W3.04 Building Controls - Smart Building Tools

6/5/15

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Presented by David Quirk

Vice President and Principal, DLB Associates

Building Controls: Smart Building Tools

Learning Objec-ves

Ø Review essenAal controls strategies that every high-‐performance building should have in place

Ø Understand higher level control system funcAons and how they can benefit the sustainable aspects of a facility

Ø Learn how controls contribute to energy savings and sustainability

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References

•  ASHRAE –  Technical CommiOee’s

•  1.4 – Control Theory and ApplicaAon •  7.1 – Integrated Building Design •  7.5 – Smart Building Systems •  7.6 – Building Energy Performance

–  Standards •  90.1 – Energy Standard for Buildings

Except Low-‐Rise ResidenAal Buildings •  189 – Standard for the Design of

High-‐Performance Green Buildings •  135 – Building AutomaAon & Control

Networks (BACNet) –  Guidelines

•  13 –Specifying Building AutomaAon Systems (formerly Direct Digital Control)

•  36 -‐ High Performance Sequences of OperaAon for HVAC Systems

•  ASHRAE –  Other PublicaAons

•  ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides

•  ASHRAE CD Sequence of OperaAons for Common HVAC Systems

•  InternaAonal Society of

AutomaAon (ISA) •  NaAonal InsAtute of Building

Sciences (NIBS) •  High Performance Building

Council (HPBC) •  US Green Building Council

(USGBC) LEED / GBDC

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High Performance Buildings

Many industry interpretaAons: •  Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

•  Integrates and opAmizes on a life cycle basis all major high performance aOributes:

•  Energy conservaAon, environment, safety, security, durability, accessibility, cost-‐benefit, producAvity, sustainability, funcAonality, and operaAonal consideraAons.

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Many industry interpretaAons: •  Aka Smart Buildings •  High performance business •  IntegraAng technology, people and workflow •  OpAmize work producAvity and performance •  Save money everywhere •  Systems are connected with energy producAon through consumpAon (e.g smart grid)

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Owner Focus / OPR

Building Type

OperaAon. Cost / Efficiency

Environment Business Cost Sustainability ProducAvity

High Performance ü ü ü ü ü Smart ü ü ü ü ü LEED û ü û ü û Green û ü û ü û Sustainable û ü û ü û

Building Type Focus

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Industry Overview

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Industry Roadmap

Proprietary Systems

Open Standards Introduced

Silo’d Industries (Facili-es, IT, Telecom, Industrial)

Interoper-‐ability

Introduced

Cross-‐Func-onal Industry

Coopera-on & Standards

DCIM Smart-‐Grid Smart

Buildings


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How Do You Get There?

•  No standard roadmap / workflow •  Performance criteria and target metrics not yet defined (per HPBC)

•  Leverage available references and People – Best PracAces –  Industry Guidelines – Trusted Partners

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Control System Life-‐Cycle

OPTIMIZATION

OPERATIONS (Troubleshoo-ng,

Tuning, etc.)

PROGRAMMING

Intent Reality

MODELING

CONTROLS DESIGN

WRITTEN SPECIFICATIONS

Sequences of OperaAon -‐ Make this system do this thing in this way 10

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Control System Strategies

PLANNING & DESIGN – right-‐sizing the design, sehng up the OPR, Architecture, integraAon, interoperability, sustainability

SEQUENCES -‐ Performance vs PrescripAve, efficiency vs complexity

HARDWARE / SOFTWARE -‐ Performance, FuncAon, integraAon, features, GUI

PEOPLE – Owners, Operators, Consultants, Master System Integrators (MSI), System Integrators (SI)

TOOLS -‐ AnalyAcs, FDD, Alarming, ReporAng, ESPM, Advanced Sequences, Remote Services, Co-‐simulaAon

OPERATIONS -‐ Maintenance, Resources, Costs, ConAnuous Commissioning

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•  Master Plan – Requires extreme planning up front, engage experts early in the process, develop the OPR

