g� I?>QD6vM>Q@CWNI?OMPRF(B³U �7_A¿jc��g�Mp ��Bq>Q��F�7_b�\cJdz� �QU[<\H ¿ @ZSLI?PRPØBRW%BE@¥@Zv®_���BqF9>mW¥WN<���<\>Q@ZBqDGF)HJWZYQF:@ZBR�\>²<VU � Ð _¨�\c�p´� U � Ð _¨�\c��¹� �WZYQF9> �=_'¿jc��©� U[<\H ¿��©� IV>QD �7_A¿jc��©� U[<?H ¿��ª�Qp�* @´I.HZFr@CvQP³Wr� s F��\F�WJBR>A@oW�IVOMBqPRBRWo�U[<?H ¿�� � IV>AD�@CWNI?OMBqPRBRWo�U[<\H ¿�� �Qp�£ Bq¤?F s Bq@ZF?�XB³U � Ð _¨�\c� � � s F.�\F�W(@CWNI?OMBRPqBRWo�U[<?H¿��«� IV>ADhBq>Q@CWNIVOQBRPqB³Wo�hU[<?H ¿��«�Qp �

Page 9: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� YMFh<?WZYMF)H�F)umvMBqPqBROMHNBqvMS�@:I?HZF�IVW2´� ���7_A¿jc³ÿlù2_A¿jc �0@Z<²U[<\H:@Zv®_���BqF9>mWZPq��@ZS�IVPqP ¿ �WZYQF9�©IVHNF�IVKMKQHZ<|ÂGBqSLIVWZF)PR�ªIwW)´ ��� Ð _b�mcá¿�ÿjù0_¨�\c�p � YQF)@ZFF)umvMBqPRBqOMHNBRvQSL@�WZYMF)>gF�ÂGBE@oWs YMF)> � Ð _¨�\cá¿:ù2_b�mc��z�Mp�Á <?WZF:WZYQIVW%WNYMF.I?OA<w{\F:�9<?>QDGBRWZBq<?>®<?>²WNYMF.�9F9HN<�@Z<?PqvGWNBR<\>��9I?>O�F�HZF s HZBRWCWNF9>I\@´@ZI|��Bq>M�.WZYQIVW s YMF)> � Ð _b�mcá¿ �g� �MWZYQF��9F)HZ<�@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?>²BE@JvM>A@oW�IVOMPqF(IV>ADs YMF)> � Ð _¨�\cG¿��Ï� ��WZYQF.�)F9HN<¡@Z<?PqvGWNBR<\>�BE@�@oW�IVOMPqF p�* @�I�HZFr@CvMPRW)� s YQF9> ù0_¨�\c���� �¢WZYMF�9F)HZ<:@C<\PRvGWNBR<\> s YMF)HZF¥WZYMF%W s <(<VWNYMF9H7F)umvMBqPqBROMHNBqvMS�@=I?HZF%Bq@7vM>Q@CWNI?OMPqF?�G@C<(WZYMF%W s <(<VWNYMF9HF)umvMBqPqBROMHNBqvMS�@�IVHNF�@oW�IVOMPqF p¡£ Bq¤?F s Bq@ZF?� s YMF9> ù2_b�\c���� �XWZYMF�W s <6<VWNYMF9H(F)umvMBqPRBqOMHNBRvMS�@IVHNF�vM>Q@CWNIVOQPRF p¬ <\H=WNYMBE@7WZ<.OAF�{wIVPqBqD,� s F�S(vQ@CWJ>QIwWNvMHNI?PRPq��I?@[email protected]%WZYAIwW � Ð _b�mc%Ãdg� IV>AD ù2_b�\c%Ãdg�Mp� W´Bq@´KA<m@Z@ZBROQPRF�WZ<�DGF)HZBq{?F�I:U[<?HNS(vQPqI:U[<?H ù2_b�mc�_ @ZF9F�}¾~?� c�p2� WJWZvMHN>Q@J<\vGWtWZYQIVWù2_b�mc2d nnrÒ� _ H J c J0J³J i¹_ H J c J �³� i¹_ H � c J³J � ig_ H � c �³�³�� n¶�� _ H J c J � S _ H J c J0J i¹_ H J c �³� T �©_ H � c J � S _ H � c J0J ig_ H � c �³� T�ª_ HKJ c J0J _ H � c J0J ig_ HKJ c �³� _ H � c �0��� � _Cn?pÔÓý�mc

F9{wI?PRvQIVWZFrD¹IwW¡WZYQF®<\HZBq�?Bq> s BRWZY ¿ d�� � s YMF9HNF�WNYMF @CvMOA@Z�9HZBqKGWN@¡<\> _ H J c IV>QD _ H � cDGF)>M<VWNF.DGB�Ý�F9HNF9>mWZBEIwWNBR<\> s BRWZY�HZFr@CK�F)��W�WZ< ¡ J IV>QD ¡ � p.Á <?WZF.WZYQIVW�@CBq>Q��F.WNYMBq@�U[<\HZS:vMPEIBE@JF9{wIVPqvQIVWZF)D6IVW ¿d¹� �QBR>²<\HNDGF)HtWZ<�vQ@ZF�BRW)� s F�<?>MPq�h>QF9F)D�WN<�¤m>Q< s WNYMF�{wIVPqvMF)@J<?U H JIV>AD H � s YMF)> ¿Àd��Mp�* @�I�HNF)@ZvMPRW)��OAF)BR>Q��IVOQPRF(WZ<hKQvGW�<\vMH¥FrumvQIwWNBR<\>BR>mWN<�WZYQF�U[<?HNS<VUØF)umvQIVWZBq<?> n?pÔÓ�n Bq@J@Zv®_���BqF9>mW pÀ ¯Zñrñ î ñ î�� ��ù.ùL�Xö û��?û´x F�YQI|{?F�WNYQIwW]ë d�_7�!� µ èXc ë iEíÀ_ ë · ¸ë ê ¿jc _Cn?pÔÓý�mc

s YMF)HZF íÀ_ ë · ¸ë ê ¿jc BE@J�?Bq{?F)>hBq>¡WZYMF�KMHN<?OQPRF)S p`£ F�WíÀ_ ë · ¸ë ·L¿jc`d n½ � J ë � i � � ë ¸ë i n

½ � P ¸ë � i^[L_ZË ë Ë P c _Cn?p �?�mcs YMF)HZF � J ��� � �®� P �9I?>�O�F�U[<?vQ>QD p`x F�WZYMF)>6PRF9W� d ë i���_ ë · ¸ë ê ¿jc�· ��_ ë · ¸ë ê ¿jc=d n

½�� J ë �ei � � ë ¸ë i n½�� P ¸ë � _Cn?p �Mn|c

s YMF)HZF � J � � � � � P I?HZF�I?@t<?UØ�\F�WJvM>QDMF�WZF)HZSLBq>MF)D pe� YMF9>]�¹d ]ë i¹_ � J ë i � � ¸ë c ]ë i¹_ � � ë i � P ¸ë c ]¸ë _Cn?p �\½\cdÏ_7�Y� µ èØc ë i n

