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The Election• James Madison wins• Two Terms

– 1809-1817

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)• Replaced Non-Intercourse Act that

expired in 1810• Provisions:

– No trade with Britain or France unless they agreed to honor neutrality

– The 1st to agree, the U.S. would resume trade with

• Madison angry – proved the U.S. could not survive

without Britain & France

• Napoleon takes advantage of the new law & agrees to honor neutrality– Hopes to force a war between Britain &

the U.S.

• Trade resumes with France• Britain resumes attacking American

ships

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

Dealing with the Natives• Americans are expanding

to the West– Indian Intercourse Act (1790):

U.S. could only acquire land ceded by the Indians

• Tecumseh & the Prophet were the leaders of a new Northwest Confederation of Indians in Ohio & Indiana

• Began an active resistance movement with the assistance of the British British General

Brock Meets with Tecumseh

British General Brock Meets with

Tecumseh

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

• General William HenryHarrison is the governor ofthe Indiana Territory

• Treaty of Ft. Wayne (1809):Indians signed away 3 million acres of land to the U.S.

• Tecumseh & Shawnees begin a war against Harrison

• 1811: Tecumseh goes to the South to recruit the Southern tribes

• The Prophet fought against Harrison and was defeated and killed at Tippecanoe

• This made Harrison a national hero & Tecumseh formed an alliance with the British

War Hawks vs. Federalists

• War Hawks – those who wanted to go to war with Britain from the D-R Party

• Mainly from the West & South – Hoped to acquire more land for more

expansion– End attacks coming from Native Americans

• Two main War Hawks:Henry Clay (KY)

John C. Calhoun

(SC)

• Federalists did not want to go to war– Trade with Britain benefitted them

• Mainly New England merchants that were against the war

• Main Federalist:

War Hawks vs. Federalists

Daniel Webster

(NH)

War is Declared

• President Madison asked Congress for a Declaration of War on June 1, 1812

• His Reasons:1. British Impressment of American Soldiers & other violations of neutrality2. Pressure from the War Hawks3. British arming of Hostile Native Americans

• Congress declared war 2 weeks later

American Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:• Britain

was fighting in Europe too

Disadvantages:• Army was ill-trained and ill-

disciplined• Navy had 12 ships compared to

Britain’s 800• Had some really old generals• No Draft = No men• Financially Unprepared

– No tariffs = no income

• Regional Disagreements• Fighting the British & the

Native Americans

Essex Junto

• Extreme Federalists who believed that this was an unjust war and worked to support the British

• Supplied food & money to Britain (mainly in Canada) fighting against the U.S.

• New England refused to help war effort – governors would not allow militias to fight out of their states

• Referred to the war as “Mr. Madison’s War”

The War Itself

• Lasted from 1812-1815

Major Events of the War

• Washington, D.C. is burned down• The Star Spangled Banner is written

The Hartford Convention• Meeting in Dec 1814-Jan

1815• 26 delegates from MA, RI,

CT, VT, NH (Federalists)• Met to discuss their

grievances & seek redress b/c of the war

• Wanted amendments added to the Constitution– Limit presidents to 1 term– Need 2/3 majority for

embargos & war– No successive presidents

from the same state

• Some radicals brought up secession

• Demands made moot by the end of the war

• Was the death knell of the Federalists – seen as traitors

Treaty of Ghent• Neither side was winning

– U.S. had trouble fighting, British distracted by France

• Met in Ghent, Belgium to discuss a peace treaty

• Signed December 24, 1814• Provisions:

– The status quo was restored

Battle of New Orleans• Communication was slow – no one knew

the war was over• Largest battle took place after the treaty

was signed

Effects of the War

• Nationalism– Finally identify themselves as “Americans”– Growing pride in the nation– Nation starts to become more important

than the states

• Economic Independence– Developed own industries– Not relying on Europe for finished products