•  Architecture – no more siloed systems, everything connects, consolidated GUI

•  Open plaXorms – leverage latest hardware and sojware technology, long term scalability

•  Interoperability – open standards are expanding to more than HVAC

Sequences Hardware / SoZware Tools Opera-ons People

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Planning & Design

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Workflow of Control and Integra-on is KEY:

•  Control segregated across various systems leads to:

•  Control / sequence of operaAon conflicts

•  Performance issues

•  OperaAons / Support DifficulAes (Finger PoinAng)

•  Energy waste – systems fighAng, not opAmized as a system

•  Open systems and integraAon, by nature, add complexity to a system

•  Combining mulAple vendors without technical management / oversight creates gaps


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Planning & Design


Integra-on Server &

Middleware

(SoZware)

Building Controller

PC (Hardware) &

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

via Web Browser

Building Controller

Power Equipment and Meters

Building Controller

Building Controller

Building Controller

Communica-on Gateway

VAV Controller

AC Units FC

Pressuriza-on

AC Units FC

AC Units

VAVs

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

FGW

FEC

FEC

FGW

FC FGW

Humidifica-on FC FGW


FEC = Factory Econ. Controller FGW = Factory Gateway

Equipment Vendor

HVAC Systems Integrator

Symbol Vendor

Middleware / GUI Integrator

Electrical Gear Vendor

Symbol Vendor FC = Factory Unit Controller

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Differences between standard and advanced sequences / logic? •  More opAmized towards a specific objecAve

•  More adapted and adapAve to building uses and operaAons

•  Could be self-‐learning & self-‐opAmizing

Hardware / SoZware Tools Opera-ons People Sequences

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Planning & Design


Can you create an advanced sequence without analyAcs / FDD? •  Yes, but typical BAS systems are not designed for this much horsepower

• When this funcAonality is NOT built into a BAS, requires high level of customizaAon


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Planning & Design

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Advanced Sequences and Energy Savings •  OpAmizing temperatures (air, water) •  AutomaAcally adjust schedules •  IdenAfying oncoming failure condiAons or sub-‐opAmal operaAonal issues

•  Performs ROI analysis to make decisions and alerts operators on best approach


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Planning & Design


Level of Detail: Opera-on vs Algorithms •  Performance -‐ “The chilled water valve and OA damper

shall modulate in sequence to maintain the discharge temperature at the setpoint.“

•  Prescrip-ve -‐ "A PID feedback loop shall control the discharge air temperature. As the PID output goes from 0 to 40%, the OA damper shall modulate from minimum to fully open. As the PID output goes from 50 to 100%, the valve shall modulate from closed to fully open."


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Mode Approach •  Pros -‐ Generally easier to understand / read, describes how the enAre system will operate

under a given set of condiAons. •  Cons -‐ can be difficult to program , component details are scaOered throughout and

duplicated

Component Approach •  Easier for a programmer to use, most control programs are structured by component. •  Technicians find the component structure more useful as a troubleshooAng tool because

they are generally troubleshooAng a specific component.

All versions should include •  Object list (sensors, actuators, coils, motors, etc.) or points list •  Mode table (component and mode summary), •  WriOen sequence •  Associated control schemaAc


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Planning & Design


Sequence of Opera-on – Component Style – Supply Fan •  Op-mal Start: Once enabled by the opAmal start algorithm, the fan

shall cycle to maintain the zone cooling setpoint of 74°F (adj.) and the zone heaAng setpoint of 70°F (adj.) to bring the zone temperature to setpoint prior to the occupied start Ame.

•  Occupied Mode: The fan shall cycle to maintain the zone cooling setpoint of 74°F (adj.) and the zone heaAng setpoint of 70°F (adj.).

•  Unoccupied Cooling: The fan shall cycle to maintain the unoccupied zone cooling setpoint of 85°F (adj.)


