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D.T. SUZUKI

V NIM(Php Bo n Kinh)

Thun Bchbin dch2000

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ch s Thien tong Trung Hoa s ky xuathien vi hai ten tuoi tieu bieu. Mot vng nhien la Bo-e at-ma, ngi khai

sang Thien tong Trung Hoa, va v th hai la Luc ToHue Nang, ngi nh hng dong mach Thien tongbat nguon t To at-ma. Neu khong co To Hue Nangva mon e trong tong mon cua Ngai th Thien tongkhong the nao phat huy va hng thnh vao au ing Trung Hoa. Phap Bao an Kinh cua Luc To

chiem mot v the toi quan trong trong nha Thien, vanhng thang tram thuoc ve duyen nghiep ma bo kinha khng chu co nhieu ieu rat ly thu.

Chnh qua bo kinh nay ma trong trach khi xngThien tong cua To at-ma c xac nh ro ret. Cungqua bo kinh nay ma tong quan ve Thien c phac

hoa cho hoc nhan nh la khuon mau tu tap. Qua LucTo ma thien gia i nay gan gui To at-ma, va t LucTo ta anh dau c ngay Thien tong Trung Hoa rai khac vi mo hnh Thien An o.

Khi chung ta noi an Kinh co tam quan trong phithng ngha la ve ca hai mat neu tren. Goc re cua t

tng an Kinh qua To at-ma an sau ch en s giacngo cua c Phat, trong khi canh nhanh tro khapmien Vien ong, manh at ph nhieu cua hoa la nhaThien. Giao phap cua Luc To a co hn nghn nam, vamac dau t o en nay a trai qua nhieu tang bactrien khai khac nhau, van gi c tinh yeu cua an

Kinh.V ly do o, neu chung ta muon tm hieu lch s t

tng Thien th chung ta phai nghien cu an Kinhvi s lien he ca hai ben ; mot la S To at-ma va

L

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truyen nhan cua To la Nh To Hue Kha, Tam To TangXan, T To ao Tn, Ngu To Hoang Nhan ; hai la LucTo Hue Nang vi mon e cua Ngai va cac thien s

ng thi.Theo hoc nhan cua Luc To, an Kinh chnh la

phap yeu cua To, va c truyen tho cho hang mon enh la san nghiep tam linh ma ch ngi nao s acmi c xem la e t trong tong mon cua Luc To.ieu nay c minh chng qua oan van sau trong

an Kinh :ai s nui Tao Khe, va hn bon mi nam ao hanh

cua Ngai a anh hng tren ca hai tnh lan can ThieuChau va Quang ong. Hang mon e cua Ngai, xuat giava tai gia, len en ba ngan hoac nam ngan, thc s connhieu hn con so em c. V la tinh yeu cua giao phap

nen an Kinh c truyen tho nh la bang chng cotham quyen, va ai khong c truyen trao xem nh khongc uy nhiem pho chuc (co ngha la cha hoi c Toy). Khi tro c thay pho chuc th cho ni, ngay thang vaten tuoi phai c neu ro. Neu khong c truyen traoan Kinh th khong the t nhan la mon o cua Nam Thien.Ai khong c uy nhiem an Kinh tc cha nam c

yeu ch cua phap mon on ngo mac du ho co giangday. Bi v chac chan sm muon g ho cung ri vao hluan, trong khi nhng ngi c truyen phap ch taptrung vao cong phu tu tap. S d co h luan tranh cai la vlong tranh thang hn thua, viec nay khong hp vi ao.

