176. What is activated complex?Activated complex is that assembly of atoms which corresponds to an arbitrary infinitesimally small region at or near the col (saddle point) of apotential energy surface".[1]In other words, it refers to a collection of intermediate structures in achemical reactionthat persist whilebondsare breaking and new bonds are forming.177. What is meant by activated complex theory?which studies thekineticsof reactions that pass through a defined intermediate state withstandard Gibbs free energy of formationG.178. What are the differences between activated complex and transition state?The activated complex is often confused with the transition state and is used interchangeably in many textbooks. However, it differs from the transition state in that the transition state represents only the highest potential energy configuration of the atoms during the reaction while the activated complex refers to a range of configurations near the transition state that the atoms pass through in the transformation from products to reactants.179. What is the role of role of activated complex in reaction?An activated complex acts as an intermediary between the reactants and the products of the reaction.180. What are the effects of energy of activated complex?The energy of the activated complex is higher than that of reactants or the products, and the state is temporary. If there is not sufficient energy to sustain the chemical reaction, the activated complex can reform into the reactants in a backward reaction. With proper energy, though, the activated complex forms the products in a forward reaction.181. When was activated complex theory developed?The activated complex theory, which enables the rate constants in chemical reactions to be calculated usingstatistical thermodynamics, was developed by American chemistryHenry Eyringin 1930.182. Who proposed collision theory?Collision theoryis a theory proposed independently byMax Trautzin 1916[1]andWilliam Lewisin 1918.183. What collision theory explains qualitatively?Collision Theory qualitatively explains howchemical reactionsoccur and whyreaction ratesdiffer for different reactions.184. What does collision theory states?The collision theory states that when suitable particles of the reactant hit each other, only a certain percentage of the collisions cause any noticeable or significant chemical change; these successful changes are called successful collisions.185. What is the effect of catalyst in collision?When a catalyst is involved in the collision between the reactant molecules, less energy is required for the chemical change to take place, and hence more collisions have sufficient energy for reaction to occur. The reaction rate therefore increases.186. What is the second name of collision theory?Collision theory also known as kinetic molecular theory187. Which phase of reaction collision theory applies?The collision theory explains that gas-phase chemical reactions occur when molecules collide with sufficient kinetic energy.188. What are energetic collisons?Energetic collisions are collisions between molecules with enough kinetic energy to cause the reaction to occur.189. What is the relation of activation energy to the collision?Activation energy is the key to breaking the initial bonds. When collisions are too gentle, the adequate amount of energy is not brought to the bonds and a reaction fails to occur. The activation energy is crucial in the reaction rate because depending on how much kinetic energy is brought to the collision, the reaction will vary in speed and frequency.190. What is unimolecular reaction?Aunimolecular reactionoccurs when a single reactant molecule transforms into one or more products.Examples of a unimolecular reaction include racemization, thermal decomposition, and isomerization.191. What is bi molecular reaction?Abimolecular reactionoccurs when two reactant molecules collide in one elementary step. Bimolecular reactions are the most common reactions.An example of a bimolecular reaction is the collision of N2O and NO, forming the products N2and NO2. Another is the collision of glucose and O2, formingCO2and water.192. What is termolecular reaction?Atermolecular reactionoccurs when three reactant molecules collide simultaneously to cause a reaction and formation of products. Termolecular reactions are extremely rare.193. What is the effect of orientation of collision?In any collision involving unsymmetrical atoms, the orientations of the atoms during collision determine whether a reaction occurs; without the proper orientations during the collision, the reaction will not occur at all. Collisions need to be oriented in a specific way to generate a reaction.194. What is the collision frequency?Collisional Frequency is the average rate in which two reactants collide for a given system and is used to express the average number of collisions per unit of time in a defined system.195. What are the assumption for collision frequency? All molecules travel through space in straight lines. All molecules are hard, solid spheres. The reaction of interest is between only two molecules. Collisions are hit or miss only. They occur when distance between the center of the two reactants is less than or equal to the sum of their respective radii. Even if the two molecules barely miss each other, it is still considered a complete miss. The two molecules do not interact (in reality, their electron clouds would interact, but this has no bearing on the equation)