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Sequence of Opera-on – Mode Style •  Op-mal Start:

•  Once enabled by the opAmal start algorithm, the fan shall cycle to maintain the zone cooling setpoint of 74°F (adj.) and the zone heaAng setpoint of 70°F (adj.) to bring the zone temperature to setpoint prior to the occupied start Ame.

•  HeaAng and cooling valves modulate to maintain zone temperature setpoint •  Outside air damper remains closed in heaAng, can modulate open to 100% as

first stage of cooling prior to opening chilled water valve.

•  Occupied Mode: •  The fan shall cycle to maintain the zone cooling setpoint of 74°F (adj.) and the

zone heaAng setpoint of 70°F (adj.). •  HeaAng and cooling valves modulate to maintain zone temperature setpoint •  Outside air damper opens to minimum posiAon, can modulate open to 100%

as first stage of cooling prior to opening chilled water valve.


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Planning & Design


“Level 1” Modes of Opera-on

–  Occupied –  OpAmal Start / Stop –  Unoccupied –  Night Cooling / HeaAng –  Failure –  Emergency –  Special Event Mode (Theater)

“Level 2” Modes of Opera-on

–  Temperature Control –  Pressure Control –  Purge –  AnA-‐Freeze –  Temperature Resets –  Part-‐load operaAon –  Demand LimiAng –  CO2 Demand VenAlaAon –  Pre-‐cool / pre-‐heat


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ASHRAE Sequence – Mode Table


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Planning & Design


ASHRAE Sequence – Object (Point) List


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ASHRAE Sequence – Schema-c


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Planning & Design


Typical “Standard” Energy Saving Strategies •  Duct staAc pressure resets •  Supply air temperature resets •  Supply water temperature resets •  CO2-‐based demand control venAlaAon •  Demand shedding •  Integrated System sequences •  Daylight controls


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Integrated System Sequences of Opera-on •  Leveraging integraAon for smarter operaAon

– occupancy sensor status controls HVAC zone schedules

– Weather forecasAng predicts opAmal start Ame – Conference room schedule sojware sets HVAC schedules

– Security / Access system sets HVAC and lighAng preferences and schedules


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Planning & Design


ASHRAE Research Projects •  1455-‐RP, Phase 1 Air DistribuAon and Terminal Systems

•  Work Statement 1711, Phase II Central Plants and Hydronic Systems


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Sequence Format Best Prac-ces •  System DescripAon •  Logical hierarchy of systems and the subsystems

•  Use tables and diagrams •  Show formulas to be used in calcs •  Provide control loop iniAal or default setpoints •  KISS


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Planning & Design

Industry Challenges -‐ Sequences

•  HPB systems are unique -‐ require custom logic = increased cost and effort •  WriAng precise, concise, and bug-‐free sequences is very difficult •  Installing contractors and programmers not equipped

–  Have to close sequence gaps –  Ojen lack understanding of design intent

•  Extremely compeAAve market results in insufficient Ame devoted to unique system programming

•  DDC systems are very powerful, yet their power is not fully uAlized –  Few systems are programmed with real-‐Ame diagnosAc algorithms to detect

faults, yet almost all systems have the hardware and sojware capability to do so.

–  These diagnosAcs could be used to detect system faults that result in energy waste or failure to maintain process or comfort condiAons.

–  Few include performance metrics that can help operaAng engineers monitor plant performance, such as plant kW/ton monitored over Ame (day, month, year) that might be used to indicate a degradaAon of performance.


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Industry Challenges -‐ Sequences

Examples •  OpAmum sequences for boiler plants varies substanAally

with boiler type. Staging logic for modulaAng condensing boilers, which are rapidly gaining market share, is the opposite of convenAonal boilers –  run as many boilers as possible at their minimum unloading point vs. run as few as possible

•  OpAmum sequences for chilled water plants have not yet been determined in a general form for various system configuraAons.

•  Papers wriOen, on techniques to opAmize control sequences but most require computer modeling, and thus increased engineering and verificaAon Ame.