½ � J ë �ei � � ë ¸ë i n½ � P ¸ë �eig_ � J ë i � � ¸ë c ]ë i¹_ � � ë i � P ¸ë c ]¸ë

i�[ S Ë ë Ë PRT _Cn?p �?ÆmcÁ <?WZF�WZYAIwWJWZYQF�BR>�{?F)HN@ZF�SLI?K6<VUXFrumvQIwWNBR<\> n\p �Qn BE@ë d���� n½ � J �ì�ì� � � � ¸�"� n½ � P ¸�ì�ti�[ S Ë �.Ë P T · _Cn?p �VÉ�c�

Page 10: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

@Z< s F�<?OGW�IVBq>]� d�_7�Y� µ èØc��ªi n

½ _ � J ig_7�Y� µ èØc � J c��>�=ig_ � � i¹_'�¡i µ èXc � � c�� ¸�i n½ _ � P=i¹_'�6iÀÆ µ èØc � Prc ¸�ì�ti�[ S Ë �:Ë PjT _Cn?p �\Ñ\c _7�Y� µ èØc��ªi n

½"!� J � � i !� � � ¸�ªi n½#!� P ¸� � i^[=SNË �:Ë PlT ¼ _Cn?p �?Òmc

��Bq>Q��F �7_b�mc²d � IV>QD è=_b�\c6d$�%� � � s F�9I?>©��YQ<m<m@CF � J � � � IV>QD � P @CvA��Y«WNYQIwW!� J d !� � d !� P®d �Mpª� >Q�9PRvQDMBR>M�À@Z<?SLF¡KMHNF9{�BR<\vQ@ZPR�m±�DGHZ<\KMK�F)DÀYQBR�\YMF9HL<?H�DGF)H:WNF9HNS�@9�vQ@ZBR>Q��WNYMF���vQHZHNF9>mWZPq�m±�¤�>M< s >�U[vM>Q��WZBq<?>Q@)� s F��9I?>�DGF9WZF)HZSLBq>MF4� J ��� � ��� P �]� \ @CvA��YWZYAIwW ]� d _'�6i µ èXc��«i'&�_(��· ¸� ê ¿jc�· _Cn?p �mÓ?cs YMF)HZF&�_(��· ¸� ê ¿jc`d n

Æ � J � P i � � �ì� ¸�«i � P)� ¸�ì�7i nÆ � \ ¸� P i�[ S Ë �:Ë \ T ¼ _Cn?p �V�mc

¬ <\PRPq< s Bq>M�(WNYMF�@NIVSLF�@oWNF9KQ@´I\@JIVO�<w{?F\�\WNYMBE@tWZBqSLF�PRF9WCWZBq>M�ñ d��ªi�úL_���· ¸� ê ¿jc�· _Cn?p �V�mcs YMF)HZF úL_���· ¸� ê ¿jc`d n

Æ+* J � P i * � � � ¸�«i * P � ¸� � i nÆ+* \ ¸� P · _Cn?p �?�mc

s F�F)>QD¡vMK²IwW]ñ d _'�!� µ èXc ñ i n

Æ _ � J i«½ * J _7�Y� µ èXcCc ñ P ig_ � � il½ * � �0c ñ � ¸ñi¹_ � P i«½ * P _'�6i µ èXcZc ñ ¸ñ � i n

Æ _ � \ il½ * \ _7�¡iÀÉ µ èXcZc ¸ñ P i^[ S Ë ñ Ë \ T _Cn?p �Mn|c _'�!� µ èXc ñ i nÆ !� J ñ P i !� � ñ � ¸ñ i !� P ñ ¸ñ � i n

Æ !� \ ¸ñ P i^[ S Ë ñ Ë \ T ¼ _Cn?p �\½\cx F��9IV>²I?�\IVBq>6��YM<�<\@ZF * J � * P � * \ @ZvQ��Y�WZYQIVW !� J d !� P%d !� \ dg� �MOMvGWJWNYMBE@JWZBqSLF s F�9I?>M>M<?WJ��YQ<m<m@CF * � @CvQ��Y�WZYAIwW !� � dg�QpØ� >A@oWNF)I?D,�M��YM<�<\@ZF * � d­�Qp`� Y�vQ@ s F�<\OGWNI?BR>]ñ d _'�!� µ èXc ñ i � � Ë ñ Ë � ñ i�[ S Ë ñ Ë \ T _Cn?p �?Æmc _'�!� µ èXc ñ ig_AùLi µ ÈVc)Ë ñ Ë � ñ i [ S Ë ñ Ë \ T ¼� ^ âMÛ°ã��b×®ÜAÞÊý¢Þ Ä F�WNF9HNSLBR>MF�WNYMF�@oW�IVOMBqPRBRWo��<VUXWZYMF�@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?>A@eU[<\H7WZYMF�@Z��@CWZF)S$<VUØF)umvQIw±WZBq<?>A@ , Ð dÈ¿+,,�¢¡�i�,�¡®� _Cn?p �VÉ�c¡GÐAd�,.iE¿@¡�iE¡ P ¼ _Cn?p �\Ñ\c

n)�

Page 11: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� YMBE@´�9I?>�O�F s HZBRWCWNF9>²I?@� , С Ð � d � ¿ ��nn ¿ � � , ¡ � i � ,#¡ �¡ P � ¼ _Cn?p �?Òmc� U s F�PqF�Wìë d-,.i µ ¡ ��WZYQF9>ë Ð d�_A¿hi µ c ë i�,�¡®�ei µ ¡ P _Cn?p �mÓ?c

d�_A¿hi µ c ë i nÉ _G� ë P i«½ ë � ¸ë � ë ¸ë � c�¼ _Cn?p �V�mc* @¥I�HZFr@CvQP³Wr�¦� J d � � d � P d¹� I?>QD6@C< s F���YM<�<\@ZF � J d � � d � P d �MpB* @´ILHNF)@ZvMPRW)�� Bq@´F�ÂMI?��WZPq��F)umvQI?P�WZ<4ë p2� YMF)> s F�YQI|{\F� Ð d ë Ð _Cn?p �V�mc

dÏ_'¿�i µ c ë i nÉ _G� ë P i«½ ë � ¸ë � ë ¸ë � c _on\pRnr�?�mc

dÏ_'¿�i µ c���� nÉ � P i n½ �>� ¸��� nÉ � ¸�ì�m¼ _on\pRnr�Mn|c

Á < s @CBq>Q�9F�@CWNI?OMBqPRBRWo�hBE@JDGF�WNF9HNSLBR>MFrD�U[HZ<\Sú Ð d��aú­iZù@ú P _on\pRnr�\½\cs YMF)HZF ù d ú�¸�_ � � c �7WZYMF)>gIVPqP s F²>MF)F)D«WZ< O�F���<\>Q��F)HZ>QF)DªIVO�<?vGW�BE@LWZYMF²{wI?PRvMF²<?U� � p`� >¡WZYQBq@´�)I?@ZF?�GBRW´Bq@ njÿV½Mp0x F��9<?vMPED¡YQI|{?F�IVPRWZF)HZ>AIwWZF)PR��DGF�WNF9HNS.Bq>MFrDhWNYMBE@JO���vQ@ZBR>M�F)umvQIVWZBq<?> n?pÔÓý�Qpa* @´I.HZFr@CvMPRW)� ú Ð dÈ¿ ú­i n

½ ú P ¼ _on\pRnr�?Æmcx F�WZYMF)>²<?OGW�IVBq>6WZYMF:@oW�IVOMBqPRBRWo�6DGBqI?�?H�IVS @CYM< s >6Bq>6�Q�?vQHZF n\pRn\p7� YMBE@´BE@¥I�@ZvMO���HNB³WNBq�)IVPæ <\KGU0OMB³U[vQHN�)IwWZBq<?> p&('/. v yì{Fs�u v 8WxZy´/zy¥+.-28Fs�{ |f} 4)s�-0891:+)~x F%�9I?>hIVPE@Z<�vQ@CF���F)>\WNHZF%S�IV>MBRU[<?PED�HNF)DGvQ��WZBq<?>�<\>hDGF9PEI|�LDGBÞÝ�F9HNF9>mWNBqI?PAFru\vAIwWZBq<?>A@ p ;=<?>G±@ZBqDGF)HtWZYMF�DMF9PEI|�hDGB�Ý�F)HZF)>\WNBqI?P¢F)umvQIVWZBq<?>ß ,ß a d��",Ø_[aa��0�ca��,Ø_[aCcG�\¼ _on\pRnr�VÉ�c£ F9WCWNBR>M� ,¡d F�ÂGK _ � aCc I?>QD � d�� ¶ªIV>ADhBq�?>M<\HZBq>M�:WZYMF�umvQI\DGH�IwWZBE�%WZF)HZS6� s F�<\OGWNI?BR>� d��´¸ c�132 _on\pRnr�\Ñ\cµ·¶ d��°_ ��<m@ _ ¶ 0%ca� µ�@ZBR> _ ¶ 0%cCc _on\pRnr�?Òmc@Z<���<m@ _ ¶ 0%c´d � �,IV>ADYMF)>Q��F�¶ 0�d54�ÿ?½Gp<* PE@C<A�:¶ d @ZBR> _ ¶ 0%c �,@C<¬¶ d n IV>QDWZYMF)>0gd�4�ÿV½MpØÁ < s«s F s [email protected]<�DGF9WZF)HZSLBq>MFtWZYMF%@oW�IVOMBqPRBRWo�(<?UAWNYMF´@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?> s YMF)> 0gd-4�ÿV½Gp¬ <\HtWZYMBE@JF)>\WNBRHNF��9I?Pq�9vMPqIVWZBq<?>,� s F�U[<?PqPR< s ` IV>AD®}¾~?� p

n?n

Page 12: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

−5 0 5−4

−2

0

2

4

µ

R

stabilityinstability

¬ BR�\vMHNF n?pqn76t� YMF:@CWNI?OMBqPRBRWo�²DGBqI?�?H�IVS U[<?H¥F9ÂMIVSLKMPqF n?p¾½ ��@CYQ< s BR>M��WZYMF _ Bq> c @CWNI?OMBRPqBRWo�¡<?UWZYQF�OMHNI?>Q��YMFr@=Bq>¡WZYMF æ <?KGU0OMBRU[vMH��9IwWNBR<\> p� U s F�PqF�W¥WZYMF(@Z<?PqvGWNBR<\>¡F){?<\PR{\F%U[HN<?S WZYQF�BR>QB³WNBqI?PX��<\>QDGBRWZBq<?>Q@¥@C<\S.F�PqF9>Q�VWZY²<?U0WZBqS.F

a ��WZYQF9> s F�<\OGWNI?BR> , » _(8\c s YMF)HZF 8:9 } �"4�ÿ?½G·Z�mc�p0x F��9IV>�WZYQF9> s HZBRWZF; , » _�8mc; a d=<> ? @3A3B kDC m@ C U[<?H 8E9GF.�IH � ·Z� T�", » S � H � T ��, » _¨�\c � U[<?H 8(dg� _on\pRnr�mÓ?c� YMF®S.<?WZBq{wIwWZBq<?>©U[<\HhWNYMBE@hBE@�WNYQIwW¡B³W6IVPqPR< s @hvQ@�WN<«��YQI?>M�?F�<?vMH Ä%Ä�É Bq>mWZ<Èç Ä�É ±PqBR¤\FLU[<?HNS�}¾~?� p²� YMBE@�BE@(@ZYM< s >®Bq>°F)umvQIVWZBq<?>l~G~ p6� YMF�DGF)PqI|�®Bq@�WZH�IV>Q@CU[<?HNSLF)D®BR>mWZ<IO�<?vM>QDQIVHN����<?>ADGB³WNBR<\>�<\>¡I?>�Bq>mWZF)HZ{wIVP�<?UjWZYQF�PRF)>M�VWNY�<?UjWZYQF�DGF9PEI|� p0� >¡KQIVHZWZBE��vMPEIVHr��<?vMHÄ�Ä>É �)IV>¡OAF�HNF s HNB³WZWZF)>¡I\@ ß , » _(8\cß a d-J#, » _(8\cji'K�, » _(8\c _on\pRnr�V�mcs YMF)HZF J Bq@:I6PRBq>MF)I?H(<\KAF)HNIVWZ<?H�I?>QD K Bq@:I6>M<?>QPRBq>MF)I?H�<?K�F9H�IwWN<?H p æ F9HNF?�ØBR>A@oWNF)I?D <?UYQI|{�Bq>M� , I\@JI.{?F)��WZ<\H)�GBRW´[email protected][vQ>Q��WNBR<\>¡<?U 8Mp£ F9WML J _(8\c IV>QD�L � _�8mc O�FeWNYMFtF9Bq�?F)>GU[vM>Q��WZBq<?>Q@jWZ<%WZYMF7PqBR>MFrIVHØKQIVHZWX<?UQF)umvQIVWZBq<?> n\pRnr�mÓGp� YMF)>�U[HN<?S $ n?p¾½Gp Æ ��BRU s F s HZBRWZF, » _�8\c=dÈ¡ J _[aCc L J _�8\cXi&¡ � _[aCc L � _�8mcji �:_[a�·N8mc _on\pRnr�V�mcIV>AD��Q>ADhWNYQIwW

]¡ J d ¶ ¡ � i % _'¡ J ·0¡ � c�· ]¡ � d=� ¶ ¡ J i H _'¡ J ·0¡ � c _on\pRn\n)�mcd�¡ � i % _'¡ J ·0¡ � c�· d=��¡ J i H _'¡ J ·0¡ � c _on\pRn\n?n|c

