Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-1 Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris...
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Transcript of Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-1 Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris...
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-1
Invitation To Psychology
Carol Wade and Carol TavrisPowerPoint Presentation by
H. Lynn BradmanMetropolitan Community College-Omaha
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-2
Psychological Disorders
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Psychological Disorders
• Defining and Diagnosing Disorder• Anxiety Disorders• Mood Disorders• Personality Disorders• Dissociative Identity Disorder• Drug Abuse and Addiction• Schizophrenia
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Defining and Diagnosing Disorder
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Defining and Diagnosing Disorder
• Dilemmas of Definition• Diagnosis: Art or Science?
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Dilemmas of Definition
• Possible Models for Defining Disorders:– Mental disorder as a violation of cultural standards.– Mental disorder as maladaptive or harmful behavior.– Mental disorder as emotional distress.
• Mental Disorder: – Any behavior or emotional state that causes an
individual great suffering or worry, is self-defeating or self-destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the person’s relationships or the larger community.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-7
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
• Axis I: Clinical Syndromes • Axis II: Personality Disorders • Axis III: General Medical Conditions • Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental
Conditions • Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
Scale
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-8
Concerns About Diagnostic System
• The danger of overdiagnosis
• The power of diagnostic labels
• Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
• The illusion of objectivity
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-9
Projective Tests
• Projective Tests:– Psychological tests used to infer a person’s
motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Projective Tests
• Rorschach Inkblot Test: – A projective
personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots.
A sample inkblot
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-11
Objective Tests
• Inventories: – Standardized objective questionnaires
requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): – A widely used objective personality test.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-12
Anxiety Disorders
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety and Panic• Fears and Phobias• Obsessions and Compulsions
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Anxiety and Panic
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder: – A continuous state of anxiety marked by
feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension.
• Panic Disorder: – An anxiety disorder in which a person
experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-15
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):– An anxiety disorder in which a person who
has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the the trauma, and increased physiological arousal.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-16
Fears and Phobias
• Phobia: An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Obsessions and Compulsions
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):– An anxiety disorder in which a person feels
trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Mood Disorders
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Mood Disorders
• Depression and Bipolar Disorder• Theories of Depression
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Depression
• Major Depression: – A mood disorder involving disturbances in
• emotion (excessive sadness), • behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual
activities),• cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), • and body function (fatigue and loss of
appetite).
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11-21
Symptoms of Depression
• Depressed mood • Reduced interest in almost all activities • Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting • Sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep) • Change in motor activity (too much or too little) • Fatigue or loss of energy • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt • Reduced ability to think or concentrate • Recurrent thoughts of death
DSM IV Requires 5 of these within the past 2 weeks
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-22
Gender, Age, and Depression
• Women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression.– True around the world
• After age 65, rates of depression drop sharply in both sexes.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-23
Theories of Depression
• Biological explanations emphasize genetics and brain chemistry.
• Social explanations emphasize the stressful circumstances of people’s lives.
• Attachment explanations emphasize problems with close relationships.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Theories of Depression
• Cognitive explanations emphasize particular habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events.
• “Vulnerability-Stress” explanations draw on all four explanations described above.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder: – A mood disorder in
which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur.
Mood
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Personality Disorders
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Personality Disorders
• Problem Personalities• Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Problem Personalities
• Personality Disorder: – Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal
distress or an inability to get along with others.
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder: – A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of
self-importance and self-absorption.
• Paranoid Personality Disorder: – A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable
and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): – A disorder characterized by antisocial
behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy.
– Sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Emotions and Antisocial Personality Disorder
• People with APD were slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain, or shock.
• Such responses indicate normal anxiety.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders: – Conditions in which consciousness or identity
is split or altered.
• Dissociative Identity Disorder: – A controversial disorder marked by the
appearance within on person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; commonly known as “Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD).”
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Flaws in MPD Diagnosis
• Flaws in Underlying Research• Pressure and Suggestions by Clinicians• Influence of the Media
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-34
Drug Abuse and Addiction
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Drug Abuse and Addiction
• Biology and Addiction• Learning, Culture, and Addiction• Debating the Causes of Addiction
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Biology and Addiction
• Some people have a biological vulnerability to addiction.
• This may be due to their metabolism, biochemistry, or personality traits.
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Biology and Addiction
• Heavy drug abuse also changes the brain in ways that make addiction more likely
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Learning, Culture, and Addiction
• Addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices and the social environment.
• Policies of total abstinence tend to increase addiction rates rather than reduce them.
• Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug.
• Addiction does not depend on the properties of the drug alone, but also on the reason for taking it.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-39
Drugs and Vietnam Veterans
• US Soldiers who tested “drug positive” in Vietnam showed a dramatic drop in drug use when they returned to civilian life.
• This contradicts what the biomedical model of addiction would predict.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
11-40
Debating the Causes of Addiction
• Problems with drugs are more likely when:– A person has a physiological vulnerability to a drug.– A person believes she or he has no control over the
drug.– Laws or customs encourage people to take the drug in
binges, and moderate use is neither tolerated nor taught.
– A person comes to rely on a drug as a method of coping with problems, suppressing anger or fear, or relieving pain.
– Members of a person’s peer group use drugs or drink heavily, forcing the person to choose between using drugs or losing friends.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia• Theories of Schizophrenia
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Bizarre Delusions• Hallucinations and Heightened Sensory
Awareness• Disorganized, Incoherent Speech• Grossly Disorganized and Inappropriate
Behavior
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Delusions and Hallucinations
• Delusions: – False beliefs that often accompany
schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
• Hallucinations: – Sensory experiences that occur in the
absence of actual stimulation.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Positive Symptoms– Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral
excesses
• Examples of Positive Symptoms– Hallucinations– Bizarre Delusions– Incoherent Speech– Inappropriate/Disorganized Behaviors
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Negative Symptoms– Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits
• Examples of Negative Symptoms– Loss of Motivation– Emotional Flatness– Social Withdrawal– Slowed speech or no speech
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Theories of Schizophrenia
• Genetic predispositions• Structural brain abnormalities• Neurotransmitter abnormalities
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Theories of Schizophrenia
• Prenatal abnormalities• Adolescent abnormalities in brain development
MRI scans show that aperson withSchizophrenia (left) is more likely than a healthy person (right) to have enlarged ventricles.
Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall
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Genetic Vulnerability to Schizophrenia
• The risk of developing schizophrenia (i.e., prevalence) in one’s lifetime increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases.