Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

24
SAMPLE

Transcript of Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Page 1: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

SAMPLE

Page 2: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Wandering through WadisA nature-lover’s guide to the flora of South Sinai

Bernadette Simpson

Dahab, South Sinai, Egypt

Page 3: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

SAMPLECopyright © 2013 by Bernadette Simpson

Wandering through Wadis: A nature-lover’s guide to the flora of South SinaiPublished by NimNam Books ~ February 2013ISBN 13 (PDF): 978-0-9859718-1-6ISBN 13 (Paperback): 978-0-9859718-2-3

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without thewritten permission of the author, except where permitted by law.

Contact the author at: [email protected]

This PDF is a sample, containing 10 entries in the directory ofplants, given for free as a preview to the complete publication.

To learn more visit www.bernadettesimpson.com

Page 4: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

SAMPLE

Table of Contents

Author’s Note......................................................... 7

IntroductionSinai ~ The Land and Flora ...........….…........... 8

Sinai ~ The People ………………………….…11

Directory of South Sinai Plants............................. 13The directory contains 104 different entries - 63 at the species leveland 41 at the genus level. The plants are arranged alphabetically,by their scientific (Latin) name. For each entry, common Englishand Arabic names are provided, as well as a description, and listsof similar species and practical uses.

Glossary..............................................................…125

Index of Plants in Directory.................................. 126

List of Plants by Region........................................ 127

Working List of Other Plant Species in Sinai...….128

References.............................................................131

About the Author/Acknowledgements…………133

Page 5: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Author’s Note“If you want to learn about something, write a book about it.”

I am not a botanist; I am a curious nature-lover and amateur photographer,passionate about the natural and cultural heritage of south Sinai. I moved herewith my husband in 2007 and one of our favourite past-times has been wanderingthrough the desert wadis. Wandering. It's a type of walking that allows me to claimno destination, no predetermined path. No one hurrying me along to arrive at ascheduled appointment. A type of walking that allows me to observe, tophotograph, to wonder. A walk that allows me the freedom to follow a crack inthe mountains because a bright yellow bloom has caught my eye.

After being blessed with winter rains for two consecutive seasons (2009 and 2010),the wadis of south Sinai went wild with blooms and I wandered hours on end withmy camera in hand and an insatiable desire to capture their fragile beauty with mylens. In my attempts to identify these desert plants, I began my studies. My learningjourney was long and sometimes frustrating but, in the end, rewarding. Theinvaluable information provided in others’ research and guide books, and theknowledge and experience shared by my dear Bedouin friends and guides,contributed greatly to my own learning and enabled me in the end to create myown guidebook of images and information. Not being a botanist means that I dealwith many plants at the genus level, when closer observation and specializedknowledge is needed to identify individual species. As a curious nature-lover, I amcontent with this level of knowledge.

In addition to this guidebook, I have begun a Wildlife of the Sinai Peninsula missionon Project Noah.org, an online portal for citizen scientists and nature-lovers toupload and share images, and identify the flora and fauna they encounter. You willfind many of the plants in this guide as part of this mission. But you will also finddozens of images of the local desert critters ~ spiders, birds, butterflies, lizards,dragonflies, snakes, and even a fox. Check it out. And join us!

As this book goes to publication in February 2013, Sinai is again being blessed witha wet rainy season, promising an abundantly green spring. It is my hope that thisguidebook will help other desert-lovers learn more about Sinai’s rich naturalheritage.

~ Bernadette

Page 6: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Introduction

Sinai ~ The People

The original inhabitants of the Sinai peninsula were bedouin, traditionally nomadicpastoralists who journeyed through the desert in search of fresh pasture for their herdsof sheep, goats, and camels. Today, the majority of Bedouin in south Sinai lead a sedentarylifestyle, staying in one place for most of the year. They live in towns that have developedover the past 30 years – Ras Sudr, El Tor, Abu Rudeis, Dahab, Nuweiba, as well as varioussmaller villages - and many work in the tourism industry as drivers, safari guides, or diveguides. But many continue to also raise domesticated animals. And most continue to havea strong, passionate connection to the desert. There are plenty of “settled” Bedouin who,come springtime, pack their trucks with a tent, blankets, utensils, supplies – and togetherwith their goats and sheep – head to the mountains where the pasture is best for theirherds. Traditionally, Bedouin are well respected for their knowledge of the desert and itsuseful plants, although as their lifestyle changes, so does their knowledge of the local flora.When asking my Bedouin friends about a plant's name or usage, I was often referred tothe elders and told that the younger generations, sadly, know very little.