WZYQF9>¡WZYMF�@CWNI?OMBqPRBRWo�hIwWJWNYMF�OMBRU[vMH��9IwWNBR<\>�K�<?Bq>mW´Bq@JDMF�WZF)HZSLBq>MF)D¡O���WNYMF�@CBq�?>¡<VU� nn)Ò } % J0J³J i % J �0� i H J³J � i H �³�0�� } % J � _ % J³J i % �³� c�� H J � _ H J³J i H �³� c�� % J0J H J0J i % �0� H �0� �R� ¼Ý_on\pRn\nr½\c

nr½

Page 13: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� >6<?H�DGF9H7WN<LDMF�WZF)HZSLBq>MF+%6IV>AD H � s F�@CWNI?HCWJO����A>QDGBq>M�IL J I?>QDOL � p` F)�)IVPqPQWNYQIwW"L J IV>ADPL � IVHNFtWZYQF%F)BR�\F9>GU[vM>A��WZBq<?>A@e��<\HZHNF)@ZK�<?>QDGBq>M��WN<�WZYQF¥F9Bq�?F)>�{|I?PRvQFµ`<?UXWNYMF�<?K�F9H�IwWN<?H ; , » _(8\c; a d <> ? @QA B kRC m@ C U[<?H 8E9 F � H � ·Z� T�", » SL� H � T U[<?H 8(d¹� _on\pRn\n)Æmc

* @JILHNF)@ZvMPRW)�µ _ L J _�8mcXi µ�L � _�8\cZced�JÀ_ L J _(8\cji µ�L � _�8\cZc _on\pRn\n9É�cµ _ L J _�8mcXi µ�L � _�8\cZced <> ? SS C _ L J _�8mcXi µ�L � _�8\cZc U[<\H 8E9GF.� H � ·Z� T� S L J S �IH � T i µ�L � S �IH � TRT U[<\H 8(dg� _on\pRn\nrÑ\c@Z<:WNYQIwW ßß 8 L J _(8\ced�� L � _�8\c L J ôd� 4 ½ õ d L � _¨�\c _on\pRn\n)Òmcßß 8 L � _(8\ced L J _�8\c L � ô � 4 ½ õ d�� L J _b�mc�¼ _on\pRn\n|Ó?c� YMF�@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?>�WZ<LWNYMBq@´Bq@ L J _(8\c`d�T J ��<m@ _(8\cz�UT � @ZBR> _�8\c _on\pRn\nR�mcL � _(8\c`d�T J @ZBR> _(8\cji'T � �9<\@ _�8\c _on\pRn\nR�mcs YMF)HZF T J I?>QD T � IVHNF�I?HZOQB³WNHNI?HZ����<\>Q@CWNIV>mW�@ p` F)�)IVPqP�WZYQIVW s F s BE@ZYhWN<L�Q>QD ¡ J _baCc IV>QD ¡ � _[aCc @ZvQ��Y¡WZYQIVW, » _(8\ced ¡ J _baCc L J _(8\cXiE¡ � _[aCc L � _�8\cØi �(_ba�·N8\c�¼ _on\pRn|½V�mc� <LDM<:WNYMBE@9� s F�S(vQ@CW´KMHN<UÇoFr��W , » _(8\c <?>mWZ<.WNYMF���F)>\WNHZF�@ZvMOQ@ZKQI?�9F p0x F�PRF9W

_A��·L�¢c`d���_b�mcá�0_b�mca� V ¶c H7W � �2ôQ8%i 4 ½ õ �Ø_(8\c ß 8 _on\pRn|½Gn|cs YMF)HZF � BE@JDGF��Q>QF)D¡<?>°} �"4�ÿV½G·N� �,IV>AD � BE@´DGF9�Q>MFrD�<\>�} �M·X4�ÿV½ ���M@Z<(WNYQIwW¡ J _baCc`dÏ_ � J _(8\c�·X, » _(8\cCc,· ¡ � _baCced _ � � _(8\c�·X, » _(8\cCc,· _on\pRn|½?½\cs YMF)HZF�� J I?>QDð� � I?HZF:WZYMFLF)BR�\F9>GU[vM>A��WZBq<?>A@%<?U`WZYQFLI\DjÇo<?Bq>mW�<?K�F9H�IwWZ<\H J � �,I\@�BR>^$�~G~ p��F)F¬$�~G~�U[<?H%WZYMF.SL<VWNBR{wIwWNBR<\>U[<\H%WNYMBE@�DMF��Q>MBRWZBq<?>®<VU _LDR·RD c�p�Á <?WZF:WZYQIVW�YQF9HNF?� s F:<?>MPq�F9{\F9HeWNIV¤\F´WNYMF%Bq>M>MF)H=KQHZ<GDGvQ��W7<?U,HZFrIVPAU[vM>Q��WZBq<?>Q@)�GIV>QD�@Z<�U[<\H=FrI?@ZF¥<?U s HZBRWZBq>M� s F�DGHZ<\KWZYQF���<?SLKMPqF�¡��<?>UÇovM�\IVWZF p� YMF�<?K�F9H�IwWN<?H J � WZYQIVW¥@ZIVWZBE@o�QFr@ _A��·XJì��c`d _(J � ��·L�¢c Bq@

J � ��_(8\c=d <> ? � S ilkDC mS C U[<\H 8E9 S �M·YH �[Z��� S H � T U[<\H 8(dg� _on\pRn|½VÆmc

n)Æ

Page 14: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

_ @ZF9F+$�~G~ c�pM* @=BR>!$ n?p¾½Gpqn � s F%HZFrumvMBRHNF´WNYQIwW=WZYMF�I?DýÇo<?Bq>\W7F9Bq�?F)>GU[vM>Q��WZBq<?>Q@�� à IV>QD�F)BR�\F9>G±U[vM>Q��WZBq<?>Q@�L à <\OAF)��WZYQFE\ <\HCWNYM<?>M<\HZS�I?PRBRWo��¿��9<?>QDMB³WNBR<\>_ � à · L Ä c`d <> ? n B³U µ d^Á

� B³U µ Ãd^Á _on\pRn|½wÉ�c��<\PR{�Bq>M�.WZYMBE@JBq>hWNYMF�@ZI?SLF s I|��WNYQIwW s F�@C<\PR{\F)D�U[<\H�L J IV>QDOL � � s F��Q>QD�WZYAIwW� J _�8mced ß J �9<\@ _(8\c�� ß � @CBq> _�8mc _on\pRn|½?Ñ\c� � _�8mced ß J @ZBR> _(8\cXi ß � ��<m@ _�8mc _on\pRn|½VÒmcs YMF)HZF ß J IV>QD ß � S(vQ@CW=O�F%��YM<m@CF)>�Bq>�<?H�DGF9HeWZ<.@C<\PR{\FJWZYMF%<?HZWZYM<\>M<?HNS�IVPqB³Wo�.��<\>QDGBRWZBq<?> p* KQKMPR��Bq>M�6WZYQF�<?HZWZYM<\>M<?HNS�IVPqB³Wo�²�9<?>QDGBRWZBq<?>j� s F��9IV>��Q>AD¢�ØI\@�Bq>®WNYMF�>M<?WZFr@�Om� ` IV>AD}¾~?� _ YMF)HZF s F�@CBqSLKMPR�¡��BRWZF�WNYMF�HZFr@CvQP³W c ��WZYAIwW T J � T � � ß J I?>QD ß � S:vQ@oW´@NIwWNBq@CU[�

_�½]T � i�4�T J c ß � ig_§½]T J ��4�T � c ß J d­É _on\pRn|½\Ó?c_(4�T � �°½]T J c ß � ig_§½]T � i�4�T J c ß J dg� _on\pRn|½U�mc* @JILHNF)@ZvMPRW)� s BRWZYM<\vGW´Pq<\@N@t<VUX�\F9>MF)HNI?PRBRWo� s F��)IV>²��YM<�<\@ZF ß J dÏn IV>QD ß � dg� @Z<:WNYQIwWO��²@C<\PR{�Bq>M��WZYQF.I?OA<w{\F�F)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ s F(�Q>QD²WNYQIwW T J d ^H ÜN_ \ IV>AD T � de� \ HH ÜN_ \ p�Á < ss F�YAI|{?F%U[HZ<\S F)umvQIVWZBq<?> n?pqnr½\½ WZYAIwW¡ J _[aCc`d _ � J _�8\c�·N, » _�8\cZc _on\pRn|½U�mc

IV>AD�@Z<]¡ J _[aCc`d _ � J · ], » c _on\pRnrÆ?�mc

d _ � J ·XJ�, » i'K�, » c _on\pRnrÆMn|cd _ � J ·XJ�, » cji¹_ � J ·XK�, » c _on\pRnrÆ\½\cd _(J � � J ·N, » cjig_ � J ·`K�, » c _on\pRnrÆ?Æmcd _ ¶M� J ·N, » cXig_ � J ·`K�, » c _on\pRnrÆVÉ�cd _ � J ·N, » cjig_ � J ·`K�, » c _on\pRnrÆ\Ñ\cd ¡ � i¹_ � J ·XK�, » c�· _on\pRnrÆ?Òmc

s YMF)HZF K�, » _�8mcedba � U[<\H 8:9 F � H � ·N� T� S , » S � H � TlT � U[<\H 8:d­� _on\pRnrÆmÓ?c* @�I¡HNF)@ZvMPRW)�a%�Bq> F)umvQIVWZBq<?> n?pqn?n?n BE@ _ � J ·`K�, » c�p�£ Bq¤?F s BE@ZF?� H Bq> F)umvQIwWNBR<\> n\pRn\n?n Bq@

n9É

Page 15: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

_ � � ·XK�, » c�pdc @ZBq>M�.WZYMF�DGF9�Q>MBRWZBq<?>6<VU _GDq·9D¾c � s F�WZYQF9>6YQI|{?F�WNYQIwW_ � J ·XK�, » c`d � J _¨�\cNK�, » _b�mca� V ¶c H7W � � J ôQ8%i 4 ½ õ K�, » _�8mc ß 8 _on\pRnrÆV�mc

d�� ß J _�, » _b�mcCcG��� V ¶c H7W � � J ô 8¥i 4 ½ õ � ß 8 _on\pRnrÆV�mcd�� ß J _A¡ J _[aCc L J _b�mc,i&¡ � _[aCc L � _¨�\cji��(_[a�·N�\cZc � � � _on\pRn)É\�mcd�� ß J _A¡ J _[aCcNT J iE¡ � _baCc�T � i �(_ba�·Z�mcCc � _on\pRn)ÉQn|cd��fe �U¡ J ��É74@¡ �4 � iÀÉ i �:_�8:d¹�\c�g � _on\pRn)Ém½\c

Ä <?Bq>M�LPRBq¤?F s Bq@ZF?�M@ZBR>A��F ß � dg� �_ � � ·XK�, » c`d¹�M¼ _on\pRn)É\Æmc

� >¡<?H�DGF9H7WZ<.�Q>AD �(_(8:dg�mc BR>�WZF)HZS�@t<VU ¡ J IV>QD ¡ � � s F�DG<LIV>6IVKMKQHZ<|ÂGBqSLIVWZBq<?>�Bq>¡WZYMF¡ J ± ¡ � KMPEIV>QF 6 �(_A¡ J ·L¡ � c�_(8\ced � J _�8\cG¡®�J i � � _(8\cá¡ J ¡ � i � P?_(8\cá¡®�� ¼ _on\pRn)É?É�cÁ < s s F s BE@CY¡WN<L@Z<?Pq{?F�U[<\H�� J �®� � I?>QD � P p`¬ BqH�@oWr�GOm�¡DGF��A>MB³WNBR<\>,�ß �ß a dg½ � J _(8\cá¡ J ]¡ J i � � _A¡ J ]¡ � iE¡ � ]¡ J c,i«½ � PF¡ � ]¡ � ¼ _on\pRn)ÉmÑ\cx F.YAI|{?F�U[HN<?S F)umvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ n?pqn?n\n � n?pqn9É�½ IV>AD n?pqn9ÉmÆ WNYQIwW ]¡ � dþ��¡ J I?>QD ]¡ J d(¡ � i£ ¤¦¥¨§#¤¦©dª¬«#ª®­�©VªX¯®©Vª®°M±³²�p`� YMF9>ß �ß a d¹½ � J ¡ J ¡ � i � � S ��¡ �J i&¡ �� T �°½ � P ¡ J ¡ � i"£ ¤¦¥¨§¤¦©VªX«�ª®­�©dª¬¯®©dª®°M±³² _on\pRn)É\Òmc

d�� � � ¡®�J il½J_ � J � � P)cQ¡ J ¡ � i � � ¡®�� i"£ ¤¦¥¨§¤¦©VªX«�ª®­�©dª¬¯®©dª®°M±³² _on\pRn)É�Ó?cx F�IVPE@C<.¤�>M< s WNYQIwW� d�,,�¢¡ J L J �¢¡ � L � _on\pRn)Éd�mcß �ß a d ß ,ß a � ]¡ J L J i ]¡ � L � _on\pRn)Éd�mc

d�J#,Li�K�,,� ]¡ J L J � ]¡ � L � _on\pRn|ÑV�mcd�JÀ_7¡ J L J iE¡ � L � i��%cji'K�,,� ]¡ J L J � ]¡ � L � _on\pRn|ÑGn|cdÈ¡ J J L J iE¡ � J L � i�J��«i�K�,,�©_A¡ � ig_ � J ·`K�,�cNc L J i&¡ J L � _on\pRn|Ñ?½\cd�J#�©i�K�,4�©_ � J ·XK�,�c L J _on\pRn|ÑVÆmcd�J S � J ¡ �J i � � ¡ J ¡ � i � P ¡ �� T i'K A ig_hT J ¡ J i�T � ¡ � iI£ ¤�i «�i ¯+i ²[c � L J _on\pRn|ÑwÉ�c

nrÑ

Page 16: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

d<jjjjjjjjj> jjjjjjjjj?� Ð J ¡ �J i � Ð� ¡ J ¡ � i � ÐP ¡ �� il�i«_(T J ¡ J i'T � ¡ � c � L J U[<?H 8�9 F � H � ·Z� T� � J SL� H � T ¡ �J � � � S0� H � T ¡ J ¡ �� � P S � H � T ¡ �� �ª_'¡ J T J i&¡ � T � c �i«_A¡ J T J iE¡ � T � c � L J _b�mc U[<?H 8�d¹�

_on\pRn|Ñ?Ñ\c

d

<jjjjjjjjjjjj> jjjjjjjjjjjj?S � Ð J _�8\cXi�T � J L J _�8mc T ¡ �Ji«_ � Ð� _(8\cXi«½]T J T � L J _�8\cZc®¡ J ¡ �i S � ÐP _(8\cji'T �� L J _�8\c T ¡ �� U[<\H 8E9 F � H � ·N� TS � � J S �IH � T i'T � J _hT J �ªnrc T ¡ �Ji S � � � S � H � T i«½]T J T � _(T J �«n|c T ¡ J ¡ �i S � � P S � H � T i'T �� _kT J �«n|c T ¡ �� U[<\H 8(dg�

_on\pRn|ÑVÒmc

É umvQIVWZBq>M�:WZF9HNS�@JBq>¡FrumvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ n?pqn9É�Ó IV>AD n\pRn|ÑVÒ � s F�<?OGW�IVBq>hWNYQIwW� Ð J i�T � J L J _(8\c`d�� � �� Ð� il½7T J T � L J _(8\c`d¹½´_ � J � � Prc� ÐP i�T �� L J _(8\c`d � � _on\pRn|Ñ\Ó?c

s BRWZY6OA<\vM>QDMI?HZ����<?>ADGB³WNBR<\>Q@t�?Bq{?F)>�O��� � J _G�"4�ÿ?½?c,i'T � J _(T J �©nrc2d�� � � _b�mc� � � _L�"4�ÿV½?c,i«½]T J T � _(T J �©nrc2d ½M_ � J _b�\ca� � P _¨�\cCc� � P _G�"4�ÿ?½?c,i'T �� _(T J �©nrc2d � � _b�mc _on\pRn|ÑU�mc��<\PR{�Bq>M�.WZYMFr@CF�U[<?H�� J _(8\c �#� � _�8\c IV>QDX� P\_�8\c�_ @ZF9F * KMK�F9>ADGB³Â *%c � s F�<\OGWNI?BR>� J d ���

nrÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P F S Æ\½V�´ilÆ\½?�]4 � T @ZBq> _�8\cji S n)Ò?�74¬�Z�?�74 P T �9<\@ _(8\ci S �?Ò��®ÉK�]4 �«n|½l4 P � Ò]4 \ T @CBq> _�½]8\ci S �JÉd���¢�\Ò]4X� ½VÉ74 P i«Æ]4 \ T ��<\@ _�½]8\ci«½wÉm�´i­n|½V�]4 �`ignrÑ]4 \ Z _on\pRn|ÑU�mc� � d nrÒ

nrÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P F S0�´Æ\½V�74LiÀÉ\�74 PRT @ZBR> _(8\cji SL�´Æm½V�Ji­nrÒ?�74 � T ��<m@ _�8mci S Éd�´iE�\Ò]4�il½VÉ74 P � Æ]4 \ T @CBq> _�½]8\ci S �?Ò��®ÉK�]4 �«n|½l4 P � Ò]4 \ T ��<m@ _¨½]8\c Z _on\pRnrÒ?�mc

n)Ò

Page 17: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� P¥d �nrÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P F S0�´ÒVÉ\�´i��?�74 � T @ZBR> _(8\cji(S¨Ò?É\�]4�iÀÉ\�]4 PRT ��<m@ _�8\c

i S �?Ò��®ÉK�]4 �«n|½l4 P � Ò]4 \ T @CBq> _�½]8\ci S �JÉd���¢�\Ò]4X� ½VÉ74 P i«Æ]4 \ T ��<\@ _�½]8\c�°½wÉm���«n|½V�M4 ���ªnrÑm4 \ Z _on\pRnrÒMn|c* @JILHNF)@ZvMPRW)�� J _¨�\c`d ���

n|ÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P S nR�\½JilÒVÉn4�ignr½?�]4 � �ªn)�VÉn4 P i­nl�]4 \ T _on\pRnrÒ\½\c� � _¨�\c`d n)Òn|ÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P S �¥½?½wÉ ��Éd�74�ign)Ò\�]4 ���«n|½l4 P � Ò]4 \ T _on\pRnrÒ?Æmc� P?_¨�\c`d �n|ÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P S �¥½U�V�´i«ÑwÉ\É74¬�ªnr½?�]4 �eign)Ò74 P �«n|½l4 \ T _on\pRnrÒVÉ�c� HZBq>M�\BR>M�:WZ<\�?F9WZYMF)HJF)umvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ n?pqn?n\n � n?pqn)Æ\Ò � n?pqn9É�½ I?>QD n\pRn)É?É � s F�<?OMWNIVBq>�WZYQIVW% _'¡ J ·0¡ � c`d _ � J ·XK�, » c _on\pRnrÒ\Ñ\c

d��fe �U¡ J ��É74@¡ �4 � i°É i��l_(8�d¹�\c�g � _on\pRnrÒ?Òmcd��fe �U¡ J ��É74@¡ �4 � i°É i � J _¨�mcK¡®�J i � � _¨�\cQ¡ J ¡ � i � P`_¨�\cQ¡®�� g � _on\pRnrÒmÓ?c

Ä BÞÝ�F9HNF9>mWZBEIwWNBR>Q�:WNYMBE@´IV>QD¡F){|I?PRvAIwWZBq>M�.WZYQF�HZFr@CvMPRW´IwW ¡ J d¹�M·0¡ � dg� � s F�<\OGWNI?BR>% J0J d ��nr½V�_�4 � iÀÉmc � _on\pRnrÒV�mc% J � d ÒVÉ74_�4 � iÀÉmc � _on\pRnrÒV�mc% �0� d �´Æm½l4 �_�4 � iÀÉmc � _on\pRnwÓw�mc% J³J0J d ÑGn|½ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc \ S �?Ò¥ilÆ\½l4�ilÒ?�]4 �B�°Ñ?½]4 P iE�74 \ T _on\pRnwÓ�n|c% J �0� d �¥ÑGnr½ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc \ S �JÉd�´i­n|½U�74X�ªnr½]4 �B� ½VÉ74 P i�4�p T _on\pRnwÓV½\c

��Bq>Q��F s F�YQI|{?F�IVPqHNF)I?DM��DGF�WNF9HNS.Bq>MFrDhWNYQIwW H d­� �GFrumvQIwWNBR<\> n\pRn\nr½ @CBqSLKMPRBR�QFr@tWZ<�zd nn)Ò _ % J³J0J i % J �³� � % J � _ % J³J i % �³� cZc _on\pRnwÓwÆmc

d Æm½J_A� ��4jcÑJ_�4 � i°É�c � _on\pRnwÓ|É�c

dg�M¼qnR�?Éd�Mn _on\pRnwÓVÑ\c�ª�M· _on\pRnwÓwÒmc@Z<:WNYMF�@Z<?PqvGWZBq<?> s YMF9> 0gd�4�ÿ?½ BE@JvM>A@oW�IVOMPqF p

