W TRADE S/C/W/27 ORGANIZATION - World Trade Organization

RESTRICTED

WORLD TRADE S/C/W/27

10 November 1997

ORGANIZATION(97-4917)

Council for Trade in Services

A REVIEW OF STATISTICS ON TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES

Note by the Secretariat

This paper was prepared at the request of the Council for Trade in Services. It aims to providean overview of the statistics on international trade in services that are currently available. This paperis organised in 6 sections. A brief introduction is followed by Section II which describes the data thatare currently available. Section III describes trade flows in services, at an aggregate and sectoral level,on the basis of balance of payments statistics. Section IV discusses the statistics on Foreign AffiliatesTrade for the United States, the only country which has so far collected such statistics on a regularbasis. Section V presents available indicators of the importance of the presence of natural personsas a mode of supply, and Section VI concludes the paper.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. AVAILABLE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

(i) Balance of Payments (BOP) Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6(ii) Sectoral statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

III. TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES SECTORS BASED ON BOP STATISTICS . . . . . 10

(i) Overview of trends in trade in services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10(ii) Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12(iii) Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13(iv) Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13(v) Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14(vi) Financial services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14(vii) Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15(viii) Computer and information services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15(ix) Other business services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16(x) Royalties and licence fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16(xi) Personal, cultural and recreational services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

IV. FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE (FAT) STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

V. ESTIMATING TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESENCE OFNATURAL PERSONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

VI. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

ANNEX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

ANNEX B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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TABLES AND CHARTS IN THE TEXT

Table 1: Types of data on trade in services presented in this paper . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 2: Coverage: Number of countries reporting trade data for specific services sectors,

1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 3: Total commercial services trade of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 4: U.S. trade in transport services, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 5: U.S. trade in telecommunications (BOP) and communications (MOFAs and

MOUSAs), 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 6: U.S. trade in insurance services, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 7: U.S. trade in computer and data processing services, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 8: U.S. trade in accounting, management and related services, 1994 . . . . . . . . 21Table 9: U.S. trade in advertising services, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 10: Growth of U.S. BOP and Foreign Affiliates Trade, 1992-93 and 1993-94 . . 22Table 11: Compensation of employees by originating and host country in 1994-95 . . . . 23

Chart 1 Annual growth of trade in commercialservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chart 2 Share of world trade in all commercial services by categoryin 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chart 3 Estimated share of world trade in "other commercial services" by categoryin 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

ANNEX TABLES

Table A1: Share of goods and commercial services in total trade of selected regions andeconomies, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Table A2: World exports of commercial services by selected region,1985-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table A3: World imports of commercial services by selected region,1985-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table A4: World trade in commercial services by category,1990-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Table A5: World trade in "other commercial services" by category,1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Table A6: Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services,1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Table A7: Share of top five and top ten exporters and importers of commercial servicesin 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Table A8: Leading exporters and importers of transportationservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Table A9: World seaborne trade for the year 1970, 1993, 1994 and 1995(a) by typesof cargo and country groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Table A10: Structure of the merchant fleets of the main country groups as at31 December 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table A11: 35 most important maritime countries by ownership of vessels . . . . . . . . . . 33Table A12: Passengers carried on scheduled flights in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table A13: Passenger-kilometres performed on scheduled flights in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table A14: Freight carried on scheduled flights in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

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Table A15: Leading exporters and importers oftravel services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Table A16: Top 20 tourism destinations in 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table A17: Top 20 exporters and importers of communications services in 1995 . . . . . . 37Table A18: Top 20 revenue-earners of telecommunication services (total and international)

in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table A19: International telephone traffic for the top 20 countries - ranked by the number

of outgoing minutes in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table A20: Top 20 exporters and importers of construction services in 1995 . . . . . . . . 39Table A21: Top 20 exporters and importers of financial services in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table A22: Top 20 exporters and importers of insurance services in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . 40Table A23: Top 20 exporters and importers of computer and information services

in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table A24: Top 20 exporters and importers of other business services in 1995 . . . . . . . 41Table A25: Top 20 exporters and importers of royalties and licence fees in 1995 . . . . . . 41Table A26: Top 20 exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services

in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table B1: Exports of services in 1995: all countries, 10 main sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table B2: Imports of services in 1995: all countries, 10 main sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table B3: Exports of services in 1995: 27 countries,

all sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table B4: Imports of services in 1995: 29 countries,

all sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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I. INTRODUCTION

At the meeting of the Council for Trade in Services held on 25 July 1997, the Secretariat wasasked to identify trends in services trade flows. This paper draws together a variety of data to constructa general, but necessarily incomplete, picture of services trade. The paper should be read in conjunctionwith the previous Secretariat paper on services statistics, circulated as document S/C/W/5, especiallySection II, which describes the significant problems with existing services statistics. The poor qualityand inconsistency of available data continue to be major problems in analysing trade flows in services.

In the GATS context, in addition to general inadequacies of services statistics, we encountera crucial problem: the framework of negotiated commitments does not match the existing structure oftrade statistics (see S/C/W/5). This is for three related reasons. First, the GATS definition of tradein services goes beyond the traditional notion of international trade, which refers to products crossinggeographical boundaries, or to transactions between residents and non-residents. Thus, trade in servicesis defined as including local sales by foreign entities who would be considered "residents" by conventionalstatistical criteria and for whose activities adequate statistics do not exist. Second, the scheduledcommitments are, in most part, according to the GNS classification1 which is based largely, but notentirely, on the UN Central Product Classification (CPC).2 However, the only services trade statisticsavailable on a global basis follow the IMF Balance of Payments Manual classification which was notoriginally based on the CPC.3 The third reason, related to the first, is the distinction made in GATSbetween four modes of supply: cross border supply, consumption abroad, commercial presence andpresence of natural persons. In the country schedules, commitments in each service sector are specificallydefined according to each mode of supply. This is a form of disaggregation for which only crudestatistical approximations exist.

II. AVAILABLE DATA

Three types of data on trade in services are used in this paper: balance of payments (BOP),sectoral, and Foreign Affiliates Trade (FAT) data. The first column in Table 1 lists the 10 maincomponents of the IMF classification, discussed below. The second column in Table 1 lists the sector-specific statistics which are presented in this paper. The third column indicates the sectors for whichstatistics on FAT are available for the United States, the only country which currently reports suchstatistics on a regular basis.4 This Section describes the first two sources, while the third source isdiscussed in a subsequent section.

1MTN.GNS/W/120.

2The GNS Classification deviates from the CPC classification primarily in telecommunication and financialservices and to a lesser extent in transport services. The CPC constitutes a complete product classification coveringgoods, services and assets. It was developed primarily to enhance harmonization among various fields of economic-related statistics.

3Work is currently in progress on establishing a concordance between the IMF classification and the CPC.

4Several other OECD countries have begun work on the collection of statistics on Foreign Affiliates Trade.The first results of this work should become available towards the end of 1997.

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Table 1: Types of data on trade in services presented in this paper

BOP Sectoral FAT (U.S. only)

Transport Air- Passengers carried

- Passenger-kilometres performed- Freight carried

Maritime

- World seaborne trade by types of cargo andcountry groups

- Structure of the merchant fleets of the maincountry groups

- 35 most important maritime countries

Yes

Travel - World's top tourism destinations None

Communications services - Top 20 revenue-earners of telecommunicationsservices (total and international)

- Volume of outgoing and incoming internationalcalls, and settlement payments

Yes

Construction services None None

Insurance services None, but see WTO (1997) Yes

Financial services None, but see WTO (1997) None

Computer and information services None Yes

Royalties and licence Fees None None

Other business services None - Accounting, management and

related services- Advertising

Personal, cultural and recreationalservices

None None

(i) Balance of Payments (BOP) Statistics

The only comprehensive source of information on trade in services available on a global basisare the IMF balance of payments statistics. These statistics are reported by central banks and nationalstatistics offices and reproduced in the IMF Balance of Payments Yearbooks. Most data available until1994 were reported according to the conceptual framework and the classification system of the 4thedition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (1977) (hereafter referred to as BPM-4) but a transitionis now being made to the 5th edition of 1993 (referred to as BPM-5 and described below).

In BPM-4, there was no explicit identification of what constituted trade in services. Rather,the current account was divided between merchandise and non-merchandise items, the latter often beingreferred to as invisibles. The term invisibles generally referred to the sum of the following categories:shipment, other transportation, travel, investment income, other official goods, services and income,other private goods, services and income, and (optionally) private and official unrequited transfers.The definition of commercial services used in previous GATT publications included all the componentsof invisibles except investment income, otherofficial goods, services and income, andprivate andofficialunrequited transfers. Starting with the 1995 issue of the Annual Report, the WTO decided to excludelabour income, which consists mainly of wages and salaries paid to seasonal and border workers, fromthe definition of commercial services. The reason for this exclusion is discussed in Section V.

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The BPM-5 classification, introduced in 1993, is significantlymore disaggregated than BPM-4,and indicates what has already become available for many countries. Box A3 in S/C/W/5 presentsa juxtaposition, rather than a formal concordance, of the GNS and the BPM-5 classifications. Thisreveals that the information available on a global basis in the near future will still suffer from certainshortcomings. First, these statistics still do not cover "foreign affiliates trade". Balance of paymentsstatistics register transactions between residents and non-residents. According to balance of paymentsconventions, if factors of production move to another country for a period longer than one year(sometimes flexibly interpreted), a change in residency has occurred. The output generated by suchfactors that is sold in the host market is not recorded as trade in the BOP. Thus, transactions involvingcommercial presence or stay of natural persons for durations of more than one year are not coveredby the BOP statistics. The implications for statistical coverage of individual sectors depend on therelative importance of these modes of supply in a particular sector. Sectors like distribution servicesand financial services are likely to be among the worst affected.

Second, even BPM-5 contains a relatively limited disaggregation in comparison with the GNSclassification. The greatest number of sub-divisions in the GNS classification are in business (46),communication (21), financial (16) and transport (33) services. The number of subdivisions in theIMF classification for these sectors are 2, 2, 2 and 9, respectively. The inclusion of supplementaryinformation, whichwas included in response to GATS needs, raises the number of business subdivisionsto 8.

Finally, there is the problem of lack of concordance in that some of the IMF categories donot match the GNS ones. For statistical coverage, educational services and health-related and socialservices must rely on a disaggregation of personal travel expenditures provided only in the supplementaryinformation section, and on non-separated ingredients of other personal, cultural and recreationalservices. The lack of a precise concordance is also a major problem for computer and related services,environmental services, tourism and travel-related services, and recreational, cultural and sportingservices. For example, in the IMF BOP classification, computer and information services include newsagencies services which are part of recreational and cultural services in the GNS classification.

Table 2 illustrates the level of detail at which different countries report to the IMF. The lownumber for 1996 reflects delays in reporting. Almost all of the IMF member countries report aggregatetrade statistics for transportation, travel, insurance, and other business services. However, only asmall number of the countries report disaggregated data for individual components of transportationand travel. Furthermore, fewer than half the IMF member countries report statistics separately forsectors like construction, financial, computer and information, and personal, cultural and recreationalservices.5 Even the statistics that are reported do not necessarily have the same coverage. For instance,the United States BOP figures for services sub-sectors other than transport and travel, only includetransactions between unaffiliated partners, while those of other countries include transactions betweenaffiliated partners also.

The Tables in Annex B provide IMF BOP data for 1995. Tables B1 and B2 present exportand import statistics, respectively, of all IMF member countries for the ten main components of theBPM-5 classification. Tables B3 and B4 present export and import statistics, respectively, of the subsetof member countries (27 and 29, respectively) which reported statistics for more than half of the itemsin the detailed BPM-5 classification. Significant gaps remain in both sets of tables.

5This paper relies on the statistics that have been published by the IMF. There are indications that certaincountries have more detailed data at the national level. The Secretariat is exploring the possibility of obtainingaccess to such data.

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Table 2: Coverage: Number of countries reporting trade data for specific services sectors,1994-96

Code Service description Imports Exports

94 95 96 94 95 96

Total services 147 117 46 146 116 46

1 Transport 147 117 46 141 113 46

1.1 Sea transport 48 48 27 42 44 27

1.1.1 Passenger transport on sea 18 19 14 13 15 13

1.1.2 Freight transport on sea 42 40 22 31 33 22

1.1.3 Supporting, auxiliary and other services 31 30 19 31 31 18

1.2 Air transport 48 46 26 49 48 26

1.2.1 Passenger transport by air 43 39 23 39 37 23

1.2.2 Freight transport by air 26 32 22 22 29 20

1.2.3 Supporting, auxiliary and other services 26 27 16 33 32 18

1.3 Other transportation 35 34 22 39 40 22

1.3.1 Passenger 19 19 10 22 21 11

1.3.2 Freight 27 26 17 28 29 17

1.3.3 Other transportation services 24 27 15 27 30 15

2 Travel 145 115 46 141 114 46

2.1 Business travel 34 33 15 24 22 12

2.2 Personal travel 47 48 21 39 40 19

2.2.1 Health-related expenditure 13 15 6 4 7 4

2.2.2 Education-related expenditure 25 23 8 10 14 7

2.2.3 Other personal travel 37 37 14 29 28 11

3 Communications services 57 60 33 57 62 32

4 Construction services 36 40 26 30 37 23

5 Insurance services 131 104 39 89 72 31

6 Financial services 40 44 23 38 43 24

7 Computer and information services 19 25 18 16 23 16

8 Royalties and licence fees 63 57 29 46 42 24

9 Other business services 143 116 44 134 110 42

9.1 Merchanting and other trade-related services 31 33 18 36 37 19

9.2 Operational leasing 29 30 21 20 25 19

9.3 Miscellaneous business, professional and technical services 66 62 33 64 61 31

9.3.1 Legal, accounting, management, consulting and public relationsservices 19 19 11 12 14 9

9.3.2 Advertising, market research and public opinion polling services 16 19 12 14 16 11

9.3.3 Research and development services 11 14 9 10 13 9

9.3.4 Architectural, engineering and other technical services 12 15 8 11 14 8

9.3.5 Agricultural, mining and on-site processing services 5 6 4 6 7 4

9.3.6 Other services 42 37 20 41 37 20

10 Personal, cultural and recreational services 27 30 17 20 24 16

10.1 Audio-visual and related services 16 19 12 11 14 11

10.2 Other personal, cultural and recreational 15 16 9 13 15 11

Source: Compiled by the WTO Secretariat from IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.

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(ii) Sectoral statistics

This section describes the sectoral statistics that are potentially available. For reasons of space,only those which seemed most relevant have been included in this study.

Statistics on air transport services can be obtained from the International Civil AviationOrganization's (ICAO) Statistical Yearbook.6 The Statistical Yearbook contains information on kilometresand hours flown, passengers carried, general type of activity of passengers, passenger-kilometres flown,tonne-kilometres of freight and mail, civil aircraft registered in ICAO states, fleet composition, as wellas information on companies, such as the number of employees, operating revenue, expenses andsurplus.

Statistics on maritime transport services can be obtained from the United Nations Conferenceon Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Review of Maritime Transport. The Review providesinformationon fleets, shipbuilding andport development, freight, containers andmulti-modal transport,world fleet size by principal types of vessels, tonnage distribution of major open-registry fleets, cargocarried and ton-miles performed per deadweight tonnage of the total world fleet, container port trafficof developing countries and territories, and traffic for selected ports.7

Tourism statistics can be obtained from the Yearbook of Tourism Statistics published by theWorld Tourism Organization. The Yearbook contains information on passengers and passenger-kilometresflown, tourists arrivals, payments, nights in hotels, accommodation capacity, trends of tourist arrivalsby country and by air for each region, and nights spent by tourists from abroad in all accommodationestablishments

Financial statistics can be obtained from the Annual Report of the Bank for InternationalSettlements, and from different publications of the IMF, the World Bank and the OECD. A recentstudy, "Opening markets in Financial Services and the Role of the GATS" (WTO, 1997), presentsstatistics relevant to financial services such as statistics on total banking assets, activity in internationalfinancial markets, global derivatives markets, and the share of foreign-owned assets in total bankingassets.

Statistics on insurance services can be obtained from the Swiss Reinsurance Company SIGMA.This company publishes statistics on premiums in life and non-life insurance, for a selected numberof countries (63). Detailed information on activities of insurance companies is given by UNCTADfor developing countries and OECD for its member countries.

Professional organizations such as the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) keepstatistics on membership of professional bodies on a country basis. The Federation of EuropeanAccountants (FEE) collects statistics on the accounting profession for the European Union countries.Nonetheless, data on accounting services are very limited.

Telecommunication services statistics are obtained from the International TelecommunicationUnion (ITU) (1996, 1997). These publications include information on telecommunication revenues,international telephone revenues, direction of outgoing and incoming traffic, telephone and cellular

6Statistics on air transport are also available from the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

7Some of the statistics presented in the UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport are drawn from Lloyd'sMaritime Information Services Ltd. (London). The Economic Commission for Europe publishes informationby modes of transport (railways, roads, inland waterway, international rivers, and pipelines) for European countries.

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tariffs, settlement payments, new telephone lines added, telecommunication investment andtelecommunication staff.8

III. TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES SECTORS BASED ON BOP STATISTICS

It must be emphasized that both the trade values and country rankings presented below, especiallyat the detailed sectoral level, should be viewed with a certain degree of caution, given the differencesbetween countries in reporting, reliability, definitions and collection methods.

(i) Overview of trends in trade in services

World trade in commercial services, measured on a balance of payments basis, accounted foraround one-fifth of world exports and imports of goods and services in 1995 (Table A1 in Annex A).There were some regional variations in this proportion. On the export side, North America and WesternEurope recorded above-average shares of services in their total exports, while Latin America, Africaand Asia recorded shares of services below the global average. On the import side, the picture issomewhat different: Africa, Asia and Western Europe recorded shares above the average while theAmericas recorded shares below the average.

The growth of world trade in commercial services slowed down in 1996 (Chart 1, Tables A2and A3). Exports of commercial services were estimated to be $1,260 billion in 1996, an increaseof 5 per cent over the previous year - much lower than the increase of 14 per cent recorded in 1995.While Asia's exports and imports of commercial services grew fastest in 1995, Latin American growthwas as impressive in 1996. Western Europe's trade revealed the most significant deceleration in 1996.

In recent years, transportation accounted for at least a quarter and travel for around a thirdof all trade in commercial services (Chart 2, Table A4). Over the last couple of years, the exportsof transportation services increased less, while other commercial services (insurance, banking,telecommunication and so forth) expanded somewhat faster than total services (Chart 1). Chart 3 andTable A5 have been constructed to provide a more disaggregated picture of the relative importanceof particular services within the category of other commercial services. One significant problemencountered was that not all countries report statistics for each sub-sector. Trade in individual sub-sectorsfor non-reporting countrieswas estimatedon the basis of their share in total trade in commercial services.A second problem was that aggregate imports were not always equal to aggregate exports in particularsectors due to differences in reporting. Table A5, therefore, presents the average of imports and exportsfor each sub-sector. Subject to these qualifications, Tables A4 and A5 together reveal that trade inmost sub-sectors is dwarfed by transport and travel.9 Financial and insurance services togetherconstituted around a fifth of other commercial services in recent years. Other business services is alarge category within other commercial services because it is a catch-all category for all unreportedsectors. The relatively large category of royalties and licence fees is treated as part of services in IMFBOP statistics, but it is only the franchising component of this category which is relevant in the GATScontext (as a sub-sector of distribution services).

8Statistics on telecommunications are also available from SIEMENS on telecommunication lines, countries'capacities, local, long distance and international calls, subscribers by type, and investments in the sector.Moreover, the OECD publishes a range of information for member countries.

9It is important to note that travel is a blanket category which covers all expenditure by travellers abroad,including therefore consumption abroad of other services like transportation and telecommunications.

pp 11 OFFSET

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The top 15 exporters and importers of commercial services accounted for around 72 per centand 69 per cent of world exports and imports, respectively, in 1995 - the most recent year for whicha sufficiently large number of countries have reported statistics (Table A6). The leading exportingcountries and the leading importing countries tend to be the same, though their relative importancein exports and imports differs somewhat. Although annual changes need to be treated with caution,Table A6 suggests that there are significant variations in the performance of the leading exporters andimporters of commercial services in 1995.

Table A7 provides estimates of the share of the top 5 and top 10 exporters and importers inreported trade in each sector. As noted above, not all countries report trade figures for each servicescategory. The relative importance of the reporting countries in total trade in the relevant service isestimated on the basis of their share in total trade in commercial services. In so far as the reportingcountries may be relatively more important traders in the relevant services category, their estimatedshare in world exports may be understated. It must be noted that there is virtually full reporting forthe categories transport, travel andother business services. But the ingredients ofother business servicesare likely to differ between countries in so far as they include data for all unreported sectors. Theelements of Table A7 are discussed in the sections on individual sectors.

(ii) Transportation

In the GNS classification, transportation services include maritime, internal waterways, air,space, rail, road, pipeline, as well as auxiliary services, such as cargo-handling, storage and warehousing,and freight agency services. In the BPM-5 Classification, transportation is divided into sea, air andother transport, with each category subdivided further into passenger, freight and other.10

Table A8 presents the 15 leading exporters and importers of transportation services in 1995.11

The top five exporters of transportation services accounted for around 42 percent of world exportsof transportation services in 1995, reflecting a small decline from their share of over 44 per cent in1990. The corresponding figures for the top five importers of transportation services are 41 per centand 42 per cent, respectively.

Among the top 15 exporters of transportation services, Hong Kong (China), the Republic ofKorea, Chinese Taipei, and Sweden did not report disaggregated data for individual transportationservices. Among those countries which reported disaggregated data, Japan and Italy were the top twoexporters and importers of sea transport services in 1995.

The data reported by the IMF are at an aggregated level. More disaggregated or industry-leveldata for maritime transport services are reported by UNCTAD in its Reviews of Maritime Transport.Table A9 presents statistics for world seaborne trade for the year 1970, 1993, 1994 and 1995. Table A10presents the structure of the merchant fleets of the main country groups for the year 1995, and Table A11shows the 35 most important maritime countries in 1995.

The information contained in Table A9 pertains not to trade in maritime transport servicesper se, but demonstrates the reliance on maritime transport for trade in goods. The table distinguishes

10The OECD/Eurostat classification includes the other major transport categories (space, rail, road, and internalwaterway transport) as separate sectors. According to BPM-5 guidelines, "ship repairs" are included not in theservices account, but in the goods account as part of the general category "repairs on goods". However,"maintenance" of ship is included in "other transportation".

111995 is the latest year in which most countries reported to the IMF.

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between goods loaded (exports) and goods unloaded (imports), types of goods (crude oil, oil products,and dry cargo), and country groups. A comparison of TablesA8 and A11 reveals interesting differences.Greece, the Russian Federation, Japan, China and Norway were the five most important maritimecountries in 1995 - ranked by ownership of number of vessels under either national or foreign flag.However, Greece and China did not figure in the list of most important exporters of maritime transportservices because these figures are not fully reported to the IMF. The Russian Federation's low positionin terms of exports, despite its ownership of a large number of vessels, may be explained by the largenational consumption of maritime transport services.

In 1995, oil tankers and bulk carriers each accounted for over a third of the world's merchantfleets. Oil tankers had the largest share (over 40 per cent) in the fleets of both developed market-economyand major open-registry countries, whereas bulk carriers had the largest share (42 percent) in the fleetsof developing countries and socialist countries of Asia. General cargo vessels (share of 39 per cent)dominated the fleets of Central and Eastern European countries (including the former USSR).

In 1995, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Japan were the top5 exporters as well as the top 5 importers of air transport services. More disaggregated or industry-leveldata for air transport services are presented in Tables A12, A13 and A14, which are drawn from theICAO Annual Reports. In 1995, United States' airlines carried the highest number of passengers onscheduled flights. The United States' share of world's passengers carried was more than 41 percentin terms of total operations, and more than 14 percent for international operations. Airlines from theUnited States also carried the most tonnage of freight in 1995. It's share of world's freight tonnes-kilometres performed was approximately 24 percent from total operations, and approximately 15percentage from international operations.

(iii) Travel

The BOP category travel covers all expenditures by travellers abroad, including those on goods,and is not subdivided into the different categories of services acquired by travellers. Some elementsof consumption abroad which arise when the property of the consumer moves or is situated abroad,as in the repair and maintenance services of ships and aircrafts, are not recorded in travel but in otherBOP categories.

Table A15 presents the 15 leading exporters and importers of travel services in 1995. Thetop ten exporters and importers of travel services in 1995 accounted for approximately 59 percent and63 percent of world exports and imports of travel services, respectively. In 1995, the United Stateswas the leading exporter of travel services, and Germany was the leading importer of travel services.

France, United States, Spain, Italy and Hungary were the top five tourism destinations in 1994as shown in Table A16. The top ten tourism destinations in 1994, which also included China, Polandand Mexico, accounted for more than half of the arrivals worldwide.

(iv) Communications

In the GNS classification communications services include postal, courier, telecommunication,and audiovisual services. In the BPM-5 Classification, communications services group together postal,courier and telecommunication services,while audiovisual services are reported separately as anelementof personal, cultural and recreational services.

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Table A17 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of communications services amongthose countries that have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top five exporters and importers ofcommunications services in 1995 accounted for more than 49 percent and 67 percent of reported exportsand imports of communications services, respectively.12 The United States, Germany and the UnitedKingdom were the top three exporters and importers of communications services.

Table A18 presents the top 20 revenue-earners of international telecommunication servicesin 1995, and Table A19 presents the international telephone traffic for the top 20 countries - rankedby the number of outgoing minutes for the same period.

(v) Construction

In the GNS classification, construction services are subdivided into several sub-sectors, whilethe BPM-5 classification includes all construction services in a single category. Two points shouldbe noted about the BOP statistics on construction services: first, the one-year rule for determining whetheran entity is resident is interpreted flexibly, so that many situations of temporary commercial presenceare captured by the data. Second, goods imported by an enterprise for use in projects are includedin the value of construction services rather than being recorded under goods trade; the data presentedthus tends to overrate the "true" services component.

