War Machine 2

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world's most comprehensive encyclopedia of the military weapons of the 20th cenruISSUE 2 FREE Bwith IssuE I 8op

-

Ground-launched Cruise in Actioi^i:* The Strategic Missile Balance''*, fumed Forces%

of the world:':j, Sweder.


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Volume ICONTENTSSruface to Surfase Missiles

The Land Based Strate$c Missile BalurcePluton Short Ruqe Battlefield Tactical Support Missile Sy$emFrench IRBM Missile SystemsChinese MRB}1/IRBII4/ICBM Missile Sy$emsLance Short Range Battlefreld Tactical Support Missile SystemHonest john Short Range Tactical Battlefield Support Mssile Sy$emPersh:ng Short Range Battlefield Support Missile SystemTttar II Heavy ICBM Missile SystemMGM-l 18 (l\,0() Peacekeeper Heavy ICBM Missile SystemMinuteman Lightweight ICBM Missile Sy$emAmericur Ground.larrnched Cruise Missile SystemGrormd-Lauched Cruise in ActionS$ I 'ScudTSS-X-23 Short Rurge Balli$ic Missile Sy$emsS$ 12 'ScaleboudTSS-2 Short Ranqe Ballistic Missile Sy$emsFROG series/SS.2 I Tactical Surface-to-Surface Missile SystemsSovret Cruise MissileS$4lvmMMissileSy$emLcSnBMMissileSy$emS$9 Heavy ICBM Mssile SystemS$ I I Lightweight ICBM Sy$emS$ 13 and SS- 16 Lightweiqht ICBM Missile SystemsSS- 17 lightweight ICBM Missile SystemS$ I 8 Heavy ICBM Missile Sy$emS$ 19 Lighfiileight ICBM Missile Sy$emS$20 Mobile IRBM Missile Sy$emICBM Nucleu Wuhead Development

Armed Forces of the WorldSweden

Issue 2

2224242526262t28282930323434353636363637383838393940

Published byOrb s Pub rshrno .:c@ Aerospace P-!o Sh -! -:: -j3lEditorial OfficesWar Mach neAerospace Puc s^ -c _i:10 Barley Vo,r r,ss.::London W4 -1PFManaging Editor: : ,- '.':-;+Editorial: Tr sl'a r: -:'CFr s 3 s^aOC-r s Cr:-:Design: Bod Teesr: eColourOrigination: - i:: :-: t-': _toThame Oro-Typesetting: Sr f:*::;-i -'lFilm work: D'=: -.e _:-: -::Artists:David EicneJohn FrdvardGordon 3ec


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rface tolvlisstlesince the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan in 1945defence of the bigpowers hasbeenbased onthemutual

o f nucl e ar w arfare, and missile forc e s have he e n t h eaqents of those in command. Deterrence seemedbut the emergence of smaller mobilebattlefield

has destabilized the once-simple equation.weaponsmaintain our security or produce aand potentially deadly insecurity?mrssile systems are usually classed as strategtc, theatre, orStrategrc normally refers to those missrles which have lnterconranges (more than 3 350 miles/5400 km), and as such are termedContrnental Balhstrc Mrssrles (lCBMs) Only thr--e countrtes pos-this class of mrssrle, the USA the USSR and Chrna In the case of lhetwo, each deploys over 1,000 ICBMs of vartous types lhat are

rnto either the heavy or hghtweiqht varlants dependrng on thetrthror,v-werght and performance capabrlrtres. ChLna has only deL4 ICBMs to date, and is rnvolved tn a acttve research andprogramme to rncrease thts force level tn order to provrdedeterrent agarnst the USSR.area missrles are those mrsstles that have ranges restrrcted togeo,3raphrcal areas, such as West and East Europe. They can beerther Medrum-RangJe Ballistic Missrles (MRBMs) wtth ranges700 and I 725 mrles ( I 125 and 2775 km) or interm-odtate RangeMissiles (lRBMs) wrth ranges between 1725 and 3,350 mtlesand 5400 km) The USA did at one trme deploy IRBMs but wtththem as her ICBM programmes matured. The greatest operator oftwo systems is the USSR, whrch created a peak lorce ol some 700in the 1960s for use against possible tarqets rn Europe, theEast and Chrna The USSR has also pLoneered the use of themajor operator rs Chrna wrth some 100and IRBMs currently deployed aoarnsl S.'"'re: iar.i-ots France

Lance is the only battlefield guidedmissile of NATO armies. anditis arelatively small weapon. At launch thedense smoke from its on-board gasgenerator is expelled throughtangential ports fo spin fie mrssr/e,adding stability. One of Lance's goodfeatures is that it can be fitted with av ariety of different w arhe ad s,including nuclear.marntalns a small 18 rrtuncl IRBM force a,s Lis l::t.. i . ,:-contributron'fhe tactrcal mrssrles .rre class,od :rs ihose ::,...,:..=.than 700 mLk:s (l'l25 km) These systenrs carr r:. ,r .. -those whLch can be used rn the dLrect-sur-.L-, r ,:fronl-hne troops (and as such ar-o known as i-r-::r=:,., .and those whrch are capable ol strrkrnq iijro!-: .allowable range under the system classrfrcalir,r- .,- . .termedShortRangeBa]lrstlcMtsst]es,orSRBiv1:to the rnventories oi the USA USSR and Lrbya ."', r,-, ,misstles can be found rn practrcally all the li,-- - .armres and also rn lhe armres of the two SLLr:n '.:,client stat-osLookingdownintoaMinutemanICBMsilo.Thesilotsexre:-'.-e.-,,.:r:.:J; bu;,'ltowithstand nuclear attack, but Large enough Ior the giar.i !,:::.s :::::. :.:efirst-stage motor to escape past the missilewithout dama;:n;.:. .".':.::;:1.:a.i lsover 20 years old and a very small missile compared w'rli ;.le .': ;:-r --: cjsnumerous Soviet ICBMs.


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Ihe [cnC Based Strcffegiclvlissile Bcilance ii*t:'*;;;r;,:.: :;rerrt strategrc weapons of the two major superpowers are deployed on':-::: :i'pes of delivery system that are collectively known as the Trrad. These:'.'s::nr are the land-based ICBM, the long-range bomber carrying the gravrty::::b ancVor nuclear missile and the missrle-carryrnq submarine. In each case::-;re are two essential factors to be considered in assessrng the value to the Triad:: :ne dehvery platform. They are penetratlon to the target, and survLvabrlrty. In the:-rst case the need is for the majority of the attackrng systems to avoid destructtonb-r' the enemy defences, and rn the second case the need is for a sLgtntficantlercentage olsystems to survive a pre-emptive strtke before therr own launch. It ts::.ris second factor whrch rs causing the most concern at present to US strateqfic'.'.'arfare plannersThe US Minuteman and Titan II ICBM force is housed rn spectally hardened-nderground missile silos burlt to suwive nuclear blast over-pressures of between33 and up to 70 kg/cm2 (500 and up to 10 000 lb/sq rn). The srlos are also proofed tocrovide protectron against the radtation and other electro-magnetrc waves that:nq[nate from the explosions. The flxed-location stlo allows for better missile;.udance accuracy as the missile will be fired from a pre-surveyed stte to aorecisely known target location, thus ensulng that the onboard inerttal navtgationsystem has exact sets of co-ordinates to Lrse In rts calculattons. However, when the:pposlng side increases its missrle performance to the level where a comblnatlon:f warhead yield and accuracy overcomes the advantage of the srlo anti-blast:ardenrng features then the fixed-location basrng concept makes the ICBM tn-ierently vulnerable The Amencans have now conceded that this is the case wlth:ierr ICBM forces as the present Soviet force of SS-18 Model 4 and SS-19 Model 3iCBMs can destroy the majority of the US mrssrles and assocrated command,:cntrol and communications centres tn a flrst-strlke attack. This, coupled wtth the:ontingency planning the Soviets have for reloading launch silos that have alreadybeen used to fue an inrtial round of SS-l7s and SS-18s, and the fact that they havebuLlt some l, 175 ICBMs since l978 (compared with none by America) tndicates thatthe Sovlets are preparrnq for protracted nuclear war The level of ICBM productionsrnce 1972 (some 2 000 rounds) rs assessed as beinq far above the normal require-ment for the Soviets to maintarn a credrble deterrent force The net result of thts, tnconjunction wlth the previor-s data, is that both the numertcal and technologicalbalances have shifted signifrcantly towards the Soviets so that they are effecttvely atthe point of being able to carry out therr hvofold strateqlc strategry, which is first tocapitalize 1n peacetrme on the coercive leverage rnherent rn such a force so as toexert political rnfluence on free-world socletLes, and second to employ the force inwartlme rn a war-wrnning role by ensurLng the homeland's survrval by destroytngAMERICAN ICBM FORCES IN 1983

Warheadtype

A Minuteman ICBM rocketsup from its silo in a practicelaunch from Vandenberg AirForceBase, California.llousrngrin srTos wassupposed foprolect USmrssr7es from a Soviet firststrike, but improvements inr?ussian mrssrJe warhead yieldand accuracy have erodedthat security, creating anxietyin the minds of theAmericandefence es tablis hment. T hisanxiety has now manifesteditsel{ in the production of theMX, but US poiiljcjans seem lobe hopelessly confusedas toits adoption and method ofdeployment. The latestscleme is lo house tfiem rn liesupposedly vulnerableMinutemansilos!both the majority of Western nuclear forces (either on the qround or in flight) athe American capabihty to flght beyond its own shores.The American (and hence the Western natlons) rulnerabtlity to such a strateglreadrly apparent because of the letharEnc and erratic policy decisions that haconsistently plagmed AmerLcan strategtc weapon development prognammes ovthe last decade or so The MX basLnq controversy the delayed Trrdent mrsssubmanne progrranme and the cancelled then reinstated B-] bomber are bufew.Theatre nucle.u missilesHitherto there seemed to be n\,'o drstrnct famLhes of mrssrle systems, the strateand the tactrcal. The tacncal v,'eapons'lvere to an extent discounted in arms contdiscussions, because theLr rang:es .,';ere so short and therr warheads so compartively small - thougth thts dtsttnciLo: mrght have been lost on the hapless citizensthe territory (probably West Gelmanv) over whrch a battle was fought. But latgffeat stndes have been made -: as.uracy range and warhead capability and wthe rntroduction of new qreneralio:. :actLcal weapons such as Pershingr 11, Crurand SS-20, theatre weapons ha',': :,i-sei rnto the realms of the strateglc and thrs hgreatly enlarged the scope ol arn:s i-scr-sstcns Some argnre that thts is a destabihing factor but it also seems i. r:ake the decLsrcn to Ltse the flrst albert smallebattlefield nuclear weapon :ia: i:jl: nore Lmpossrble

Throw.Range{kml

Numberand yield , CEP {m) weight(kg) Propellant

Coldlaunch

capabilityNo, deployed

1 983 NotesTitan llNlinuteman lllvlinuteman lllMinuteman lllPeacekeeper

1 9621 9661 970r qfq

late 1980s

1 xgNy't1 x 1.2N,413x165kt3 x 335ktI 0x 335k1

13CC 3;-;a370 73C);n f; 1422C - i 5:16C 9C 3600

Tvpeheavy

I ghtlightlight

heavy

Range(km)

Missile1st2nd3rd3rd4th

SRVSRV

MRVMIRVMIRV

00

)68

j34402aa300none

00

00)0

berng ret red

under development, at leaT 00 planned

!u I but not depoyed-f gures for Mod 1 & Mo'' ou.es for Mod 1 & Mo-'_:u.es for Mod 1 & Mo-'ou.es for Mod 1 & Mo

SOVIET ICBM FORCE BUILD UP FROM 1971

SS.7 SADDTERss.8 sAstNss-g scARPss.g scARPss-1r sEGoss.l1 SEGOSS.I3 SAVAGEss-r6ss-17ss-17ss-17ss.18ss-18ss.18ss-18ss.19ss.19ss.19

Mod 1Mod 2Mod 3Mod 1Mod 2Mod 3Nlod 4Mod 1Mod 2Mod 3

ICBMgeneration

2nd2nd3rd3rd3rd3rd3rd4th4rh4th4th4rh4th4th4th4th4th4th

1 x 3.5N/1l x2MtI x20Mt3x3.5M]'1 x950kt3x200kr1 x 600kt1 x 650kt4 x 750ktI x6Mt

4 x 750ktT x27Mt8 x 900k1

Propellantllqu dlquidlqurdlquidlrqurdlrquidsolldsolidliquidiiquidiquidrquidrquidiquidrqu drqu dou dc! C

Missile Variant lOC date

Numberandyield

Coldlaunch

capability(cEP)(m)

lvloci TMod 4Mod 1Mod 3

I 9621 9631 96519711 9661 9731 9691 9781 97519771 9801974T 9761911I 9791 975191A1 980

heavyheavyheavyheavy

I ghtlightlrghtI ghtI ghtlightlight

heavyheavyheavyheavy

ightightight

1 0400T 100TTOO12AABBOO960080008750

I 00001T000I 0000r 2000l] 000r 6000r 10009600

1 00001 0000

SRVSRVSRVMRVSRVMBVSRVSRV

T,1IRVSRV

MIRVSRV

MIRVSRV

MIRVMIBVSBVMBV

1 8501 850744

1 8501 40011101 8504804804253504254253502603902642AA

18241 590500056801 0001 135680980

21 4At1 1i27 4A756075907500759034203',r B034r 0

\27a)970

'r90T9

)308)97060000000000c

r9019

)298)9606001000t000c

80I)208)8s0600

5000

60-4C

,:;,

00)0

40000000000Cc

60160

;;CSVCSyesyesyesyesVES

NoteslOCr nrt a Operallonal CapabilitySRV: Srng e Re-entry Vehic e.

MRVr Multrp e Re-entrv Vehicle counts as s ng e warhead)MIRV: Multiple ndependent Re-e.lrv Veh cle lscparale warhea.sCEP: Crcuar Error Probab1lv LcTcuara'ea around larQel ! ih- "' :^

TO DATE

'1'r.cA-i!eight r: .:':be payload of ICBM::: :: : : t: :r_ah az muth, re-entry--::: -:: ii', a'a- a-: a- a


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TypeIRBMSRBM] sngv

lOC date1 98013141912

LAND.BASED US/NATO AND FRENCH THEATRE NUCLEAR WEAPONSNumber

Yield CEP (m)NuclearPayload

(ksl

212680

Propellant LauncherUsers

other thanUS Notes

1xT.2Mr

Belgium, NetherlandsGreece, Turkey

WGermany

late 1 980s

French RBM systemFrench tactical SRBM systemalternative conventonalwarheads availablealternative conventionalwarheads availab eto be replaced in US serv ceby Pershingto replace l0B Pershing lain Europetotal of 454 to be deployedin Europe

expected to be phased out by

Johnla

SFBMSRBM

1 9531 9691 9841 983

1x15ktor1x25kt1x1okt or 1x'l00kt1 xskt or I x25kt

I x 60kt or 1 x400ktI x20kt or 1 x200kt

'l x 200kt

1xT.2Mt1x1.2Mt

I x650kt or1 x50kt or3x 1 50kt1xloktor1x100ktor

1 x 200kt1 x'lokt or 1 x l00k11x40ktor1xl00k1

830330460830374

12 36t8 5

CEP {m}230041 00425

700

soIdsolidliqu dsolidsol dsolid

turbofan

sllotrackedtracked

whee edwheeledwhecledwheeled

FranceFrance

'1642

No. deployedby usets

otherthan USSR

3072

LAND.BASED WARSAW PACT THEATRE NUCLEAR WEAPONS

ll MRBM

MissileWarhead

Type

c.750c.750123

NuclearPayload

{ks)not available

TypeMBBMMRBMIRBM

SRBM

SRBMSRBM

SRBM

lo0 date1 959I 9611977

Rangelkm)

NumberYield

I l warPac| | users| | other thanPropellant llauncherl USI.-.-lqu d I s,ro ruun.r, I

lqu d I .,,o o, II tauncn oao I

so rd | *i notoa Itttsotd | *nee,eo I erq.'u. rc,I I czecl HunsanI I Polaro Ronariasol.l I wrreetca Irqu'd | *.""r"0 I a,rqu,ir. rcI I C/ech. HulsalI I Poland Roranraso rd I wheeled Iso rd I *n*,.n I50 rd | -r,"","0 |

SRVSRVSRVorMRV

SRV 965

14-120B0-1 B0

not avarlablenot avallable

550

not aval ab e1 000

not avallab c1250

notavai able

c.200few350

c 670

c40r 5,10

c30c 4ac la

expected to be replaced byend 1983tota of 400 expected to bedeployed

a ternative conventionalwarheads avai able. FROG 3a so in useeventual y to replace FROG

some Scud-A w th WarPac.Scud-C rry th Sov ets on y

s lr v reo ac ng Scud-B C. Scv e: Se-, !er: _: chasa! tr:'a!: ! -aa n: -r S:a eboa'd

280930

280480320

SRVSRV

SRVSRVSBV

I 9761 965

1 980I 9691911

130

B0-444I snevI snav

20 80020-BB0

No. deployed I No, deployedRange(km)

WarheadType

3T 50 SRV10-1245-1218-37

T 60-740

22041 00

5000 or7000km

{50kr

ll AFB fMinutbman il ,O,Francis E- Warren AFBi' Minuteman ll /r,,l Ellsworrh AFB ,ry'Tifan ll/' Mcconnell AFB riMinuteman ll ,ijWhiteman AFB

Titan llLittle Rock AFB

/j /Minuteman lllr / Minot AFBf,'''irinuteman tt ana ttt/' Malmstrom AFB {

3""1,1"** l/3:J;"","\l/

I i-i '!I

ffir*,"ll\|/ffi,jiils\|/., 'Y:-

ilffilTil,"* 0",-"i, ij, fui ,-""j:1,"r."r.,,, \l/fj.;fl"^""" ', vu,ddr' (-._..._._.,r.1,inJE@q;Derazhnva iri, ,) '\.,.ssBs.s3 . ...-,i-*..-.i -i'-' ;iI _ il B!-'"'-","n prareau dArbion ,"''''- ,-,.--*rr"::'-1, F;;l'-"v"k ,/' t).. "--t'r,''._. ii 'l-.,r-'-.)'--. '--*(.,., '\ ,,._.__._,) j Ii I t')r._, *.-...,-.-.,,.-. '/'-' 'i..- ..j (


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tt Pluton Short Range Battlefield Tactical Support Missile Systemr: :-:- ,-,:t- t---:-::. iunng 1972.- :- t-,.. -:.:: .: ::: F:ench army:: : := =.-:,'.- -:-= :l::Ce then the. ... : :. .=:.,'eregiments'. - -.-:..-:-: : :::'.'-ie 'iactrcal nu-: -. _: -:_-. , L ., :::-: ield armies.: : a: l = 1,::-,:::S :,aS SUt laUnCher: r :i ::.:ir ::- :he AMX-30 main

:- :.-.: ':L:. l:-::S-S Se'nelal COmmand1 :.'-::.., :=t:-lns A tota.l of 42..- -. - - ^:^^ L^^*-.:-- :-15 rruer- pfOdUCed. ...-::--= r::','.'arhead are supplied. - .: .-'=,'.' : .:: :perattonal units, The: ,.--:::;: dual-lhrust solrd-.-..,:.- :.r:::- rs flrted \ rth a slm--- .:.=::--l r.udance package thati ::-r ::- = SFENA semr-strapdown,'-:. ,-.'.': -.','alheads have been de--. : - I : i ::: nrssrle: one is the AN-' . -.= :J1-:si rear-area targets and..':.:--:.1 ::: same 25-kiloton MR50

. -. r:: ','.'=rlon as the French air' .:.:::- -ac:rcal nuclear gravlty. ':.i- ::.: ::her rs a lS-kiloton war-- .: :=:.::-=d as an aLr-burst weapon. .i: -:. :.= maLn battle zone area. As..:: :=::. ::3 case wtth most French' -, ^, - +L^ l^^i-- '^^ri-^:r '.'.':aocns the destgn, testlng:, : - :-::.cn of the systems was car-, r ::::li; by the French them-

,..::'..i-i317 the French defence...-: -i :-.- Crsclosed that consideration,, Super Pluton' tactical missile was: :--r:--n hand for deployment rn the:'= .::is This missile would have a- . ... r:rably rmproved performance:. '=::-s of accuracy and rangre as well:i .,:'.'-nq an improved warhead. By':,-. =-rl.r l9B0s, however, an A6rospa-' ..= s: -rdy of the 'Super Pluton' and the... :r:si generated in mllitary circles: . ':.= Amerrcan cruise missile progr-:.:',::e had persuaded the French to

Carried on amodifiedAMX-30MBTchassis,Plutonis amodernand effectiveweapon; itwentinto servicewiththe French armyin 1974.turn towards the development of theirown mobile land-based cruise missile,Designated Hades by A6rospatrale,the mrssrle (7rn/23t1 long) will prob-ably have an integral booster/ramjetpropulsron system, a Tercom (TerrainContour Matching) gnldance systemand a range in the order of 350 km (2 17miles), Warhead options may includean enhanced-radiation (neutron) de-vice as the French have shown some

rnterest in developing this class ofweapon.SpecificationPlutonLengrth: 7,64m (25 ft 0% in)Diameter: 0.55 m (1ft 9% rn)weight: 2350 kq (5, lBl lb)Warhead weight: 350-500 kg (772-1,102 lb)Warhead type: iS-kiloton nuclear, 25-

kiloton nuclear, or tratningrMinimum range: 10 lcn (6.2 miles)Maximum range: i20 km (75 miles)CEP:330m (360 yards)Launch vehicle: tracked AMX-30 MBTchassisPropellant type/gruidance: solid/inertial.

ll French IRBM Missile SystemsF RANCE: : ,::. rhe deployment of the first.;-=iron in 1971, the main land-basedr :.Donent of France's Force de Frap-:= cecame lB SSBS 52 IRBMs. TheSSBS 52 was a two-stage inertially-:-.red solid-propellant missile wrth al:P value of 900m (985 yards) and'.'. -s deployed in two squadrons each, : :lre mrssiles. lrocated on the Plateau'; -:lbron east of Avrgnon in Haute:::-,'ence rn hardened underground..rs the squadrons were controlled',' iwo heavily protected subterra-:in hre-control centres that had spe--.1 communicatrons links direct to ther:rch strateqic air force headquar-:s The 14.8 m (48 ft 7 rn) Ionq and-:. '4 ft I I ln) dramelcr missile had a.-:.:n werght of 31900 kg (70,325 Ib).:, j a maximum range of 2750 km- -18 miles), and carried a 1SO-kiloton.'-=.i nuclear warhead,-: 1973 a new IRBM development::l ;lramme was initrated to produce a.=,-,-:nd-generation missile to replace:---: S2 The new mrssile, the SSBS 53,'.'.':s developed by A6rospatiale under:--.': contracts spannrng the years 1974-!, and uses the same first stage as theS. The second slage is, however, of:.,:her performance with a warhead:.-.a: rncludes a hardened thermonuc--=ar charge and advanced penetratlon.-is to counter anti-ballistic missrle de-:=::es. The flrst test launch was in De-:=:rber 1976, the test firing trials being

