VSEPR Theory
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Transcript of VSEPR Theory
VSEPR THEORY
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
VSEPR THEORY:AT THE CONCLUSION OF OUR TIME TOGETHER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
1. Use VSEPR to predict molecular shape2. Name the 6 basic shapes that have no
unshared pairs of electrons
VSEPR Theory
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MOLECULAR SHAPES
Lewis structures show which atoms are connected where, and by how many bonds, but they don't properly show 3-D shapes of molecules.
To find the actual shape of a molecule, first draw the Lewis structure, and then use VSEPR Theory.
VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON-PAIR REPULSION THEORY OR VSEPR
► Molecular Shape is determined by the repulsions of electron pairsElectron pairs around the central atom stay
as far apart as possible.► Electron Pair Geometry - based on number of
regions of electron densityConsider non-bonding (lone pairs) as well
as bonding electrons.Electron pairs in single, double and triple
bonds are treated as single electron clouds.► Molecular Geometry - based on the electron
pair geometry, this is the shape of the molecule
Electron-group Repulsions And The Five Basic Molecular Shapes.
The Single Molecular Shape Of The Linear Electron-group Arrangement.
Examples:
CS2, HCN, BeF2
The Two Molecular Shapes Of The Trigonal Planar Electron-group Arrangement.
Class
Shape
Examples:
SO3, BF3, NO3-,
CO32-
Examples:
SO2, O3, PbCl2, SnBr2
Factors Affecting Actual Bond Angles
Bond angles are consistent with theoretical angles when the atoms attached to the central atom are the same and when all electrons are bonding electrons of the same order.
C O
H
Hideal1200
1200
larger EN
greater electron density
C O
H
H
1220
1160
real
Effect of Double Bonds
Factors Affecting Actual Bond Angles
Lone pairs repel bonding pairs more strongly than bonding pairs repel each other Sn
Cl Cl
950
Effect of Nonbonding Pairs
The Three Molecular Shapes Of The Tetrahedral Electron-group Arrangement.
Examples:
CH4, SiCl4, SO4
2-, ClO4-
NH3
PF3
ClO3
H3O+
H2O
OF2
SCl2
The Four Molecular Shapes Of The Trigonal Bipyramidal Electron-group Arrangement.
SF4
XeO2F2
IF4+
IO2F2-
ClF3
BrF3
XeF2
I3-
IF2-
PF5
AsF5
SOF4
The Three Molecular Shapes Of The Octahedral Electron-group Arrangement.
SF6
IOF5
BrF5
TeF5-
XeOF4
XeF4
ICl4-
LET’S REVIEW VSEPR THEORY
Predicts the molecular shape of a bonded molecule
Electrons around the central atom arrange themselves as far apart from each other as possible
Unshared pairs of electrons (lone pairs) on the central atom repel the most
So only look at what is connected to the central atom
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LET’S CONSIDER A FEW MORE EXAMPLES:6 TYPES OF MOLECULES WITH NO UNSHARED PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
LINEAR
2 atoms attached to central atom 0 unshared pairs (lone pairs)
Bond angle = 180o
Type: AB2
Ex. : BeF2
3 EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE
Molecules with an odd number of electrons Molecules with atoms near the boundary
between metals and nonmetals will tend to have less than an octet on the central atom. (i.e. B, Be, Al, Ga)
Molecules with a central atom with electrons in the 3rd period and beyond will sometimes have more than an octet on the central atom, up to 12, called an extended or expanded octet.
LINEAR
Carbon dioxide
CO2
TRIGONAL PLANAR
3 atoms attached to central atom 0 lone pairs
Bond angle = 120o
Type: AB3
Ex. : AlF3
TRIGONAL PLANAR
Boron Trifluoride BF3
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TETRAHEDRAL
4 atoms attached to central atom 0 lone pairs
Bond angle = 109.5o
Type: AB4
Ex. : CH4
TETRAHEDRAL
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4
TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL 5 atoms attached to central atom 0 lone pairs
Bond angle = equatorial -> 120o
axial -> 90o
Type: AB5
Ex. : PF5
TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
Antimony Pentafluoride
SbF5
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OCTAHEDRAL
6 atoms attached to central atom 0 lone pairs
Bond angle = 90o
Type: AB6
Ex. : SF6
OCTAHEDRAL
Sulfur hexafluoride
SF6
EXAMPLES OF MOLECULES WITH BOTH PAIRED AND UNSHARED (LONE) PAIRS OF ELECTRONS AROUND THE CENTRAL ATOM.
