Wan routing 1
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Transcript of Wan routing 1
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Agenda
Konsep & Definisi WAN1
Pengantar Teknologi WAN2
Standard WAN3
WAN Connection Methods4
Teknologi & Perangkat WAN6
Overview – Data Link – OSI Model5
Emerging WAN Connection7
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Pengantar Perkuliahan
Semua mahasiswa wajib hadir, Tugas(Kelompok & Individu) & Evaluasi (UTS & UAS)
Terlambat :
< 15 Menit – Ditoleransi - Bisa masuk kelas
tidak mengganggu Dosen sedang
menjelaskan!
> 15 Menit – Alasan khusus atau ALPA !
HP & Gadgets – Tidak AKTIF!
Jika tidak memahami materi yang dijelaskan dapat menginterupsi untukbertanya.
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Proses Belajar Mengajar
Model belajar mahasiswa AKTIF.
Dosen adalah Fasilitator / Moderator
Metode dan Proses Pembelajaran :
Perkuliahan : Mahasiswa = 60 %
Dosen = 40%
“Mahasiswa diharapkan menyiapkan diri dengan membaca
/ berlatih dengan materi / modul yang akan menjadi topik
bahasan di setiap pertemuan.
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Definisi WAN
Jaringan WAN merupakan kumpulan dari beberapa MAN , LAN dan/atau Workgroup yang dihubungkan dengan menggunakan alatkomunikasi modem dan jaringan Internet, dari/ke kantor pusat dan
kantor cabang, maupun antar kantor cabang.
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Karakteristik WAN
Terhubung ke peralatan yang tersebar ke area geografik yang luas
Menggunakan jalur layanan umum, misalnya perusahaan telekomunikasi. PT. Telkom, PT. Indosat, PT. Excelcomindo, PT PLN, dll untuk membentuk jaringan di dalam area geografik tersebut.
Menggunakan koneksi serial untuk akses bandwidth di seluruh area geografik tersebut.
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Keuntungan menggunakan WAN
• Server kantor pusat dapat berfungsi sebagai
bank data dari kantor cabang.
• Komunikasi antar kantor dapat menggunakan
E-Mail & Chat.
• Dokumen/File yang biasanya dikirimkan
melalui fax ataupun paket pos, dapat dikirim
melalui E-mail dan Transfer file dari/ke kantor
pusat dan kantor cabang dengan biaya yang
relatif murah dan dalam jangka waktu yang
sangat cepat.
• Dll
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Layanan WAN
Beroperasi pada area geografik yang sangat luas
Mampu memberikan koneksi serial dengan biaya murah dan kecepatan rendah atau biaya mahal dan kecepatan tinggi misalnya lewat jalur ATM atau fiber optik
Mampu menyediakan koneksi full-time dan part-time
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Peralatan WAN
Router, termasuk internetworking dan port-port interface WAN
Modem, termasuk interface voice-grade, channel service units/digital service units (CSU/DSU) yang melayani interface T1/E1, dan Terminal Adapter/Network Termination 1 (TA/NT 1) sebagai interface Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Server-server dial in dan user-user yang melakukan dial out untuk melakukan koneksi
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Pengantar Teknologi WAN
Type of Networks:
Local & Wide Area (LAN, MAN, WAN ) :
• Spans miles of distance
• Two or more separate locations
• Down the road or across the world such as Microsoft, Federal Express
InterNetworks & IntraNetworks :
• A network of networks
• A networked collection of LANs
• More than one floor in a business(intranetwork)
• Multiple buildings such as Campus environment
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Internet
A WAN internetwork
Millions of machines worldwide
The World Wide Web (WWW)
Konsep dan Prinsip dari WAN yang membuat Internet itu ada !
1
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Standardization
Organizations that create standards
1. International Organization for Standards
(ISO)
2. American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
3. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
4. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
5. International Telecommunications Union-
telecommunication (ITU-T)
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Standar & Protocol Layer Fisik WAN
EIA/TIA-232 & EIA/TIA-449
V.24
V.35
X.21
G.703
EIA-530
ISDN
T1, T3, E1 dan E3
xDSL
SONET (OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, OC-192)
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Standar & Protokol Layer Data Link WAN
High-level data link control (HDLC)
Frame Relay
Poin-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
X.25
ATM
LAPB
LAPD
LAPF
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WAN Connection Methods
Four connection methods
1. Dedicated point-to-point (Leased line)
2. Point-to-multipoint (Time division multiplexing )
3. Circuit-switched
4. Packet-switched
Standards organizations define several types of Data Link protocols used on WAN connections
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Overview – Data Link – OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Host B
Network
Network
Physical
Router
Network
Data Link
Physical
Router
Bit
Frame
Packet
TPDU
SPDU
PPDU
APDU
Nama unit yang
dipertukarkan
Internet subnet protocol
Communication subnet boundary
Application protocol
Presentation protocol
Session protocol
Transport protocol
Network layer host-router protocol
Data Link layer host-router protocol
Physical layer host-router protocol
Interface
Interface
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Host A
Application Application Lapisan Atas
Presentation
Session
Transport Data Transport Lapisan Bawah
Network
Data Link
Physical
• Protokol WAN beroperasi pada ketigalapisan terbawah dari model OSI dan mendefinisikan komunikasi di atas macam-macam WAN
• Protokol LAN beroperasi pada lapisan fisik dan data link dari model OSI dan mendefinisikankomunikasi di atas macam-macam media LAN.