,-:::rpleted in the summer of 1979. Ini-

tial 53 deployment began in l9B0 andby l9B2 the missile had completely re-placed the SZ in the two IRBM squad-rons. During the deployment theground facilities of the silo complexeswere improved to allow modetnizationof some systems and to rncrease mrs-sile reliability whrle reducing mainte-nance costs, Reactron time of the 53 issaid to be around 200 seconds from theorder to fire.SpecificationssBs s3Lengrth: 13.8 m (45 ft 37: in)Diameter: 1.5 m (4 ft l1 in)weisht: 25800 kq (56,880 lb)Warhead: single 1.2-megaton thermo-nuclear RVRange: 3150 km (1.957 miles)CEP: 830 m (908 yards)Launch facility: hardened siloLaunch: hot typePropellant ty?e/gruidance: solid/rnertialtraunclr of an SSBS, probably of thenewS-3 typewhichis nowreplacing the S-2 in the same siloson the Plateau d'Albion in southernFrance. S-3 ias a range of 3500 km(2,175 miles)with a single largeAerospatiale warhead with a yieldof I .2 megatons. The entire silo andmissile are hardened aErarnsfnuclear attack.

ti:',*1.{$.iItl'!lrilir.;!J.!

i,i!j.!ffi6ffifl'Wi


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8irin"r" MRBVI/IRBVI/ICBM Missile Systemshave had a strateglc mls-development proqramme undersrnce the early I96Os. The firstto become operational was aIengthened version ofSoviet SS-3 'Shyster' MRBM, Thisliquid-fuel missile, codedby the Americans and called TI(East Wind) by theis fired from an above-launch pad. The missile wasfrom 1966 onwardsnofih westernof China. With a ranqe ofkm (745 miles) and an estimatedyield of 20 kilotons, the mis-a useful threatagainst Soviet Far Easternmore capable systemsA full scale test of thewas conducted in 1966 and in-use of a fully armed war-of CSS-ls operatedthe Second Artillery offensiveof the Chinese Peo-Liberation Army has remained atconstant 50 for some hme

missile to be depioyedthe CSS-2 (or T2) IRBM, Achtev-initial operational capabrlLty tnthis singrle-staqe storable ltqutd-missile is fired from fuxedlaunch pads WLth arange of around 320C kmmiles) it can engage tarqrets tnCentral and Eastern AsLa Thecan rf requtred bein a shofi trme The numberdeployed rs belteveci to be Lnof 50 and the tyoe ls eqilLp'with either a 2OO-kLlclon or l-warhead Both i,:e N'lRBIv{a:e bel.:'.'ec -c :.a'. ecapabLlrti'Chrnese ICBM :le CSS-3was not deployed ur:Ll t.:e nLi-Based Ln harder.ec -r.:=:-srlos, the rnerually gut i+: : .'. : -storable liquLd-propellant CSS ian estimated range of 700i knmrles). Only l0 CSS-ls .-.a-.'=deployed by eariy l9B3 The n:s-rs thought to carry a 2-mega::i:warhead. model was the CSS-(or T4), which was successfullyin I9B0 from the Shuangt-test site in the GobLCSS-X-4 also formed theof the marn Chrnese satellltevehicle, the CSL-Z (or FBI). It isthat the further developmentresulted the operational(or TS) ICBM. This is estimatedan operational range ofkm (8,575 miles) and to carry awarhead. By 1982 four CSS-been deployed in silosthe USSR and the USA.lCBM force is not expected tovery much from tts presentfor the foreseeable future,

22.8 m (74 ft 9 in)1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)22A00kg (48,500 lb)1200 km (745 mrles)20 kilotonsfacility: padtypetlpe/guidance: Iiquid/

css-2Type: IRBMLengrth: 20.5 m (67 ft 3 rn)Diameter: 2,44 m (B ft 0 in)Weisht: 28000 ks (61,730 lb)Range: 3200km (1,990 miles)Warhead: 200 kilotons or I megatonLaunch facility: padLaunch: hot typePropellant tlpe/gruidance: liqutd/rnertralcss-3Type: ICBMLengrth: 25.5 m (83 ft B in)Diameter: 2.4 m (B ft O tn)Weisht: 50000 kq (110,230 lb)Range: 6960 km (4,325 miles)Warhead: 2 megatonsLaunch facility: stloLaunch: hot typePropellant type/gnridance: liquid/rnertral

css-x-4Type: ICBMLengrth: 32.5 m (106 ft 772 tn)Diameter: 3 0 m (9 ft 10 in)Weisht: I50000 kq (330,690 Ib)Range: 8000 km (4,970 miies)Warhead: 5 megatonsLaunch facility: stlo or padLaunch: hot typePropellant type/gn:idance: hqurd./inertialcss-5Type: ICBMLength: not avatlableDiameter: not availableWeight: not availableRange: 13800 km (8,575 miles)Warhead: 5 megatonsLaunch facility: srlo rLaunch: hot type LPropellant typeigmidance :liqurd/rnertral

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MGM-52 Lance battlefield sup-mrssile was first concerved of inthe Voughl Corporalionchosen as the prtme contractor forproeramme In 1963 the researchcontract was placedMarch 1965 the first test firrng ofmrssrle was conducted. Afterwirh lhe propulston sys'emrocket engine had been over-the first production modelsdehvered to the US Army in 1971sewrce trrals. The missiie was type'as'standard in 1972, wlth thebattalion belng actlvatedAprrl of that year The mrsstle pro-flre support at the corpsThe US Army has elght batta-service at present. The Lancealso replaced most of the Honestshort-range msstles In servlcevarious NATO armres. Currentof the Lance are: USA (65launchers) UK (18 M572 laun-West Germany (24 M572 laun-Netherlands (nine M572 laun-Italy (nine M572 launchers),(nine M572 launchers) and(18 M572 launchers)

The Lance has a two-Part Rocket-concentrLc pre-packed storablemotor, the outer sec-of which provldes the thrust duringLnrtral boost phase of the flrghtthe mrsstle ts under the control ofsrmplLfled inertral qursystem, once this system dethe crulse veloclty has beeninnet propellanl secllon lsto take over the propulslon un-the gurdance unit commands it todown so as to leave the mtsstle Lnlor the termlnal phase of ttsI he mrssrle ls sPlnrn flight by the expulsion ofqases throuqh canted ventsthe mrsstle body. The Lance systemnormally carrLed on two tracked de-the 11113 APC famlly: theself-propelled erector-launchercarries one ready-to-fire mtsand the MOBB loader-transportertwo reload mrssilesmrnus therr flns) and a loadtnq hoLst. A

USALance Short Range Battlefield Tacticalsrnqle-ra;l :.::.": = ;:-: launcher hasalso been ::'.'=.-:-= j lcr dehvery byhehcopte: :r::.r:-r:.-ie rnto the battiearea.The warnea: :: -::s for the Lancernclude the l'.-:.-, s:andard 212-kg(467-lDJ M2-- . - -. krloton option'al yreld weap::, -:.: US ArmY n re-placrng son= : :.. -' wt-h a verslonbased on the ',','- -- '''reapon that hasburlt-rn featul:: :,-: .'.'tng Lt to operateas a 7z-krlc:::, --','.' ,'ield enhanced-radration (rie...:::. ievlce that minl-mizes blast d::.::e and restdualradiatron bu: r.a::-:-,zes the output offast radratLon a: ::,: ::rne of detonationto rncrease pe:s::.:.:l casualhes ThLseffect Ls of cc:.s-i::able use whenlarge concer:ra:-::.s of tanks andAPCs are el;:;:d bY nuclearweapons. Ali t:: lr.:.TO nuclear war-heads for Lance tt: :-:lc bY the Amer-rcans undet a i:-.-kE-" arrangementIsrael does noI i:1.': ari' nucleat war-heads for Lanc: c-t uses the M25icluster munLtLo:'.'.'at:ead lnstead TheM25i rs also usec'c'; :re US ArmY andthe Netherlands lhls atr burst warhead Ls filled 'n;il:. ! l C 43-kg (0.95-lb)sphere-shape: a:t,-personneYantl-matenel fraome:.:a:ton bomblets thatcan saturate a EZi-m (900 Yard) drameter ctrcle "'.'::i lethal fragments.This is of partlci-lar use to Israel as apossible arr-ciefe:-ce suppresslon system that does nct rtsk any personnelcasualtres ln Lts LSeVought ls c.trrer-ltly developLng anImproved Lance to meet the US ArmY sCorps Support Si'stem programme requlrement. The ne',ri missrle wrll becompatrble wLth the current lance sys-tems and will be effecttve Into the1990s. Improved Lance wlll have threetimes the range. stx tlmes the accuracyand a 30 per cent Increase Ln payloadwhen compared to the present misstleSpecificationMGM-S2C LanceLengrth: 6. l7 m (20 ft 3 rn)Diameter: 0.56 m (1 ft 10 in)Weight: 1530 kg (3 373 lb) with nuclear

Support Missile SystemLance is a mobileba f tiefei d miss ile with arange of up to I 20 km (75miles), with a nuclearwarhead. This Lance of theUS Army is mounted on thelightweight launcherwhich can be carried byhelicopter or dropped byparachute. Lance js a,lsofired from a tackedamphibious vehicle.

iLn"r, John Short Range Tactical Battlefield Support Missile SystemMGR-I Honest John mtsstle firstservice in rts MGR-IA form tn1353 In 1960 the Lmproved MGR-IBrntroduced, and thls has now beenout of servtce with most NATOountrres except Greece and TurkeY:l favour ofthe Lance sYstem Greece:urrently employs three battaltons12 launchers whtlst Turkey haslur battallons wlth a total of 18 iaun:hers The only other country that stLll:. ,s Honest John tn acttve serulce LSS.uth Korea, whrch has two battaltons'.'.'1th a total of l2 launchers. Honest Johnaiso served wtth the armies ol Belgtum,lenmark, France, ItalY, JaPan thel.ietherlands, the UK, the USA and

"Vest Getmany. France repiaced herHcnest Johns wtth Pluton, whilst Den-:. rrk and Japan dtd nor bo'her -o Inrro-:;ce any replacement system.The Honesr iohn rs rndrvrdualJy laun-:hed from a raLl on lts own truck laun-:1er-transporter. The Mach 1.5 mis-:-le rs powered by a soltd'propellant:'otor and rs unqrurded beinq balhstr-:aLly aimed at tts target The warhead:an erther be a 680-kg (1,500-lb) HE ot= 580 kq ( i,500-lb) S/25-krloton nuclear

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type. An alternattve cluster munlt-c:.warhead has also been develoPed an:rs known to have been sold to SoJ.::-Korea as recently as 1977 Both Greec:and Thrkey have access to NATO nu;-Iear warheads for Honest Jon:-ahhough these are tn American 'i:-tody under a dual-key arrangemenl I:rs probable that both countrles '/"-llphase out the mEslle durlng the mlai-lg8Os as a result ol the sYstems l:l-creasrng obsolescence. 7 2 kn (1 n.lesl;7 kn (23 mtlesl

Now obsolete, HonestJohn is stilltound in some NATO armies, thisexample being used bYWestGermany. A clumsy artillery rocket, itis carried singly on a truckwhich hasto be aimed at the target, rangebeing determined by the elevation ofthelaunchrcil.CEP: 830 m (910 Yards)Launch velucle: wheeled truck laun-cher-transporterPropellant type/gnridance: solld/none


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Fershing Short Range Battlefield Support Missile SystemLarge and cumbersome, theUSArmy Pershing nevertheless broughtanewlevelof rangeof upto740 km(460 miles)when it entered sewice in1962. Pershingla, seen at launch, issoon to be replaced by Pershing IIwhich has super-accurate radargruidance and thus doesnofneedsuch a hig h-yield war head.

krloton earth-penetrator warhead ofthe Pershing IL Thus targets whichmight have to be attacked by two orthree of the older missiles need onlyone Pershrng II, the earth penetratorwarhead being of particular import-ance as before detonation it can pene-trate the overlying 30 m (1000 ft) or soofsoil and concrete that conceal Sovietrear zone command, control and com-munications facilities. The older Per-shing Ia will stay in the West Germanair force's inventory for some time tocome, the nuclear warheads for thesebeing held under a dual-key aqree-ment,SpecificationMGM-3IA Pershing IaLengrth: 10,6 m (34 ft 972 in)Diameter: L0 m (3 ft 37r tn)Weight:4600 ks (10, 141 ]b)Warhead weight: about 748 kq (1,650lb)Warhead types: 60-kiloton nucleat,400-kiloton nuclear and trainingMinimum range: 161 km (100 miles)Maximum range: 740 km (460 miles)CEP: 365 m (400 yards)taunch vehicle: wheeled M656 truckand trailer combinationPropellant type/gnridance: solid/inertial