Much of the information about the practical uses of the desert plants in this guide comesfrom research conducted by Bailey and Danin (1981). They report that during their 6-yearsurvey they “encountered no plant that was not useful to the bedouins in one way oranother” (p.145). Plants are an important part of traditional Bedouin culture and providenutrition, medicine, or the material needed to build various tools, equipment, and otheruseful items. Plants are also used in ceremonies and rites of passages and are commonlyreferred to in Bedouin poetry. Over half of the place names in Sinai come from plant names.There's 'Ain Za'atar, the Spring of Thyme, and Farsh al Rummana, the Place ofPommegranates, and Abu Hibayig, the Place with Mint, just to name a few. Plant nameshave also served as inspiration for the naming of children. And like many cultures, Bedouinsassociate life and vitality with the color green. A generous and friendly person may bereferred to by Bedouin as “having a green face” (wijhih akhdhar).

Bailey and Danin also report that every species of desert plant is eaten by at least one ofthe animals that Bedouin raise – goats, sheep, camels, or donkeys. Of course, each animalhas preferred plants, but the animals eat every sort of plant. Some plants may make goatsand camels ill, but not donkeys. Other plants are poisonous only at certain stages of growthbut can be eaten when they are young. For example, young henbane (Hyoscyamus sp) canbe ingested with no ill effects, but older plants intoxicate the animals . Donkeys will eatthe poisonous Anabasis syriaca but only after it has dried up. Seasons also determine whichplants the animals eat. If there has been a winter rainy season, December to April are thebest months for pasture. This is when the annuals are in bloom, including many plants inthe daisy and cabbage families. These fresh herbs help the animals produce plenty of milk.Once the khamseen winds start to blow and the heat wave begins in May, most annualherbs dry up and the animals begin to eat different straw-like annuals as well as semi-shrubs

Page 7: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

such as wormwoods (Artemisia sp.) and Gymnocarpus decandrus. August to November arethe most difficult months for pasture. Animals feed during this time on Acacia pods andother shrubs and bushes that they avoid at other times, like Achillea fragrantissima, Atriplexhalimus, and Zygophyllum dumosum. However, without rain and new annuals to eat,pasturing goats will not get enough nourishment from these plants to lactate. As a result,many of the kids born in the fall would not survive. For nomadic peoples, this is when theywould pack up and move on in search of pasture elsewhere. The Bedouin who still raiseanimals today collect fodder from the desert for their animals. It is not uncommon in Dahabto see pick-up trucks return to town with their beds full of plants, like Shouwia purpurea,to supplement their goats' diet. For their milk is important in many ways. With their goats'milk, Bedouin women create a hard, salty cheese ('afeeg) and ghee, or clarified butter(samin), that can be stored for many months. The best time for doing this is of course, ifthere has been rain, in the spring after the goats have had their full of the tasty annualherbs.

This is also the perfect time for a desert safari in Sinai. Not only will you be able to see thedesert in bloom, but you may be able to meet the Bedouin women and get a lesson incheese-making. A desert safari with a trusted and knowledgeable Bedouin guide is thebest way to truly understand the bounty of the desert and the powerful connectionbetween the land and its people.

“Take nothing but pictures.

Leave nothing but footprints.

Kill nothing but time.”

Page 8: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Directory of Plants in South Sinai

The directory contains 104 different entries - 63 at the species level and 41 at the genuslevel. The plants are arranged alphabetically, by their scientific (Latin) name. Along withimages, for each entry, you will also find:

Species in Sinai: Always provided when plants are discussed at the genus level. Each listof species is a compilation of those reported in various scholarly journals and books. (SeeReferences.) These lists include species found in both North and South Sinai. An asterisk(*) next to a plant name indicates species for which photographs are provided.

