© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Police in AmericaPolice in America

Chapter 15Chapter 15

The Future of Policing The Future of Policing in Americain America

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Police TechnologyPolice Technology Major technology applicationsMajor technology applications

1. Database and information technology1. Database and information technology Computerized systems that operate like a card-file index and Computerized systems that operate like a card-file index and

allow the police to store large amounts of information from a allow the police to store large amounts of information from a variety of sourcesvariety of sources

2. Computer-aided dispatch (CAD)2. Computer-aided dispatch (CAD) Reduce officer confusion, send clear messages instantaneously Reduce officer confusion, send clear messages instantaneously

to officers’ mobile computers, keep officers safe, prioritize calls to officers’ mobile computers, keep officers safe, prioritize calls for servesfor serves

3. Records management systems3. Records management systems Used to input and organize information from different types of Used to input and organize information from different types of

reports in an easy-to-access formatreports in an easy-to-access format 4. Mobile computing4. Mobile computing

Primary mechanism used by officers to access and deposit Primary mechanism used by officers to access and deposit informationinformation

Eliminates all the paper generated by reportsEliminates all the paper generated by reports

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The Use of Technology in the FieldThe Use of Technology in the Field

COMPSTATCOMPSTAT– Provides timely data on crime and disorder by neighborhoodProvides timely data on crime and disorder by neighborhood

Early Intervention (EI) Systems Early Intervention (EI) Systems – An application of personnel records management for the purpose An application of personnel records management for the purpose

of increasing the accountability of police officersof increasing the accountability of police officers License Plate ReadersLicense Plate Readers

– Installed on police vehicles and fixed sites such as traffic Installed on police vehicles and fixed sites such as traffic intersectionsintersections

– Five potential uses:Five potential uses: 1. Crime analysis1. Crime analysis 2. Alerts and hot lists2. Alerts and hot lists 3. Tracking individuals3. Tracking individuals 4. Identifying previously undetected crimes4. Identifying previously undetected crimes 5. Revenue generation5. Revenue generation

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The Future of Police Information The Future of Police Information TechnologyTechnology

Technology to increase information sharing Technology to increase information sharing between law enforcement agenciesbetween law enforcement agencies– National Crime Information Center (NCIC) of National Crime Information Center (NCIC) of

the FBIthe FBI– Global Justice XML Data Model (GJXDM)Global Justice XML Data Model (GJXDM)

Allows criminal justice agencies to maintain their Allows criminal justice agencies to maintain their information in a standardized language information in a standardized language

– Automated Regional Justice Information Automated Regional Justice Information System (ARJIS)System (ARJIS) Increased effectiveness and job performance at the Increased effectiveness and job performance at the

San Diego sheriff’s departmentSan Diego sheriff’s department

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Technologically Advanced Technologically Advanced WeaponsWeapons

Taser:Taser: An acronym for Tom Swift’s Electric Rifle. An acronym for Tom Swift’s Electric Rifle.– introduced in early 1975, designed as a non-lethal introduced in early 1975, designed as a non-lethal

weapon resembling a handgun. weapon resembling a handgun. – Once the trigger is depressed, two small barbed Once the trigger is depressed, two small barbed

contacts trailing fine conducting wires are shot from contacts trailing fine conducting wires are shot from one of the cassettes along the line of aim into the one of the cassettes along the line of aim into the target. target.

– The dart-like contacts need not actually touch the The dart-like contacts need not actually touch the skin. If the darts are imbedded in clothing, the skin. If the darts are imbedded in clothing, the electrical charge is capable of reaching the body, electrical charge is capable of reaching the body, since the Taser provides a 1½-inch spark from its since the Taser provides a 1½-inch spark from its high-voltage power supply.high-voltage power supply.

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Crime AnalysisCrime Analysis

FunctionsFunctions– Collect, Analyze, Collect, Analyze,

Disseminate Crime-Disseminate Crime-Related DataRelated Data

– Identify crime-suspect Identify crime-suspect correlationscorrelations

– Support Patrol OfficersSupport Patrol Officers– Assist InvestigationsAssist Investigations– Identify conditions that Identify conditions that

facilitate crime and facilitate crime and incivilityincivility

TypesTypes– Tactical Crime AnalysisTactical Crime Analysis

Involves identification of Involves identification of specific crime problems in specific crime problems in particular geographic areasparticular geographic areas

