War, Culture and Society, 1750– 1850Series Editors: Rafe Blaufarb (Tallahassee, USA), Alan Forrest (York, UK), and Karen Hagemann (Chapel Hill, USA)

Editorial Board: Michael Broers (Oxford, UK), Christopher Bayly (Cambridge, UK), Richard Bessel (York, UK), Sarah Chambers (Minneapolis, USA), Laurent Dubois (Durham, USA), Etienne François (Berlin, Germany), Janet Hartley (London, UK), Wayne Lee (Chapel Hill, USA), Jane Rendall (York, UK), Reinhard Stauber (Klagenfurt, Austria)

Titles include:

Richard Bessel, Nicholas Guyatt and Jane Rendall (editors)WAR, EMPIRE AND SLAVERY, 1770– 1830

Eveline G. BouwersPUBLIC PANTHEONS IN REVOLUTIONARY EUROPEComparing Cultures of Remembrance, c. 1790– 1840

Michael Broers, Agustin Guimera and Peter Hick (editors)THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE AND THE NEW EUROPEAN POLITICAL CULTURE

Gavin DalyTHE BRITISH SOLDIER IN THE PENINSULAR WAREncounters with Spain and Portugal, 1808– 1814

Charles J. Esdaile and Philip FreemanBURGOS IN THE PENINSULAR WAR, 1808– 1814Occupation, Siege, Aftermath

Alan Forrest, Etienne François and Karen Hagemann (editors)WAR MEMORIESThe Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture

Alan Forrest, Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (editors)SOLDIERS, CITIZENS AND CIVILIANSExperiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790– 1820

Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (editors)THE BEE AND THE EAGLENapoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806

Rasmus Glenthøj and Morten Nordhagen OttosenEXPERIENCES OF WAR AND NATIONALITY IN DENMARK AND NORWAY, 1807– 1815

Marion F. GodfroyKOUROU AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A FRENCH AMERICA

Karen Hagemann, Gisela Mettele and Jane Rendall (editors)GENDER, WAR AND POLITICSTransatlantic Perspectives, 1755– 1830

Janet M. Hartley, Paul Keenan and Dominic Lieven (editors)RUSSIA AND THE NAPOLEONIC WARS

Leighton JamesWITNESSING THE REVOLUTIONARY AND NAPOLEONIC WARS IN GERMAN CENTRAL EUROPE

Catriona KennedyNARRATIVES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY AND NAPOLEONIC WARSMilitary and Civilian Experience in Britain and Ireland

Catriona Kennedy and Matthew McCormack (editors)SOLDIERING IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 1750– 1850Men of Arms

Ralph KingstonBUREAUCRATS AND BOURGEOIS SOCIETYOffi ce Politics and Individual Credit, France 1789– 1848

Mark LawrenceSPAIN’S FIRST CARLIST WAR, 1833– 40

Kevin LinchBRITAIN AND WELLINGTON’S ARMYRecruitment, Society and Tradition, 1807– 1815

J.R. MooresREPRESENTATIONS OF FRANCE IN ENGLISH SATIRICAL PRINTS 1740– 1832

Julia OsmanCITIZEN SOLDIERS AND THE KEY TO THE BASTILLE

Pierre Serna, Antonino De Francesco and Judith MillerREPUBLICS AT WAR, 1776– 1840Revolutions, Confl icts and Geopolitics in Europe and the Atlantic World

Marie- Cécile ThoralFROM VALMY TO WATERLOOFrance at War, 1792– 1815

Mark WishonGERMAN FORCES AND THE BRITISH ARMYInteractions and Perceptions, 1742– 1815

Christine WrightWELLINGTON’S MEN IN AUSTRALIAPeninsular War Veterans and the Making of Empire c. 1820– 40

War, Culture and Society, 1750– 1850Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–54532–8 (hardback) 978–0–230–54533–5 (paperback)(outside North America only)

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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Russia and the Napoleonic WarsEdited by

Janet M. HartleyLondon School of Economics and Political Science, UK

Paul KeenanLondon School of Economics and Political Science, UK

and

Dominic LievenTrinity College, University of Cambridge, UK

Selection and editorial matter © Janet M. Hartley, Paul Keenan and Dominic Lieven 2015All remaining chapters © Respective authors 2015