Common English Name: Provided when available.

Arabic Names: Transliterations provided when available. Arabic terms for plants willdepend on the dialect spoken. Egyptian Arabic names may be different than the BedouinArabic, and even those may differ between tribes and locales. I have indicated when namesare common to Egypt, Bedouin, or a certain tribe.

Description and General Information: A description of physical characteristics, growingconditions, and animal interactions that will aid in identification and provide interestingfacts about the plant. How each individual plant appears will depend on the location, thetime of year, weather conditions, and the stage of plant development.

Practical Uses: List of traditional and contemporary uses of each species by the SinaiBedouin, as reported in scholarly research journals and personal interviews. These lists ofuses are not exhaustive nor representative of the whole of Sinai or Egypt. Droughtconditions will impact which plants have been available and abundant. Bedouin lifestylehas also drastically changed over the last thirty years; no longer are they completelynomadic people and hence depend less and less on these natural resources. The medicinaluses described in this book are for informational purposes only. Consult a professional ortraditional healer for prescriptions and instructions directed at your particular ailment andcondition.

Similar Species in Sinai: Provided, when applicable, for plants discussed at the specieslevel . This is a list of similar-looking plants or plants in the same genus growing in Sinai.

Page 9: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Abutilon fruticosumCommon English Name: Texas Indian Mallow

Description and General Information: Easily identified by its uniquely-shaped seed pod,Texas Indian Mallow is a desert herb with velvety pale green leaves with serrated edges.This shrub grows in stony wadis and coastal desert plains. The plant is woody at the baseand grows beautiful five-petaled yellow flowers that attract insects, including bees andbutterflies.

Practical Uses: Fodder.

Page 10: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Common English name: Lavender Cotton

Common Bedouin Arabic name: gaysūm

Description and General Information: LavenderCotton is a type of yarrow and belongs to thedaisy family. It is a fragrant shrub with numerousbranches growing out of a woody base. Stemsare wooly and greyish; leaves alternate, smalland oblong. Yellow, connate flowers grow inclusters. This plant has a bitter taste.

Practical Uses: Grazing (Particularly enjoyed bydonkeys who like strong-smelling plants; byother animals in the autumn months after otherplants have dried up.) Medicinal (Ground leavesare boiled, cooled, and applied to purulentsores. Leaves and stems are ground, strained,mixed with water, and drunk to cure colic.Leaves boiled in water are used to bathe peoplewith fever. Also used to treat headaches andcolds. Reported to lower blood sugar if taken forfour days.) Other Uses (a windbreak aroundtents; perfume.)

Similar Species in Sinai: Achillea santolina

Achillea fragrantissima

Page 11: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Anthemis spp.

Species found in Sinai:Anthemis melampodina (Negev Chamomile)Anthemis pseudocotula (Common Chamomile)Anthemis retusaAnthemis scrobicularis

Common English name: Chamomile

Common Bedouin Arabic name: arba-yaan

Description and General Information: There are about 100 species of this plant growingworldwide. Chamomile, a member of the daisy family, is native to the Mediterranean regionand the medicinal use of this plant datesback to ancient Egypt. Plants are low-growing annuals with hairy stems anddivided thread-like leaves. Flowersresemble daisies with white petals andyellow disks. Only one flower growsatop each long, erect stalk. Stem andleaves often appear greyish-green.Chamomile grows well in light, sandy orrocky soils.

Practical Uses: Medicinal (Used ininfusions to calm nerves, to bathechildren, and to rinse infected eyes.)