Table A20 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of construction services for thosecountries that have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top five exporters and importers of constructionservices in 1995 accounted for approximately 61 percent and 69 percent of reported exports and importsof construction services, respectively.13

(vi) Financial services

In the GNS classification, financial services include insurance, banking and other financialservices. In the BPM-5 Classification, financial services covers financial intermediary and auxiliaryservices (except those of insurance enterprises and pension funds) conducted between residents andnon-residents. Included are intermediary service fees, such as those associated with letters of credit,bankers' acceptances, lines of credit, financial leasing, and foreign exchange transactions. Also includedare commissions and fees related to transactions in securities - brokerage, placements of issues,underwritings, redemptions, and arrangements of swaps, options, and other hedging instruments;commissions of commodity futures traders; and services related to asset management, financial marketoperational and regulatory services, security custody services, etc.

Table A21 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of financial services (other thaninsurance) for those countries that have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top five exporters andimporters of financial services in 1995 accounted for approximately 61 percent and 71 percent of reportedexports and imports of financial services, respectively.14

12Table A7 shows that the estimated shares of total reported exports and imports of communications servicesare 83 percent and 81 percent of world exports and imports of communications services, respectively.

13Table A7 shows that the estimated shares of total reported exports and imports of construction servicesare 73 percent and 71 percent of world exports and imports of construction services, respectively.

14Table A7 shows that the estimated shares of total reported exports and imports of financial services are81 percent and 72 percent of world exports and imports of financial services, respectively.

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The financial services statistics illustrate why it is important to view both the values of servicestrade and the country rankings with a certain degree of caution. First, two major traders, Switzerlandand the United Kingdom, report financial trade statistics only on a net basis, and not separately forexports and imports. Since each has a trade surplus, the two countries appear in Table A21 as exporters.But the practice of reporting net figures leads to an underestimation of world exports and world imports,and this leads to a distortion of the ranking of countries. Second, huge revisions in the national statisticsreveal the fragility of current data. For instance, Japan's financial services imports (exports) in 1996are nearly 10 times (6.5 times) larger than those reported in 1995; for the United States, recent revisionssuggest that financial services imports (exports) may have been as much as 45 per cent (15 per cent)higher than the values reported in Table A21.

(vii) Insurance

In the GNS classification, insurance services include both life and non-life insurance, as wellas reinsurance and retrocession, insurance intermediation, and services auxiliary to insurance. In BOPstatistics, insurance services are valued by service charges included in total premiums earned ratherthan by total premiums. The BPM-5 classification does not include any sub-component for insuranceservices.15

Table A22 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of insurance services among thosecountries that have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top ten exporters and importers of insuranceservices in 1995 accounted for approximately 84 percent and 72 percent of reported export and importof insurance services, respectively.16

(viii) Computer and information services

The GNS classification makes a distinction between computer services, which is a sub-sectorof business services, and news agency services, which is a sub-sector of recreational, cultural andsporting services. However, in the BPM-5 Classification, computer and information services are treatedas a single category.

Table A23presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of computer and information servicesamong those countries that have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top five exporters and importersof computer and information services in 1995 accounted for approximately 70 percent and 71 percentof reported export and import of computer and information services, respectively. Table A7 showsthat this sector is probably the worst affected by reporting problems - the share of reporting countriesin total trade is estimated to be only 49 percent.17

15In theOECD/Eurostat classification, "insurance services" are subdivided into: (i) life insurance andpensionfunding; (ii) freight insurance; (iii) other direct insurance; (iv) reinsurance; and (v) auxiliary services.

16Table A7 shows that the estimated shares of total reported exports and imports of insurance services are94 percent and 93 percent of world exports and imports of insurance services, respectively.

17The IMF BOP statistics do not show figures for the United States for computer and information services.

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(ix) Other business services

Under other business services, the IMF classification includes merchanting and other traderelated services, operational leasing and miscellaneous business, professional and technical services.Merchanting and other trade related services are related to elements of distribution services in the GNSclassification, while operation leasing services relate to rental/leasing services, which is a sub-set ofbusiness services. Miscellaneous business, professional and technical services in the IMF classificationcover elements of professional services, research and development services, advertising services andother business services in the GNS classification.

Most countries report figures only for the aggregate category other business services. TableA24 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of other business services among those countriesthat have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top ten exporters and importers of other business servicesin 1995 accounted for approximately 65 percent and 60 percent of world export and import of otherbusiness services, respectively.

(x) Royalties and licence fees

A part of the IMF category royalties and license fees captures the GNS category franchising,which is a subset of distribution services.

Table A25 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of royalties and licence fees forthose countries that have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top five exporters and importers of royaltiesand licence fees in 1995 accounted for approximately 89 percent and 60 percent of reported exportand import of royalties and licence fees, respectively.18

(xi) Personal, cultural and recreational services

The BPM-5 Classification, personal, cultural and recreational services captures transactionsrelated to the GNS category personal, cultural and sporting services together with audiovisual andrelated services.

Table A26 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreationalservices among those countries that have reported to the IMF in 1995. The top five exporters andimportersofpersonal, culturalandrecreational services in1995accounted for approximately 82percentand 61 percent of reported export and import of personal, cultural and recreational services,respectively.19

18Table A7 shows that the estimated shares of total reported exports and imports of royalties and licencefees are 83 percent and 84 percent of world exports and imports of royalties and licence fees, respectively.

19Table A7 shows that the estimated shares of total reported exports and imports of personal, cultural andrecreational services are 76 percent and 75 percent of world exports and imports of personal, cultural andrecreational services, respectively.

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IV. FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE (FAT) STATISTICS

As noted above, balance of payments statistics do not capture trade through commercial presence.Such trade is measured by statistics on the sales of foreign affiliates. The United States is the onlycountry which has been regularly collecting Foreign Affiliates Trade statistics, though other OECDcountries are now beginning to do so.

The United States compiles data on sales of services to foreign persons by Majority-OwnedForeign Affiliates (MOFAs) of U.S. companies, and on sales of services to U.S. persons by Majority-Owned U.S. Affiliates of Foreign companies (MOUSAs). MOFAs data are broken down by countryof affiliate and MOUSAs by country of Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO). The U.S. data are particularlyuseful for comparing BOP-related and FAT-related sales, given that: (i) they are available for a numberof service sectors and are broken down by partner country; (ii) U.S. FAT sales do not include salesto the country of origin, which prevents an overlap between BOP and FAT data; and (iii) U.S. sectoralBOPstatistics are available forunaffiliatedpartnersonly,whichprevent thedouble countingof particulartransactions, such as when a service is exported to an affiliate which subsequently sells it on its domesticmarket. However, the fact that intra-firm transactions are not included is likely to induce a substantialundervaluation of BOP transactions in particular sectors such as in finance, accounting and advertising.

Comparisons of BOP and FAT statistics are affected by the fact that BOP transactions are mainlyclassified by type of service, whereas data on sales by foreign affiliates are broken down accordingto the primary industry of the affiliate.20 Furthermore, there is generally no direct concordance betweenthese two classifications. Finally, as minority-owned foreign affiliates escape registration in FATstatistics, these statistics may underestimate the commercial presence mode of supply. A number ofminority-owned foreign affiliates are presumably controlled by the foreign parent company.

In the following tables, it should be noted that the relative importance of trade by differentmodes in a particular sector reflects the choices of economic agents given the constraints of bothtechnological feasibility and policy restrictions. Thus, for instance, we may observe a relatively highdegree of affiliates trade in a particular legal service either because cross-border supply is not feasibleor because such supply is restricted by the government.

Table 3 presents aggregate figures for BOP transactions and foreign affiliates transactions forthe United States between 1992 and 1994, the most recent year for which statistics have been published.The relative importance of the two types of transactions does not differ significantly at the aggregatelevel. However, while BOP exports tend to exceed sales through affiliates, purchases through affiliatestend to be more important than BOP imports by roughly the same extent.

20The activity of an affiliate is classified in the industry that accounts for the largest portion of its sales,and all data are shown in that industry whether or not the affiliate also has activities in secondary industries.This might be quite misleading, especially in service sectors such as professional services.

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Table 3: Total commercial services trade of the United States

(Million dollars and percentage)

1992 1993 1994 Annual change Annual change

1992-93 1993-94

BOP (exports) 164057 172139 182704 4.9 6.1

MOFAs 141585 142603 153541 0.7 7.7

BOP (imports) 103328 111016 121148 7.4 9.1

MOUSAs 126989 134700 144365 6.1 7.2

Source: Compiled by the secretariat from Survey of Current Business (1996, November).

Table 4 compares the receipts and payments of transportation services from BOP transactions andforeign affiliates transactions for the United States. In 1994, BOP transactions accounted for morethan 80 percent of total receipts and total payments for transportation services. Freight andpassenger transport (cross border supply by convention) accounted for a major part of BOPtransactions. Europe dominates the United States' trade in transport services. In 1994, Europe'sshare of BOP exports was about 35 percent, and MOFAs sales was about 43 percent.

Table 4: U.S. trade in transport services, 1994

(Million dollars)

Total Canada Europe LatinAmerica

Japan Australia Other

BOP exports (receipts) 42944 3565 15026 6804 8176 629 8744

MOFAs sales 8740 1550 3789 383 (a) 135 1991

BOP imports (payments) 40868 3622 16038 4320 5865 665 10358

MOUSAs sales 9551 1418 5728 54 1792 44 322

Source: Survey of Current Business (1996, November).

(a) Confidential.

The U.S. BOP classification provides a category for telecommunication services, but nocategory for other communications services. On the other hand, U.S. FAT statistics provide only forcommunications services as a whole. Despite the wider coverage of the FAT category, it can be seenfrom Table 5 that cross-border imports of telecommunication services in the United States are far moreimportant than MOUSAs sales in the United States. Sales of MOFAs are close to cross-border exportsfor Europe and Latin America, but the sales of MOFAs dominate with respect to the non-reporting"other" countries. The relative importance of cross-border supplies and sales via commercial presencevaries widely according to the partner country.

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Table 5: U.S. trade in telecommunications (BOP) and communications (MOFAs and MOUSAs),1994

(Million dollars)

Total Canada Europe Latin

America



MOFAs sales (a) (a) 785 866 (a) (a) 1900


MOUSAs sales 1057 (a) 795 (a) 4 0 (a)


(a) Confidential.

Table 6 shows that in the United States, commercial presence is by far the dominant mode ofsupply in insurance services.

Table 6: U.S. trade in insurance services, 1994

(Million dollars)


America



MOFAs sales 30941 5242 9106 3152 8271 324 4846


MOUSAs sales 48666 11586 36191 (a) 495 112 130


(a) Confidential.

Computer and data processing services are a subset of business services.21 Despite the expansionof trade through BOP-related modes of supply, commercial presence remains the dominant modeof supply, as illustrated in Table 7.

21InBOP classifications, "packaged" software are excluded from computer and related services and recordedin goods trade.

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Table 7: U.S. trade in computer and data processing services, 1994

(Million dollars)


America


BOP exports (receipts)

Computer and data processing services 2724 192 959 244 388 123 818

Data base and other information 1113 108 558 81 119 85 161

services

Total of above 3837 300 1517 325 507 208 979

MOFAs sales 16714 759 11723 1363 1217 654 998

BOP imports (payments)

Computer and data processing services 244 31 162 4 11 11 25

Data base and other information 141 9 96 1 19 2 14

services

Total of above 385 40 258 5 30 12 39

MOUSAs sales 2944 438 2197 14 138 61 94


In professional services, the comparison between commercial presence and other modes ofsupply is limited by the availability of data and the lack of concordance between BOP and FATclassifications. Table 8 presents a comparison between U.S. BOP receipts and payments in management,consulting and pubic relations services; accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services; and research,development and testing on the one hand, and MOFAs and MOUSAs sales in the accounting, research,management and related services sectors on the other hand.

Although the three BOP categories together are broader in scope than the FAT category, salesby foreign affiliates are far more important than the corresponding BOP transactions. Commercialpresence is thus the dominant mode of supply in professional services for the United States, as shownin Table 8.

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Table 8: U.S. trade in accounting, management and related services, 1994

(Million dollars)


America


BOP exports (receipts)

Management, consulting & public related services 1138 77 391 148 69 47 405

Accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services 132 ... ... ... ... ... ...

Research, development and testing 522 38 182 15 150 12 125

Total of above 1792 ... ... ... ... ... ...

MOFAs sales

Accounting, research, management & related services 5678 693 3969 222 238 202 354

BOP imports (payments)

Management, consulting & public related services 318 29 149 25 16 9 90

Accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services 130 ... ... ... ... ... ...

Research, development and testing 294 35 153 12 46 5 43

Total of above 742 ... ... ... ... ... ...

MOUSAs sales

Accounting, research, management &related services 1606 17 1215 13 334 4 20


From Table 9 it is evident that in advertising services, commercial presence is again the dominantmode of supply.

Table 9: U.S. trade in advertising services, 1994

(Million dollars)

Total Canada Europe LatinAmerica



MOFAs sales (a) 324 3148 195 189 184 (a)


MOUSAs sales 3135 13 2897 (a) 76 0 (a)


(a) Confidential.