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v

Contents

List of Tables vii

Acknowledgements viii

Notes on Contributors ix

General Maps xiv

Introduction 1Dominic Lieven

1 International Relations in the Napoleonic Era: The Long View 12Dominic Lieven

2 Cicero and Aristotle: Cultural Imperialism and the Napoleonic Geography of Empire 28Michael Broers

3 Napoleon’s Vision of Empire and the Decision to Invade Russia 43Alan Forrest

4 Russian Perspectives on European Order: ‘Review of the Year 1819’ 57Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter

5 Alexander I, Talleyrand and France’s Future in 1814 70 Marie- Pierre Rey

6 Russia and Britain in International Relations in the Period 1807– 1812 84Aleksandr A. Orlov

7 Russia, Napoleon and the Threat to British India 97David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye

8 Factions and In- fi ghting among Russian Generals in the 1812 Era 106Viktor M. Bezotosnyi

9 The ‘Maid of Orleans’ of the Russian Army: Prince Eugen of Württemberg in the Napoleonic Wars 119Denis A. Sdvizhkov

10 The Finances of the Russian Empire in the Period of the Patriotic War of 1812 and of the Foreign Campaigns of the Russian Army 136Liudmila P. Marnei

vi Contents

11 Patriotism in the Provinces in 1812: Volunteers and Donations 148Janet M. Hartley

12 The Russian Imperial Court and Victory Celebrations during the Early Napoleonic Wars 163Paul Keenan

13 Orthodox Russia against ‘Godless’ France: The Russian Church and the ‘Holy War’ of 1812 179Liubov Melnikova

14 The Enemy behind Our Backs? The Occupation of the Duchy of Warsaw 1813– 1814 196Andrzej Nieuwazny

15 Heroes of the Napoleonic Wars in the Ruling Elite of the Russian Empire 211Grigorii Bibikov

16 The 1812 War and the Civilizing Process in Russia 228Alexander M. Martin

17 The Patriotic War of 1812 in the Commemorative Practices and Historical Memory of Russian Society from the Nineteenth to the Early Twenty- First Centuries 243Tatiana Saburova

Index 258

vii

15.1 Appointments to the State Council in the period between 1801 and 1881 213

15.2 Appointments to the Committee of Ministers in the period between 1802 and 1855 213

List of Tables

viii

This volume arises from the international conference ‘Russia and the Napoleonic Wars’, which took place at the former country estate of the Lieven family at Mezotnes (Mesothen), Latvia, 15– 18 May 2014. The pur-pose of the conference was to bring together scholars from Western Europe and North America with scholars from Russia and Eastern Europe to cre-ate a forum in which ideas could be exchanged and scholarship on the Napoleonic era taken forward. The combination of the end of the Soviet Union and a number of bicentenaries celebrating key moments in Franco- Russian relations has led to a flourishing of new scholarship in Russia; at the same time, new research in archives has led to new interpretations of this period by scholars in many countries. Language has, however, sometimes been a barrier to the exchange of ideas: Russian scholarship has not always reached a Western audience; new directions in foreign scholarship have not always been accessible to Russian scholars. This was overcome at this confer-ence by translating all the papers in advance and by the use of interpreters. The conference was a great success. Twenty- four papers were given by schol-ars from eight countries and 17 of those papers have been selected here. All 24 papers were published in Russian by the Russian State Historical Museum in late 2014 as a special volume, entitled Rossiia i Napoleonovskie voiny and edited by Viktor Bezotosnyi, in the series Epokha 1812 goda: Issledovaniia, istochniki, istoriografiia.

The conference organizers from the United Kingdom were Janet M. Hartley and Paul Keenan from the London School of Economics and Political Science and Dominic Lieven from Trinity College Cambridge (and LSE IDEAS). The conference organizer from Russia was Viktor Bezotosnyi from the Russian State Historical Museum, Moscow. The conference would not have been such a success without the organizational skills of Liza Ryan from LSE IDEAS. Above all, the editors wish to thank Dr Frederik Paulsen, whose generosity set up the Paulsen programme within IDEAS at the London School of Economics and Political Science and funded this conference in Latvia in full.

Note: dates are normally given in the Old style in the papers on Russia, that is, according to the Julian calendar which was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar in the nineteenth century. Where there may be confu-sion, dates are given in both Old and New style.