Page 12: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Common English name: Bitter Gourd, Desert Melon, Desert Squash

Common Bedouin Arabic name: handal

Description and General Information: This desert melon is a creeping vine with rough,angular stems covered in small, stiff hairs. The green leaves are hairy, rough and haveindentations. The flowers are yellow.Depending on conditions, the size of thefruit can range from the size of a golf ballto the size of a grapefruit. The melons startoff green with streaky patches and turnyellow when ripe. The rind is hard and thepulp is yellow-orange and very bitter. Largevines can grow between 40 – 60 fruits perseason. These melons are very commonthroughout the region, growing in sandywadis and coastal desert plains.

Practical Uses: Medicinal (Ground roastgourd used as a poultice around the waistto cure digestive problems. Driedpowdered gourd is used to treat diarrhea.Gourds are also used to treat rheumatismand joint aches.) Household Utensils(Tinder for lighting with flint stone andsteel.)

Citrullus colocynthis

Page 13: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Cleome droserifoliaCommon English name: Cleome Herb

Common Bedouin Arabic name: samwa

Description and General Information: Samwa is one of the most popular herbs in Egypt.It is an aromatic shrub growing up to 60 cm high. The plant is covered in glandular hairsthat give off a distinct smell. The upper-side of theleaves are green and the underside is a lighteryellowish-green. Leaves are hairy and broadly egg-shaped. Flowers are yellow with pinkish filamentsand are about 1 – 1.5 cm. Samwa grows in rocky,gravelley and sandy wadis and plains.

Practical Uses: Medicinal (Ground leaves used totreat bee stings. The leaves are also used as anantibiotic for both internal and external infections.An infusion is made that is either drunk or used toclean the skin, eyes, or infected area. It is alsocrushed into a powder and used to treat infectionson animals. Samwa is used to treat diabetes as itlowers blood sugar.)

Page 14: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Echinops spp.Species found in Sinai:Echinops galalensisEchinops glaberrimusEchinops macrochaetusEchinops philistaeusEchinops spinosissimus (Thorny-headed Globe Thistle)

Common English name: Globe Thistles

Common Bedouin Arabic name: khasheer

Description and General Information: Globe thistlesbelong to the daisy family and are unmistakable withtheir large thistle-like flowers on the top of long, skinnystems. The alternate leaves are spiny and grow in arosette formation. In E. spinosissimus, the leaves aregreyish-green on top and fuzzy-white underneath.

Despite the spikes, bees andinsects are very attracted to theseplants. The round heads grow tiny,compact blue or grayish-whiteflowers. Plants grow in rocky wadisand stony habitats.

Practical Uses: Grazing.

Page 15: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Iphiona scabra

Common Bedouin Arabic name: dhafrah

Description and General Information: A low shrub inthe daisy family that grows 25 – 60 cm high. The plantis dense with branches and rigid, needle-like leavescovered in glandular hairs which give off a distinctiveand pleasant smell. The narrow yellow flowers grow ingroups at the end of stalks. As they dry out, they turna light brown color and leave behind recognizablestar-shapes. Iphiona grows in sandy and stony wadisand plains.

Practical Uses: Grazing. Fodder and Fuel. Ritual(Leaves boiled and a spoonful of the brew is put into acup of tea to rid someone of the evil eye.)

Similar Species in Sinai:Iphiona mucronata

Page 16: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Nitraria retusaCommon English name: Salt Tree

Common Bedouin Arabic names: ghurgad, ghurdag

Description and General Information: The salt tree is an erect shrub with many branchesthat grows in salt marshes and sand dunes. The fleshy leaves grow alternately and arebitter tasting. The white flowers grows in loose clusters. The fruits are fleshy red drupes -and tasty!

Practical Uses: Grazing (Occasionally by camels; Herds are driven to this plant to cure anintestinal disorder caused by parasites picked up from the annuals.) Food (Seeds andfruits are edible.)

Page 17: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Senna italicaCommon English name: Mecca Senna

Bedouin Arabic name: sanamaki

Description and General Information: A small shrub in the legume family growing up toone meter high with erect or ascending stems. The branches spread out and grow darkgreen leaves consistingof 3 to 6 pairs of leaflets.The flowers are yellowand grow in clusters atthe end of a stalk. Thecurved, oblong seedpods are flat with raisedridges along the sides.