Table 10 shows the growth rates of BOPs trade and Foreign Affiliates Trade for 1992-1993 and1993-1994. No clear pattern emerges of the changing relative importance of different modes ofsupply.

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Table 10: Growth of U.S. BOP and Foreign Affiliates Trade, 1992-93 and 1993-94

(Percentage)

Sectors Growth rates 1992-93

BOP exports MOFAs sales BOP imports MOUSAs sales

Telecommunications & communications -3.5 -33.3 5.2 -0.2

Transport 0.5 3.4 4.5 2.3

Insurance 3.3 6.2 3.0 (a)

Accounting, management and related services -3.3 -3.9 10.0 25.6

Advertising 7.3 -16.0 43.6 7.6

Computer and data processing services 18.0 8.7 94.4 1.3

Sectors Growth rates 1993-94

BOP exports MOFAs sales BOP imports MOUSAs sales

Telecommunications & communications 3.1 (a) 8.8 9.0

Transport 6.0 30.3 8.6 9.9

Insurance 24.2 12.2 14.6 9.8

Accounting, management and related services 23.2 9.6 18.0 13.6

Advertising 44.7 (a) 12.2 22.9

Computer and data processing services 27.8 31.9 -7.0 17.5

Source: Compiled by the Secretariat from Survey of Current Business (1996, November).

(a) Confidential.

V. ESTIMATING TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESENCE OF NATURALPERSONS

To begin with, it must be recognized that no comprehensive statistics exist today on the extentof trade taking place throughMode 4, i.e through the presence of natural persons. This section examinescertain indirect indicators of such trade. Presence of natural persons includes, first, service supplierswho are present for less than a year in foreign markets and are therefore considered non-resident inthe BOP context. If such natural persons are themselves service suppliers, then their sales are capturedin the relevant services categories of BOP statistics - but are not recorded separately from cross-bordersales. Employees are covered by the GATS if they are employed by a service supplier of a Member.The earnings of such natural persons are an unidentifiable ingredient of the BOP category compensationof employees, which records the earnings of all natural persons established abroad for less than oneyear - regardless of the sector of employment. Starting with the 1995 issue of the Annual Report,the WTO decided to exclude compensation of employees, which consists mainly of wages and salariespaid to seasonal and border workers, from the definition of commercial services. The main reasonswere that the former category measured income earned by temporary employees in both the goodsand services sectors, rather than sales of services per se. Nevertheless, Table 11 presents evidenceon compensation of employees since this is the closest indicator that can currently be found of theimportance of Mode 4, subject to all the qualifications noted above. The largest compensation ofemployees abroad was received by the Philippines which also recorded the fastest increase in such

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earnings in 1995. Switzerland made the largest payments of compensation to foreign employees in1995, but the fastest growth in payments was recorded by Israel.

There is no record in the BOP statistics of the activities of natural persons who are residentfor longer than one year, except that workers' remittances capture the transfers that they make.Employment data from FAT statistics (such as number of employees and compensation of employees)would be relevant, when it becomes available, especially if it distinguishes between "national" and"foreign" employees.

Table 11: Compensation of employees by originating and host country in 1994-95


Rank Credit 1995 1994 Percentage Rank Debit 1995 1994 Percentage

change change

1 Philippines 4928 3009 63.8 1 Switzerland 7054 6078 16.1

2 Belgium-Luxembourg 4513 3524 28.1 2 Germany 6350 5350 18.7

3 Germany 4480 4340 3.2 3 France 5362 4769 12.4

4 France 4460 3695 20.7 4 Belgium-Luxembourg 2507 1712 46.4

5 Italy 1934 1901 1.7 5 Japan 1820 1580 15.2

6 Thailand 1695 1281 32.3 6 Italy 1447 1922 -24.7

7 Switzerland 1233 1060 16.3 7 United States 1360 1330 2.3

8 Japan 1150 870 32.2 8 Netherlands 1083 760 42.5

9 Austria 973 845 15.1 9 Israel 650 268 142.5

10 Mexico 695 647 7.4 10 Bahrain 593 506 17.2

11 Netherlands 666 511 30.3 11 Russian Fed. 469 221 112.2

12 Denmark 523 439 19.1 12 India 419 351 19.4

13 Australia 431 387 11.4 13 South Africa 413 621 -33.5

14 Ireland 347 324 7.1 14 Austria 340 292 16.4

15 Greece 304 310 -1.9 15 Australia 306 235 30.2

16 South Africa 205 184 11.4 16 Greece 300 222 35.1

17 Czech Rep. 189 164 15.2 17 Sweden 289 203 42.4

18 Russian Fed. 167 108 54.6 18 Ecuador 255 210 21.4

19 Slovenia 166 153 8.5 19 Poland 251 130 93.1

20 United States 160 160 0.0 20 Brazil 218 190 14.7

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

This paper has drawn together a variety of data to construct a general, but necessarily incomplete,picture of services trade. In the near future, data availability is likely to improve for three reasons:First, more countries are expected to report statistics according to the relatively disaggregatedclassification introduced in the 5th edition of the IMF's BOP Manual. Second, as mentioned, severalOECD countries have begun pilot studies on statistics for the commercial presence mode of supply,referred to as Foreign Affiliates Trade statistics. Finally, the Inter-Agency Task Force on Trade inServices Statistics is developing an international manual which seeks to harmonize classification andcollection methodologies.

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Meanwhile, further work could be undertaken to obtain some indirect estimates of the importanceof the two modes for which little information exists: commercial presence and presence of naturalpersons. The Secretariat could, for instance, explore the existing statistics on foreign direct investment,and any employment and migration statistics that can be found.

It would be misleading, however, to end on an optimistic note as we are a long way frombridging the gap between GATS negotiations' demands and statistical availability. The conclusionof a previous Secretariat paper is still valid: "Improving services statistics is a long term process thatdepends primarily on efforts by national statistical agencies to employ the appropriate methodologiesand a willingness on the part of government to meet the resource costs involved".

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ANNEX A

Table A1: Share of goods and commercial services in total trade of selected regions and economies, 1995

(Billion dollars and percentage, based on balance of payments data)

Exports Imports

Value Percentage share Value Percentage share

Total GoodsCommercial

services Total GoodsCommercial

services

World 6,240 80.9 19.1 6,130 80.3 19.7North America 978 78.5 21.5 1,075 85.3 14.7

Canada 211 90.0 10.0 197 85.1 14.9United States 767 75.3 24.7 878 85.4 14.6

Latin America 276 84.3 15.7 286 82.0 18.0Argentina 24 88.4 11.6 24 79.5 20.5

Brazil 53 88.6 11.4 63 79.1 20.9Chile 19 84.0 16.0 18 82.1 17.9

Colombia 14 75.6 24.4 16 80.0 20.0Mexico 88 90.1 9.9 82 88.6 11.4

Venezuela 20 93.3 6.7 16 71.1 28.9Western Europe 2,764 79.0 21.0 2,608 78.6 21.4

Austria 97 74.7 25.3 100 77.9 22.1Belgium-Luxembourg 189 82.0 18.0 178 81.4 18.6

Denmark 64 76.9 23.1 56 75.1 24.9Finland 48 84.4 15.6 38 74.8 25.2

France 366 73.8 26.2 336 77.1 22.9Germany 604 86.6 13.4 589 77.6 22.4

Greece 15 38.3 61.7 24 83.6 16.4Ireland 49 90.3 9.7 42 73.3 26.7

Italy 299 78.2 21.8 254 74.5 25.5Netherlands 222 78.7 21.3 199 77.2 22.8

Norway (a) 57 74.2 25.8 48 66.0 34.0Portugal 32 74.7 25.3 39 83.8 16.2

Spain 131 69.7 30.3 130 83.4 16.6Sweden 94 83.9 16.1 80 78.7 21.3

Switzerland 123 78.8 21.2 109 85.9 14.1Turkey 36 60.3 39.7 40 88.3 11.7

United Kingdom 312 77.4 22.6 318 81.8 18.2Africa 137 81.8 18.2 153 77.2 22.8

Algeria (a) 11 96.6 3.4 10 87.3 12.7Egypt 13 36.1 63.9 17 73.1 26.9

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (a) 8 98.6 1.4 8 81.1 18.9Morocco 9 78.7 21.3 11 85.9 14.1

Nigeria (a) 11 96.4 3.6 11 72.1 27.9South Africa 33 87.1 12.9 33 81.3 18.7

Tunisia 8 69.5 30.5 9 85.7 14.3Asia 1,668 84.1 15.9 1,619 79.7 20.3

Australia 69 77.4 22.6 74 77.6 22.4China 147 87.4 12.6 135 81.7 18.3

Hong Kong, China 210 82.9 17.1 215 90.0 10.0India 38 82.2 17.8 46 78.2 21.8

Indonesia 51 89.0 11.0 53 75.1 24.9Japan 493 87.0 13.0 418 71.0 29.0

Korea, Rep. of 148 83.1 16.9 155 82.3 17.7Malaysia 83 86.6 13.4 86 83.5 16.5

New Zealand 18 76.1 23.9 17 73.2 26.8Philippines 27 65.2 34.8 33 79.3 20.7

Singapore 148 80.3 19.7 134 87.7 12.3Taipei, Chinese 126 87.8 12.2 121 80.3 19.7

Thailand 70 79.1 20.9 82 77.3 22.7Memorandum item:

European Union (15) 2,523 79.5 20.5 2,383 78.4 21.6

(a) WTO Secretariat estimates.(b) The shares are affected by very large amounts of imports of goods for re-export. For example, excluding the re-exports of

goods, commercial services exports exceed domestic exports of goods in the case of Hong Kong, China.

Source: WTO Annual Report 1997 (forthcoming).

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Table A2: World exports of commercial services by selected region, 1985-96

(Billion dollars and percentage)

Value Share Annual percentage change

1996 1985 1990 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996

World 1,260 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 9 14 5

North America 225 18.9 19.0 17.9 1 7 8 7

United States 202 16.6 17.0 16.1 1 6 8 7

Latin America 47 4.6 3.6 3.7 6 12 8 8Mexico (a) 10 1.2 0.9 0.8 2 5 1 12

Brazil (a) 7 0.5 0.5 0.6 -2 23 25 18

Western Europe 603 50.7 53.8 48.0 -5 8 14 3European Union (15) 538 44.7 47.9 42.8 -5 8 14 3

Africa ... 3.0 2.3 ... 1 3 10 ...

Egypt ... 0.8 0.6 ... 0 9 7 ...South Africa ... 0.5 0.4 ... -2 11 12 ...

Asia (b) 286 16.1 16.6 22.7 14 18 19 8

Japan 66 5.4 5.1 5.3 8 10 13 4

(a) Includes WTO Secretariat estimates.(b) Excludes the Middle East.

Note: Growth rates and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in

cross-country comparability.


Table A3: World imports of commercial services by selected region, 1985-96



1996 1985 1990 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996

World 1,265 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 9 15 5

North America 167 17.4 14.8 13.2 6 8 7 6United States 135 14.3 11.8 10.7 7 9 7 5

Latin America 57 5.5 4.1 4.5 11 9 3 10

Mexico (a) 11 1.3 1.2 0.8 1 8 -27 14Brazil (a) 15 0.9 0.8 1.2 39 7 34 15

Western Europe 573 41.3 49.1 45.2 -6 8 16 2

European Union (15) 530 37.0 44.0 41.8 -6 8 16 3

Africa ... 5.2 3.2 ... 5 4 6 ...South Africa ... 0.6 0.5 ... 5 7 18 ...

Egypt ... 0.7 0.4 ... 11 4 -16 ...

Asia (b) 354 20.4 22.0 27.9 9 15 21 8Japan 129 8.7 10.5 10.2 3 10 15 6

(a) Includes WTO Secretariat estimates.

(b) Excludes the Middle East.

Note: Growth rates and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations incross-country comparability.


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Table A4: World trade in commercial services by category, 1990-96



1996 1990 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996

Exports

All commercial services

TransportationTravel

Other commercial services

1,260

315415

530

100.0

28.232.5

39.4

100.0

25.032.9

42.1

1

01

1

9

108

10

14

1314

15

5

26

7

Imports

All commercial servicesTransportation

TravelOther commercial services

1,265375

390500

100.031.7

31.337.0

100.029.7

30.839.5

10

-24

910

88

1515

1416

51

48

Note: Growth rates and shares are affected by continuity breaks in the series. Exports of transportation services are significantly

under-reported.


Table A5: World trade in "other commercial services" by category, 1994-96

(Percentage)

Share

1994 1995 1996

Other commercial services 100 100 100

CommunicationsConstruction

InsuranceFinancial

Computer and informationRoyalties and licence fees

Other businessesPersonal, cultural and recreational

57

98

312

533

59

98

313

503

58

98

414

493

Source: Estimated by the WTO Secretariat from IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.