– Strategic Crime AnalysisStrategic Crime Analysis Focuses on long-term crime Focuses on long-term crime

trendstrends

– AdministrativeAdministrative Provides summary statistics Provides summary statistics

and data to police and data to police managersmanagers

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Crime MappingCrime Mapping

Permits analysts to identify spatial patterns Permits analysts to identify spatial patterns and hot spots for different types of crimeand hot spots for different types of crime– About 13% of police departments use crime About 13% of police departments use crime

mappingmapping– The Department of Justice (DOJ) is allocating The Department of Justice (DOJ) is allocating

substantial resources toward promoting the substantial resources toward promoting the use of crime mapping at police agencies use of crime mapping at police agencies around the countryaround the country

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The Outlook for Police The Outlook for Police EmploymentEmployment

Opportunities in Local, County, and State Law Opportunities in Local, County, and State Law EnforcementEnforcement

Local, County, and State SalariesLocal, County, and State Salaries Average annual salary of $47,460 in 2006Average annual salary of $47,460 in 2006 Detectives make around $58,260 annuallyDetectives make around $58,260 annually

Opportunities in Federal Law EnforcementOpportunities in Federal Law Enforcement Department of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Homeland Security

Federal SalariesFederal Salaries FBI agents begin at about $60,199 a yearFBI agents begin at about $60,199 a year Salaries of most federal law enforcement officers is Salaries of most federal law enforcement officers is

determined by the General Schedule (GS) pay systemdetermined by the General Schedule (GS) pay system

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The Future of Police ResearchThe Future of Police Research Research RevolutionResearch Revolution

Product of large investment of funds, mostly from Product of large investment of funds, mostly from federal government, into scientific researchfederal government, into scientific research

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) Does Research Do Any Good?Does Research Do Any Good?

Yes!Yes! Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment found that Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment found that

increasing level of patrol did not deter crime more increasing level of patrol did not deter crime more effectively than normal amount of patroleffectively than normal amount of patrol

Rand Corporation study found that traditional detective Rand Corporation study found that traditional detective work did not increase number of crimes solvedwork did not increase number of crimes solved

The Future of Federal FundingThe Future of Federal Funding Very uncertain, varies year to yearVery uncertain, varies year to year Poses a serious threat for the future of American policePoses a serious threat for the future of American police

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Demographic ChangeDemographic Change

Immigration TrendsImmigration Trends– Hispanics/LatinosHispanics/Latinos– Other GroupsOther Groups

The New Minority: Hispanic/Latino The New Minority: Hispanic/Latino PopulationPopulation

Potential Problems and ConflictsPotential Problems and Conflicts

What laws do you think should be passed?What laws do you think should be passed?

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Impact of the War on TerrorismImpact of the War on Terrorism

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Domestic PolicyDomestic Policy– Role ExpansionRole Expansion– Immigration EnforcementImmigration Enforcement– Racial & Ethnic ProfilingRacial & Ethnic Profiling– Personnel ShortagesPersonnel Shortages

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Role ExpansionRole Expansion

1. Investigating suspected terrorists1. Investigating suspected terrorists

2. Preparing for and responding to specific 2. Preparing for and responding to specific terrorist actsterrorist acts

3. Preparing for possible terrorist acts 3. Preparing for possible terrorist acts involving weapons of mass destructioninvolving weapons of mass destruction

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Immigration EnforcementImmigration Enforcement

Post 9/11, Justice Department called for a Post 9/11, Justice Department called for a multiagency approach, although enforcing multiagency approach, although enforcing immigration laws was not a traditional job immigration laws was not a traditional job of state and local authoritiesof state and local authorities

287(g) Program287(g) Program– Permit local police to enforce immigration law Permit local police to enforce immigration law

after they have received required training from after they have received required training from Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) personnelpersonnel

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Racial and Ethnic ProfilingRacial and Ethnic Profiling

War on terrorism has lead to increased War on terrorism has lead to increased stereotypes about Arab Americansstereotypes about Arab Americans

As a result, Department of Justice created As a result, Department of Justice created a four-hour cultural competency course to a four-hour cultural competency course to educate local and federal law enforcement educate local and federal law enforcement officers about Arab and Muslim culture officers about Arab and Muslim culture and customsand customs

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Personnel ChangesPersonnel Changes

Post 9/11:Post 9/11:– Mobilization of National Guard and military Mobilization of National Guard and military

reserves led to loss of personnelreserves led to loss of personnel Especially detrimental to small agenciesEspecially detrimental to small agencies

– Increasing demands to fulfill homeland Increasing demands to fulfill homeland security needssecurity needs Leading to diversion from regular patrolLeading to diversion from regular patrol