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Fungsi Lapisan Bawah
1. Network LayerBerfungsi untuk mengantarkan paket ketujuan (Routing). Mengontrol
paket yang akan dikirim ke data link layer dengan cara mencari route yang
paling murah dan cepat. Fungsinya untuk mendefinisikan alamat-alamat
IP, membuat header untuk paket-paket, dan kemudian melakukan routing
melalui internetworking dengan menggunakan router dan switch layer-3.
Protocol dalam layer ini adalah: IP
2. Data-Link layer
Pada layer ini data diterima dari network layer berupa Paket yang
kemudian diencapsulasi menjadi Frame. Fungsinya untuk
menentukan bagaimana bit-bit data dikelompokkan menjadi format
yang disebut sebagai frame. Kemudian mengirimkan frame
menurut topologi yang di gunakan. Protokol dalam layer ini: Frame
relay, ATM.
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Application protocol
Presentation protocol
Session protocol
Transport
protocol
Network
protocol
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
LayerBits
DH Data DT
TH Data
DataNH
DataPH
SH Data
DataAH
Data
Proses
Penerimaan
Proses
Pengiriman
Path transmisi data sebenarnya
Fungsi Lapisan Bawah
3. Physical LayerPada layer ini data diterima dari data link layer berupa Frame yang
dan diubah menjadi Bitstream yang akan dikirim ketujuan berupa
sinyal melalui media komunikasi. Pada penerima, layer ini akan
mengubah sinyal dari pengirim menjadi Bit dan sebelum dikirim ke
data link layer Bit diubah menjadi Byte. Protocol dalam layer ini
adalah: RJ45
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols
Three categories of Data Link protocols used for WAN
Interface to IBM enterprise data centers1. Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
WAN connections using peer devices2. High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)
3. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Switched or relay services4. X.25/Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB)
5. Frame Relay
6. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)/Link Access Procedure D-channel (LAPD)
7. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
1. SDLC
IBM hosts system communication over WAN
links
Point-to-point
Point-to-multipoint
Connections between
• Remote devices
• Central mainframe
Synchronous communication
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
2. HDLC
Default protocol on WAN links
Also known as Advanced Data Communications
Control Procedure (ADCCP)
Superset of the SDLC protocol
Point-to-point
Point-to-multipoint
Supports full-duplex and half-duplex
Synchronous and asynchronous
Default HDLC does not support multiple protocols
Cisco HDLC allows for multiple protocols
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
3. PPP
SLIP
Further extends default HDLC by providing a protocol field
Dial-up
Leased lines
Network Control Protocols (NPCs)
Can transfer IP, IPX, AppleTalk and other network layer protocols
PPP provides the following connections
• Router-to-router
• Host-to-router
• Host-to-host
Physical interfaces for PPP
• Asynchronous serial
• ISDN/synchronous serial
• High-speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
4. X.25/LAPD
Packet-switching
Widely implemented for international
communications
Connections over virtual circuits
Create to function over existing unreliable
analog telecommunication lines
Errors correction and flow control
Older than OSI, does not directly translate
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
5. Frame Relay A Data Link protocol
A service
Improved upon X.25 standard
Operates between 56 Kbps and 45 Mbps
Higher layer protocols provide error checking and flow control
Packet-switching
Shared bandwidth with other frame relay subscribers
Defines the connection between
• Customer premise equipment (CPE)
• Service provider’s local access switching equipment
Operates on almost any Physical layer interface
Two types of virtual circuits
• Switched virtual circuits (SVC)
• Permanent virtual circuits (PVC)
Uses statistical multiplexing to allocate bandwidth
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
5. Frame Relay (continued)
Congestion control
• Forward explicit congestion notification (FECN)
• Backward explicit congestion notification (BECN)
Configuration considerations
• Local access rate
• Committed information rate (CIR)
• Committed burst size (CBS)
• Excess burst size (EBS)
Configuration considerations (continued)
• Data link connection identifier (DLCI)
• Local Management interface (LMI)
• Discard eligible (DE)
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WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
6. ISDN/LAPD
Circuit-switched technology
Dedicated circuit for the length of the transmission
Two types of ISDN
• Basic rate interface (BRI)
• Primary rate interface (PRI)
Bandwidth (BRI 128 kbps, PRI 1.544 mbps)
B-channels (bearer channels)
• 64-kbps
D-channel (delta or data channel)
• BRI 16 kbps
• PRI 64 kbps
BRI (Two B channels & One D channel )
PRI (23 B channels & One D channel )
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
6. ATM
Used within and between LAN connections
Based on Frame Relay technology
Cell-switched technology
Circuit-oriented in the sense that ATM cells follow the
same path for the duration of the connection
Cell are fixed length of 53 bytes
Provides high-speed data transmission
No error correction like X.25
Bandwidth up to 10 gbps
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Teknologi & Perangkat WAN