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Planning & Design


•  Open Protocols – how open are they? –  BACnet is a minimum standard, all manufacturers meet the standard at different funcAonality levels

–  Can create interoperability problems when performing advanced integraAon

•  Hardware –  become very commodiAzed, achieve the same funcAonality and capabiliAes with different vendors

–  Lots of hardware OEM plauorms •  Sojware

–  Engineering tools vary by vendor –  Difficult to create guidelines for best pracAces


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Programming •  programming is an art form, everyone has their preferences

•  no industry standards or guidelines •  programmers don’t include “read me files” to explain to operaAons staff how their logic works – Difficult to ensure performance and energy savings are maintained through life cycle

•  With the tradiAonal model, the key to success is in the programming and tesAng


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Planning & Design


•  All BACnet Is not Equal


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•  Programming Languages are proprietary and vary by manufacturer •  Not standardized like with PLCs (IEC 61131)

•  Five control languages; InstrucAon List, Structured Text, Ladder Diagram, FuncAon Block Diagram, and SequenAal FuncAon Chart

•  Can be difficult to program complex wriOen sequences with some languages

•  Numerous math and logic funcAon blocks provide near limitless approaches a programmer can take achieve the wriOen sequence.

•  A lot of room for interpretaAon


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Planning & Design

Control System Strategies Hardware / SoZware Tools Opera-ons People Sequences

Programming Example – Func-on Block Diagram

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Planning & Design

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Control System Strategies Hardware / SoZware Tools Opera-ons People Sequences

Programming Example – Func-on Block Diagram

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Planning & Design


999 C ***COMMON*** 1000 TIMAVG(“Z01.RAV”,600,4”Z01RMT”) 1999 C ***PROGRAM DECISION*** 2000 IF (“A01.SMK”.EQ.ALARM) THEN GOTO 7000 2010 IF (“A01.LTD”.EQ.ON) THEN GOTO 7000 2020 IF (TIME.LT.08:00.OR.TIME.GT.18:00)THEN GOTO 6000 2030 GOTO 5000 4999 C ***OCCUPIED*** 5000 ON(“A01MAD”,”A01SAF”) 5010 IF(“A01.SAF.EQ.OFF)THEN SECNDS = 0 5020 IF (SECNDS.GT.30) THEN ON(“A01.RAF”) 5030 TABLE (“Z01.RAT”,”A01.SAS”,65,100,75,75) 5040 LOOP(0,”A01SAT”,”A01.HCV”,”A01SAS”,900,25,0,1,5,5,3.0,8.0,0) 5050 GOTO 8000 5999 C***UNOCCUPIED*** 6000 OFF(“A01.MAD”.”A01.SAF”,”A01.RAF”) 6010 GOTO 8000 6999 C***SAFETY*** 7000 OFF(“A01.MAD”.”A01.SAF”,”A01.RAF”) 7010 SET(3.0,”A01.HWV”) 7020 GOTO 8000 8000 GOTO 1000


Programming Example – Structured Text

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Control System Strategies -‐ GUI


•  High performance metrics should be at-‐a-‐glance

•  Operator Displays vs. Manager Displays

•  Tenant / User System EducaAon / InteracAon –  Personal dashboards –  Kiosks / digital signage

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Planning & Design


•  High performance buildings require high performance implementers – Design A/E Specializing in controls and integraAon – Master Systems Integrators (MSI) – Systems Integrators (SIs) – Vendors specializing in controls and integraAon


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•  The right people need to be a focus for high performance buildings

•  Beware of using low bidders •  Programming, implementaAon, tesAng needs to be handled by those in know, especially for high performance systems

•  Difficult to make the design bulletproof so it can be handed off without interpretaAon, not realisAc with tradiAonal model


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Planning & Design


These tools are not part of a typical BAS – Can be used to opAmize and track energy usage •  Fault DetecAon & DiagnosAcs (FDD) •  AnalyAcs •  Machine Learning •  Energy management Tools

– Energy Star Poruolio Manager (ESPM) – OpenADR


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FDD / Analy-cs

Workflow •  Collect •  Analyze •  Report

Many ways to accomplish •  With BAS •  Separate Sojware •  Integrated / Separate GUI

Building Systems (BAS, PMS, Ligh-ng, etc.)