Acknowledgements

ix

Notes on Contributors

Viktor M. Bezotosnyi is Doctor of Historical Sciences and Director of a sec-tion of the State Historical Museum, Moscow, and the winner of the Russian State award for Culture. He is a military historian of the Napoleonic Wars who has written seven books and more than 300 articles on the Napoleonic era. His books (all in Russian) include The Don Generalitet and the Ataman Platov (1999), 1812: Reconnaissance and Military Plans (2005), The Cossacks in Paris in 1814 (2007) and Recollections by Contemporaries of the Epoch of 1812 (2011). He is the compiler and editor of the monumental volume The Patriotic War of 1812: A Biographical Dictionary and the main editor of the annual series of volumes entitled The Patriotic War of 1812.

Grigorii Bibikov is Candidate of Sciences and a senior researcher at the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences, and a military historian of the Napoleonic Wars. He is the author of a recent major biography of Benkendorff: A. Kh. Benkendorf and the Policy of the Emperor Nicholas I (2009) (in Russian), and a number of articles and chapters on the army and central administration in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.

Michael Broers is Professor of Western European History at Oxford University. He has been a visiting member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and has written eight books, one of which, The Napoleonic Empire in Italy, 1796– 1814: Cultural Imperialism in a European Context? (2005), won the Prix Napoléon in 2006. His most recent book is Napoleon: Soldier of Destiny, the first of a two- volume biography, which was published in March 2014.

Alan Forrest is Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the University of York. He works on modern French history, especially the period of the Revolution and Empire, and on the history of modern warfare. Recent publi-cations include Napoleon’s Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire (2002), Paris, the Provinces and the French Revolution (2004), The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation- in- Arms in French Republican Memory (2009), Napoleon: Life, Legacy and Image (2011), and Waterloo (2015). He is co- author, with Jean- Paul Bertaud and Annie Jourdan, of Napoléon, le monde et les Anglais: Guerre des mots et des images (2004). His edited works include: Napoleon and His Empire, with Philip G. Dwyer (2007); The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, with Peter H. Wilson (2008); Soldiers, Citizens and Civilians: Experiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790– 1820, with Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (2009);

x Notes on Contributors

and War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture, with Etienne François and Karen Hagemann (2012).

Janet M. Hartley is Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She has written extensively on eighteenth- and nineteenth- century Russian history and Anglo- Russian rela-tions including Guide to Documents and Manuscripts in the United Kingdom Relating to Russia and the Soviet Union (1987), Alexander I  (1994, translated into Russian in 1998), A  Social History of the Russian Empire, 1650– 1825 (1999), Charles Whitworth: Diplomat in the Age of Peter the Great (2002), and Russia, 1762– 1825: Military Power, the State and the People (2008). Her most recent book, reflecting her current research interests, is Siberia: a History of the People (2014).

Paul Keenan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science, where he has taught since 2004. His research examines the social and cultural development of Russia during the ‘long’ eighteenth century. He has written recently on the appearance, attitudes and social activities of the Russian court in this period. His first monograph, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, 1703– 1761 (2013), examined the question of Russia’s ‘Europeanization’ in this period through the prism of its new ‘European’ capital and the cultural life of the ruler’s court. His new project studies the Russian court during the reign of Alexander I, with particular emphasis on its role as a (contested) centre of official culture and identity during the Napoleonic Wars.

Dominic Lieven is a Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge (since 2011) and Fellow of the British Academy (since 2001). He was a Lecturer and then Professor at LSE from 1978 until 2011. He is the author of seven monographs and the editor of the Cambridge History of Russia vol.2 (Imperial Russia). Russia against Napoleon: The Struggle for Europe: 1807– 1814 (2009), won the Wolfson Prize, the Prix de la Fondation Napoléon and has been translated and published in eleven languages. His recent book is Towards the Flame. Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (2015). His areas of interest are imperial Russian foreign and military policy, international history, empires and emperors.

Liudmila P. Marnei is Candidate of Sciences and a senior researcher at the Slavonic Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and is a nineteenth- century economic historian. She is the author of D. A. Gur’ev and the Finances and Policies of Russia at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century (2001) (in Russian) and a number of articles and chapters on trade and economics in Russia and Eastern Europe in the time of the Napoleonic Wars.

Alexander M. Martin is Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame (Indiana, USA). He works on the social, cultural and intellectual

Notes on Contributors xi

history of pre- Reform Russia, and is the author of Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I (1997) and Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762– 1855 (2013).