n|Ó

Page 18: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

q ��� �srut%v�w qx �þ� �#y � �$�%�ü� �Ý� z �|{ z } { z ~x FhYQI|{\F�U[HZ<\S F)umvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ n?pqnrÑ\Ó I?>QD n\pRn|ÑU� WNYQIwW�� J _�8\c �M� � _�8\c I?>QD&� P?_�8mc S:vQ@oW@NIwWZBE@CU[� � Ð J i�TF�J L J _(8\c`d�� � � _'*�pqnrc� Ð� il½7T J T � L J _(8\c`d¹½´_ � J � � Prc _'*�p¾½?c� ÐP i�TF�� L J _(8\c`d � � _'*�p Æ\cs BRWZY6OA<\vM>QDMI?HZ����<?>ADGB³WNBR<\>Q@� � J _G�"4�ÿV½\c,i�T � J _(T J �«n|ca� � � _¨�\c _'*�p Émc� � � _G�"4�ÿV½\c,il½7T J T � _(T J �«n|co½M_ � J _b�mc�� � P?_¨�\cZc _'*�p¾Ñ?c� � P\_G�"4�ÿV½\c,i�T9�� _(T J �«n|c � � _¨�\c _'*�p Ò\cs YMF)HZF L J _(8\c`d�T J ��<m@ _(8\cz�UT � @ZBR> _�8\c _'*�pÔÓVcIV>AD T J d �4 � i°É · T � d �JÉ744 � iÀÉ ¼ _'*�p �\c��Bq>Q��F�WNYMF�F)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ *(pRn��Q*�p Æ IVHNF ½l4 ±§KAF)HZBq<GDGBq�?� s F��)IV> s HZBRWZF� J _�8\c=d-� ¶ J i��� Í J O � J @ZBR> _ � 8\cØi'� � J ��<m@ _ � 8\c _'*�p �\c� � _�8\c=d-� ¶ � i��� Í J O �� @ZBR> _ � 8\cØi'� �� ��<m@ _ � 8\c _7*�pqn)�\c� P _�8\c=d-� ¶ P i �� Í J O �P @ZBR> _ � 8\cØi'� �P ��<m@ _ � 8\c�¼ _7*�pqn?nrc

nR�

Page 19: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� ��<?HZWZYQ<?�?<\>QIVPqBRWo�?� s F��)IV>¡WZYQF9>6F)umvQIVWZF�WZYQF���<�FF_���BqF9>mW�@J<VU2@CBq>²IV>QD6�9<\@7WZYAIwW´HNF)@ZvMP³WBq>¡FrumvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ *�pqn��Q*(p ÆQp`¬ <\H�� d ½G·ZÆQ·9¼)¼9¼ �GFrumvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ *�pqn��®*�p Æ �\BR{\F��� � J � d���O �� O � J � d=��� �� _7*�pqnr½?c��� �� � d¹½J_'O � J �ZO �P c O �� � dg½´_h� � J �U� �P c _7*�pqn)Æ\c��� �P � d O �� O �P � d-� �� _7*�pqn9Émc� >Q@ZF9HZWZBq>M�LF)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ *�pqnr½ I?>QD *�pqn9É BR>mWN<.FrumvQIwWNBR<\> *(pRnrÆ �\BR{\F)@O �� � d É� O �� _7*�pqnrÑ?c��� �� � d�� É� � �� ¼ _7*�pqn)Ò\c* @�IhHZFr@CvMPRW)� s F(S:vQ@CW�F)B³WNYMF9H�YQI|{\F+� d ½ <?H O �� d�� �� d �Mp�¬ HN<?S Fru\vAIwWZBq<?>A@ *(pRn|½IV>AD *�pqn9É �QWNYMBq@%WNYMF9>®�?Bq{?F)@´WZYQIVW¥U[<\H>� d�ÆM·ZÉQ·)¼9¼9¼ � s F:S(vQ@CW%YQI|{\F O � J d�O �� d�O �P d� � J d-� �� d�� �P dg�Mp2x F�>MF9FrDh<\>MPq����<\>Q@ZBqDGF)H7WZYMF)>�WNYMF��9I\@CFr@B� dg�M·)n?·N½MpÉ umvQIVWZBq>M��WZYQF(��<�FF_��9BRF)>\W�@´<?U2�9<\@ _b�\c BR>²F)B³WNYMF9H�F)umvQIVWZBq<?> *�pqn <\H *�p Æ � s F(<?OGW�IVBq>WZYAIwW � ¶ � dg�MpMÉ umvQIVWZBq>M�:WZYM<m@CF��9<mF9_���BqF9>mWN@tBq>6F)umvQIwWNBR<\> *(p ½ �\BR{\F)@=WZYQIVW � ¶ J d�� ¶ P pÉ umvQIVWZBq>M�.WZYMF��9<mF9_���BqF9>mWN@t<?U0@ZBR> _�8\c I?>QD��9<\@ _�8\c Bq>6F)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ *(pRn��Q*�p Æ �?Bq{?F��� JJ �UT � J T � d���O J� O JJ i'T P J d���� J� _7*�pqn|ÓVc��� J� �°½]T J T �� d¹½ S O JJ �ZO JP T O J� i«½]T � J T � d ½ S � JJ �U� JP T _7*�pqnR�\c��� JP �UT P� d O J� O JP i�T J TF�� d�� J� _7*�pqnR�\c� >Q@ZF9HZWZBq>M�LF)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ *�pqn|Ó I?>QD *�pqnR� BR>mWN<.FrumvQIwWNBR<\> *(pRnl� � s F�<?OGW�IVBq>O J� i«½]T � J T � dg½ S � JJ � � JP T _7*�p¾½V�\cO J� i«½]TF�J T � dg½ S �#TF�J T � i�O J� i�T P� i�O J� T _7*�p¾½GnrcO J� d ÉYT � J T � � ½7T P�Æ _7*�p¾½?½?cO J� d n)Ò

n|ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc P S �´Æ\½V�74LiÀÉ\�74 PRT _7*�p¾½VÆ\cIV>AD ��� J� �°½]T J T �� dg½<S·O JJ �¢O JP T _7*�p¾½wÉmc��� J� �°½]T J T9�� dg½ S ��� J� �UT P J � � J� i'T J TF�� T _7*�p¾½?Ñ?c� J� d ÉYT J T �� � ½7T P JÆ _7*�p¾½VÒ\c� J� d n)Ò

n|ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc P S �´Æm½V�´ign)Ò?�74 � T ¼ _7*�p¾½\ÓVcnR�

Page 20: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

� >Q@ZF9HZWZBq>M�.WZYMFr@CF�Bq>mWZ<�F)umvQIVWZBq<?> *�pqn|Ó � s F�<?OMWNIVBq>� JJ d O J� �UT � J T � _7*�p¾½U�\cd T � J T � �°½]T P�Æ _7*�p¾½U�\cd ���n|ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc P S nrÒ?�74¬�Z�?�]4 PlT _7*�p Æ?�\c

IV>AD O JJ d���� J� �UT P J _7*�p ÆMnrcd �JÉYT J T �� �UT P JÆ _7*�p Æ\½?cd ���n|ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc P S Æm½V�´ilÆ\½V�74 � T ¼ _7*�p Æ?Æ\c

£ Bq¤?F s Bq@ZF?�GvA@CBq>M�LF)umvQIVWZBq<?> *�pqnR� � s F�<?OGW�IVBq>� JP d���O J� �UT P� _7*�p ÆVÉmcd �JÉYT � J T � �UT P�Æ _7*�p Æ\Ñ?cd �n|ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc P S Ò?É\�74LiÀÉ\�]4 P T _7*�p Æ?Ò\c