-stagf e solid-propellant MGM-Pershing I missile was flrst de-in 1962, and the entire system:arned on four XM474 trackedThe flrst deployment tooccurred in 1964 when theserved in the Quick Reactionrole for the Central Europeanof operations and as a gteneraldelivery system for f,eldThe Pershing was groupedbattairons comprisrng a headquar-battery, a service battery and fourbatterres. The West German arralso adopted the Pershing i, re-

a total of72 launchers. Becausepoor mobility characteristics oftracked vehicles, ln 1966 a de-contract was placed withto improve the systemthe mrssile's capabilities,November 1967 productionimproved Pershing Ia tothe Pershing I in both the USand West German air force, Theoperational Pershing Ia was de-in 1969. The most obvious im-was the replacement of thetracked vehicles by wheeledderived from the M656 S{onchassis. This grreatly enhancedystem's mobility over paved roadscountry. It also allowed theto be carrred with the mrssilethan on its own vehrcle as hadthe case with the Pershing L Thefiring unit now consisted of antruck and trailer combina-that served as the erector-a transpofier for the pro-tester and generator units, abattery control centre vehiclea radio terminal set vehicle with anaerial, A series of subse-system improvements hasthe reaction time to be re-and the rntroductionreference system andadapter in 1976-7

Pershing unit commander toup to three missiles from a singlestatlon at previously unsur-launch sites, The current USof Pershrng systems islaunchers, of which l0B are inEurope, The West GermansPershing I systems on abasrs by the Pershinq Ia.1978 the advanced developmentof the Pershing II systemsuccessfully completed, Thrs mis-which has a range of more thankn (925 miles), is a modular mod-of the Pershing Ia with a con-enhanced accuracy andThe Pershing II is expected toinitial operational capabil-l9B4 to replace the PershingEurope and then presumably incontinental United States, Theis to improveintermediate-range theatreweapons stockpile and is aresponse to the Russran deploy-the SS-20 IRBM system.Pershing IIs terminal gn-ridanceutilizes an all-weather radarunit in its ceramic nosethe radar returnsa pre-recorded onboard radarof the target, This RADAG sys-CEP values of beftveen 1236 m (40 and 120 ft) to be achieved.allows the higher yield 60-4OO-krloton au-burst versions ofW50 warhead of the Pershing Ia toby the WBS 20O-kilotonwarhead and the WB6 20-

t\ftThe replacement ofPershing I withPershing IIhas greatmilitary andpol itic al s ignifi c ance. Withits maximum range of2500 km (1,550 miles), thehighly - ac cur ate e ar th -penetrator warhead as apayload, the mr'ssiJe candestroy anything it is firedat, inclu ding specially -hardened targefs. Eased jnGermany, the tange oftargrets rncludes M os cow.

27


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G fi,"n II Heavy ICBM Missile System

Titanwas developed by Martin as thefir st tand e m two- s tage I CB M, thephotograph showing a test launchfrom Cape Canaveral of a Titan I.From this was developed the largerTitan II, shown in the profile.E iWCnn-I 18 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy ICBM Missile System _- ffiSerLous development of the Martin-Marietta MX mLssrle began Ln 1974under Ptesrdont Foro s aorilntsttdl.onand has progressed well despLte allthe problems assocrated wrth rts bastng The first of 20 test rounds are duelor hrrnqi Ln 1983 and the first productron rounds wrll be operatronally de-ployed rn the late I 9BOs. The four-staqesohd propellant mrssrle has been de-slgned to have consrderably rmprovedaccuracy range and payload featureswhen compared wrth current ICBMs.The mrssrle rs encased at the tlme of ltsassembly rn a protective launch canrs-ter compatrble wlth a vanety of basLngoptlons. When the mrssrle rs fired asoLrd-propellant Lrnlt rn the base of thecanlster rs lgnrted to elect the mLssLle Lna cold launch clear ol the protectrvecasLng The flrst-stage propulsronmotor system ls then fired automatrcaily once the mrssrle rs some 24-30 m(80-100ft) clear A protectrve shroudover the nose assembly and a 6 mm(% rn) thick rubber-hke skrn over themissrle's surface protects lt fuom dustand debrrs.The flrst stage ts powered byThrokol rockets and burns out at analtrtude about 24385 m (BO,O00 ft) Thesecond stage Aerolet propulsron unitthen takes over Thts stage burns out atabout 85345 n (280,000 ft), whereuponthe final sohd propellant HerculesAerospace motor Lgnltes The noseshroud rs then lettlsoned at around 97-km (60-mrle) altrtude to uncover theMIRV payload. Frnal thrrd stage burnout occurs around I 16 km (72 mrle)altrtude when the luel load has beentotally exhausted Dunnq all three po-wered flrght stages the gurdance sysThe first completely assembledP eace keeper I CBM photogr ap hedon slafic fesf jn 1 98 2. Former lyknown only as MX (missile X), thePeacekeeper ICBM has beenplanned for over I 2 years. I t weighs95 siort tons al lift- of{, comparedwith 38 for Minuteman III.

!:rlt by Martin Manetta, the LGM-2SCTitan II rs an rmproved verston oi the::rlier HGM-254 Titan I ICBM Declcved orLgrnally rn i962 the mrssrle rsine last survrvor of the Amencan first-jeneratlon hqurd propellant missilesA toial of 54 of the mrssrles was de-ployed in sLx nLne-missrle squadronsHowever. rn l97B and 1980 two mrssrleswere destroyed rn Broken Arrowclassrflcation nuclear accLdents thatoccurred in therr srlos. These have notbeen replaced. ln l9B1 lt was tenta-trvely announced that the remarnrng 52missLles were to be progressLvelywrthdrawn between l9B3 and 1987 dueto thelr age anci dechnrng mrLrtaryeflectrveness and rn order to makeway for the new MX mrssrle Howeverthe MX basrng problems have resultedtn thLs rdea berng grven a lower prror-rty for the present By mLd 1983 only 43Trtan IIs wrll be tn service. ln earlyl9B0 Lt was learnt that the Trtan il forcewas havrng rts AC/IBM inertrai gurdance systems updated to remaLneffectLve throughout the mrssrles re-maLnrng hfetrme. The work was com-pleted 1n 198l As the heavrest Amer-Lcan ICBM deployed, the Trtan rs fittedwith a General Electrrc Mk 6 re-entryvehrcle carryrng a 9-meqaton W53

thermonuclear warhead, elaboratepenetratron aLds and an onboard com-puter wrth a three-target selectLoncapabLhty The two-stage mrssrle has amaxrmum burn out speed ol more than24000kn/h (14900 mph) and a max-lmum range tn excess of 15000km(9 325 mrles). The maxrmum cerhngattarned dunng Lts flrght rs aroundl50O km (930 miles) The propulsronsystem comprlses two Aero;et LRBT-Aj 5 gtmballed rocket motors eachrated at 97975 kq (216,000-lb) thrust onthe first stage and an Aerolet LR91-AHS rocket motor rated at 45360 kq(100 000-1b) thrust for the secondstageSpecificationLGM-2SC Titan IILengrth: 314m (l03ft 0rn)Diameter: 3 5 m (10 lt 0 rn)Weight: 149690 kq (330 000 lb)Warhead: srngle 9 megaton thermonuclear RVRange: 15000 km (9 325 mrles)CEP: 1300 m (1,420 yards)Launch facility: hardened srloLaunch: hot typePropellant type/grLridance: lLqutd/ineriial

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11/24

MGM-118 Peacekeeper Heavy ICBM Missile System (continued)::m has constantly modrfied the flrghtriath so lhat ali the solLd fuel aboard rs::nsumed, thrs meanrnq that no prop-rlsron cut-olf system ts requtred on the:hrrd sraqe.The fourth-staqe Rockwell Interna:ronai RS-34 assembly rs then releasedThrs carries a post-boost lrqurd-cropellant propulsron motor wrth mul-:.ple burn capabllrty, the Northroprdvanced rnertrai reference sphere-rurdance system attltude-reference

systems, and the Avco re-entry pack-age of 10 MIRVs wtth penetratlon ardsThe rocket motor rs used to target theMIRVs. Once the course of the drspensrnq bus ts set a warhead rs re-leased and the RS-34 backs away Thenewly released MiRV ls then splnstabrlized by the two smali rockets ltcarnes As soon as the warhead ts wellclear of the RS-34 the moror re rgnrtesand the assembly changes course toanqaqe lhe naxt target. The process rs

repeated unttl all l0 MIRVs ha'.': :==:.launched The ,ndrv,crual Ll.li.. :=entry vehlcle most favoured as :lr: ).1-.-payload ts rhe Ctrrtrtd. Flr t-:. l.:,.12 A (1 Bi3 m/6 ft I I ,,.: Ln lonc -:.i0.542 n/I ft 9 . rn base otameler t.:ryrnq a W78 3J5-krloron vtelo .'. ,:.nead Another possrorlrV ts rne r.a,',RV berng developed as part of theAdvanced Balhsttc Re-entrv Vehrcle(ABRV) programme. The MX rs nov..desrgnated MGM llBA Peacekeeper

Surface-to-Surface Mis s -e sSpecficat:or.MCM- I ic;. Fea::.::=:=:T.an m h!!119rrr. _Diamete: :: .. . -:Weight: ::--..,: ,: -Walheac ' ...D^--^r\ilruE - : .CEP:-- :Lar.mch iac :-' :t :: : .Launch: ,-.: j.-Propellar.: r.,-r :--:r- ::-tl:I:-n-E iitinuteman Lightweight ICBM Missile System

The Minuteman famrly of ICBMs com-crrsed four variants, of whrch oniy theMinuteman II and Minuteman III re-marn in service. The ongrnai LGM-30AMinuteman I equrpped one StrategrcArr Command mnsrle wrng rn 1963. Anlmproved LGM-308 Minuteman I wlthrncreased range and of longer length'rias then brouqtht rnto servlce wrth thenext four wrngs formed, whtlst the sxthwas equrpped Ln i966 with the LGM-30F Minuteman II. Both the Minutemanll and the LGM-3OG Minuteman III, rn-troduced rn 1970 then replaced thetwo Mlnuteman I variants. The sLx de-ployed strategrc mrssrle wrngs are cur-rently the 34lst at Malmstrom, Montana wrth 150 MMII and 50 MMIII; the44th at Ellsworth, South Dakota wlth150 MMII the 9lst at Minot, NorthDakota, wrth I50 MMIII the 35lst atWhrteman, Mrssourr, wrth 150 MMIITthe 9Oth at F.E Warren, Wyomrnq,wLth 200 MMIII; and the 32lst at GrandForks North Dakota, wrth 150 MMIII.The wrngs are drspersed over wrdeqeographrcal areas and are organrzedtn squadrons offive flrghts each wLth 10hardened mrssLle srlos and an under-ground launch control centre If thecontrol centre rs rncapacitated for anyreason iaunch controi rs passed erthero one of two control centres wrthtn thequadron that can also serve as aquadron control centre or, in the casef some 200 or so mrssiies, to a specral-1y configured Strateglc Arr CommandaLrborne command post arrcraft thatarrres an airborne launch control andretargeting system.The three-stage solid propellantLGM-3OF Mtnuteman II rs essentrallyn upgraded Minuteman I wrth rn-:reased range and a more sophLstrrated gurdance system The latter hasrn eight target selectlon capabrlrty;Lvrng increased accuracy and a srnge Mk 11G thermonuclear RV with Tra-:cr Mk lA chaff-dispenser penetratronrds. Severai of the Mrnuteman IIs areconfigured to carry comnunrcahons equlpment rnstead of ato act as Emerqency Rocket3ommunicatrons Systems for the back-lp role of crrsts communlcatlon to sur-..ving nuclear slnke torces ln a post-uclear exchanqe envlronment.The Lmprovements of the LGM-3OG,fLnuteman lll over rts predecessorrre confined marnly to the third stagend the warhead re-entry system. Thefeature ts the rntroductron ofMIRVs as the payload. The post-bus has been frtted wrth a smalleLl Aerosystem hquid-propellantmotor, four smaller roll rocketssLx sirghtly iarger pitch stabrlizerAll of these are under the com-of the onboard Rockwell Inter-rnertral gn-udance system. Cur-

