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LoŶg Telegraŵ or a LoŶg IŵagiŶatioŶ: PN Haksar aŶd IŶdia’s Nuclear Policy in 1960s Yogesh Joshi Associate Fellow Observer Research Foundation 26 December 2016

Transcript of ^>}vPd o P u } ^>}vP /uP]v ]}v WWE,l v /v ][ Nuclear Policy in 1960s - … · 2016-12-26 · No...

Page 1: ^>}vPd o P u } ^>}vP /uP]v ]}v WWE,l v /v ][ Nuclear Policy in 1960s - … · 2016-12-26 · No Mention in the Relevant Literature George Perkovich, /v ][ Eµ o }u WdZ /u }v'o} oEµ

Lo g Telegra or a Lo g I agi atio : PN Haksar a d I dia’s

Nuclear Policy in 1960s

Yogesh Joshi

Associate Fellow

Observer Research Foundation

26 December 2016

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The National Interest Article

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Non-E iste t Lo g Teleg a : File No. 290, PN Haksar Papers (IIIrd

Installment)

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No Mention in the Relevant Literature • George Perkovich, I dia’s Nu lear Bo : The I pa t o Glo al Nu lear Nonproliferation

(University of California Press: Los Angeles, 2002 ; C. Raja Moha , I dia’s Nu lea E eptio alis , I Sverre Lodgaard, Nuclear Proliferation and International Security, (New

Delhi: Routledge, 2007), pp. 152-171; Raj Chengappa, Weapons of Peace: The Secret Story of

I dia’s Quest to e a Nu lear Power, (HarperCollins: New Delhi, 2002); Itty Abraham, The

Making of Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (Zed Books:

London, 1998); Bharat Karnad, Nuclear Weapons and Indian Security: The Realist Foundations

of Strategy, Ma illa : Ne Delhi, ; A d e B. Ke ed , I dia’s Nu lea Od sse : I pli it U ellas, Diplo ati Disappoi t e ts, a d the Bo , International Security, Vol.

36, No. 2 (Fall 2011), pp. 120-153; Gaurav Kampani, Ne Delhi’s Lo g Nu lea Jou e : Ho “e e a d I stitutio al Road lo ks dela ed I dia’s Weaponization, International Security,

Vol. 38, No.4 (Spring 2014), pp. 71–114; Jayita Sarkar, The Making of Non-aligned Nuclear

Po e : I dia’s P olife atio D ift, - , I te atio al Histo Re ie , Vol. , No. (2015), p. 933-950; Balazs Szalontai, The Elepha t i the Roo : The “o iet U io a d I dia’s u lea p og a , - , Wo ki g Pape No. , Nuclear Proliferation

International History Project, Woodrow Wilson Center, November 2011; Yogesh Joshi, The

I agi ed A se al: I dia’s Nu lea De isio -Making, 1973- , Wo ki g pape No. , Nuclear

Proliferation International History Project, Woodrow Wilson Center, June 2015. For older

o ks o I dia’s u lea poli see, D. Som Dutt, I dia a d the Bo ”, The Adelphi Paper,

Vol. 6, No. 30, 1966; RLM Patil, India-Nuclear Weapons and International Politics (Delhi:

National 1969); Ravi Kaul, I dia’s Strategi Spe tru (Allahabad: Chanakaya, 1969); KP

Mishra (ed.), Studies in Indian Foreign Policy, (New Delhi: Vikas, 1969); AB Shah (ed.), I dia’s Defence and Foreign Policy (Bombay: Manak Atlas, 1969); Bhabhani Sen Gupta, Nuclear

Weapons: Policy Options for India (New Delhi: Sage, 1983).

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Literature by Haksar, on Haksar and by

his contemporaries • PN Haksar, Reflections of our Times Ne Delhi: La e , ; PN Haksa , “u i g up , i VD Chop a

(eds.) Studies in Indo-Pak Relations: Papers Presented at the Seminar on Indo-Pak relations organised by the India Center for Regional Affairs, New Delhi 24-25 April, 1984, (New Delhi; Patriot, 1984), pp. 292-299; PN Haksar et.al., Studies in Indo-Soviet Relations, (New Delhi: Patrioat, 1986); PN Haksar, India's Foreign Policy and Its Problems (New Delhi: Patriot, 1989); PN Haksar (ed.) Nehru’s Visio of Pea e a d Se urity i Nuclear Age (New Delhi: Patriot, 1989).

• For reflections on PN Haksar by others see, Subrata Bannerjee (ed.), PN Haksar: Contemplations on the Human Condition (Haksar Memorial Volume I), (Chandigarh: Center for Research and Industrial Development, 2004); Subrata Banerjee (ed.), Contributions in Remembrance: A Homage to PN Haksar (Haksar Memorial Volume II), (Chandigarh: Center for Research and Industrial Development, 2004); Subrata Banerjee (ed.),Challenges in Nation Building in a World of Turmoil (Haksar Memorial Volume III), (Chandigarh: Center for Research and Industrial Development, 2004).