Practical Uses:Medicinal (Leavesboiled in tea andconsumed to cureconstipation and bile.)

Page 18: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Zilla spinosa

Common English name: Spiny Zilla

Common Bedouin Arabic name: silli

Description and General Information: A shrub belonging to the cabbage family andgrowing up to one meter high in dome-like clusters which can stay green for several yearsafter rain. The brancheshave many strong spines.The flowers are pinkish-purple and have fourpetals. The fruits have anut-like appearance.

Practical Uses:Grazing (It is a favorite ofcamels. Goats can also eatit when the plant is young,before the spines grow toohard.)

Page 19: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

INDEX OF PLANTS IN DIRECTORY

Abutilon fruticosum 14Acacia spp. 15Achillea fragrantissima 17Adiantum capillus-veneris 18Aerva javanica 19Aizoon canariense 20Alhagi graecorum 21Alkanna orientalis 22Allium spp. 23Anabasis spp. 24Anagallis arvensis 25Anthemis spp. 26Arnebia spp. 27Asclepias sinaica 28Artemisia spp. 29Arthrocnemum macrostachyum 31Asphodelus spp. 32Astragalus spp. 33Atriplex spp. 35Avicennia marina 36Ballota spp. 37Blepharis edulis 38Calotropis procera 39Capparis spp. 40Centaurea spp. 42Ceratonia siliqua 43Chrozophora spp. 44Citrullus colocynthis 45Cleome amblyocarpa 46Cleome arabica 47Cleome chrysantha 48Cleome droserifolia 49Cometes abyssinica 50Convolvulus spp. 51Crataegus sinaica 52Cucumis prophetarum 53Diplotaxis acris 54Echinops spp. 55Ephedra spp. 56Eremobium aegyptiacum 57Erodium spp. 58Euphorbia retusa 59Fagonia spp. 60Farsetia spp. 62Ficus spp. 63Forsskaolea tenacissima 64Gymnarrhena micrantha 65Gymnocarpos decandrus 66Heliotropium spp. 67Hyoscyamus spp. 68Indigofera arabica 69Iphiona scabra 70Kickxia spp. 71Lavandula spp. 72

Limonium axillare 73Linaria spp 74Lindenbergia sinaica 75Lycium shawii 76Marjorana syriaca 77Matthiola spp. 78Mentha longifolia 79Microparacaryum intermedium 80Nitraria retusa 81Ochradenus baccatus 82Olea europaea 83Onopordum ambiguum 84Orobanche spp. 85Panicum turgidum 86Papaver spp. 87Peganum harmala 88Pergularia tomentosa 89Phlomis aurea 90Phoenix dactylifera 91Phragmites australis 92Picris spp. 93Pulicaria spp. 94Punica granatum 96Prunos amygdalus 97Reichardia tingitana 98Retama raetam 99Reseda spp. 100Rosmarinus officinalis 101Rumex spp. 102Salsola spp. 103Salvadora persica 104Salvia spp. 105Schouwia purpurea 106Scrophularia spp. 107Senecio flavus 108Senna italica 109Silene spp. 110Solanum nigrum 111Solenostemma arghel 112Stachys aegyptiaca 113Tamarix nilotica 114Tephrosia apollinea 115Teucrium spp. 116Tribulus spp. 117Trichodesma spp. 118Trigonella spp. 119Verbascum sinuatum 120Zilla spinosa 121Ziziphus spina-christi 122Zygophyllum spp. 123