250 of the Minuteman III force

have the Mk 12 re-entry vehrcle contarnrng three W62 165-kLloton yreldwarheads wrth chaff and decoypenetration atds.On the remarnrng 300 mrssrles andpresumably on the further 50 mrssrlesthat wrll replace 50 Mrnuteman IIs bythe mid-l98Os, the Mk l2A re-entryvehtcle rs fitted. Thls rs about 16 kg(35 lb) heavier than the Mk l2 but as aresult of the minlaturizatron of certarncomponenls remalns tdenttcal In stze.It is able to carry three W7B 335-kLlotonyteld warheads wtth shghtly betterCEP capabrlrty The assocratedpenetratlon aids also remarn Consrderable effort Ls betng cievotecl tosustain lhe Minuteman forees oper-ational capabrlrtres and survrvabLLrtyprospects durrng any nuclear-exchange scenanoMinutemanlllwastheultimatedevelopmentof theneatMinutemandevelopedin 1958-60as the first solid-propellant(CBM.Among its newfeatures weremultipleindependentlytargeted warheads(up to three 335-kiloton units) and aCommand BufferSystem for rapidretargeting. A total of550 of this versionwas put into silos.

SpecificationLGM-30F Minuteman II and LGM-3OGMinuteman IIILength: lB 20 m (59 lt B/: in)Diameter: LGM-3OF I 83 m (6 fr 0 rn);LGM-30G I BS m (6 ft 0% rn)weight: LGM-3OF 31750 kq (70,000 lb)LGM 30G 34500 kq (76,0s8 lb)Warhead type: LGM-3OF sinqle 1 2-

rxe]a:::. 'a =::. : , : r. :three -::' -: : :: . .MIR\'SRange: -:l.l: : -:mrles) ,l:.:':. j -mries)CEP: LCI'.1-:,: :, ::LGM-3CCi:-:.:: -::^fca^^ : _.-,,-Launch facility: :.:tt: --Launch: hc: :-.':=Propellant type qfuaa:. :.rnertral

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: American Ground-Launched Cruise Missile Systema _ - lv .Iulse mts-: . . ..-. :::..1: :.:.=.'gen RUSStan, bUt::-:-:= :::::::rnbrned efforts of' ::':r- ;::.:s,ars and the Western- - I r ::.: :::r- 3r,jise today means a- - -: ::.:.. ..:.: -.1:'.'.-mtsslle whtch the

West are greater than in the WarsawPact powers, where the population asa whole are not mobile and the areaavailable for concealing mobile longr-range missiles far grreater,The other big question mark hangr-ing over such slow-flying missiles istheir ability to penetrate hostile air-space. In I944 southern Engrland rapid-ly got the upper hand over very similarmissiles which were fired in much lar-ger numbers (several thousands) us-ing piston-engrne flghters and ordin-ary anti-aircraft gnrns, Modern radars,computers, jet rnterceptors and preci-sion missile combine to form a defencenetwork that a 805 kmih (500-mph)missile would certainly find very dif-ficult to prerce.The land-based ground-launchedcruise missile (GLCM) wrll be oper-ated by the United States Arr Force(USAF) and be deployed in five WestEuropean countries: Belgium (48rounds), Italy (1 12 rounds), the Nether-lands (48 rounds), the UK (160 rounds)and West Germany (86 rounds) TotalUSAF procurement rs intended to be560 BGM-I09G missrles, 137 four-roundwheeled transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) vehrcles and 79wheeled launch control centre (LCC)vehicles. The BGM-109G is a memberof the General Dynamics BMG-I09Tomahawk cruise-missile family and Lsintended to be the major compolent ofthe NATO theatre nuclear force mod-ernization programme to counter theRussian deployment of the SS-20 IRBMsystem, The other component ls thePershing 1l surface{o-surface mrsstleDue for deployment in December1983, the GLCM can be used for both

selective or general nuclear releaseoptions against either flxed targets(such as lines of communication, Iogis-tical stores dumps, arrfields and com-mand and control facihtres) or station-ary tactrcal targets such as troop stag-ing and assembly areas.The GLCM is deployed in flring un-its of 16 missiles carried on four TELswith two mobile LCCs in attendance,The unit is in peace located in a har-dened concrete shelter at rts homebase, but will deploy to pre-suweyedflrrng positions offering gTood naturalconcealment at distances of about160 km (1OO miles) from the base rf hos-tilities seem imminent. Escorts fromthe host natron's armed forces willaccompany the unit to provide securityduring the dispersal operation and toprovide gnound defence at the launchsite. Both the TEL and the LCC havegood cross-country capabilitres. Tofire a mssrle the launcher-container isflrst elevated and then a solid-propellant booster on the missile isignited to boost it to its cruise speed.Once this has been attained the boos-ter is jettisoned, the missile wings andflns unfold, the engrne inlet is de-ployed and the turbofan engineignited in order to sustain flight. Gui-dance throughout the mission is by aninertral navigation gnridance systemupdated by a terrain contour matchrng(Tercom) unrt at periodic intervals,The GLCM carries a 123-kq (2701b)WB4 nuclear warhead with a yield of200 kilotons to a maxrmum range of2800 km (1,740 miles). The CEP valueover that range is estimated to be aphenomenal 18.3 m (60 ft), and is solelydue to the inertiaVTercom guidance

system, The major advantage of theGLCM is its abrlrty to fly most of themission at low altitude to avord radardetection and air defence systems, Itsmajor disadvantaqe is its slow speed(Mach 0,7), which makes for long mrs-sion times to extreme-range targets.Thus if the Russians field enough high-performance low-level detection andair defence-missile systems, and air-craft with look-down radars, then thecredibllity of the cruse missile in rtspresent form becomes questionableThe Americans are actively looking atthe incorporation of 'stealth' anti-radardetection technology into its nextcruise-missile generation to mitigatethrs farling.

The basicGLCM combat unitcomprises 1 6 missiles loaded on tourTELs ( tr ansporter/ etectorl launcher s)and twoLCCs (launch controlcentres) for command and control.

A,w


13/24

Surface-to-Surface M: s s.. : s,*;"1

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A dramatic launch picture of a GLCMduring a test firing (probably atWhite Sands Missile Range, NewM e xico). The mrssr/e rs p opped fromits tube by a short-burn rocket,giving it enough energy to keepcoasting upwards as it unfolds itswings, tail and engine inlet, and firesup the small turbojet onwhich itcrutses.SpecificationBGM-109G TomahawkLengrth: 6.4 m (21 ft 0 rn)Diameter: 0.53 m (l ft Belro rn)Weight: 1200 ks (2 645 lb)Warhead weight: 123 kq (270 lb)Warhead type: 200 krloton nuclear,and trarnrngMinimum range: not avarlableMaximum range: 27BO km (l 725 mrles)CEP: 18 3 m (60 ft)Launch vehicle: wheeleci transporter-arector launcherPropellant type/gnridance: sold boos-:er plus turbofan marn engrne/Lnertral',vLth Tercom updatLng

Here the TEL is shown parked in thefiringmodewith the quad missilebox elevated. The LCC seen belowcontains all systems needed {or atwo-man crew to target and fire.

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14/24

Ground-lcrunched Crube in Action2 After launch Cruise flieshigh in f riendly airspace tosave fuel.

#i-1'.a+)i;. Io\\+'* -itri,l

Onthemoveparticipatlng in what so far have been meremanoeuvres. Soon the BGM-109G cruise mis-siles will also be seen trundling along roads inWestern Europe, but as far as possibie they willkeep out of sight by moving at mght, because itis vital to keep secret the locatlons selected astheir actual fi.ring positions.Every missile with self-contained guidancehas to know its exact position at the start of itsflight In the case of BGM-109G each launchlocation is pre-suweyed, so that the exact co-ordinates can be prepared rn advance andinserted into the missile gmidance system, Thelatter is of an unusual type which reiies crucial-ly upon the undulations in the ground overwhich the missile flies, and thus the missile hasto know not only its launch position in the usualgeographrcal sense but also its exact heightabove sea level.l0-metre accuracy

As the missile climbs away it contains a com-puter in whose memory are stored all thenecessary details of its launch position in threedimensions, the flight trajectory to be followedto the target, and the precise location of thetarget. As far as possible only pre-suweyedlaunch sites would be used, but it is essential tohave the capability of switching to a differentlaunch site (for example, if it is beiieved theoriginal location has become lcrown to theenemy), and from 1987 the Rockwell CollinsNavstar global satellite-based positioning sys-tem will enable launch data to be entered intothe misslie memory within seconds of arrivingat a fresh site. Navstar data are accurate towithin about I0 m (33 ft), which rs adeguate forthis missile; the numbers entered diQritaily intothe memory include latitude, longitude, altt-tude, velocity within 0,01 m (4 in) per second(zero before launch, relative to the Earth's sur-face) and time within a few nanoseconds(thousandths of a milllonth of a second).After launch the computer automaticallyticks away the metres and seconds on climb-

3 The r:nboard comcalculates the distarcand direction, keeprnopreclse track of the mprog ress.4 As it approaches etetritory it drops to ,oand compares the arprolile below wrth tha'routes'it has storedmemory, making neccorrection to fly onto:prescribed route

away, whilst the vehicle changes itself from atightly packed cylinder into a smali aeroplane.The Atlantic Research or CSD rocket boostmotor imparts quite gentle thr-ust and accelera-tion, and throughout the flight the environmentis no more severe than in a modern fighter.Like any air-breathing aircraft, it pays to flyhigh in order to reduce fuel consumption, andfor maximum range the high-level portion ofthe mission is extended as far as possibie. Thesmalj Williams FI07 turbofan, of 272-kg (600-lb)sea-level thrust, burns kerosene at about one-tenth the rate that an equivalent rocket wouldeat up its fuel, so despite the modest size of thetankage the missile can fly up to 92872 lar](1,785 miles) This range is reduced if most ofthe trip has to be made at low level.One has oniy to draw a line less than 24i5 km(1500 mlles) long from the likely iaunch re-gions to see that usually the first several hun-dred miles can be flown with maximum fueleconomy at high altitude through friendly orneutral airspace. Over this section the wholemethod of gmidance is the self-contatned iner-tiai system, a Litton Industries P-1000 packagecontainrng super-sensitive gryros and accelero-meters which sense the exact motion of themrssile and continuously compute the output interms of changed latitude and longrtr:de fromthe point of launch. No radio srgnal is emitted,so the misslle gives no warning of its approach,and though at an altitude of some I2190m(40,000 ft) the missile can be seen by radarsover 402 km (250 miies) away, it is very smalland specrally designed so that its appearanceas seen on hostile radars (technicaily known asits 'radar cross-section') is minimal. it is vitalthat the cruise missile should as far as possibleremain undetected by hostile radars, and itssmall size and careful shaping combine tomake it very elusive.The accuracy ofan inertial system grraduallyfalls away as time passes. A fast ballistic misstle

!-:'CC ;s here seen on the march as itwould be:: =:',- :;:ne of crisis. {ollowing a known route as:-:: - ,cossrb.le screened from aerial or satellite:::-e.;a!on to a predetermined firing location.)i:'-::::gltould be left at the only known location,:.: e -*a ce dn're base. ?ft us a pre' e m p t ive nucleatsire'n-culC have little effect.