TRIGONAL PLANAR
Boron Trifluoride BF3
BENT Trigonal Planar variation #1 2 atoms attached to central atom 1 lone pair
Bond angle = <120
Type: AB2E Ex. : SO2
TETRAHEDRAL
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4
TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL Tetrahedral variation #1 3 atoms attached to central atom 1 lone pair
Bond angle = 107o
Type: AB3E Ex. : NH3
TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL
Nitrogen trifluoride NF3
BENT Tetrahedral variation #2 2 atoms attached to central atom 2 lone pairs
Bond angle = 104.5o
Type: AB2E2
Ex. : H2O
BENT
Chlorine difluoride ion
ClF2+
TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
Antimony Pentafluoride
SbF5
SEE SAW
Trigonal Bipyrimid Variation #1
Sulfur tetrafluoride
SF4
T-SHAPED
Trigonal Bipyramid Variation #2
Chlorine tribromide
LINEAR
Trigonal Bipyramid Variation #3
Xenon difluoride XeF2
OCTAHEDRAL
Sulfur hexafluoride
SF6
SQUARE PYRAMIDAL
Octahedral Variation #1Chlorine pentafluoride ClF5
SQUARE PLANAR
Octahedral Variation #2Xenon tetrafluoride XeF4
OCTAHEDRAL
Do not need to know:T-shapeLinear
BENT
Nitrogen dioxide NO2
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Sample Problems
The Steps In Determining A Molecular Shape.
Molecular formula
Lewis structure
Electron-group arrangement
Bond angles
Molecular shape
(AXmEn)
Count all e- groups around central atom (A)
Note lone pairs and double bonds
Count bonding and nonbonding e- groups separately.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons. For a neutral molecule this is equal to the number of valence electrons of the constituent atoms.
Example (CH3NO2):Each hydrogen contributes 1 valence electron. Each carbon contributes 4, nitrogen 5, and each oxygen 6 for a total of 24.
REVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURES
Step 2: Connect the atoms by a covalent bond represented by a dash.
Example:Example:Methyl nitrite has the partial Methyl nitrite has the partial structure: structure:
REVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURES
CC OO NN OOHH
HH
HH
Step 3: Subtract the number of electrons in bonds from the total number of valence electrons.
Example:Example:24 valence electrons – 12 electrons 24 valence electrons – 12 electrons in bonds. Therefore, 12 more in bonds. Therefore, 12 more electrons to assign.electrons to assign.
REVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURES
Step 4: Add electrons in pairs so that as many atoms as possible have 8 electrons. Start with the most electronegative atom.
Example: The remaining 12 electrons Example: The remaining 12 electrons in methyl nitrite are added as 6 pairs. in methyl nitrite are added as 6 pairs.
REVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURES
....CC OO NN OOHH
HH
HH
........ ::.... ....
Step 5: If an atom lacks an octet, use electron pairs on an adjacent atom to form a double or triple bond.
Example: There are 2 ways this can Example: There are 2 ways this can be be done.done.
REVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURES
........
CC OO NN OOHH
HH
HH
....::........
....CC OO NN OOHH
HH
HH
.... ::....
Step 6: Calculate formal charges.
Example: The left structure has Example: The left structure has formal charges that are greater formal charges that are greater than 0. Therefore it is a less stable than 0. Therefore it is a less stable Lewis structure.Lewis structure.
REVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURESREVIEW OF LEWIS STRUCTURES
........
CC OO NN OOHH
HH
HH
.... ::....++ ––
........
CC OO NN OOHH
HH
HH
....::....
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Predicting Molecular Shapes with Two, Three, or Four Electron Groups
PROBLEM:
Draw the molecular shape and predict the bond angles (relative to the ideal bond angles) of (a) PF3 and (b) COCl2.
SOLUTION: (a) For PF3 - there are 26 valence electrons, 1 nonbonding pair
PF F
F
The shape is based upon the tetrahedral arrangement.
The F-P-F bond angles should be <109.50 due to the repulsion of the nonbonding electron pair.
The final shape is trigonal pyramidal.
PF F
F
<109.50 The type of shape is
AX3E
(b) For COCl2, C has the lowest EN and will be the center atom.
There are 24 valence e-, 3 atoms attached to the center atom.
CCl O
Cl
C does not have an octet; a pair of nonbonding electrons will move in from the O to make a double bond.
CCl
O
Cl
The shape for an atom with three atom attachments and no nonbonding pairs on the central atom is trigonal planar.
The Cl-C-Cl bond angle will be less than 1200 due to the electron density of the C=O.
CCl
O
Cl
124.50
1110
Type AX3
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Predicting Molecular Shapes with Five or Six Electron Groups
PROBLEM:
Determine the molecular shape and predict the bond angles (relative to the ideal bond angles) of (a) SbF5 and (b) BrF5.
SOLUTION:
(a) SbF5 - 40 valence e-; all electrons around central atom will be in bonding pairs; shape is AX5 - trigonal bipyramidal.
F
SbF
F F
FF Sb
F
F
F
F
(b) BrF5 - 42 valence e-; 5 bonding pairs and 1 nonbonding pair on central atom. Shape is AX5E, square pyramidal.
BrF
F F
F
F