WAN Physical Layer
• Demarcation • Point of presence (POP)• Local loop or last mile• Central office switch (CO)• Toll network
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WAN Connections
Provide connections between two LANs
Connections between
Channels service unit/ data service unit CSU/DSU
Router
Routers now include internal CSU/DSU
Data terminal equipment (DTE)
Data-circuit terminating equipment (DCE)
Demarcation or demarc
Point of presence (POP)
Local loop or last mile
Central office switch (CO)
Toll network
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Physical Standards
Physical WAN serial interface standards
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
EIA-530
High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
V.24
V.35
X.25
X.21
G.703
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
WAN Topologies
WAN topologies
Peer
Star
Partial mesh
Mesh
Peer :
• Daisy-chained
• Simplest WAN topology
• Least expensive
• Easy to configure
• No redundancy
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WAN Topologies (continued)
Star topology
Most implemented design
Also know as the “hub-and-spoke” topology
Simple hierarchical design
One central router acting as the hub
Several edge routers connect to hub
Full mesh Most expensive topology
Most fault-tolerant design
Each router has a connection to every other router
Partial mesh Compromise between star and full mesh
Connection are made according to need and traffic flow
LAN biasanya berbentuk topologi simetris, sebaliknya WAN umumnyabertopologi tak menentu.
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Emerging WAN Connection Methods
Broadband access
Two new WAN connection methods
Digital subscriber lines (DSL)
Cable access with cable modem
DSL
Two types of DSL
• Asynchronous DSL
• Symmetric DSL
• Modulates voice and data over
existing copper phone lines
• Download speeds vary
• 256 kbps to faster than T1 (1.544 mbps)
• Upload speeds are typically slower than download speeds
• Speed and cost are attractive
• Distance limitations to CO
Cable access and cable modems
• Uses existing cable TV infrastructure
• Shared bandwidth• Distance limitation not an issue
like DSL• Need VPN!
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Highlights WAN
WANs connect LANs in geographically separate areas WAN connections typically function at the Physical and Data Link
layers of the OSI reference model, and are made over serial connections
WAN connections operate at a lower speed than LAN connections, and can be made as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and switched WAN connections
You can use several different data link protocols for WAN connections
The different types of WAN connections are: (1) interfaces to IBM mainframes provided by SDLC; (2) WAN connections using peer devices with HDLC and PPP; and (3) switched or relayed services including X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, and ISDN
X.25 is the oldest of the switched or relayed services and provides the least efficient service because of its excessive error checking
Frame Relay is an enhancement over X.25 because it is faster and does not provide redundant error checking.
ATM is similar to Frame Relay, except that it uses fixed-length cells instead of variable-length packets
In addition, the ATM protocol can be used on LANs as well as WANs
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Highlights WAN (continued)
ISDN is a leased digital line that can support X.25 and Frame Relay connections, among others
ISDN comes in PRI and BRI levels
BRI only provides 128-Kbps throughput over two B-channels, and 16 Kbps over one D-channel that is used for controlling the connection
PRI provides 23 B-channels of 64 Kbps each and one 64-Kbps D-channel for controlling the connection
This allows PRI to offer 1.544-Mbps throughput
The Physical layer WAN connections concern the interface between the DTE and DCE
The DTE is the endpoint of the user’s network, which connects to the WAN interface
This is typically a router, computer, or terminal of some type The WAN service provider usually provides the DCE, which is often
a CSU/DSU, modem, or terminal adapter
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Highlights WAN (continued)
The DCE is then connected to a demarc, which is a communications facility owned by the WAN service provider
The local loop is the connection (usually copper cable) that links the demarcation to the WAN service provider’s CO switch, which is actually part of the toll network or PSTN
The physical WAN topologies are
Peer, which is simply customer facilities connected in
a daisy-chained fashion
Star, which involves connecting remote customer
facilities to a central facility
Full mesh, which connects every location to every
other location
Partial mesh, which provides redundancy only where
necessary
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Referensi
Cisco Networking Academy - CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking – WAN Concepts
Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Materi Praktek II
Googling cara mengkonfigurasi jenis-jenis Router dan Port yang tersedia di Packet Tracer, contoh bisa dilihat di http://ilmukomputer.org/2013/02/01/cisco-packet-tracer-konfigurasi-router-menggunakan-cli/
Googling Bagaimana menggunakanPacket Tracer di jaringan LAN (Keyword MultiUser )
Hotspot : Polimdo
Pass : Poli1