15/24

Surface-to-Surface Miss I e s

6 (l .itti'rt.trti r,I il 'I lllj'ri i rir'-( -r!f,, l, r r'.: rr1rlril i :;i i i( .rt, ililtr'-tiri rtr Vtlt,l rt ,,1 ;1[r 1,.. It|lJrl, li, ,i'hill I :,,'it.t r/t;l|'r tl I rrtt,tr ':1,,'y' 1, 1,1,J7

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:ft=-=- -$..--can cover rntercontinental ranges rn 30minutes, but the slow cruise mrssrle needsseveral times as long to fly its much shorterdistance, and after an hour or two the cumula-tive effect of the various errors in the rnerttalmeasurements begins to be signrficant. i ylpr-cally, a modern inertial system might be 50C m(l 640 ft) oif course after an hour, or after twohours in the case of a very good system. Thereare ways of checking on the missrle's posrtronas it flies across the land, and thus of updatrngthe inertral navrgation system to maintarn itsaccuracy. The BGM-109G rs equrpped wrth anamazing new back-up system developed byMcDonnell Douglas and called Tercom (Ter-raln comparrson, or more accurately, TERrainCOntour Matchrng). Technically known asDPW 23 this small package stores rn irs memcry millions of figures which represent the suc-cessive heights of the ground over which themissile will fly, These measurements combineto form an exact profile of the Earth's surface,each of whrch is unique to a particuiar flrghtcver a particular route, DPW-23 stores perhaps25 such profrles. No matter how the inertia]guidance has behaved, rt will make landfall onto one of the 25 routes,Terrain clearance

As soon as DPW-23 is switched on, a super-accurate radar altimeter begins measuring thedistance vertically down to the ground, and thesuccessive readings qulckly estabhsh whichroute the missile is on. The on-board computer:hen adjusts the flrght path shghtly unttl themissile is exactly on course, and updates theinertial system. The Tercom system keepsneasuring the herght oi the terrain below atrarefully spaced time intervals and thus keepslpdating the guidance and holdtng the exactlesired route, What makes the process more:omplicated is that, to try io avoid detection byenemy radars, the missile has already

swooped down almost to ground level, Normal-ly it holds a height of about 15 m (50 ft), butcrossrng hrlls it will rise to about twrce thisheighi above the ground, and the'terrain ciear-ance crossrng mountains may have to be in-creased ro IOO m (330 ft) Thus, the Tercomsystem s measurements of the height above theground have to be subtracted from the knownherght ot the mrssrle Lfrom arr pressure or lner-tial measurements) to get the true undulationsrn the Earth's surface.FinaltargetingWhen the missile gets near rts target rtswitches on yet a thrrd guidance mode, themost accurate of all. The TCU (Termrnal Corre-lator Unit) contarns further sets of mrlhons ofnumbers whrch rn fact are a digital (numerical)representation of a detarled picture of thetarget. The picture shows the target as it wouldbe seen by the approaching missile, using va-rrous vrsible and IR (rnfra-red) wavelengths.

The missrle now proceeds :: :::.i---. . -target, knowrng exactly \\'h-r= .. .radar, opttcal and IR sen-:--r-r '-:.:. .:.:. . -turns the picture actudlly s+a:. .: - : .. . .: :bers and compares them .'.-:: .-.. .- . .- .the TCU. The computer fina,.-,'s :=: j ' : . :sile to merge the lwo se-s :- :. .-.: - -Thus, as the mrssrle piLnges r '' .lalget. ItS aCCuIaCy tS CC n..r. -: -.-- : ..:.'looking' at the Larger, and 'es-: r.: . : : . . - .the final CfP (crrcllar eiror ir- i:.'.-very unlrke.ly to be worse '.:.::. .. : ... .Thrs rs an unprecedenteci a::-:'.:'. r -:-flrght of some 2800km (L ?=,:-,,=. .i. . :lhree hours lt has so v.orr::c '--.: .- -, , ',the'antr-crurse' campalgn rS'.-,i.1 rt:: - : ...

---\

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16/24

SS- l 'Scud'/SS-X-23 Short Range Ballistic Missile Systems. SS- - Sc:d' ;-^.1ei mLsstles are:::- - :: -:::::-::al taCtrCal-leveli:..: :'':'::.: :-.'::e SsVlets The Ori--. --,,-,; : -,,-:cl 'Scud-A'was:-,:---.'-1 .:. -lll Carrred on a-- .: ' ,. .,--= -S---- :.3a',ry tank chassis-;.: : ..'.- -_r::ed to a L3O-km:-:-;=',','-::, a 4o-kLloton nuc-=::=.j=:.:spaf ioad In 1965the:.- - .:t ::-,-


17/24

I FnOC senes SS-21 Tactical Surface-to-Surface Missile Systems-:.=FROG :::=:.::''=-,-.=: l: ,,:-. ;-^--.- -: ------,. '::'---=i r,-.]s:-.t -:'.'-:':::.: ::.I ::::^..,^,.,--.-._:t ::1.., _-::.__: -, .--:'. j.:--n Luna Fttstdeplc-,'r,:-:. -::. -:.+: : I I ras undergone an exiensrve de-'=- :r:.ent programme that has re-. --:: i in seven versrons of the mrssile,: : . ,'.':. by the NATO desLgnatrons: : :3-1 to FROG-7 Of these the track-=: '.':rLcie-mounted FROG-l to FROG-i -:: considered obsolescent,---:.:ugh the FROG-3 is still used in'::.::ng units and held in the Soviets:-::.v'e war stocks The FROG-6 rs a:.-:-:perational trainingr round, and-:.= FROG-? is the current system. In--::jiced lnto servlce rn 1965, the: :.aG-7 is carrred on a ZIL-135'''.--:e1ed erectorlauncher vehicle and-. -:.rnd at drvisional level in both the!:-.'-et and Warsaw Pact armies. Each-.-,=,k drvrsron and motorized rifle divr-.,:: has a FROG battalion with a head-l-rners battery and two firinef batter-.=.- (each equrpped wrth two FROGs- :. :rerr launchers and two reload vehr-:.:s .wrth a further sx missiles). TWo. ..:rants of the FROG-7 have been.r:ntlfled: the nuclear-armed FROG-:a 'rLth a 550-kq (1,213-lb) warhead,.:.1 the FROG-7b wrth a 390-kq (860-::l chemrcal warhead, The latter rs::lLeved to contain the thrckened per-:-.::ant nerve gas agent VR-55, and- rer types ofagents may also be car-:-:C The FROG serres has been ex-'=isrvely exported and has also been-sed rn combat The Eqyptrans used::th FROG-3 and FROG-7 mrssrles.'.'rih HE warheads in the 1973 war wrth-s:ael. Fired initially agrainst fixed..rgets ln the Sinai and then against the-sraeli bridqehead over the Suez Can-.. the mrssiles caused relatively littleramage At least one FROG-7 was:.armed as shot down by the Israeh:attlefleld arr defence system The Sy':,ans used FROG-2 and FROG-3 mls----les during their Golan Herghts

::::--- : -' :::::: :: :---:-I -:-:::-lr-' __- ' -l-','---::.::=a: -:a l]-as: I:a::-: i: ::--- ==a- ---:^^-Ir;:. -:. ::.e Suli ,4'=r .:;: :.=-. : ==:.using the FROG-7 as a lcrq-rai-;ebombardment sys-em rlrl+'::aqarnst Iranran citres immedrately be-hrnd the battle zone. A hst of currentFROG operators rs as follows: USSR(680 FROG-3/7), Bulsaria (36 FROG-7)East Germany (24 FROG-7), Czechos-Iovakia (40 FROG-3/7), Hungary (24FROG-7), Poland (52 FROG-3/7),Romania (30 FROC-3/7), Yugoslavra(16 FROG-7), Esypt (i2 FROG-7), Iraq(24 FROG-7), Kuwait (12 FROG-7),Libya (48 FROG-7), Syria (24 FROG-7),South Yemen (12 FROG-7), NorthKorea (54 FROG-5/7) and Cuba (50FROG-4),FROG-7 is a srngle-stage sprn-stabilzed solid-propellant ungmidedrocket that uses speed brakes as rtsmain inflrght control system. The rock-et, werghing 2300 ks (5 071 lb), takesabout 30 mrnutes to prepare for flnngand is armed by adjusting the elevatronof the launcher arm. Meteorologrcalradars are requrred for maxrmumeffect. In the nuclear role the Sovretswill frre srngle FROG rounds wrth air-burst nuclear warheads (50-200 krlo-tons) aqtarnst battlefleld nuclear deirv-ery systems lorward and reservetroop concentratrons forv,,ard head-quarters and communrcatlon facrhtresthe largre-yLeld vrarheads used makrngup for the FROGs lack :i accuracy

'/.he:i+: -:i.-: i=:


18/24

aiqSoviet Cruise Missile-:.: i.-.ss:a: army has at present no=:-.','alent to the American land-:-:j :rurse mrssrle, although it has::=:. rehably reported that the Rus--::i are currently rn the early stages:: :=s:.ne' such a missile with a range rn::-,: ::Cer of 2000-3000 km (1,240-1,865.--:s) The missile will apparently be:=p:bie of berng launched from shrps,-ir:arrnes, aircraft or mobile land-::s:d launchers along the hnes of the-:-:::errcan BGM-109 Tomahawk family.lreratronal deployment is not thought.-


19/24

Surface-to-Surface Mis sile s!S-3 Heavy ICBM Missile System (continued)-: r:ron chargte near them.:-: numbers of SS-9s deployed-..::d at 308 rn the penod 1972-4, but--:--led from then as the first of the. =: largrer SS-18 iCBMs became,=rrtLonal, By l9BO-1 the SS-9 had

. -::, totally replaced in therr silos on a.=-:cr-one basis, although it rs known-= -8 launch pads remarn operational,' :e Tyuratam space centre to launch= F-l-r It is also likely that several

F- i -m missrles remain avatlable for usein a strategic nuclear exchange.SpecificationSS-9 'Scarp'Lengrth: Model I 34.5 m (113 ft 27q rn);Model 2 34.5 m (113 fi Zt/q tn), Model 435.0 m ( 1 14 ft 10 rn)Diameter: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in)weisht: 200000 ks (440 920 lb)Warhead type: Model I srngle 25-

megaton thermonuclear Mociel 2 s-:.:-le 2O-megaton rhermonuclear 1tl: ::. =three 3.S-megraton MRVsRange: Models i and 2 I 1000 km i: :::mrles) Model 4 .l2O0O km rl -J: r.-...:.-CEP: Models t and 2 740 m (B 10 vards'Model 4 IB5O m i2.025 yards;Launch facility: hardened srlcLaunch: hot typePropellant tlpe/gmidance: ILqurd.inertial

Ftrcr ai'ie --. '.^l^L-i-.--..^---ru!o; -..,:i-.:: .,be dep.c','ec::.subs:a-: ::a- .: ';--:: -bers.:rei-i-!:::-riF.l . .re-. ::mega:c.:'.,, =::.eaa^/ lht-e . -megratc.:_',Li, s .':has noz'Lee:.:=-piaced b.;- :-: s SJ-18.E Ht-rI Lishtweisht ICBM System

.:-e SS-ll (NATO reportlng nameSego') was rnrroduced rnto servrce in:i6. By 1970 some 970 had been de-: .-yed, making this the most numer-;s of all ICBMs deployed. The two-. age storable hquid-propellant mrs-,.-+ was developed rn Jour versrons.':-e basic Model I with a single RV, theModel 2 flrst seen in the late i96Os but,,:n-operational although fitted wrth a,-:gle RV and advanced penerration=-ds, the Model 3 deployed rn 1973',','rth three MRVs and the Model 4::en in the late I970s wrth three or srx:mall MiRVs but not deployed oper-:tronaily.By 1975 the number of the deployedSS-ll Model 1 and Model 3 variantslropped slightly to 960 as the first of:he SS-17 and SS-19 replacement sys-:emswere fielded By 1977 the numberrad dropped to 850 and then by 1979 toi50. By mid-1982 the number had sta-bilized at around 570 with only a smallrumber believed to be of the Model 3ype. In March 1983 the number hadCropped to 550 as the first 20 of andditional 50 MIRVed SS-19 Modei 3sdeployed to suitable SS-11 silos.y the mid-l9BOs the Soviets will havetheir present ICBM mod-programme and wtll have aof 520 SS-1 1, 60 SS-13, 150 SS-17,SS-IB and 360 SS-19 third- andICBMs rn serviceSS-11 has been rdentrfied at themrssile fleld locattons: De-Kozelek Teykovo, Kostroma,Gladkaya, Drovyanava, Olor,ry-and Svobodnyy.The SS-11 has been periodicailyin the Moscow mrlitary paradesonly enclosed in a tubular contain,carrred on the rear of a wheeiedcombination. The onlyfeatures of the missile to beare four thrust nozzles on the firstand the tip ofthe nose cone. Theis believed to be raised tovertical over a srlo for loading. Thecredrt the SS- I I force withhmited reload capability as the hot-missrle rs accommodateda launch container inside theand the srlo desrgn are com-to the SS-11 SS-17, SS-18 and SS-systems, and ltmit damage duringignrtion and launch Re-and reloadrng probablyseveral days. Provision for the de-of reserve missiles warheadspropellants to a number of SS-11SS-19 hot-launch ICBM com-together with all the cold,SS-17 and SS-18 missrles rsto exist None ol lhe extra mrs-or warheads rs reckoned underSALT agreements, only the laun-being counted.