IV>AD O JP d�� J� �UT J T9�� _7*�p ÆmÓVcd T J T �� � ½7T P JÆ _7*�p ÆV�\cd �nrÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P S0�´ÒVÉm�´iE�\�]4 � T ¼ _7*�p ÆV�\c

Á < s <?vMHJO�<?vQ>QDMIVHN����<\>QDGBRWZBq<?>Q@´BR>¡F)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ *(p É]�Q*�p Ò WZF)PRP,vA@tWZYQIVWO JJ � � ¶ J i�� � J i'T � J _hT J �ªnrc`d���� ¶ � �U� J� �U� �� _7*�p É\�\cO J� � � ¶ � i�� �� i«½]T J T � _hT J �ªnrc`d ½ S � ¶ J i�� JJ i�� � J � � ¶ P � � JP � � �P T _7*�p ÉQnrcO JP � � ¶ P i�� �P i'T �� _hT J �ªnrc`d�� ¶ � i'� J� i'� �� ¼ _7*�p Ém½?c* KQKMPR��Bq>M�LF)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ *(pRn|½3�Q*(pRn)É s BRWZY)� d¹½ � s F�I?Pq@Z<L<?OGW�IVBq>hWNYQIwW��� � J ½�d���O �� O � J ½�d���� �� _7*�p É\Æ\c��� �� ½�d¹½ S O � J �ZO �P T O �� ½�d ½ S � � J �U� �P T _7*�p É?Émc��� �P ½�d O �� O �P ½�d�� �� ¼ _7*�p ÉmÑ?c½V�

Page 21: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

É umvQIVWZBq>M�Fru\vAIwWZBq<?>A@ *�p É\Æ IV>QD *(p É�Ñ WZF)PRPtvQ@�WZYQIVW O � J d���O �P I?>QD � � J d ��� �P p � �I?DQDGBR>Q�.FrumvQIwWNBR<\>Q@ *�p É\� IV>AD *(p É�½ �M@ZBR>Q�9F � ¶ J d-� ¶ P IV>QD � � J d���� �P � s F�<?OGW�IVBq>hWNYQIwW�(d"O JJ iEO JP �°½7� ¶ J i S TF�J i�T9�� T _kT J �ªnrc _7*�p É\Ò\c� ¶ J d�� ¶ P d O JJ iEO JP i S T � J i�T �� T _kT J �ªnrc½ _7*�p É�ÓVcd �´Æ7T � J � Æ7T ��Ò _7*�p Éd�\cd �nrÑJ_�4 � i°É�c P S �¥½wÉm�ì�ªnr½?�]4 �B�ªnrÑ]4 \ T _7*�p Éd�\c

¬ HN<?S F)umvQIwWNBR<\> *(p ÉAn � s F�<?OGW�IVBq>�WNYQIwW�W�� d���O J� i'� ¶ � � ½7T J T � _(T J �«n|c,il½ S � ¶ J i�� JJ i��W�J � � ¶ P �U� JP �U�F�P T ¼ _7*�p¾ÑV�\c� �h@ZvMOGWZH�I?��WZBq>M� *�p É\� IV>AD *(p É�½ � s F�<?OGW�IVBq>hWNYQIwWO JP �ZO JJ � � ¶ P i'� ¶ J i��F�P �U�W�J i¹_(T9�� ��T9�J c�_hT J �ªnrc2d ½7� ¶ � i«½7� J� il½n�W�� ¼ _7*�p¾ÑGnrc� >Q@ZF9HZWZBq>M�°F)umvQIVWZBq<?> *�p¾ÑV� BR>mWZ<lF)umvQIwWNBR<\> *�p¾ÑGn I?>QDªvQ@CBq>M�°WNYMF²UbI\��WhWNYQIwW � ¶ � d � �� ¶ J d�� ¶ P � � � J d=��� �P � s F�<\OGWNI?BR>O JP �¢O JJ i«½7�W�P i¹_(T9�� ��T9�J c�_hT J �ªnrcd ½7� J il½�F.��O J� �°½]T J T � _hT J �«n|cji«½ S � JJ � � JP �°½7�F�P T Z _7*�p¾Ñ?½?cIV>AD�@Z<

nr�n�W�P d�O JJ �°½UO J� �ZO JP i°É�� JJ il½n� J� ��ÉY� JP i'TF�� iÀÉnT J T � �UT J TF���UTF�J ��ÉnTF�J T � i�T P J _7*�p¾ÑVÆ\c� �P d T �� ��T � J i°ÉYT J T �n)� _7*�p¾ÑwÉmc��� � J d�� �P d �n|ÑJ_o4 � iÀÉmc P S0�JÉd���¢�\Ò]4 � ½VÉ74 P ilÆ]4 \ T ¼ _7*�p¾Ñ?Ñ?cÉ umvQIVWZBq<?> *�p É\Æ WZYMF)>¡WZF9PqPE@JvQ@tWNYQIwWOQ�� dg½7�F�J _7*�p¾ÑVÒ\c

d �#T �� i'T � J ��ÉnT J T �Ñ _7*�p¾Ñ\ÓVcd n)ÒÑJ_(4 � i°É�c P S Éd�´i��?Ò74�i«½wÉn4 P ��Æ74 \ T ¼ _7*�p¾ÑU�\cc @ZBq>M�LF)umvQIwWNBR<\> *(p Ñ?� WZ<?�\F�WNYMF9H s BRWZY²IVPqP�WZYQF�¤m>Q< s >¡umvQI?>\WNB³WNBRFr@9� s F�<?OMWNIVBq>� �� d=��O J� �°½]T � J T � il½7T J T � il½n� JJ i°É�� � J �°½7� JP _7*�p¾ÑU�\c

d ½]T J T � i«½]T � J � ½7T ��Ñ _7*�p Ò?�\cd n)ÒnrÑ´_�4 � iÀÉmc P S �\Ò �®ÉK�]4 �«n|½l4 P � Ò]4 \ T ¼ _7*�p ÒMnrc

½Gn

Page 22: ward/teaching/m605/every_4.pdf · 2011. 12. 20. · 6 9ú] ^=Ë ÌVÍ,Ì Î ÷ k\_b^jc9Ë ÌVÍ¢Ì d V¦ f,? 75 `¦ 6òʦQ ñ6 ï ¯Z . Q ¨ Q ? 98 ï L ? 9 R L Q M \ N ++,÷´

É umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ *(p ÉmÆ I?>QD *�p ÉmÑ �Q>QI?PRPq��WNF9PqP,vQ@7WZYAIwW��OQ�J d OQ�P d � ��½ _7*�p Ò\½?cd T J T � i�T � J �UT ��Ñ _7*�p Ò?Æ\cd �nrÑJ_o4 � i°É�c P S �?Ò���Éd�]4 �ªnr½l4 P � Ò]4 \ T ¼ _7*�p ÒVÉmc

� Y�vQ@ s F�YAI|{?F�KMHN<w{?F)DhF)umvQIVWZBq<?>Q@ n\pRn|ÑU����n?pqn)ÒQn?p

½?½