Page 20: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Adonis dentataAdonis microcarpaAegilops bicornisAegilops crassaAeluropus lagopoidesAgathophora alopecuroidesAjuga chamaepitysAlcea spAlcea striataAlthaea ludwigiiAlyssum marginatumAlyssum simplexAmaranthus albusAmaranthus blitoidesAmaranthus graecizansAmaranthus hybridusAmaranthus palmeriAmaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus viridisAmbrosia maritimaAmmi majusAmmochloa palaestinaAnarrhinum pubescensAnastatica hierochunticaAndrachne asperaAndrachne telephioidesAndrocymbium gramineumAnchusa aegyptiacaAnchusa milleriAnemone coronariaAnticharis glandulosaAnvillea garciniiArabidopsis kneuckeriArabidopsis pumilaArabis auricataArabis vernaArenaria deflexaArgyrolobium arabicumArgyrolobium uniflorumAristida adscensionisArundo donaxAsparagus stipularisAsperugo procumbensAsteriscus graveolensAsteriscus hierochunticusAsterolinon linum-stellatumAstoma seselifoliumAtractylis carduusAtractylis mernephtaeAtractylis phaeolepisAtraphaxis spinosaBassia arabicaBassia eriophoraBassia indicaBassia muricataBeta vulgarisBiarum olivieriBidens pilosaBiscutella didyma

Boissiera squarrosaBolanthus hirsutusBrachypodium distachyumBrassica desertiBrassica tournefortiiBromusdanthoniaeBromus madritensisBromus rubensBromus scopariusBromus sinaicusBromus tectorumBuglossoides tenuifloraBupleurum falcatumBupleurum lancifoliumBupleurum semicompositumBufonia multicepsCalendula arvensisCalligonum comosumCallipeltis apertaCallipeltis cucculariaCampanula dulcisCaralluma europaeaCaralluma sinaicaCarduncellus eriocephalusCarduus arabicusCarduus australisCarduus getulusCarthamus persicusCarthamus tenuisCarex distansCarrichtera annuaCatapodium rigidumCaylusea hexagynaCentropodia fragilisCerastium dichotomumCeratocephala falcataCeterach officinarumChaetosciadium trichospermumCheilanthes acrosticaChenopodium albumChenopodium ambrosoidesChenopodium muraleChenopodium vulvariaChiliadenus iphionoidesChiliadenus montanusChrysanthemum coronariumClypeola jonthlaspiCocculus pendulusCotula cinereaColchicum ritchiiColchicum schimperiColchicum tunicatumColutea istriaCommicarpus helenaeCommicarpus sinuatusConyza bonariensisConyza canadensisConyza strictaCorchorus oblitorius

Cornulaca monacanthaCoronilla scorpioidesCorynephorus divaricatusCotoneaster orbicularisCrepis aculeataCrepis asperaCrepis sanctaCressa creticaCrotalaria aegyptiacaCrucianella ciliataCrucianella membranaceaCucurbita pepoCupressus sempervirensCuscuta palaestinaCuscuta planifloraCutandia dichotomaCutandia memphiticaCydonia oblongaCymbopogon schoenanthusCynodon dactylonCynomorium coccineumCyperus conglomeratusCyperus jeminicusCyperus laevigatusCyperus rotundusDanthoniopsis barbataDaucus littoralisDelphinium peregrinumDesmostachya bipinnataDeverra tortuosusDeverra triradiataDianthus sinaicusDianthus strictusDichanthium annulatumDichanthium foveolatumDipcadi erythraeumDoellia boveiEchiochilon fruticosumEchium angustifoliumEchium rauwolfiEmex spinosaEminium spiculatumEnarthrocarpus strangulatusEpipactis veratrifoliaEremopoa persicaEremopogon foveolatusErucaria hispanicaErucaria pinnataErucaria rostrataEruca sativaEryngium glomeratumEquisetum ramosissimumFerula sinaicaFilago desertorumFimbristylis ferrugineaFoeniculum vulgareFrankenia hirsutaFrankenia pulverulentaFumana arabica