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Table A6: Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 1995


Rank Exporters Value ShareAnnual

percentage

change

Rank Importers Value ShareAnnual

percentage

change

1 United States 189.5 15.9 8 1 Germany 131.6 10.9 21

2 France 96.0 8.1 8 2 United States 128.4 10.6 73 Germany 80.5 6.8 27 3 Japan 121.6 10.1 15

4 United Kingdom 70.6 5.9 15 4 France 76.9 6.4 115 Italy 65.3 5.5 16 5 Italy 64.7 5.4 17

6 Japan 64.0 5.4 13 6 United Kingdom 57.9 4.8 11

7 Netherlands 47.3 4.0 12 7 Netherlands 45.3 3.8 118 Spain 39.6 3.3 17 8 Belgium-Luxembourg 33.0 2.7 ...

9 Hong Kong, China 35.9 3.0 16 9 Canada 29.3 2.4 410 Belgium-Luxembourg 34.1 2.9 ... 10 Austria 28.5 2.3 ...

11 Austria 33.2 2.8 16 11 Korea, Rep. of 27.5 2.3 36

12 Singapore 29.3 2.5 26 12 China 24.6 2.0 5713 Switzerland 26.1 2.2 14 13 Taipei, Chinese 23.8 2.0 13

14 Korea, Rep. of 25.1 2.1 33 14 Spain 21.6 1.8 1715 Canada 21.2 1.8 10 15 Hong Kong, China 21.5 1.8 15

16 China 18.4 1.5 14 16 Russian Fed. 18.8 1.6 22

17 Australia 15.5 1.3 14 17 Thailand 18.6 1.5 2218 Taipei, Chinese 15.4 1.3 14 18 Sweden 17.1 1.4 17

19 Sweden 15.2 1.3 13 19 Singapore 16.5 1.4 2320 Denmark 14.7 1.2 8 20 Australia 16.5 1.4 11

21 Thailand 14.7 1.2 28 21 Norway (a) 16.6 1.4 1622 Norway (a) 14.8 1.2 14 22 Switzerland 15.4 1.3 20

23 Turkey 14.5 1.2 35 23 Malaysia 14.3 1.2 2024 Malaysia 11.1 0.9 21 24 Denmark 14.0 1.2 17

25 Russian Fed. 10.1 0.8 12 25 Indonesia 13.2 1.1 18

26 Greece 9.5 0.8 4 26 Brazil 13.2 1.1 3427 Philippines 9.3 0.8 38 27 Ireland 11.3 0.9 34

28 Mexico 8.8 0.7 1 28 India 10.1 0.8 2529 Poland 8.6 0.7 ... 29 Finland 9.5 0.8 37

30 Egypt 8.3 0.7 7 30 Mexico 9.3 0.8 -27

31 Portugal 8.1 0.7 21 31 Israel 9.2 0.8 1432 Israel 7.8 0.7 18 32 Saudi Arabia (a) 8.7 0.7 -3

33 Finland 7.5 0.6 32 33 Poland 7.0 0.6 ...34 India 6.8 0.6 12 34 Philippines 6.9 0.6 49

35 Czech Rep. 6.6 0.6 37 35 Portugal 6.3 0.5 20

36 Brazil 6.0 0.5 25 36 South Africa 6.2 0.5 1837 Indonesia 5.6 0.5 19 37 Czech Rep. 4.9 0.4 17

38 Ireland 4.8 0.4 16 38 Argentina 4.8 0.4 -839 South Africa 4.3 0.4 12 39 Venezuela 4.7 0.4 4

40 New Zealand 4.2 0.4 18 40 Turkey 4.7 0.4 36

Total of above 1,108.0 92.5 14 Total of above 1,114.0 91.6 16World 1,200.0 100.0 14 World 1,215.0 100.0 15

(a) WTO Secretariat estimates.

Note: Annual precentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and bylimitations in cross-country comparability.


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Table A7: Share of top five and top ten exporters and importers of commercial services in 1995

(Percentage)

Service sector Share of top 5exporters in

total reported

Share of top 10exporters in total

reported

Estimated shareof total reported

in world exports

Share of top 5importers in

total reported

Share of top 10importers in total

reported

Estimated shareof total reported

in worldimports

Transportation 44 66 100 43 60 100

Travel 45 61 100 49 66 100

Communications 49 67 83 67 81 81

Construction 61 91 73 69 93 71

Insurance 69 84 94 60 72 93

Financial 61 92 81 71 87 72

Computer andinformation

70 98 49 71 96 50

Royalties andlicence fees

89 97 83 60 81 84

Other businessservices

43 65 100 42 60 100

Personal, culturaland recreational

services

82 93 76 61 88 75

Source: Estimated by the WTO Secretariat from IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.

S/C/W/27

Table A8: Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 1995


ValueShare in worldexports/imports Annual percentage change

1995 1985 1990 1995 1992 1993 1994 1995

Exporters

United States 46.6 15.2 16.8 15.0 3 1 6 9

Japan 22.5 9.7 7.9 7.3 5 2 7 11France 20.5 6.1 7.2 6.6 6 -4 -2 19

Germany 20.0 6.2 6.6 6.4 10 -5 5 17Netherlands 19.6 5.4 5.9 6.3 18 -4 7 14

United Kingdom 16.9 6.4 6.3 5.5 10 -4 10 11

Italy 14.9 3.5 4.6 4.8 1 4 8 16Hong Kong, China 13.1 2.5 3.1 4.2 14 9 13 12

Korea, Rep. of 10.6 1.6 1.6 3.4 13 22 32 30Belgium-Luxembourg 9.9 2.6 3.2 3.2 3 -5 28 3

Norway (a) 8.5 4.1 3.8 2.8 -11 -6 0 14

Denmark 6.8 1.7 1.8 2.2 7 10 14 10Spain 5.9 2.4 2.1 1.9 1 -12 20 16

Taipei, Chinese 5.3 0.9 1.2 1.7 3 14 18 20Sweden 5.0 2.0 2.1 1.6 7 -16 2 14

Above 15 226.0 70.3 74.4 73.0 6 -1 9 13

Importers

United States 43.5 14.7 13.5 11.7 2 5 9 6

Japan 35.9 9.8 10.1 9.7 3 6 10 13Germany 26.6 6.0 6.8 7.2 11 -7 8 20

Italy 23.4 4.2 5.4 6.3 15 -6 15 25France 21.3 4.8 6.6 5.7 9 -5 -4 18

United Kingdom 17.3 5.8 5.7 4.7 10 -8 14 7

Netherlands 14.3 4.2 4.3 3.9 10 -1 6 4Korea, Rep. of 10.7 1.2 1.7 2.9 11 12 16 35

China 9.5 1.0 1.2 2.6 72 27 39 25Taipei, Chinese 7.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 13 18 1 23

Thailand 7.8 0.8 1.4 2.1 8 10 17 33

Belgium-Luxembourg 7.7 2.0 2.3 2.1 -3 -11 31 0Norway (a) 6.4 2.3 2.1 1.7 1 -12 12 16

Spain 6.3 1.3 1.8 1.7 6 -11 15 23Australia 6.3 2.1 1.7 1.7 3 0 23 15

Above 15 245.0 61.5 66.4 65.9 8 0 11 15

(a)Includes WTO Secretariat estimates.

Note: Growth rates and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations incross-country comparability. Exports of transportation services are often significantly under-reported.


S/C/W/27

Table A9: World seaborne trade for the year 1970, 1993, 1994 and 1995(a) by types of cargo and country groups

Country group Year Goods loaded Goods unloaded

Oil Dry Total Oil Dry Total

Crude Products Cargo goods Crude Products Cargo goods

(Million tonnes)

World total 1970 1110 330 1165 2605 1101 302 1127 2530

1993 1443 502 2385 4330 1465 480 2477 4422

1994 1498 509 2478 4485 1508 490 2575 4573

1995 1532 518 2601 4651 1550 508 2685 4743

(Percentage share of each category of goods in total cargo)

World total 1970 42.6 12.7 44.7 100.0 43.5 11.9 44.6 100.0

1993 33.3 11.6 55.1 100.0 33.1 10.9 56.0 100.0

1994 33.4 11.3 55.3 100.0 33.0 10.7 56.3 100.0

1995 33.0 11.1 55.9 100.0 32.7 10.7 56.6 100.0

(Percentage share of each region in world total)

Developed market- 1970 2.0 27.1 60.0 31.1 80.4 79.6 79.1 79.9

economy countries 1993 13.9 33.7 62.7 43.0 73.0 81.9 61.8 67.7

1994 13.3 33.6 63.2 43.2 73.3 82.2 62.1 67.9

1995 14.0 33.8 63.3 43.8 73.5 82.3 61.9 67.9

Countries of 1970 3.4 8.0 6.9 5.6 1.2 1.0 3.8 2.3

Central and 1993 3.9 10.1 3.3 4.3 1.7 0.2 5.0 3.4

Eastern Europe 1994 3.0 9.0 3.2 3.8 1.5 0.2 4.8 3.2

(including the 1995 2.6 8.5 3.0 3.5 1.3 0.2 4.6 3.0

former USSR)

Developing 1970 94.6 64.9 33.1 63.3 18.4 19.5 17.1 17.8

countries 1993 82.2 56.2 34.0 52.7 25.3 17.9 33.2 28.9

1994 83.7 57.4 33.6 53.0 25.2 17.6 33.1 28.9

1995 83.4 57.7 33.7 52.7 25.2 17.5 33.5 29.1

(a) UNCTAD preliminary estimates.

Note: Includes international cargoes loaded at ports of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence system for unloading at ports of the same

system.

Source: UNCTAD (1996).

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Table A10: Structure of the merchant fleets of the main country groups as at 31 December 1995

(Millions dwt and percentage shares)

World Developed market-

economy countries

Major open-

registry countries

Central and Eastern

Europe (includingformer USSR)

Developing

countries

Total fleet 734.9 100.0 203.9 100.0 321.3 100.0 33.0 100.0 164.5 100.00

of which:

Oil tankers 267.7 36.4 84.2 41.3 134.5 41.9 5.8 17.6 40.7 24.7

Bulk carriers 261.6 35.6 58.6 28.7 119.3 37.1 9.4 28.5 69.3 42.1

General cargo 104.1 14.2 20.5 10.1 35.3 11.0 13.0 39.4 34.0 20.7

Containerships 43.8 6.0 16.5 8.1 14.8 4.6 0.5 1.5 9.2 5.6

Other ships 57.7 7.9 24.1 11.8 17.4 5.4 4.3 13.0 11.3 6.9


S/C/W/27

Table A11: 35 most important maritime countries by ownership of vessels

Rank Country or

territory

Number of vessels Deadweight tonnage

(Million tonnes)

Percentage shares

of domicile National Foreign Total National Foreign Total Foreign flag Country total as

flag flag flag flag as percentage percentage of

of country total world total

1 Greece 1019 1970 2989 50.88 69.78 120.66 57.83 17.98

2 Russian Fed. 2723 194 2917 14.31 4.09 18.41 22.23 2.74

3 Japan 954 1862 2816 23.43 63.34 86.77 73.00 12.93

4 China 1570 344 1914 23.17 12.08 35.25 34.28 5.25

5 Germany 516 926 1442 6.17 11.10 17.27 64.28 2.57

6 Norway 837 543 1380 28.57 19.78 48.36 40.91 7.20

7 United States 494 703 1197 13.67 36.59 50.26 72.79 7.49

8 United Kingdom 391 485 876 5.20 16.77 21.96 76.34 3.27

9 Korea, Rep. of 475 284 759 9.72 11.21 20.93 53.55 3.12

10 Ukraine 625 55 680 4.91 1.02 5.93 17.16 0.88

11 Netherlands 461 215 676 3.44 2.72 6.17 44.17 0.92

12 Denmark 461 198 659 7.20 4.65 11.86 39.24 1.77

13 Hong Kong, China 130 517 647 6.99 24.34 31.33 77.70 4.67

14 Italy 486 150 636 7.62 3.83 11.45 33.44 1.71

15 Singapore 389 224 613 7.87 5.13 13.00 39.48 1.94

16 Indonesia 451 88 539 2.82 1.29 4.11 31.39 0.61

17 Turkey 431 12 443 9.40 .06 9.46 0.65 1.41

18 India 390 52 442 11.21 1.12 12.33 9.12 1.84

19 Taipei, Chinese 183 249 432 7.61 6.76 14.37 47.02 2.14

20 Sweden 201 142 343 2.14 10.94 13.07 83.67 1.95

21 Philippines 318 23 341 4.54 .16 4.70 3.34 0.70

22 Spain 162 145 307 .81 2.75 3.56 77.38 0.53

23 Romania 256 31 287 3.58 .99 4.57 21.72 0.68

24 Thailand 219 47 266 1.94 1.36 3.30 41.18 0.49

25 France 167 99 266 3.60 3.42 7.02 48.70 1.05

26 Brazil 220 16 236 8.40 1.37 9.77 14.03 1.46

27 Switzerland 13 183 196 .54 4.59 5.13 89.46 0.76

28 Malaysia 169 15 184 3.09 .17 3.26 5.20 0.49

29 Belgium 36 142 178 .20 3.84 4.04 94.96 0.60

30 Croatia 50 121 171 .31 2.90 3.21 90.25 0.48

31 Finland 111 56 167 1.11 2.50 3.61 69.35 0.54

32 Iran 142 2 144 4.89 .03 4.92 0.68 0.73

33 Saudi Arabia 70 54 124 1.00 8.46 9.46 89.39 1.41

34 Australia 77 24 101 3.11 .30 3.41 8.84 0.51

35 Kuwait 34 7 41 2.91 .93 3.84 24.24 0.57


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Table A12: Passengers carried on scheduled flights in 1995

(Thousands)

Country Total operations International operations

Rank Passengers carried Rank Passengers carried

United States 1 527414 1 54797

Japan 2 91797 6 13943

United Kingdom 3 59129 2 45672

China 4 47565 17 6004

France 5 34057 4 14329

Germany 6 33960 3 19852

Korea, Rep. of 7 29345 9 8932

Australia 8 28690 16 6051

Russian Fed. 9 26525 20 4338

Italy 10 23482 8 9988

Spain 11 23298 13 7135

Canada 12 20291 11 8230

Brazil 13 19510 23 3703

Malaysia 14 15418 14 7085

Indonesia 15 15194 24 3623

Mexico 16 14969 26 3410

Netherlands 17 14463 5 14106

India 18 13214 31 3025

Thailand 19 12771 12 7497

Norway 20 11659 30 3163

Source: ICAO (1996).

