Vowels: other considerations
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Vowels: other considerations
• Diphthongs
• ATR
• Rhoticity
• Length
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Diphthongs
• Two-vowel sequence
[ai]
[au]
[oi]
[ei] and [ou]
[ij] and [uw]
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Diphthongs
• Make up one syllable– “naïve” and “knife”
– “employ” and “employee”
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Diphthongs
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ATR
• Advanced tongue root– Tongue root is more forward
– Larynx is lowered pharynx is enlarged
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ATR
• ATR in Igbo
(Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996)
• Examples from Akan
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Rhoticity
• Rhoticized means “r-colored”– “bird” “park” “fur” “assert”
• Different articulations– Tongue tip raised (like retroflex)– Tongue tip lowered with tongue body bunched
up
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Rhoticity
• Six different English speakers showing the “bunched up” style
(Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996)
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Rhoticity
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Length
• Arabic, Vietnamese, Hindi, German…
Mixe
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Vowel inventory
• Five- and seven-vowel systems are most common
Spanish Yiddish Italian
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Vowel inventory
• Some languages have many more
French (plus nasals)
English(plus diphthongs)
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Vowels and orthography
• No vowel indication– Semitic languages
• Auxiliary vowel indication– (the same) Semitic languages
• Inherent vowel indication– Indian languages
• Independent vowel indication– English
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No or auxiliary vowel indication
• Vn thgh ths sntnc hs n vwls y cn stll ndrstnd wht t sys
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Inherent vowel indication
• Each grapheme includes a vowel (usually schwa)
• Gujarati