We in theWest still have only a roughidea of what SS- I I looks like, but thists themrssiTe ttralhas smce J 966m-creasingly been targeted on everycity, airfield and port inWestemEurope. By 1 972 there were 970known SS- I I silos, with 66 more thenbeing built. Over 1,000 are still avail-able, each with three 30A-kilotonieads.SpecificationSS-Il'Sego'Lengrh: 20 0 m (65 ft 7rl:)Diameter: 2 5 m (B fl ZVz rn)weight: 45000 kq (99,205 tb)Warhead type: Model I single 950-kiioton RV Model 3 three 25O-kilotonMRVsRange: Model I BB00 km (5,470 miles)Model 3 9600 km (5,965 miles)CEP: Model 1 l4O0m (1,530 yards);Model 3 1ll0 m (1,215 yards)Launch facility: hardened srloLaunch: hot type (limited reload capa-btlity)Propellant type/guidance: liquid,/rner-tialPictured from left to right:SS-4 was operational in 1 959 but ftasbeen superseded by SS-20.,SS-5, nextgenera tion missile,deployed from )96 L Rapidly beingreplaced bySS-20.SS- 1 I , first deployed in I 966, at onetime the most numerous ICBM withalmost 1000 in place.SS-9, once flre /a rgest ICBM, nowreplaced by the even larger SS-1 L

.1:


20/24

L SS-13 and 55-16 Lightweight ICBM Missile Systems-.-.= SS-13 a:C SS-16 are the flrst solid-: :-:=-ra:: ICBMs ic have been de-.::r i'. rh= Scvrets probably by'-= '.'li Nadradze mrssile desrgn. -r.=i- :nai specralzes rn such sohd-

- -=- :--ssiles The SS- l3 (NATO report-,.-.: :.1:e'Savage') was first deployed. , -::: aLthouqrh tt was actually first-.==:, -:'r publtc Ln 1965. By 1970 the,-.-:--.:r deployed operationally had:,:=:- :: 20. wLth 40 operational in l97l..--: :he maxLmum 60 the following..=:r The SS-13 is deployed in the-:--::kar Ola missile fleld The 60 mis-:-,=s are certain to serve into the late-::-s before replacement is under-':.::n The three-staQte inertially-,..-^-:ed mrssile rs stated to be compa-:-rle r,vrth the Minuteman mrssile in'=:i:.s of performance and capabilities.-:.: upper two stages of the SS-i3'.'.:le used rn the development ol theSS-14 'Scapegoat' mobile IRBM sys-:r-ir 1978 the second-generatlon-lBM due to be the SS-13s replace-:.:nt rs stated to have attarned oper-::-rna1 status after evaluatron between.:r2 and 1975 This missile, the 55-16S:';ret desrgnation RS-14), was not::bsequently deployed, although::ne 60 were burlt. The three-stageSS-16 has an advanced Enridance sys-:m beheved tc be of the stellar-.:.ertial type, and a post-boost bus'.':nicle usually associated with MIRVs,

However, the mssrle carries only asingle RV. The SS-16 rs considered tobe launchable from erther a silo or amobile tractor-erector-launcher vehL-cle, most American defence sourcestending to support the latter. No reloadcapabilrty for the system is believed toexist, The upper two stages of the SS-16 have been used to form the SS-20mobile IRBM mssiieSpecificationss-t3Lengnh: 20.0 m (65 ft 77: rn)Diameter: I7m(5ft7rn)Weisht: 34000 kg (74,955 lb)Warhead type: single 600-kiloton RVRange: 8000 km (4 970 miles)CEP: 1850 m (2,025 yards)Launch facility: siloLaunch: hot typePropellant type/guidance: sohd/inertialSpecificationss-16Length: 20 5 m (67 ft 3 Ln)Diameter: 1.7 m (5 ft 7 rn)weight: 36000 kq (79,365 lb)Warhead tyge: sinqrle 650-krloton RVRange: 8750 km (5,435 mrles)CEP: 14BO m (525 yards)Launch facility: srlo or mobrle launcherLaunch: hot typePropellant type/gnudance: sohd/stellar-rnertia I

Only a few (about 60) were put intoserrice of tlre SS- I 3, the tirst of theS ov e t U nion's s olid -pr opellantslralegicmissrTes. Sma//er flan SS-I I, it is very like a Minuteman III, andhas a launchweightof34 tonnes andrange of over 8000 km (5,000 miles),usually carrying a warhead of 600-ktyield.

Right: SS-l,7, anaccuratelCBMwhichreplacessome olderS,S-l.lmr'ssr'/es.

L Hil-rz Lishtweisht ICBM Missile System-:e SS-I7 Sovret desrgnatron RS-16)'.'.'ls flrst deployed rn i975 as thes::ond two-staqe storable hquid-:lcpellant successor to part of the SS-- - Sego force, theotherpartbeingthe-iS-19 The SS-17 is slightly longer than:---e SS- I I and has an rncreased'.:lume. The most important features,:.:',r,'ever are rts cold-launch technr-::e and, rn its Model I and Model 3::rns the four-MIRV warhead tt car-:-:s The Model 2 rntroduced rn i977:.as a singtle medrum-yreld thermonu-:rear warhead, whilst the Model 3 was.:-:roduced rn the early 1980s because:: rts rncreased accuracy over the].l:del I version, The number of the:-::erent versrons fielded was 20 Mod-:- 2 plus 130 Model I and Model 3- ltsMs rn mrd- 1983, No further upgrad-.:.; :f the SS-17 force is envrsagred for

the foreseeable future Two missileflelds contaLn the SS-]7: Yedrovo andKostroma.The accuracy of the iorce makesfeasrble attacks on some hardenedAmerrcan tarqrets The use of theMIRVed warhead allows a srngleModel I or Model 3 mrssrle to attacktndividual tarqets throughout an areacovenng several tens of thousands ofsquare mrles whereas the oider SovietSS-1ls equipped wrth MRVs can onlyattack a srngle tarqret wLthrn a fewthousand square krlometres by creat-ing a nuclear explosion footprrnt'atound rt wlth tls warheads to maxi-mrze the blast and radratron damaqe.The SS-17 has yet to appear at a Mos-cow parade.

Specificationss-17Lengrth: 24.0 m (78 ft 9 rn)Diameter: 2.5 m (8 fI 21/z tn)weisht: 65000 kq (143 300 lb)Warhead type: Model I four 750-kiloton MIRVs; Model 2 single 6-megaton thermonuclear RV; Model 3four 750-krloton MIRVsRange: Model I 10000 km (6,215 miles),Model 2 11000 km (6 835 miles); Model3 10000 km (6,215 miies)CEP: Model I 440 m (4BO yards); Modei2 425m (465 yards)t Model 3 350m(385 yards)Launch facility: hardened srioLaunch: cold type (confirmed reloadcapabrlrty)Propellant tlpe/gn:idance: liqurd./rner-tral.

ss-/7

I Ht-re Heavy ICBM Missile System-:,: SS-I8 heavy ICBM (Sovret de-: j:.j-ron RS-20) entered service in its,:.-:--l iorm Ln 1974. Since then three::,:: ','ersrons have been deployed,:.- Model 2 rn 1976, the Model3 in 1977..*,: ::e Model 4 in 1979. By 1980-1 the: -:'.'elsLons had replaced the 308 SS-: :--:s:les In mid-1982 the number::=:.,i- r.n for the four versions wasl.l- r:ls I and 3 total 26, Model 2 total- : - ::.i Model 4 total 120. In l9B3 it was.==::.: :lat the Model 4 was continuing' :=:.,:e rhe Model 2 rn a progressive-:;::i:ng of the ss-18 force. TheI.l-:=l - carries a single 27-megaton.'. =::-:aC ',vh1lst the lonqer-ranqe and.-.:,::-.':ci-accuracy Model 3 carries a..:.;.: 2 - -megaton warhead. The Mod--. - :...: a spln-stabllized computer-: . :::..:C ',varhead bus carryrng B to. :,,-


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SS- 18 Heavy ICBM Missile System (continued))rameter: 3.0 m (9 ft 10 rn),'/eisht: 225000 kq (496,030 lb),'/arhead type: Model stngle 27-':qaton RV; Model 2 B 1O 9OO-ktlotonI.liRVs Model 3 stngle 20-megaton: .' Model 4 l0 500 kiloton MIRVsRange: Model 1 12000 km (7,455 mrles);l.l:del 2 11000 km (6,835 mrles); Modeli 16000km (9,940 miles); Model 4

11000 km (6.835 mLles)CEP: Model I 425 m (465 yards). ModelZ 425m (465 yards); Model 3 35Om(385 yards) Model 4 260 m (285 yards)Launch facility: hardened stloLaunch: cold type (conflrmed reloadcapabrlity)Propellant type/gnridance: liquid/rnertlallillctrIn.iti'ltill

e.t-I

[-+--

:ttr

F:k

-S!,ia.;:a:-

t Hil-rg Lishtweisht ICBM Missile System-re SS-19 (Sovret desrqtnatton RS-18):ntered servrce in 1975 as the ftrst of:re SS-li 'Sego' replacements, the,ther berng the SS 17. The SS-19 rs a:-,vo-stage hqurd-propellant mlsstle'..;rth an onboard computer, a MIRVcayload and a combrned 'fly the-wire'-nertial quldance systenr srmilar to thatitted on the SS l7 and SS-18 missrles.The computer determines the devta-trons from the preprogrammed courseand erther corrects it or computes anew course rf the circumstances re-qurre it. The SS-19 Ls shghtly larger:han the SS 17 and has been flelded in:hree versrons: the basrc Model I wLthsx MIRVs, the Model 2 (deployed in1978) with a srnqle hLgh-yteld thermonuclear warhead, and the rmprovedaccuracy Model 3 (rntroduced rn 198O)wrth the same MIRV payload as theorLginal versron. In 198I the numbers ofeach version deployed were lB0 Mod-el 1, 40 Model 2 and BO Model3 ICBMsBy 1982 the Model 3 total had rnen to90 and rn March l9B3 the totals were180 Model l. 80 Model 2 and 110 Model3 mrssrles. A further 30 Model 3s wrll bedeployed to replace SS-11 Sego sys-tems by I9B5 to grve a final SS- 19 forcelevel of 360 The SS-19 mrssLle fleldsare located in the DerazhnynaKozeisk, Perrromayek and TatLschche-vo areasBecause of its accuracy the Model 3together with the most accurate ver-sions of the SS I B are consrdered to becounterforce weapons capabLe of des-troyrng practlcally all the Amerrcanhardened mrssrle sjlos by usrng a -wowarhead-to-one srlo ratio