Table A13: Passenger-kilometres performed on scheduled flights in 1995

(Million passenger-kilometres performed)

Country Rank Total Operations Rank International Operation

United States 1 853389 1 240215


Japan 3 129981 3 70157

Australia 4 67145 9 41056

France 5 66932 7 44810

China 6 64204 20 13900

Germany 7 62158 4 56545

Russian Fed. 8 61035 17 15972

Canada 9 49288 10 31421

Netherlands 10 48474 6 48249

Korea, Rep. of 11 48441 8 41296

Singapore 12 48400 5 48400

Brazil 13 34370 13 20118

Italy 14 33289 11 26156

Spain 15 29003 16 19681

Thailand 16 27053 12 24087

Indonesia 17 24028 19 15450

Malaysia 18 23431 15 19807

India 19 20960 23 11916

Switzerland 20 20359 14 20016


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Table A14: Freight carried on scheduled flights in 1995

(Million tonne-kilometres performed)

Country Rank Total operations Rank International operations

United States 1 19615 1 10821


Japan 3 6538 4 5813

Germany 4 5834 3 5813

Korea, Rep. of 5 5662 5 5541

France 6 4578 6 4386

Singapore 7 3687 7 3687

Netherlands 8 3672 8 3671

Australia 9 1771 9 1537

Canada 10 1637 12 1341

Brazil 11 1577 15 1115

Switzerland 12 1510 10 1502

China 13 1501 17 911

Italy 14 1470 11 1440

Thailand 15 1308 13 1276

Malaysia 16 1199 14 1166

Israel 17 1071 16 1070

Saudi Arabia 18 895 18 829

Russian Fed. 19 890 25 540

Indonesia 20 778 19 639


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Table A15: Leading exporters and importers of travel services, 1995


Value Share in worldexports/imports

Annual percentage change

1995 1985 1990 1995 1992 1993 1994 1995

Exporters

United StatesItaly

FranceSpain

United Kingdom

GermanyAustria

Hong Kong, ChinaSwitzerland

China

SingaporeCanada

ThailandAustralia

Netherlands

Above 15

Importers

GermanyUnited States

JapanUnited Kingdom

France

ItalyAustria

NetherlandsRussian Fed.

Hong Kong, China

CanadaBelgium-Luxembourg

Taipei, ChineseSwitzerland

Korea, Rep. of

Above 15

69.828.7

27.625.5

19.1

17.014.6

9.79.5

8.7

8.38.0

8.07.8

6.6

269.0

51.246.9

36.824.8

16.4

14.811.7

11.711.6

10.5

10.29.2

8.57.7

6.3

278.2

18.27.3

7.07.1

6.2

4.24.4

1.72.9

0.8

1.53.3

1.01.1

1.6

68.3

11.522.2

4.35.7

4.1

1.72.5

3.1-

1.6

4.71.8

1.82.2

0.5

67.7

18.56.3

7.87.1

5.4

5.25.1

2.02.8

0.7

1.82.7

1.71.6

1.6

70.4

12.714.6

9.66.8

4.7

4.03.0

2.8-

1.8

4.92.1

1.92.3

1.1

72.2

18.07.4

7.16.6

4.9

4.43.8

2.52.4

2.2

2.12.1

2.12.0

1.7

69.2

13.712.5

9.86.6

4.4

4.03.1

3.13.1

2.8

2.72.5

2.32.1

1.7

74.3

1327

2018

15

75

256

50

22-2

120

24

15

179

1218

15

5915

18...

9

021

287

0

19

8-4

-7-12

-1

-7-7

15-7

33

132

1110

-10

0

-26

0-3

-9

-19-2

-7-2

16

-4-6

4-3

10

-2

29

510

7

0-3

510

56

14-2

826

1

6

117

1414

8

-1215

58

22

-2423

07

28

7

516

1118

25

2111

1613

19

1513

3321

21

14

155

2011

18

623

2464

21

219

1120

41

15

Note: Growth rates and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in

cross-country comparability.


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Table A16: Top 20 tourism destinations in 1994

(Thousands and percentage)

Tourist arrivals Share of arrivals Average annual

Rank worldwide growth rate

(1994) Country 1994 1980 1994 1980 1980-1994

1 France 61312 30100 11.2 10.5 5.2

2 United States 45504 22500 8.3 7.9 5.2

3 Spain 43232 23403 7.9 8.2 4.5

4 Italy 27480 22087 5.0 7.7 1.6

5 Hungary 21425 9413 3.9 3.3 6.1

6 China 21070 3500 3.9 1.2 13.7

7 United Kingdom 21034 12420 3.9 4.3 3.8

8 Poland 18800 5664 3.4 2.0 9.0

9 Austria 17894 13879 3.3 4.9 1.8

10 Mexico 17182 11945 3.2 4.2 2.6

11 Czech Rep. 17000 - 3.1 - -

12 Canada 15971 12876 2.9 4.5 1.6

13 Germany 14494 11122 2.7 3.9 1.9

14 Switzerland 12200 8873 2.2 3.1 2.3

15 Greece 10713 4796 2.0 1.7 5.9

16 Hong Kong, China 9331 1748 1.7 0.6 12.7

17 Portugal 9132 2730 1.7 1.0 9.0

18 Malaysia 7197 2105 1.3 0.7 9.2

19 Singapore 6268 2562 1.2 0.9 6.6

20 Netherlands 6178 2784 1.1 1.0 5.9

Source: World Tourism Organisation (1996).

Table A17: Top 20 exporters and importers of communications services in 1995


Exporters Value Share of

total

Importers Value Share of

total

United States 3140 18.8 United States 7280 35.5

Germany 2040 12.2 Germany 2950 14.4

United Kingdom 1530 9.1 United Kingdom 1920 9.4

Sweden 762 4.6 Japan 840 4.1

China 756 4.5 Australia 727 3.5

Belgium-Luxembourg 708 4.2 Switzerland 681 3.3

Netherlands 618 3.7 Netherlands 675 3.3

Australia 557 3.3 Italy 627 3.1

Spain 542 3.2 Sweden 584 2.8

Switzerland 515 3.1 France 406 2.0

Japan 500 3.0 Spain 399 1.9

France 472 2.8 Belgium-Luxembourg 343 1.7

Israel 428 2.6 Israel 316 1.5

Argentina 333 2.0 Slovak Rep. 279 1.4

Portugal 320 1.9 Czech Rep. 256 1.3

Poland 302 1.8 China 217 1.1

Czech Rep. 292 1.7 Korea, Rep. of 212 1.0

Italy 292 1.7 Ukraine 212 1.0

Slovak Rep. 265 1.6 Finland 197 1.0

Dominican Rep. 246 1.5 Poland 195 1.0


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Table A18: Top 20 revenue-earners of telecommunication services (total and international) in 1995


Counties Totalrevenue

Share ofworld revenue

Counties Internationalrevenue

Share of totalrevenue

United States 178160 0.30 United States 12255 0.23

Japan 93562 0.16 Germany 4855 0.09

Germany 48036 0.08 France 3025 0.06

United Kingdom 27647 0.05 Japan 2800 0.05

France 27162 0.05 Canada 2710 0.05

China 13603 0.02 Hong Kong, China 2110 0.04

Italy 20004 0.03 United Kingdom 2095 0.04

Australia 11493 0.02 Mexico 1750 0.03

Spain 11008 0.02 China 1585 0.03

Canada 10274 0.02 Italy 1420 0.03

Switzerland 8889 0.02 Netherlands 1350 0.02

Korea, Rep. of 8728 0.01 Taipei, Chinese 1300 0.02

Brazil 8622 0.01 Switzerland 1235 0.02

Netherlands 8488 0.01 Korea, Rep. of 1083 0.02

Mexico 6509 0.01 Saudi Arabia 1000 0.02

Argentina 6183 0.01 Singapore 960 0.02

Sweden 5756 0.01 Spain 955 0.02

Taipei, Chinese 5645 0.01 Brazil 720 0.01

Hong Kong, China 5113 0.01 Thailand 665 0.01

Belgium 4339 0.01 Sweden 635 0.01

Source: ITU (1996, 1997).

Table A19: International telephone traffic for the top 20 countries - ranked by the number of outgoing minutes in 1995

Counties Outgoing traffic

(Millions of minutes)

Incoming traffic

(Millions of minutes)

Net settlement payment

(Million dollars)

United States 15100 7300 -4500

Germany 5244 4200 -800

United Kingdom 4100 4060 -158

Canada 3000 3700 90

France 2804 2959 25

Italy 1908 2000 27

Switzerland 1739 1460 -135

Hong Kong, China 1692 1598 -78

Japan 1600 1200 -151

Netherlands 1459 1453 -25

China 1339 1700 480

Belgium 1106 1155 10

Spain 1063 1076 50

Australia 1010 915 -25

Sweden 955 790 -40

Mexico 945 2079 444

Austria 901 850 -10

Singapore 790 550 -40

Taipei, Chinese 593 646 -51

Korea, Rep. of 557 672 110

Source: ITU (1996).

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Table A20: Top 20 exporters and importers of construction services in 1995


Exporters Value Share oftotal

Importers Value Share oftotal

Japan 6560 19.0 Germany 5880 26.6

Germany 5060 14.7 Japan 3210 14.5

Netherlands 3272 9.5 Sweden 2435 11.0

Italy 3166 9.2 Poland 2056 9.3

France 3013 8.7 Russian Fed. 1671 7.6

Poland 2799 8.1 Netherlands 1618 7.3

United States 2630 7.6 Italy 1511 6.8

Sweden 2318 6.7 France 893 4.0

Turkey 1863 5.4 Belgium-Luxembourg 732 3.3

Austria 766 2.2 Austria 595 2.7

Belgium-Luxembourg 616 1.8 United States 320 1.5

Korea, Rep. of 576 1.7 Spain 264 1.2

Spain 467 1.4 Portugal 206 0.9

Finland 285 0.8 Czech Rep. 141 0.6

Portugal 233 0.7 Finland 64 0.3

Romania 137 0.4 Philippines 58 0.3

Slovenia 135 0.4 Aruba 48 0.2

Slovak Rep. 109 0.3 Cambodia 47 0.2

Russian Fed. 103 0.3 Hungary 36 0.2

Australia 68 0.2 Ukraine 36 0.2


Table A21: Top 20 exporters and importers of financial services in 1995



total


total

United States 6100 17.4 Italy 4454 23.6

Switzerland 5627 16.0 Belgium-Luxembourg 2755 14.6

United Kingdom 5260 15.0 France 2351 12.5

Belgium-Luxembourg 4286 12.2 Austria 2102 11.2

Italy 2620 7.5 United States 1710 9.1

France 2546 7.3 Brazil 950 5.0

Germany 2430 6.9 Spain 565 3.0

Austria 1874 5.3 Germany 560 3.0

Brazil 827 2.4 Japan 460 2.4

Spain 609 1.7 Netherlands 421 2.2

Netherlands 355 1.0 Turkey 350 1.9

Japan 310 0.9 Finland 303 1.6

Australia 298 0.8 Portugal 247 1.3

Finland 275 0.8 Poland 228 1.2

Portugal 248 0.7 Australia 208 1.1

Turkey 201 0.6 Argentina 185 1.0

Poland 145 0.4 Hungary 152 0.8

Argentina 131 0.4 Czech Rep. 141 0.7

Slovak Rep. 114 0.3 Ukraine 98 0.5

Korea, Rep. of 105 0.3 Romania 72 0.4


S/C/W/27

Table A22: Top 20 exporters and importers of insurance services in 1995





France 7504 22.1 France 7021 15.6

United Kingdom 3890 11.4 United States 4470 9.9

China 1852 5.5 China 4273 9.5

Italy 1396 4.1 Japan 2510 5.6

United States 1390 4.1 Spain 1124 2.5

Switzerland 1307 3.9 Austria 1040 2.3

Spain 935 2.8 Mexico 1020 2.3

Belgium-Luxembourg 823 2.4 Singapore 972 2.2

Poland 738 2.2 Thailand 961 2.1

Mexico 708 2.1 Netherlands 934 2.1

Austria 639 1.9 Italy 864 1.9

Korea, Rep. of 538 1.6 Korea, Rep. of 824 1.8

South Africa 439 1.3 South Africa 816 1.8

Colombia 403 1.2 Belgium-Luxembourg 812 1.8

Singapore 390 1.2 United Kingdom 740 1.6

Australia 378 1.1 Poland 727 1.6

Japan 300 0.9 Australia 720 1.6

Brazil 186 0.6 India 559 1.2

Sweden 184 0.5 Colombia 473 1.1


Table A23: Top 20 exporters and importers of computer and information services in 1995