Liubov Melnikova is Candidate of Sciences at the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences, and is a historian of the Orthodox Church. She is the author of The Russian Orthodox Church and the Patriotic War of 1812 (2002), The Army and the Orthodox Church of the Russian Empire in the Napoleonic Wars (2007), The Russian Orthodox Church and the Crimean War (2012) (all in Russian), and many articles and chapters on the Orthodox Church in wartime, on Napoleonic propaganda, and on the diplomacy and personality of Alexander I.

Andrzej Nieuwazny sadly died in June 2015 before the publication of this volume. He was Professor at the Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun. He is a historian of Poland during the Napoleonic period and has a particular interest in the legacy of the wars for Polish identity. He is the author and/or editor of eight books in Polish on the Poland in the period of the Napoleonic Wars. He also wrote, in English, the article ‘Napoleon and Polish Identity: How Bonaparte Has Retained His Hold over the Polish Imagination through the Vicissitudes of the last Two Centuries’, History Today, 48, 1998.

Aleksandr A. Orlov is Doctor of Historical Sciences and Professor at the Sholokhov Moscow State University of the Humanities, and is a historian of the diplomatic relations between Russia and Britain. He is the author of The Alliance between St Petersburg and London: British- Russian Relations in the Epoch of the Napoleonic Wars (2005) and ‘Now I see the English more Closely’: Britain and the British in the Impressions of Russians about the World and about Themselves; the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century and the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (2008) (both in Russian). He is researching ‘peace projects’ from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries.

Marie- Pierre Rey is Professor of Russian and Soviet History at the University of Paris Pantheon Sorbonne. She has written several books and many articles devoted to Russian and Soviet history. Among her most recent publications: on the tsarist period are: 1814, Un tsar à Paris, (2014); L’effroyable tragédie, une nouvelle histoire de la campagne de Russie (2012) and Alexandre Ier (2009 and 2013) translated under the title Alexander I, the Tsar Who Defeated Napoleon (2012) and in Russian (2013); and on the Soviet period: ‘Gorbachev’s New Thinking and Europe, 1985– 1989’ in Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal, edited by F. Bozo, M-P. Rey, N.P. Ludlow and L. Nuti (2008); ‘The Mejdunarodniki in the 1960s and first half of the 1970s: backgrounds, connections and the agenda of Soviet international elites’ in The Making of Détente, Eastern and Western Europe in the Cold War, 1965– 1975, edited by

xii Notes on Contributors

W. Loth and G- H. Soutou, (2008). Marie-Pierre Rey has also written exten-sively on Russia and twentieth- century European politics.

Tatiana Saburova is Professor at the Omsk State Pedagogical University, and is a historian of the social and intellectual life of Russia in the second half of the nineteenth century. She is the author of Mythologies of the Russian Intellectual World: Socio- Cultural Representations of the Russian Intelligentsia in the Nineteenth Century (2005, in Russian). She was a Fulbright visiting scholar at Indiana University in 2011 and a DAAD Fellow in Tubingen in 2013. Her current research is on the identities and behaviour of the Russian intelli-gentsia in late imperial Russia.

David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye is Professor of Russian history at Brock University, Canada. His research interests focus on eighteenth- and nineteenth- century Russian cultural, intellectual, diplomatic and military history. He is the author of Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan (2001) and Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration (2010). He is writing a book about Russian expansion into Central Asia.

Denis A. Sdvizhkov is a Research Fellow at the German Historical Institute, Moscow, and is a historian of the intelligentsia in Russia. He is the author of The Intelligentsia in History: The Educated Man in Representation and Social Reality (2001, in Russian). He is the co- editor of The Achievement of an Ideal: A  History of Peacemaking and the Intelligentsia (2005) and The Concept of Russia: Historical Semantics of the Imperial Period (2012) (both in Russian).

Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter is Professor of History at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona. She has written six books: From Serf to Russian Soldier (1990), Structures of Society: Imperial Russia’s ‘People of Various Ranks’ (1994, Russian translation 2002), Social Identity in Imperial Russia (1997), The Play of Ideas in Russian Enlightenment Theater (2003), Russia’s Age of Serfdom 1648– 1861 (2008), and Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia: The Teachings of Metropolitan Platon (2013). Her current research is devoted to Russian diplomacy in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.