• Fo iti gs of PN Haksa ’s o te po a ies a d othe s i the I dia Go e e t see, TN Kaul, Ambassadors Need Not Lie: Some aspects of India's Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Lancer, 1988); TN Kaul, Stalin to Gorbachev and Beyond (New Delhi: Lancer, 1991); TN Kaul, Reminiscences: Discreet and Indiscreet (New Delhi: Lancer, 1982); Raja Ramanna, Years of Pilgrimage: An Autobiography (New Delhi: Viking, 1991); BK Nehru, Nice Guys Finish Second (Viking: New Delhi, 1997); Jagat S. Mehta, The Tryst Betrayed: Reflections and Diplomacy and Development (New Delhi: Penguin, Viking, 2010); Purnendu Kumar Banerjee, My Peking Memoirs of the Chinese Invasion of India (New Delhi: Clarion, 1990); R. Venkatraman, My Presidential Years, (New Delhi: Harper Collins, 1994); JN Dixit, India's Foreign Policy, 1947-2003 (New Delhi: Picus, 1998); CV Ranganathan and Vinod C. Khanna, India and China: The Way Ahead after "Mao's India War" (New Delhi: Har Anand, 2000); C. Subramaniam, India of My Dreams (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1972); Sardar Swaran Singh, I dia’s Foreig Poli y (New Delhi, Ministry of External Affairs, Go e e t of I dia, ; K “u ah a a , I dia’s Nu lea Poli : -1998 (A personal Re olle tio , i Jasjit Singh (eds.), Nuclear India (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 1998), p. 26-52.

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Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party

• A good summary of these can be found in Mohammed Ali Kishore, Jana Sangh a d I dia’s Foreig Poli y, Ne Delhi: Asso iated Pu lishi g House, ; fo o igi al iti gs see, H.M Patel, I dia’s Defe e

P epa ed ess, Swatantra Souvenir (Fifth Annual Convention, Bhubaneshwar), 5and 6 October 1968, p. 44-47, p. 38-40; Piloo Mody, I dia’s Fo eig Poli , Swatantra Souvenir (Fifth Annual Convention, Bhubaneshwar), 5and 6 October 1968, p. 44-47; M.R. Pai, I dia’s Fo eig Poli : The Need fo Reapp aisal, Swatantra Souvenir (Fifth Annual Convention, Bhubaneshwar), 5and 6 October 1968, p. 168-169; Deen Dayal Upadhyaya, Fu da e tals of a Wa e o o , Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of Mid-Term elections, 1971), pp. 15-20; K. R. Malkani, Ho Ja a Sangh looks at Russia a d A e i a, Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of Mid-Term elections, 1971), pp. 56- ; Ra “i gh, I dia: a ou t ithout f ie ds, Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of Mid-Term elections, 1971), pp.139-141; M.L. Sondhi, Wa ted: A Natio al Fo eig Poli , Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of the 14th Annual Session of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Calicut, December 1967), pp. 47-53; K.R. Malkani, Ho e look at the Middle East, Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of the 14th Annual Session of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Calicut, December 1967), pp. 63-65; Balraj Madhok, I dia’s U it , Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of the 15th Annual Session of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Bombay, April 25-27, 1969), pp. 62-66; Subramaniam Swamy, Defe e a d E o o i G o th i I dia: a stud i a i sepa a le elatio ship, Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of the 15th Annual Session of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Bombay, April 25-27, 1969), pp. 67-87; Prin. Dev Prasad Ghosh, let’s ake the indian o ea REALLY INDIAN, Ja a-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of the 15th Annual Session of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Bombay, April 25-27, 1969), pp. 88-89: Nana Deshmukh, Esse tials of a Natio al I dust ial Poli , Jana-Deep Souvenir (A Publication brought out on the occasion of the 15th Annual Session of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Bombay, April 25-27, 1969), pp. 98-101.

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Haksar on Détente, NPT and Soviet

Supplies

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On Soviet Military Supplies to Pakistan • 13 July 1968 (Top Secret)

• Soviet decision to provide military assistance to Pakistan raised two i po ta t issues fo the Ga dhi go e e t: As Haksa put it, o e in the field of our relations with the USSR and the other in the do esti field. It is the late hi h is of i ediate o se ue e.

• If this ilate al elatio ship ould e see o a ala e sheet of edits a d de its , “o iet de isio o ilita supplies fell o the

de it side . Ho e e , i Haksa ’s ie , the o e all situatio e ai s fa ou a le to I dia.

• His advice to Indira Gandhi over the protestations of Jan Sangh and Swatantra was to remind them what he thought their ideas on fo eig poli la ked the ost: that i te atio al elatio s a e a a alga of o ple a d e e o t a fa to s.

• Ussuri River Clashes: March 1969

• Soon after: Soviet propose the treaty of peace, friendship and cooperation

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Na a a a ’s No e e Note (US Copy: Dr. Jayita “a ka ’s article in

International History Review, end note

6)

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DAE Memo of April 1970

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Conclusion

• The lo g teleg a ’ as ot itte Haksa

• Most probably thoughts of a right wing

nationalist intellectual.

• China threat not the reason for India to go

nuclear; Pakistan was.

• Haksar: a thorough understanding of

International Politics.


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