FDD / Analy-cs SoZware

Field Devices, Sensors, Equipment

Users, GUI


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Planning & Design

FDD / Analy-cs Solu-on Types

1.  BAS with basic alarms 2.  BAS with addiAonal

custom programming logic

3.  Non-‐Intelligent “Rules-‐Driven” with canned GUI

4.  Non-‐Intelligent “Rules-‐Driven” with custom GUI

5.  Intelligent learning Algorithm Engine with canned GUI

6.  Intelligent learning Algorithm Engine with customized GUI

Magnitude

Cost / Complexity ROI

1 2 3 4 5 6


Single Building Cost vs Func-on

Func-onality

Magnitude

1 2 3 4 5 6

Func-onality

Program Cost vs Func-on

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FDD / Analy-cs – Benefits

Execu-ve / C-‐Suite •  IdenAfy potenAal cost savings to help budget CAPex for renovaAons

•  Track KPIs such as carbon footprint and PUE

Energy Manager •  IdenAfy Energy saving opportuniAes •  Track energy consumpAon against previous periods


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Planning & Design

FDD / Analy-cs – Benefits

Facili-es Manager •  IdenAfy areas with greatest ROI to focus staff •  IdenAfy situaAons that can shorten equipment life

Engineering / Opera-ons •  Gain deeper understanding of building operaAon not available with BAS

•  Enhanced troubleshooAng insight •  IdenAfy reliability risks •  IdenAfy opportuniAes to opAmize building systems


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FDD / Analy-cs – GUI

GUI Considera-ons •  Canned GUI screens vs. custom GUI development

•  SME required to interpret informaAon and decide how to take acAon

•  Outsourcing remote analyAcs management is one opAon


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Planning & Design


Do high performance buildings need high performance operators? •  Yes •  High performance buildings are more complex, more integrated, more data

•  Require more frequent monitoring, conAnuous commissioning to realize ROI

•  Proper alarming, FDD, analyAcs can idenAfy energy waste and control system issues

•  Proper GUI design can simplify for operators


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•  OpAmize GUI, dashboards, ReporAng as business needs and facility evolves

•  ConAnuous Commissioning •  Event-‐based Maintenance Management

–  IntegraAon between BAS and CMMS – PredicAve maintenance

•  AnalyAcs Management Programs


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Planning & Design

Savings

HPB Savings comes from: •  HolisAc approach – OPR through OperaAons •  Aligning the tools, people, process with the OPR

•  Right-‐sizing the soluAon •  Sehng up the right condiAons for the stakeholders (KPI’s, contracts, GUI’s, etc.)

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The Future

Revit BIM

Energy Plus DOE

Simula-on Tool

FDD Cont Cx Energy Analy-cs

BACNet Controllers

Co-‐Simula-on

Model bldg. + thermal

masses, vols exposures

Energy Systems Modeling

Controls Systems + Simula-ons

Control bldg. Systems

Analysis bldg. systems + opera-ons

Tune Opera-on

Op-mize Revised Control Schemes based on FDD

Manual Interface

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Closing Comments

EssenAal Control Strategies •  Currently different for all cases -‐ OPR defined •  No Standardized approaches developed yet Every High performance building should: •  NOT use a compeAAve bid model •  Requires a unique approach •  Must use opAmizaAon approach in the absence of standard approaches for HPB

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Thank You David Quirk, P.E., LEED AP, CEM

DLB Associates [email protected]

848-‐333-‐1570

W3.04 Building Controls - Smart Building Tools

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Transcript of W3.04 Building Controls - Smart Building Tools