Working List of Other Plants Growing in the Sinai Peninsula

Page 21: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Fumana thymifoliaFumaria densifloraFumaria parvifloraGagea fibrosaGagea reticulataGalium ceratopodumGalium muraleGalium setaceumGalium sinaicumGalium spuriumGastrocotyle hispidaGomphocarpus sinaicusGlobularia arabicaGlossonema boveanumGuettarda ellipticaGundelia tournefortiiGypsophila arabicaGypsophila capillarisGypsophila viscosaHalocnemum strobilaceumHaloxylon persicumHaloxylon negevensisHaloxylon salicornicaHaloxylon scopariaHammada elegansHaplophyllum pooreiHaplophyllum tuberculatumHedypnois rhagadioloidesHelianthemum kahiricumHelianthemum ledifoliumHelianthemum lippiHelianthemum sancti-antoniiHelianthemum sessiliflorumHelianthemum stipulatumHelianthemum ventosumHelianthemum vesicariumHerniaria hemistemonHerniaria hirsutaHibiscus micranthusHippocrepis areolataHippocrepis constrictaHippocrepis multisiliquosaHippocrepis unisiliquosaHolosteum umbellatumHordeum murinumHormuzakia aggregataHyparrhenia hirtaHypecoum pendulumHypercium sinaicumHyphaene thebaicaIfloga rueppelliiIfloga spicataImperata cylindricaInula viscosaIsatis lusitanicaIsatis microcarpaIxiolirion tataricumJuncus acutusJuncus bufoniusJuncus inflexusJuncus punctorius

Juncus rigidusJuncus subulatusJuniperus phoeniceaJurinea staehelinaeKoelpinia linearisKrascheninnikovia ceratoidesLactuca orientalisLactuca serriolaLactuca undulataLamarckia aureaLappula sinaicaLappula spinocarposLasiopogon muscoidesLasiurus scindicusLaunaea angustifoliaLaunaea capitataLaunaea fragilisLaunaea mucronataLaunaea nudicaulisLaunaea resedifoliaLaunaea spinosaLeopoldia comosaLeopoldia eburneaLeontice leontopetalumLeontodon laciniatusLeptadenia pyrotechnicaLeptaleum filifoliumLeysera leyseroidesLimoniastrum monopetalumLobularia arabicaLobularia libycaLoeflingia hispanicaLolium multiflorumLotus creticusLotus halophilusLotus hebranicusLotus glinoidesLotus lanuginosusLycoperiscon esculentumLygeum spartumMalcolmia africanaMalus domesticaMalva aegyptiaMalva parvifloraMalva neglectaMalva sylvestrisMaresia nanaMatricaria aureaMedicago laciniataMedicago marinaMedicago monspeliacaMedicago polymorphaMedicago sativaMelica persicaMesembryanthemumcrystallinumMesembryanthemum forsskaliiMesembryanthemum nodiflorumMicromeria serbalianaMicromeria sinaicaMinuartia hybrida

Minuartia meyeriMinuartia pictaMoltkiopsis ciliataMonsonia heliotropioidesMonsonia niveaMorettia canescensMorettia parvifloraMorettia philaeanaMoricandia nitensMoricandia sinaicaMoringa peregrinaMuscari commutatumNasturtiopsis coronopifoliaNeotorularia torulosaNepeta septemcrenataNeurada procumbensNicotiana sppNoaea mucronataNotoceras bicorneOgastemma pusillumOligomeris linifoliaOnobrychis crista-galliOnobrychis ptolemaicaOnobrychis squarrosaOnonis reclinataOnonis serrataOnonis siculaOpophytum forsskaliiOtostegia fruticosaPancratium parviflorumPancratium maritimumPancratium sickenbergeriParonychia arabicaParonychia argenteaParonychia sinaicaParacaryum rugulosumParapholis incurvaParietaria alsinifoliaPennisetum asperifoliumPennisetum ciliarePennisetum divisumPennisetum orientalePeriploca aphyllaPhagnalon barbeyanumPhagnalon nitidumPhagnalon rupestrePhagnalon sinaicumPhalaris minorPhalaris paradoxaPhyla nodifloraPimpinella creticaPiptatherum miliaceumPistacia atlanticaPistacia khinjukPlantago afraPlantago amplexicaulisPlantago albicansPlantago ciliataPlantago coronopusPlantago cylindricaPlantago notata

Page 22: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

REFERENCES

Aly, D., & Khalil, R. (2011). Wildlife in South Sinai. Cairo: EU and G.O.S.S.

al-Mufti, M. (2000). Flora of Nabq protected area. Cairo: Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency.

Bailey, C., & Danin, A. (1981). Bedouin plant utilization in the Sinai and the Negev. Economic Botany, 35(2), 145–162.

Batanouny, K.H. (Ed.). (2005). Encyclopaedia of wild medicinal plants in Egypt, Vol. 1. Cairo: Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants in Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems in Egypt, Project of EEAA, GEF, and UNDP.

Batanouny, K.H. (Ed.). (2006). Encyclopaedia of wild medicinal plants in Egypt, Vol.2. Cairo: Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Egypt.

Danin, A. (ed.) 2006+, {continuously updated}, Flora of Israel online. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. Published at

http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp

-----. (1978). Plant species diversity and ecological districts of the Sinai desert.Vegetatio, 36(2), 83-93.

Danin, A., Shmida, A., & Liston, A. (1985). Contributions to the flora of Sinai, III: Checklist of species collected and recorded by the Jerusalem team 1967 – 1982. Willdenowia, 15(1), 255-322.

el-Hadidi, M., & Boulos, L. (1988). The street trees of Egypt. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Flowers in Israel is a site that maintains a database with photographs and information about flora in the region. (http://www.flowersinisrael.com/).

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (2005).Medicinal plants in north Africa. Retrieved from IUCN Database.

Kamal, W., Gazar, M., Zalat, S., & Gilbert, F. (2002). Flora of St. Katherine P rotectorate: Key to families and genera. Egyptian Journal of Biology, 4, 45 – 75.

Mahmoud, T. (2010). Desert plants of Egypt's Wadi El Gemal National Park. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Moustafa, A., & Zaghloul, M. (1996). Environment and vegetation in the montane Saint Catherine area, south Sinai, Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments, 34, 331–349.

Page 23: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

Springuel, I. (2006). The desert garden: A practical guide. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

The Plant List is a site that maintains a working list of all known plant species. (http://www.theplantlist.org/ )

Wild Flowers of Israel is a site devoted to the study of wild plants in Israel and is aimed at the general public, available in Hebrew and English. (http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/ )

Zahran, M.A., & Willis, A.J. (2009). The Vegetation of Egypt. Springer Science + Business Media B.V.

Zalat, S., & Gilbert, F. (2008). Gardens of a sacred landscape: Bedouin heritage and natural history in the high mountains of Sinai. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Zalat, S., Gilbert, F., Fadel, H., El-Hawagry, M., Saleh,M., Kamel, S., & Gilbert,J. (2008). Biological explorations of Sinai: Flora and fauna of Wadi Isla and Hebran, St Katherine Proctecorate, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Natural History, 5, 6 – 15.

Page 24: Wandering through Wadis eBook SAMPLE.pdf

Simpson Wandering through Wadis

SAMPLE

About the Author

Acknowledgements

Bernadette Simpson moved to Cairo withher family in 1993. The following year shereceived her high school diploma - printedon papyrus paper - in the shadows of theGreat Pyramid at Giza. Egypt has been herhome ever since. Bernadette holds aMasters of Education degree, with a focuson language and literature, and has beenteaching since 1999. She believes if youcannot find the book you are looking foron the shelves, then you should write it

yourself! Bernadette wrote and published her first book, An ABC Escapade through Egypt,to fill a need in her classroom for English-language children’s books about modern dayEgypt. After moving to Dahab and while working on the sequel, An ABC Safari throughSinai, Bernadette began researching the healing herbs of the desert. As her interest in thedesert plants grew into a passion, so did her disappointment in not finding an availableguidebook, so she began to organize her own research into this guide, Wandering throughWadis. She did indeed wander off for a while, but her desert plant research only enrichedher knowledge of the Sinai and Bernadette is now continuing her ABC Safari through Sinai,which she hopes to publish in the near future.

Many thanks to my husband, Nadim El Kotry, for his assistance with researching the Arabicnames for the plants. To Eid El Atrash of Bedouin History Desert Safari, for his excellentguiding skills and for sharing his passion for the desert. And to my mother, Ginda AydSimpson, for her editing and continuous support.