The Sovtets in thetr weapon Im-provement programmes follow an tn-cremental policyt they Lmprove thosecomponents of the system thal Iequlreimprovrng whrlst retainrnq those por-trons that have demonstrated thelr re-liabLlity to a satisfactory level. For thecurrent ICBM force thrs poltcY hasmeant a consrderable improvement Lnboth rts rehabilrty and capabrlrtres Thefourth-generatron SS-17, SS lB and SS-l9 deploymenl was primartly Lnro con-verted thrrd-generatron srlos. Duringthe process of converston the sllohardness was greatly enhanced to im-prove he survivabrltty factor extstinqcommunlcatlons syslems were up-graded and where necessary newones added and sLlo based launch-controL factltttes built.Specificationss- 19Lengrth: 22 5 m (73 ft 9",1 rn)Diameter: 2.75 m (9 ft 0'/r Ln)Weight: 78000 kg (171 960 ]b)Warhead type: Mcdel L sr-r 55O-kLLotonMIRVs: Model 2 s-rgle l0 meqatonthermonuclear Rv- Moce] 3 sL: 55ikrloton MIRVsRange: Mcdel , 963t-l km (i 96: n:les)Model 2 1lirCi krn (6 215 r::les) MoCel3 10000 km (6 215 mLles)CEP: lv{oiel I 39C m (125 yarcis) Model2 26C m (285 vards) Mode] 28C m(305 yards)Launch facility: hardened stloLaunch: hot type (limrted reload capa-bLlrty)Propellant type/gruidance: ItquLd'inerhaln H3-zo Mobile IRBM system

Desrgn of the operatlonaystrateglc- 07:rn) long, 1.4m (4ft 7tn) dLameterlevelmobileSS-20IRBMsystembegan SS-15 utilized the same transporter-rnabout 1967asthelong-termreplace erector-launcher vehicle as the SS-14ment for the SS-4 and SS 5 mtssiles but was contained tn a 19 m (62 ft 4 tn)TheSS-2Oprogrammewasallocatedto lonq tubular contalner-launcher thatthe VN Nadradze design bureau, had to be elevated to the vertical forwhich specralizes rn buildrnqt sohd firrng. The SS-15 had a 5630-km (3 500-propellant misstles. The design mile)ranqe, carrledaOOO-kllotonwar-bureau had already some experience head and had a CEP value about theLn developrng mobrle IRBM systems as same as that of the SS- 14. Both systemsthe brrefly deployed SS-14'scapegoat' were deployed rn hmrted numbers inand SS-I5'Scrooge' IRBM systems SovretCentralAsiaadlacenttothebor-showed The SS-14 carrted in a con- der wtth Chinatarner nicknamed the lron Matden The SS-20, basrcally the flrst twowas deployed on a consrderably mod- stages of the solid-propellant SS- 16Lfied lS-lll heavy tank chassrs that ICBM had rts flrst fltgtht test in 1974 Byserved as the transporter-erector- 1977 rt had entered service with thelauncher vehrcle. The whole system Strateglc Rocket Forces and was soonwas known by the NATO reportinq deployed wrth each of the sx Rocketname 'scarnp'. The 10.7 m (35 ft 1% rn) Armres that compose these forces. Thelong, I 5 m (4 ft 7 rn) diameter mtssrle SS-20s are rn su major base groupingswas rnertially gnlded, had a maximum located in three geographLcal areas ofrange of 3540 km (2 200 mrles) and car- the USSR namely the western USSRrLed a 6OO-klloton yield warhead. The lust east of the Ural Mountalns and theCEP value was around IB00 m (1,970 Soviet Far East The mobtle launchers','ards). The 'Scapegoat was basrcally are grouped toelether Ln brLqtades of:': trst two skqes af thg-sp r3 991!9 ,!j!? !aylc!,er.t9ns2ar::r v9!-:9.)?:


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ICBM Nuclear Warhead Development

..- :: :- : -burst explosion. Wth the:-: ,' ::::e. gu dance systems terminal'.'eased and thls allowed the: .,;rheads to be retargeted as: -'s: wea pons agai n st point targets:s :- e.emy s mLlitary and political:: , :ommand. control and com-:^s C'l facil ties located n deeply:r '-J hardened underqround bunker: ='=. )estructron of some or all of-:: ':: : es would cause consrderable'-: :- :^d delay to the opposing side in. -.a.' exchange until new lines ol- - :.^r :.d control could be activated.

S :ng le R e- entry Vehicles (SRVs).iarly generation single warheads2:rburst over their targets to achieve.e',,astation by blast. Later more.ccurate warheads were designed to;: o u n d bur s t ag ains t h ar dene d:arErefs. such as sr7os or commandc::rkers.

blast damage caused; the resulting patternof nuclear explosions is known as the nuc-lear footprint. The USA deployed this typeof warhead only on its Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile force and did notuse it on any ICBM.

.- -: :a\.' s ng e re-enlry vehicle,:: : :-J:-\'e d relat vely inaccurater r:: :^:l 1o ce used against large:: :;-:::s sJCh as c t es or industrial: ::::: :v lc devastate such targets:: :5ast e'fect. which rs. -::S-'eC rn pounds per Square:::.e ihe target to give what is

-: :.:'3.essure 1r.e. pressure qrea-- -,'-. atmospheric). Such war-'.: - . r TOSt Certainly be detonated NffiMultiple Re-entry Vehicles (MRV s).Each missile could deliver a numberof warheads (usually three) whosecombined airburst footprint couldobliterate a city.The USA decided to freid the mult pleindependently-targeted re-entry vehicleiMIRV)warhead system lnstead. The MIRVis highly accurate and independentlytargeted, whch means that each MIRV-equipped missi e can engage a number ofwidely separated targets equivalent to thenumber of M RV warheads it carrles. Theaccuracy of the N,4lBV s usually sufficientfor the carry ng missile to be targetedagainst the enemy's hardened m ssile silos.Usual y two warheads are assigned fromdifferent missrles n a cross-targeting tech-

There was a time when threatened nuclear force seemed fo consrst ofa srnErleblunt instrument of undeniable devastation. But defence strategrsts andscjent ifs have now developed a range of warheads, and methods of deliverywhich have greatly complicated ffte djscussjons of nuclear comparability andsecurity.nrque in order to ensure that the kill prob-ability approaches the certainty value. Boththe Soviets and the Americans use MIRVequipped lCBMs. The current Soviet SS-18Model4 and SS-19 Model3 MlRVed ICBMsare considered to be the world's most lethalmissiies in terms of accuracy, and given thenumbers deployed the Russians can des-troy most of the American MlnutemanICBM {orce in therr sitos by erpendrng or ya tractron o, lhe warheddb they carry for atrrsLstrike situationThe Americans, however, have developed a follow-on to the MIRV. This isknowr as the nanoeuv'rng .e ertry vel rcle(MARV), ano ,s caoaole oorh of rnf I gnt raroeuvrinq to avoid anti'miss le def ences andol terrrrra. in.atmosprere gu darce ro grvevery low CEP (circular error probable, a me-asure of statistica accuracy) values in theorder of tens of mentres. The

:-: lSA and USSR currently haver'::3d w th thermonuclearwarheads' : e-t accuracy to achieve these re-:::acKS against soft city, industrial:r1 targets were then, in the caseS:, et CBM force, assiqned to the:= : :f u poed wrth a multiple re-entry: = \,'lV) package as the payload. This,: .: ', provides for landing severalwar-:= -sJai y two or three, which have:'j::i n the final stage of the flighl in::-: 3'ea as the target to maximize the

Multiple Independently-targeted Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs). Theindependent accurate targetingof a number of warheads enables MIRVs tobe groundburst against hardened targets.

M anoeuvr ab Ie R e - en try Ve h icles(MARVs). Eachwarhead has anability to manoeuvre itself throughdefences and onfo its assjgredtarget.for the MARV is available for eventual de-ployment on all American strategic balltsticmissile systems if required.The Americans also have available thetechnology of the Pershing il earthpenetrator theatre nuclear missile war-heads. lf the Americans were to combinethe low-yield earth-penetrator design withMARV technology then the possibility isopened up of the eventual deployment ofan ICBM carrying a large number (20 ormore) of super accurate warheads capableof attacking any type of target. Such a de-velopment would have a considerab eeffect on the strategic forces of both sidesas a radical rethlnking of f ixed-base missllesand command {aclltres would have to beu nderta ken.

SS-20 continuedr.. r :.:.::a:ance base As rn the case- '.-= -:-r:ttcan ground-iaunched,: -,:= :.-ssrle the launchers would in':.=: ,: -rn-rent conflict move by:, : : :- -.'.',i:l',' dtspersed presurveyed.- .:.1:. .r.;.: :- ensure the minrmum::r:r -:- ::-: :rertral quidance launch

- =:--- :S-2, is carrLed on the rear of a' .-. - : .'= -. :le Ln a tubular contarner:, a: elevated to the vertrcall.-.::: cther wheeled vehr--!-::: the SS-20 system, one- ::Lcad round whilst the::::-,'ihe launch control, test,:s a:i communrcatron sys----'.' - :3 I ihe number of SS-20:=c-:','eC ',Yas about 250 (175'.'.'::: :arJeted agalnst NATO-:. ::-i-Nlarch l9B3 the num-:-:=: r. more than 330, of:.= ::, "';ere targeted aQtainst

NATO. ']'he Russrans are also known tobe developing an SS-20 follow-on forserurce ln the late l980s or early 1990s.This has been tentatively identrfied asthe SS-X-28 IRBM system.Specificationss-20Length: 16,0 m (52 ft 6 in)Diameter: 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)Weisht: 25000 kq (55, I l5 lb)Warhead type: Model I single 650-kiloton nuclear RV, Model 2 three 150-kiloton nuclear MIRVs; Model 3 single50-krloton nuclear RVRange: Model I 5000 km (3, 105 miles)Model 2 5000 km (3, 105 miles); Model37000 km (4,350 miles)CEP: 425 m (465 yards)Launch facility: wheeled transporter-erector-launcherLaunch: cold type (reload capabilityconfirmed)Propellant type/gnridance: solid,zrnertial

SS-20 is being deployed in increasing numbers in Europe and the Far East.The US Department of Defensevisualizes highly mobileunits operatingfromeasily prepared concealed positions, as shown here.


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Armed Forces of the World

Proportionally, Sweden is one of the mosthighly-taxed nations on Earth, and a greatproportion of the revenue is spent on defence.Sweden is not a member of NATO but has aborder with the USSR, and the terrain forms auseful method of entry to both Norway andhe Baltic to the south. The country has richmineral resources but the terrain is hostile tooth attackers and defenders alike, and foruch of the year the climate is cold to anand wet for much of the rest. Toaintain their neutrality the Swedes use aof conscription followed by recallthe forces at intervals, coupled with a well-and well established system of Homeand local defence units. Sweden has aarmaments industry which suppliesall its armed forces' equipment.

armyarmy maintains only a small cadre of aboutregulars, who are used to train theor so conscripts who pass throughhands at any one time To train this f lowrecruits the army maintains about bO train-establishments for all arms of the force,large and well-protected depots full ofready for use. ln an emergency thecould suddenly be expanded to no less700,000 men, with a furrher 'i 00,000turning out for Home Guard duties. Towould be added about 100 independentbattalions, between 400 and 500 inde-companies and a large number ofHome Guard units all operating undergeneral control of 26 Local Defence Dis-To maintain sL,ppl,es in an emergency thema


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War Machine 2

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