total


total

United Kingdom 1830 25.9 United Kingdom 1720 23.4


Spain 1029 14.5 Finland 757 10.3

Finland 743 10.5 Spain 729 9.9

Belgium-Luxembourg 650 9.2 Netherlands 534 7.3

Netherlands 619 8.7 Belgium-Luxembourg 525 7.1

France 360 5.1 France 518 7.0

Italy 160 2.3 Italy 455 6.2

Australia 129 1.8 Brazil 251 3.4

Brazil 43 0.6 Australia 121 1.6

Portugal 41 0.6 Korea, Rep. of 94 1.3

Jamaica 31 0.4 Portugal 64 0.9

Barbados 22 0.3 Poland 58 0.8

Poland 12 0.2 Slovenia 27 0.4

Slovenia 12 0.2 Czech Rep. 11 0.2

Czech Rep. 5 0.1 Namibia 11 0.2

Korea, Rep. of 5 0.1 Estonia 6 0.1

Estonia 2 0.0 Barbados 5 0.1

Guatemala 2 0.0 Argentina 2 0.1

Romania 2 0.0 Guatemala 2 0.1


S/C/W/27

Table A24: Top 20 exporters and importers of other business services in 1995



total


total

United States 30550 11.4 Japan 31870 12.2

Japan 24440 9.1 Germany 26650 10.2

France 24219 9.0 France 17942 6.9

Germany 20740 7.8 United States 17680 6.8

Singapore 15644 5.8 Italy 16225 6.2

United Kingdom 14010 5.2 Canada 12904 4.9

Netherlands 13241 5.0 Netherlands 11643 4.5

Italy 13154 4.9 Belgium-Luxembourg 8897 3.4

Belgium-Luxembourg 9864 3.7 United Kingdom 7060 2.7

Canada 9275 3.5 China 6930 2.7

Philippines 7839 2.9 Korea, Rep. of 6835 2.6

Korea, Rep. of 7665 2.9 Malaysia 6467 2.5

Switzerland 6666 2.5 Saudi Arabia 6244 2.4

Greece 4993 1.9 Indonesia 5760 2.2

Malaysia 4762 1.8 Spain 5689 2.2

Spain 4283 1.6 Singapore 5530 2.1

Denmark 4200 1.6 Thailand 5450 2.1

Thailand 4063 1.5 Ireland 4544 1.7

China 3740 1.4 Philippines 4167 1.6

Austria 3675 1.4 Austria 3842 1.5


Table A25: Top 20 exporters and importers of royalties and licence fees in 1995




United States 26960 55.6 Japan 9420 20.7

Japan 6010 12.4 United States 6300 13.9

United Kingdom 4690 9.7 Germany 5480 12.0

Germany 3120 6.4 Netherlands 3006 6.6

Netherlands 2370 4.9 United Kingdom 2850 6.3

France 1850 3.8 Ireland 2724 6.0

Sweden 876 1.8 Korea, Rep. of 2385 5.2

Belgium-Luxembourg 594 1.2 France 2320 5.1

Italy 462 1.0 Spain 1267 2.8

Korea, Rep. of 299 0.6 Italy 1166 2.6

Australia 239 0.5 Belgium-Luxembourg 1162 2.6

Spain 196 0.4 Sweden 999 2.2

Austria 133 0.3 Australia 975 2.1

Ireland 132 0.3 Taipei, Chinese 937 2.1

Israel 123 0.3 Thailand 630 1.4

Mexico 114 0.2 Austria 533 1.2

Finland 58 0.1 Brazil 529 1.2

Egypt 47 0.1 Mexico 484 1.1

South Africa 45 0.1 Finland 389 0.9

Colombia 44 0.1 South Africa 293 0.6


S/C/W/27

Table A26: Top 20 exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services in 1995



total


total

United Kingdom 3400 30.7 Germany 1970 17.5

Turkey 2282 20.6 United Kingdom 1560 13.8

United States 2260 20.4 Turkey 1378 12.2

France 666 6.0 Italy 1113 9.9

Netherlands 467 4.2 France 870 7.7

Italy 368 3.3 Belgium-Luxembourg 789 7.0

Belgium-Luxembourg 337 3.0 Spain 767 6.8

Spain 218 2.0 Japan 560 5.0

Austria 160 1.4 Netherlands 514 4.6

Germany 160 1.4 Australia 398 3.5

Australia 151 1.4 Brazil 256 2.3

Japan 130 1.2 Canada 226 2.0

Canada 129 1.2 Austria 194 1.7

Portugal 120 1.1 Portugal 165 1.5

Czech Rep. 74 0.7 United States 160 1.4

Brazil 46 0.4 Czech Rep. 126 1.1

Romania 40 0.4 Korea, Rep. of 98 0.9

Poland 27 0.2 Poland 26 0.2

Moldova 19 0.2 Romania 25 0.2

Samoa 9 0.1 Slovenia 19 0.2


S/C/W/27

ANNEX B

Table B1: Exports of services in 1995 (Million dollars): all countries, 10 main sectors

Total Transport Travel Communications Construction Insurance Financial Computer

& info.

Royalties

& lic. fees

Other

bus.

Personal

cul. & recr.

Albania 94 18 65 8 0 1 1 1

Argentina 2758 1231 1057 333 2 131 1 2 1

Armenia 27 14 1 11 0 0 0 0

Aruba 626 49 521 2 11 2 20 21

Australia 15522 4778 7832 557 68 378 298 129 239 1092 151

Austria 24565 2626 14537 155 766 639 1874 133 3675 160

Bahamas 1522 53 1346 124

Bahrain 1322 457 248 616

Bangladesh 468 70 25 0 373

Barbados 881 16 661 25 1 50 50 22 56

Belgium-Luxembourg 34050 9924 6248 708 616 823 4286 650 594 9864 337

Belize 117 6 78 9 1 23

Bolivia 180 78 55 17 30

Botswana 236 38 162 3 1 9 10 14

Brazil 6005 2600 972 36 14 186 827 43 32 1249 46

Bulgaria 1431 494 473 465

Burundi 5 2 1 1

Cambodia 103 32 53 18

Canada 21173 3723 8046 9275 129

Cape Verde 66 42 10 10 2 1 1

Chile 3076 1342 840 87 123 1 683

China 18430 3352 8730 756 1852 3740

Colombia 3347 1429 860 403 44 611

Congo 55 32 5 18

Costa Rica 1271 180 671 3 417

Cote d'Ivoire 573 204 71 0 33 0 266

Croatia 2569 655 1584 331

Cyprus 2684 385 1797 16 487

Czech Rep. 6637 1463 2880 292 57 17 53 5 13 1783 74

Denmark 14664 6772 3691 4200

Djibouti 27 16 4 1 6

Dominican Rep. 1894 35 1582 246 30

Ecuador 813 332 255 108 118

Egypt 8262 3202 2684 215 1 12 71 1 47 2027 2

El Salvador 343 97 85 71 27 63

Estonia 868 374 357 17 63 1 2 2 1 51

Ethiopia 310 238 16 26 19 2 3 6

Fiji 524 170 291 5 7 52

Finland 7473 2164 1683 173 285 -131 275 743 58 2222

France 88681 20464 27587 472 3013 7504 2546 360 1850 24219 666

Gambia 39 8 28 2

Germany 80530 19950 16990 2040 5060 8670 2430 1380 3120 20740 160

Greece 9528 376 4135 24 4993

Guatemala 628 54 213 66 8 17 2 269

Guinea 18 13 1 0 4

Guinea Bissau 0

Guyana 130 33 33 61 3

Haiti 90 5 82 1 2

Honduras 221 56 80 68 5 12

Hong Kong, China 35871 13090 9684 13097

Hungary 4211 446 1724 38 21 62 100 32 1789

Iceland 567 268 166 23 5 4 99 2

India 6764 1890 2582 170 1 2120

Indonesia 5554 5449 105

Iran 533 138 67 47 281

Ireland 4799 1067 2211 132 1389

Israel 7761 2062 3026 428 11 123 2111

Italy 65276 14926 28731 292 3166 1396 2620 160 462 13154 368

Jamaica 1335 251 1022 11 1 31 4 15

Japan 63960 22510 3220 500 6560 300 310 0 6010 24440 130

S/C/W/27

Table B1 (continued)

Total Transport Travel Communications Construction Insurance Financial Computer Royalties Other Personal

& info. & lic. fees bus. cul. & recr.

Kenya 873 312 486 57 12 6 1

Korea, Rep. of 25102 10578 5150 186 576 538 105 5 299 7665

Kuwait 1297 1163 121 13

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 68 15 51 0 1

Latvia 718 659 20 5 8 17 0 8

Lithuania 482 288 77 24 65 3 2 24

Madagascar 218 65 58 4 4 1 1 86

Malaysia 11142 2403 3969 7 4762

Malta 1030 238 659 15 33 85

Mauritania 19 2 11 6

Mauritius 773 200 430 143

Mexico 8786 1174 6164 708 114 626

Moldova 107 6 57 4 0 1 16 0 0 4 19

Mongolia 47 15 21 5 3 4

Morocco 1859 422 1163 54 27 3 190

Namibia 283 263 9 1 5 4

Nepal 592 55 177 359

Netherlands 47292 19607 6577 618 3272 167 355 619 2370 13241 467

Netherlands Antilles 1656 240 561 855

New Zealand 4245 1526 2163 -11 567

Nicaragua 97 14 55 26 2 0

Oman 13 13

Panama 1238 770 310 14 63 81

Papua New Guinea 309 39 25 0 246

Peru 1042 338 428 174 75 1 26

Philippines 9323 274 1136 10 62 2 7839

Poland 8579 3041 246 302 2799 738 145 12 4 1265 27

Portugal 8098 1464 4841 320 233 110 248 41 20 701 120

Romania 1476 471 590 66 137 30 50 2 3 87 40

Russian Fed. 10058 3763 4312 0 103 67 4 1809

Samoa 52 2 35 0 6 9

Saudi Arabia 3480 3480

Seychelles 209 74 135

Singapore 29260 4932 8294 390 15644

Slovak Rep. 2378 616 623 265 109 2 114 0 11 638 0

Slovenia 2007 504 1079 12 135 1 8 12 4 246 5

South Africa 4255 1247 2125 439 45 398

Spain 39641 5865 25495 542 467 935 609 1029 196 4283 218

Sri Lanka 811 335 226 27 223

St.Vincent 69 5 47 1 15

Sudan 81 1 8 3 70

Swaziland 100 26 35 39

Sweden 15165 4984 3452 762 2318 184 876 2589

Switzerland 26095 2521 9459 515 1307 5627 6666

Syrian Arab Republic 1699 237 1325 137

Taipei, Chinese 15429 5254 3287 6888

Tanzania 550 2 502 2 0 44

Thailand 14651 2455 8035 99 1 4063

Trinidad 331 194 77 30 29

Tunisia 2401 598 1530 26 16 21 1 206 2

Turkey 14475 1712 4957 1863 20 201 3440 2282

Uganda 99 19 74 7

Ukraine 2846 2152 191 176 31 76 220

United Kingdom 70620 16940 19070 1530 3890 5260 1830 4690 14010 3400

United States 189460 46590 69840 3140 2630 1390 6100 26960 30550 2260

Uruguay 1171 271 611 0 0 290

Vanuatu 76 11 45 19

Venezuela 1345 574 679 30 3 59

Yemen 141 31 50 61

Source: IMF Balance-of-Payment Statistics.

