1. VULCAN Series Xc 300 Jet Fuel Treating Technology Gerard B. Hawkins Managing Director C2PT Catalyst Process Technology

2. Contents Introduction VULCAN Series Xc 300 Process Benefits Catalyst Benefits Catalyst Properties Principal Applications Kerosene Sweetening Chemistry Process Requirements Bender History Lead Health Hazard Information Process Objectives Process Improvement Summary GBHE Commercial Experience 3. Contents Introduction - VULCAN Xc 300 Process Benefits Catalyst Benefits Catalyst Properties Principal Applications Kerosene Sweetening Chemistry Process Requirements Bender History Lead Health Hazard Information Process Objectives Process Improvement Summary GBHE Commercial Experience 4. VULCAN Xc 300 Low Operating Cost. Ease of Operation. Proven Reliability. Minimal Chemical-Disposal requirements. Proven Ability to Produce Specification Product. High Activity, High Efficiency Catalyst. 5. Use of existing vessels Each vessel can treat Max BPD @Specification < 20 ppm Feed rate Flexibiity Xc 300 can be operated up to 3 hr-1+ LHSV and meet product specification Life per bed, years @ Maximum BPD Typical 3 - 5 Years Guaranteed 2 Years Estimated treating cost is $0.015 - 0.04/BBL Installation Cost = TBD 6. Reduction of mercaptan content to meet product specifications requiring a negative doctor test or low mercaptan sulfur (ppm). Elimination of sulfur induced corrosivity. Odor improvement on all stocks Improvement of the response of gasoline stocks to oxidation inhibitors (Improved Color Stability) 7. Table 1. Maximum mercaptan sulfur for negative doctor test Mercaptan type Concentration, ppm as sulfur Methyl 0.002 Ethyl 0.0006 Propyl 0.0009 I-Butyl 0.0004 I-Amyl 0.0003 n-Heptyl 0.0001 Thiophenol 0.002 (Benzyl mercaptan) 8. Reduction of mercaptan content to meet product specifications requiring a negative doctor test or low mercaptan sulfur (ppm). Elimination of sulfur induced corrosivity. Odor improvement on all stocks Improvement of the response of gasoline stocks to oxidation inhibitors (Improved Color Stability) 9. Reduction of mercaptan content to meet product specifications requiring a negative doctor test or low mercaptan sulfur (ppm). Elimination of sulfur induced corrosivity. Odor improvement on all stocks Improvement of the response of gasoline stocks to oxidation inhibitors (Improved Color Stability) 10. Reduction of mercaptan content to meet product specifications requiring a negative doctor test or low mercaptan sulfur (ppm). Elimination of sulfur induced corrosivity. Odor improvement on all stocks Improvement of the response of gasoline stocks to oxidation inhibitors (Improved Color Stability) 11. Chemical Analysis*: Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) 10 - 12% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 6 - 8% Water (H2O) 12 - 20% Proprietary Support >75 % * Dry Basis Micromeritic Properties: Bulk Density 44 - 52 lb/ft3 Particle Size (Typical) -6 Mesh, + 30 Mesh Particle Size < 5% passing 30 Mesh 12. Liquid-Phase Treating LPG, NGL, NAPHTHAS, GASOLINES, KEROSENES, JET FUELS, HEATING OILS Gas-Phase Treating NATURAL GAS, REFINERY GAS, SYNTHETIC GAS 13. Contents Introduction - VULCAN Xc300 Process Benefits Catalyst Benefits Catalyst Properties Principal Applications Kerosene Sweetening Chemistry Process Requirements Bender History Lead Health Hazard Information Process Objectives Process Improvement Summary GBHE Commercial Experience 14. The chemistry of the sweetening reaction is as follows: (1) 2 CuCl2 + 4 RSH ---------> RSSR + 2 RSCu + 4 HC1 Cupric Mercaptans Disulfide Cuprous Hydrochloric Chloride Mercaptide Acid (2) 2 CuCl2 + RSCu --------> RSSR + 4 CuCl Cupric Cuprous Disulfide Cuprous Chloride Mercaptide Chloride By combining equation (1) and (2), we obtain the following equation: 4 CuCl2 + 4 RSH ------------> 2 RSSR + 4 CuCl + 4 HC1 (3) CuCl + RSH --------> CuSR (oil soluble) + HCl VULCAN Xc 300 Kerosene Sweetening: Chemistry 15. Sweetening Reaction: 4 CuCl2 + 4 RSH --------> 2 RSSR + 4 CuCl + 4 HC1 The reaction as summarized in this equation will spend the reagent in the course of a relatively short time. The injection of air into the hydrocarbon stream promotes the regeneration of the copper reagent, which occurs simultaneously with the sweetening reaction. 