Extent of Russian Empire c.1812

105˚90˚75˚60˚45˚30˚

The Russian Empirec. 1812

ARCTIC OCEAN

ArabianPeninsula

CaspianSea

Black Sea

ArabianSea

Mediterranean Sea H imaO T T O M A N E M

PI

RE

NEJD

AUSTRIANEMPIRE

PRUSSIA

K. OFITALY

K. OFNAPLES

FRENCHEMPIRE

P E R S I A

R U S S I A N SWED

EN

EGYPT

YEMEN

OMAN

SIN

D

NEPAL

KHIVA

BALKH

BUKHARA

KOKAND

KUNDUZ

SIKHSTATES

CA

RN

AT

IC

MARATHACONFEDERACY

BADAKHSHAN

K A Z A K H S

AFGHANISTAN

BALUCHISTAN

Cairo

Delhi

Tehran

Moscow

Kiev

St Petersburg

Constantinople

Goa

Bombay

Archangel

Perm

KazanEkaterinburg

Tsaritsyn

Astrakhan

Tomsk

DUCHYOF WARSAW

FED.OF

THE RHINE

General Maps

General Maps xv

165˚ 165˚180˚150˚135˚120˚

G o b i D e s e r t

P A C I F I CO C E A N

S i b e r i a

JAPAN

Bay ofBengal

a l a ya s

E M P I R E

KOREA

BHUTAN

Q I N GE M P I R E

BURMA

SIAM

BIHAR

BENGAL

ASSAM

Rangoon

Edo

Bangkok

Beijing

Manila

CAMBODIA

PHILIPPINEISLANDS

Krasnoiarsk

Irkutsk

Okhotsk

N

xvi General Maps

Invasion of Russia 1812

60°

50°

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25°20° 30° 35° 40°

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0 200 miles

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Moscow

Novgorod

Stolbova

St PetersburgVologda

Pskov Rostov

Kharkov

Kursk

Tula

Rzhev

Warsaw

Danzig

Riga

Königsberg

Nevel

Polotsk

Vilna

Memel

Minsk

Gomel

Poltava

Bialystok

VelizhSmolensk

Kiev

LvovVinnitsa

Ba l t

i c S

e a

A U S T R I A N E M P I R E

D U C H Y O FWA R S AW

REP. OFDANZIG

PRUSSIA

R U S S I A N

E M P I R E

Volg

a

Oder Vistula

LakeLadoga

Gotland

Öland

Kovno

VyborgLadoga

Belozersk

Tver

Vitebsk

Pinsk

Lublin

Cracow

Tarnopol

Thorn

Sandomir

Libau

Chernigov

Grodno

Mogilev

Orel

Russia in 1812

Russian Empire

Retreat

Invasion

Major Events of the 1812 Campaign

Smolensk Maloiaroslavets

Dorpat

Narva

Crossing the Berezina

Occupation of Moscow

Borodino

General Maps xvii

1612°

52°

20° 24° 28°

4 56

2

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7

89

10

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5

61

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April: Napoleon concentrates his army to face Allied forces.

May: Driving the Allied forces eastwards, Napoleon is victorious at Lützen and Bautzen.

4 June–16 August: Armistice, Russian reinforcements arrive.Napoleon and the Prussians train their new recruits.

Winter 1812–13: Russian army deploys into Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.22 January: Frederick William, King of Prussia, leaves Berlin for Breslau.Spring 1813: Russian army launches a series of raids deep behind French lines. Berlin is occupied 4 March.

12 August: Austria declares war.

26–27 August: Battle of Dresden.

September–October: After suffering defeats, ending with the Battle of Leipzig, the French army withdraws to the Rhine.

30–31 October: Bavarian-Austrian army attacks the retreating French but is beaten off.

French forces besieged by Allies

Stettin

Lübeck

Hamburg

Hanover

Köslin

Magdeburg

Leipzig

ElbingDanzig

Königsberg

Memel

Bromberg

PosenFrankfurt

Berlin

Mayence

Dresden Breslau

Lodz

Warsaw

Prague

Pilsen

Bayreuth

Frankfurt

Grodno

Mlava

Lobau

Thorn

Modlin

Glogau

Kalisch

Crakow

The 1813 Campaign

Russian Empire

Occupied by Russia

Major fortress held by French

Allied advance

French advance

Battle

B a l t i c S e a

Si

l es i a

P o m e r a ni a

R U S S I A N

E M P I R E

F R E N C H

E M P I R E

G R A N D D U C H YO F WA R S AW

F E D E R AT I O N

O F T H E R H I N E

A U S T R I A N E M P I R E

P RU

SS

IA

SW

ED

EN

(occupied by Russia)

B o h e m i a

The 1813 campaign to the borders of France