VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING GENERALIZED VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS BASED...
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Transcript of VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING GENERALIZED VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS BASED...
VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE
GROUND SHAKING
GENERALIZED VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS BASED ON CHANGES IN
A BUILDING’S ELEVATION AND FLOOR PLAN
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILVULNERABILITYITY
VULNERABILVULNERABILITYITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
BUILDING DAMAGE: DEATH TOLL REACHED 230,,000
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
GOAL: REGULARITY IN BUILDING ELEVATIONS AND SIMPLICITY IN FLOOR PLANS
• EFFECTIVE WHEN IMPLEMENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH BUILDING REGULATIONS DURING THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES ---
• NOT AS EFFECTIVE WHEN ADDED BY RETROFIT OR BY STRENGTHENING
CLARIFY VULNERABILTIES
CLARIFY VULNERABILTIES
ANY COMMUNITY CAN ASSESS THE VULNERABILITY OF ITS BUILDINGS BY EXAMINING EACH BUILDING’S
ELEVATION AND FLOOR PLAN
EVALUATEEVALUATE
INITATE ACTIONSINITATE ACTIONS
INDENTIFY OPTIONS
INDENTIFY OPTIONS
OPTIMIZE OPTIMIZE
IMPLEMENT BEST SOLUTION
IMPLEMENT BEST SOLUTION
• An Incremental ProcessAn Incremental Process
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
• The following graphic assessments The following graphic assessments of building vulnerability to of building vulnerability to earthquake ground shaking were earthquake ground shaking were developed by an insurance company developed by an insurance company and provided to other organizations and provided to other organizations for educational uses.for educational uses.
BUILDING ELEVATIONS
• Horizontal and vertical changes Horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and in symmetry, mass, and stiffness—deviations from stiffness—deviations from regularity--- regularity--- will increase a will increase a building’s vulnerability to building’s vulnerability to damage from ground shakingdamage from ground shaking. .
AN IMPORTANT NOTE
• NOTE: Analysis of the effects of NOTE: Analysis of the effects of changes in the changes in the local site geology local site geology and the construction materials, and the construction materials, key parameters in controlling a key parameters in controlling a building’s performance, are building’s performance, are NOTNOT considered here. considered here.
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-21-2
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X-Cracks around windows.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
BoxBox
DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA
ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL CHANGES: CHINA
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
11
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
PyramidPyramid
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 64 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted PyramidInverted Pyramid
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 65 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
““L”- Shaped L”- Shaped BuildingBuilding
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
3 - 53 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted “T”Inverted “T”
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 32 - 3
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Multiple SetbacksMultiple Setbacks
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 54 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
OverhangOverhang
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
6 - 76 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Partial “Soft” StoryPartial “Soft” Story
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
““Soft” First FloorSoft” First Floor
THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY
THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 109 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Combination of Combination of “Soft” Story and “Soft” Story and
OverhangOverhang
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1010
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Building on Building on Sloping GroundSloping Ground
SOFT STORY BUILDING ON
SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 98 - 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in stiffness and cause failure of individual members.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Theaters and Theaters and Assembly HallsAssembly Halls
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 109 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Sports StadiumsSports Stadiums
BUILDING FLOOR PLANS
• CHANGING FLOOR PLANS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO ASYMMETRICAL WILL INCREASE A BUILDING’S VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING.
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
11
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
None, if symmetrical layout maintained.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
BoxBox
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 42 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
RectangleRectangle
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 42 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Street CornerStreet Corner
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 105 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
““U” - ShapeU” - Shape
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
44
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Courtyard in CornerCourtyard in Corner
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
88
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
““L” - ShapeL” - Shape
TORSION: CHINA
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 75 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
““H” - ShapeH” - Shape
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Complex Floor PlanComplex Floor Plan
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5- 95- 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and irregularities will cause torsion and enhance damage along boundaries and at corners.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Curved PlanCurved Plan