16. The regeneration reaction is as follows: (4) 4 CuCl + 4 HCl + O2 --------> 4 CuCl2 + 2H2O Cuprous Hydrochloric Oxygen Cupric Water Chloride Acid (Air) Chloride Inspection of reaction equation (4) illustrates that under proper operating conditions nothing except air is consumed, and the only by- product of the sweetening reagents is water. 17. VULCAN Xc 300 Recommended Feed Pre-treatment Caustic Pre-wash Electrostatic Precipitation 18. Table 2. Non-mercaptan compounds found in typical distillate feeds Elemental sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Naphthenic acids Phenolic homologs Basic nitrogen Water Non-mercaptan sulfur Metals Surfactants, (natural and added) Feed pre-treatment: Caustic Pre-Wash 19. VULCAN Xc 300 requires moisture and air to remain active. Mixer should be installed At the specified sulfur levels, the following table shows the air requirements for VULCAN Xc 300. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 AirRequirements,scfh Unit Feed, barrels/day Air Requirements for Xc 300 25 ppm RSH 50 ppm RSH 75 ppm RSH 20. VULCAN Xc 300 Recommended post-treatment Clay Treaters Salt Dryers 21. - Non-hazardous, both fresh and spent - Effective over a wide range of temperatures: no heating or cooling requirement - The kerosene can be treated at storage conditions. - Pressure: Standard Operating Press. - Space Velocity: > 3 hr-1 LHSV 22. Lead is a TERATOGEN and must be handled with EXTREME CAUTION, due to: Acute Health Effects Chronic Health Effects Reproductive Hazards Other Long-Term Effects Medical Testing Requirements Blood Lead Test ZPP Test (a special test for the effects of Lead on blood cells). WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES Personal Protective Equipment Eye Protection Respiratory Protection Exposure Limit 0.05mg/m3 23. Contents Introduction - VULCAN Xc 300 Process Benefits Catalyst Benefits Catalyst Properties Principal Applications Kerosene Sweetening Chemistry Process Requirements Bender History Lead Health Hazard Information Process Objectives Process Improvement Summary GBHE Commercial Experience 24. * 99 % Conversion of RSH * Reduced Energy Consumption * Increased Unit Capacity 50 - 100% 25. Contents Introduction - VULCAN Xc 300 Process Benefits Catalyst Benefits Catalyst Properties Principal Applications Kerosene Sweetening Chemistry Process Requirements Bender History Lead Health Hazard Information Process Objectives Process Improvement Summary GBHE Commercial Experience 26. Requires no Heating or Cooling Stages to Operate Efficiently 27. Requires no Heating or Cooling Stages to Operate Efficiently Eliminates Alkali and Sulfur Injection for Improved Reliability 28. Requires no Heating or Cooling Stages to Operate Efficiently Eliminates Alkali and Sulfur Injection for Improved Reliability Minimal Operator intervention 29. Requires no Heating or Cooling Stages to Operate Efficiently Eliminates Alkali and Sulfur Injection for Improved Reliability Minimal Operator intervention Environmentally friendly disposal 30. Superior Conversion Efficiency Enhanced Feedstock Flexibility No Sulfur or Alkali Injection Reduced Operating Cost Minimal Operator Intervention Environmentally Friendly Disposal GBHE Guarantee 31. Upon Request PEMEX APR 2005 32. Lead Vs Copper Cummulative Costs $0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 $3,000 $3,500 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Time $M Lead Copper PEMEX APR 2005 33. Advice & Consulting Dispose of spent material by recycling