S/C/W/27

Table B2: Imports of services in 1995 (Million dollars): all countries, 10 main sectors



Albania 99 60 7 9 21 1 1

Argentina 4824 2135 2067 193 185 2 206 36

Armenia 52 43 3 0 0 5 0

Aruba 208 14 73 3 48 3 53 0 13

Australia 16508 6333 4979 727 24 720 208 121 975 2024 398

Austria 22100 1944 11679 172 595 1040 2102 533 3842 194

Bahamas 605 134 213 1 4 74 5 172 2

Bahrain 861 625 124 36 76

Bangladesh 1192 775 234 67 116

Barbados 345 116 71 0 95 6 5 15 38 0

Belgium-Luxembourg 32984 7734 9236 343 732 812 2755 525 1162 8897 789

Belize 89 41 21 4 8 15

Bolivia 320 211 48 30 4 27

Botswana 440 187 145 1 1 28 7 6 65

Brazil 13161 5800 3391 53 4 308 950 251 529 1619 256

Bulgaria 1278 531 195 552

Burundi 62 31 25 4 2

Cambodia 181 84 8 18 47 8 16

Canada 29340 5997 10213 12904 226

Cape Verde 50 21 12 4 1 11

Chile 3191 1763 710 40 -18 50 646

China 24635 9526 3688 217 4273 6930

Colombia 3223 1137 828 473 32 738 15

Congo 765 210 39 15 501

Costa Rica 933 380 327 62 12 152

Cote d'Ivoire 1267 549 226 0 28 0 0 464

Croatia 2708 1346 771 591

Cyprus 1085 583 330 27 61 11 71

Czech Rep. 4860 800 1635 256 141 113 141 11 53 1583 126

Denmark 13979 6226 4288 3464

Djibouti 76 44 4 7 22

Dominican Rep. 642 357 163 75 35 1 4 7

Ecuador 951 469 235 128 53 66

Egypt 4511 1582 1278 11 167 41 1 97 1333 1

El Salvador 468 258 72 54 3 80

Estonia 420 222 91 6 29 15 5 6 1 45 1

Ethiopia 342 218 25 7 3 25 1 1 63

Fiji 371 156 65 1 33 117

Finland 9489 2160 2325 197 64 166 303 757 389 3128

France 69331 21252 16359 406 893 7021 2351 518 2320 17942 870

Gambia 47 28 14 3 2

Germany 131630 26630 51210 2950 5880 8830 560 1460 5480 26650 1970

Greece 4003 1197 1323 182 58 1243

Guatemala 672 279 141 7 24 32 27 2 162

Guinea 244 144 21 1 18 59 0

Guinea Bissau 21 11 1 9

Guyana 168 69 21 51 6 5 16

Haiti 185 132 35 4 14

Honduras 326 197 57 16 8 9 39

Hong Kong, China 21450 5449 10469 5532

Hungary 3556 370 1071 22 36 31 152 70 1803

Iceland 630 206 282 19 16 21 0 81 5

India 10062 5703 996 559 90 2714

Indonesia 13165 4747 2172 49 437 5760

Iran 2183 935 241 170 45 792

Ireland 11252 1791 2034 159 2724 4544

Israel 9174 3160 3549 316 233 153 1762

Italy 64670 23426 14829 627 1511 864 4454 455 1166 16225 1113

Jamaica 1013 493 148 96 2 1 19 254 2

Japan 121550 35920 36760 840 3210 2510 460 0 9420 31870 560

S/C/W/27

Table B2 (continued)



Kenya 755 483 145 34 48 0 46

Korea, Rep. of 27473 10653 6341 212 824 31 94 2385 6835 98

Kuwait 3941 1605 2242 64 30

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 116 41 30 0 24 1 20

Latvia 225 153 24 4 13 10 6 0 0 15

Lithuania 457 292 106 21 10 3 2 1 1 20

Madagascar 278 154 59 5 7 3 9 40

Malaysia 14305 5524 2314 6467

Malta 782 360 214 16 99 7 81 5

Mauritania 197 121 23 3 50

Mauritius 630 252 159 29 191

Mexico 9286 3254 3153 1020 484 1375

Moldova 206 113 56 2 1 1 17 0 10 6

Mongolia 87 61 20 4 3

Morocco 1523 746 302 14 124 125 211

Namibia 454 122 82 15 36 3 11 3 183

Nepal 304 111 136 9 49

Netherlands 45339 14339 11654 675 1618 934 421 534 3006 11643 514

Netherlands Antilles 719 211 224 16 1 268

New Zealand 4601 1882 1289 230 1201

Nicaragua 208 82 40 5 7 74

Oman 964 411 47 46 460

Panama 1043 753 128 57 29 11 65

Papua New Guinea 613 180 58 0 375

Peru 1807 905 297 79 129 53 50 294

Philippines 6906 2051 422 58 109 99 4167

Poland 7028 1768 430 195 2056 727 228 58 44 1496 26

Portugal 6264 1679 2121 175 206 317 247 64 217 1072 165

Romania 1709 512 697 28 20 24 72 2 8 321 25

Russian Fed. 18801 2308 11599 0 1671 71 4 3148

Samoa 33 15 3 1 13

Saudi Arabia 8681 2193 244 6244

Seychelles 84 39 24 8 12

Singapore 16530 4888 5140 972 5530

Slovak Rep. 1800 307 321 279 31 24 65 0 79 695 0

Slovenia 1271 435 413 10 23 2 17 27 23 301 19

South Africa 6215 2769 1849 816 293 488

Spain 21619 6340 4475 399 264 1124 565 729 1267 5689 767

Sri Lanka 1169 668 186 62 253

St.Vincent 36 19 4 4 9

Sudan 149 41 43 0 1 65

Swaziland 158 27 37 1 1 15 76

Sweden 17102 4859 5434 584 2435 236 999 2555

Switzerland 15402 3792 7714 681 165 3050

Syrian Arab Republic 1258 777 398 83

Taipei, Chinese 23811 7868 8457 7486

Tanzania 714 217 361 2 3 20 111

Thailand 18601 7780 3780 961 630 5450

Trinidad 223 94 69 18 0 42

Tunisia 1244 564 251 7 61 19 2 336 4

Turkey 4654 1412 911 4 42 350 557 1378

Uganda 528 201 80 22 224

Ukraine 1334 454 210 212 36 98 324

United Kingdom 57890 17290 24750 1920 740 1720 2850 7060 1560

United States 128350 43530 46900 7280 320 4470 1710 6300 17680 160

Uruguay 813 357 236 0 0 220

Vanuatu 34 19 5 2 9

Venezuela 4704 1366 1713 23 85 23 1478 16

Yemen 546 268 76 202

Source: IMF Balance-of-Payment Statistics.

S/C/W/27

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337

4674

266

616

036

813

046

727

120

400

521

82

3400

2260

Aud

iovi

sual

8215

221

666

160

222

022

714

21

962

1380

2260

Oth

.pe

rs.

&

cultur

al

6918

525

214

50

240

2710

638

512

220

20

Sou

rce:

IMF

Bal

ance

-of-

Pay

men

tsSta

tist

ics.

S/C/W/27

Table

B4:

Import

sof

serv

ices

in1995:

29

countr

ies,

all

sect

ors

Cou

ntry

Arg

en-

tina

Aus

tral

iaB

arba

-

dos

Bel

-

Lux

Bot

swan

aB

razi

lC

zech

Rep

.

Egy

ptE

ston

iaF

inla

ndF

ranc

eG

erm

any

Gua

tem

ala

Hun

gary

Ital

yJa

pan

Lat

via

Lithu

ania

Mad

aga-

scar

Net

her-

land

s

Pol

and

Por

tuga

lR

oman

iaSlo

vak

Rep

.

Slo

veni

aSpa

inT

unis

iaU

nite

d

Kin

gdom

Uni

ted

Sat

es

Tot

alse

rvic

es48

2416

508

345

3298

444

013

161

4860

4511

420

9489

6933

113

1630

672

3556

6467

012

1550

225

457

278

4533

970

2862

6417

0918

0012

7121

619

1244

5789

012

8350

Tra

nspo

rt21

3563

3311

677

3418

758

0080

015

8222

221

6021

252

2663

027

937

023

426

3592

015

329

215

414

339

1768

1679

512

307

435

6340

564

1729

043

530

Sea

837

3888

6137

5411

5515

2213

915

3848

0389

0015

99

1655

923

050

5320

112

8109

764

774

182

1345

2519

6680

1152

0

Pas

seng

er41

943

1924

238

450

247

973

30

129

870

350

Fre

ight

762

2906

6134

358

1476

7010

5635

0650

5015

99

1092

110

190

010

280

1215

270

717

613

2822

6433

6011

170

Oth

er34

982

310

355

350

240

1259

3400

5391

1286

053

2010

609

636

1622

624

50

Air

1197

2445

5411

8469

219

6021

526

8714

8930

334

4737

1288

043

1942

2410

420

576

6420

2826

9198

7017

170

Pas

seng

er68

420

9538

832

750

1033

340

9259

6021

3233

1020

038

020

2169

342

424

4415

2312

4049

1013

960

Fre

ight

173

350

1520

857

11

7380

049

012

465

716

800

241

1310

311

54

113

640

3210

Oth

er34

00

144

521

99

1011

938

2224

8084

799

05

1922

6549

91

1338

4310

Oth

er

Tra

nspo

rt

101

127

0199

5453

7362

970

1085

126

1996

048

248

2512

343

322

253

262

177

1072

740

2720

Pas

seng

er20

136

11

211

310

585

110

820

98

15

7

Fre

ight

8125

6598

5452

7341

867

0081

126

1911

048

247

2282

323

313

245

260

172

1064

2720

Oth

er1

9410

472

923

7106

1790

122

813

49

614

3024

18

1311

185

5874

012

120

Tra

vel

2067

4979

7192

3614

533

9116

3512

7891

2325

1635

951

210

141

1071

1482

936

760

2410

659

1165

443

021

2169

732

141

344

7525

124

750

4690

0

Bus

ines

s26

2441

4815

478

232

164

149

7360

40

335

917

517

363

1948

0017

0

Per

sona

l49

7945

6796

9732

3716

3512

0068

139

907

1467

929

400

2110

656

7152

214

835

023

219

950

4673

0

Hea

lth

210

43

277

13

13

Edu

cati

on34

716

3124

164

114

24

3888

0

Oth

er46

3328

6755

6932

1811

9613

814

402

106

4271

519

343

181

4585

0

Com

mun

icat

ions

193

727

034

31

5325

611

619

740

629

507

2262

784

04

215

675

195

175

2827

910

399

719

2072

80

Con

stru

ctio

n24

732

14

141

2964

893

5880

2436

1511

3210

1310

1618

2056

206

2031

2326

432

0

Insu

ranc

e72

095

812

2830

811

316

715

166

7021

8830

3231

864

2510

103

793

472

731

724

242

1124

6174

044

70

Fin

anci

al18

520

86

2755

795

014

141

530

323

5156

027

152

4454

460

62

342

122

824

772

6517

565

1917

10

Com

pute

r&

info

rmat

ion

212

15

525

251

111

675

751

814

602

455

00

153

458

642

027

729

1720

Roy

alti

es&

lice

nce

fees

206

975

1511

626

529

5397

138

923

2054

8070

1166

9420

01

930

0644

217

879

2312

672

2850

6300

Oth

erbu

sine

ss36

2024

3888

9765

1619

1583

1333

4531

2817

942

2665

016

218

0316

225

3187

015

2040

1164

314

9610

7232

169

530

156

8933

670

6017

680

Mer

chan

t.&

trad

e

212

1114

551

3934

897

3372

9310

5034

657

1814

900

424

6321

111

1284

865

50

Ope

rat.

leas

ing

3681

329

56

805

3213

170

120

151

1148

015

941

834

108

1256

252

810

Msc

.bs,

prof

.

&te

c.

999

2771

4657

775

1517

1333

3220

6114

570

1721

011

114

0693

5930

380

026

8762

1462

753

298

683

162

4572

287

6250

1768

0

Leg

al,

acc,

man

g.

839

375

1043

20

4420

181

598

1316

859

2931

394

Adv

er.,

mar

k.re

s.

126

742

128

302

971

2660

4311

2754

102

654

739

21

Res

earc

h&

deve

l.

122

367

138

4883

3010

5640

314

917

515

392

121

Arc

h.,

eng.

&

tec.

192

735

284

2720

1110

2113

2514

247

2019

663

144

Agr

.,m

in.

&

on-S

1516

517

05

232

Oth

.m

isc.

busi

ness

111

1831

046

3113

3311

9466

0611

9016

7210

3020

1091

324

623

4117

561

Per

sona

l,

cultur

al&

recr

.

398

078

925

612

61

187

019

7011

1356

051

426

165

250

1976

74

1560

160

Aud

iovi

sual

350

578

7487

019

7084

70

278

451

558

24

1560

160

Oth

.pe

rs.

&

cult

ural

480

212

182

126

50

235

2612

024

1418

5

Sou

rce:

IMF

Bal

ance

-of-

Pay

men

tsSta

tist

ics.

S/C/W/27

REFERENCES

International Civil Aviation Organisation (1996), Civil Aviation Statistics of the World 1995, ICAO,Montreal, Quebec.

International Telecommunication Union (1996), Direction ofTraffic, Trends in International TelephoneTraffic, ITU, Geneva.

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(1997),WorldTelecommunicationDevelopmentReport,Tradein Telecommunications, ITU, Geneva.

Karsenty, G. and Mattoo, A. (1996), GATS, Trade in Services and the Mode of Supply, WTOSecretariat, Geneva.

OrganisationforEconomicCo-operation andDevelopment (1997), InsuranceStatisticalYearbook1987-1994, OECD, Paris.

Swiss Reinsurance Company (1997), Sigma No.4, Zurich.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1996), Review of Maritime Transport, UnitedNations, New York and Geneva.

U.S. Department of Commerce (1996), Survey of Current Business, November.

World Tourism Organisation (1996), Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Vol.1, 48 ed., World TourismOrganisation, Madrid, Spain.

World Trade Organisation (1997), Opening Markets in Financial Services and the Role of the GATS,WTO, Geneva.

W TRADE S/C/W/27 ORGANIZATION - World Trade Organization

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