(THU BAN ON HOANG

DO SUZUKI VA KODA AN HANH TIET 38)

Co nhng oan tng t, du khong lo ro, trongoan au cung nh trong tiet 47 va 57. c nhac lainhieu lan nh the chng to rang an Kinh, v chang tinh yeu giao phap cua Luc To, c hang mon

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e rat ton quy. Thu ban on Hoang tiet 55 va an bancua chua Hng Thanh (tiet 56) co ghi lai ten nhng vc truyen phap. An ban thng co tnh cach pho

thong, can c tren an ban i Nguyen thuoc the ky 13,khong thay ghi nhng oan van ve s truyen tho anKinh, ly do khiem khuyet nay se c ban en sau.

ieu chac chan la li day cua Luc To a tao nentieng vang ln trong gii hoc Phat thi bay gi, co lev trc o khong mot v Thay nao noi thang nh the

vi ai chung. Phat hoc cho en thi o khong t thnhieu gii han trong gii tr thc, va nhng li thuyetphap eu can c tren giao ien chnh thong. o langon thuyet bien giai mang tnh cach bnh luan, oihoi nhieu tnh bac hoc va tri thc phan tch, khongnhat thiet phan anh s kien thc te ve kinh nghiem

hoac i song tam linh rieng tng ngi, ma chu yeunang ve y niem va bieu o. Li day cua Luc To trai laidien bay nhng kinh nghiem tam linh thuoc ve trcgiac, d nhien la rat sinh ong, va ngon ng rat tinhuan va oc ao. t nhat ay la mot trong nhng lydo tai sao gii hoc gia chuyen ve Phat hoc, cung nh

cong chung bnh dan, a danh s on nhan cha tngco t trc en nay oi vi giao phap cua Luc To.ay cung la ly do tai sao trong phan au an

Kinh, Luc To a ke lai tieu s cua To ay u chi tiet,bi v neu To ch la mot v tang hoc gia tam thngthuoc he thong Phat giao thi bay gi th khong nhat

thiet oi vi To, hoac hn na oi vi hang e ttrong tong mon, can phai dien giai nhan cach cua To.S kien cac e t thng nhan manh en s khongbiet ch cua To chac chan co lien he nhieu en tnh

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chat oc ao ve nhan cach cung nh hanh trang cuaTo.

Phan m au an Kinh la tieu s cua To, tuy di

hnh thc t truyen nhng o la phan trc tac cuangi bien soan, mot hoac nhieu ngi. oan vanmieu ta To cho thay ro mot s tng phan rat ln oivi Thng Toa Than Tu, ngi c xem la oi thucua To, chac chan khong xuat phat t kim khau cuaTo. S oi nghch gia hai v phat sinh sau khi thay

la Ngu To Hoang Nhan tch, tc la ch vao thi iemhai v bat au truyen ba va giang day Thien theo s tongo va tham at rieng cua moi v. Than Tu tho hntram tuoi va tch vao nam 706 khi Luc To c saumi chn tuoi. Tuoi tac hai v chenh lech gan ba minam, va theo quyen Cuoc i cua Luc Todo ngai Toi

Trng (ai s Truyen Giao) mang ve Nhat nam 803th Luc To en tho giao vi Ngu To khi ba mi bontuoi. Neu luc o Than Tu van con trong phap hoi cuaNgu To th Ngai khoang t sau mi bon en baymi tuoi, va ngi ta cho rang Than Tu van viNgu To trong sau nam, ngoai ra Ngu To tch chang

bao lau sau khi Luc To t gia thay. Rat co the la khiLuc To en chua Hoang Mai th Than Tu a o csau nam. Nhng neu Than Tu kem xa Luc To trong stham at Phat phap, du a trai qua sau nam hoc tapva dung cong, va neu Ngu To tch ngay sau khi Luc Tori phap hoi th Than Tu chng at vao luc nao ?

Theo tai lieu noi ve Than Tu th Ngai la mot trongnhng v thien s thanh at nhat sau thi Ngu To, vacung a noi tieng ngay ca ng thi Ngu To. Nh vaytieu s cua Than Tu co ve nh la h cau t nhng

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ngi bien tap sau khi Luc To tch, bi le cai goi la soi ch cua hai v thc ra la s oi ch cua hai nhome t cua hai v.

Trong phan t truyen m au an Kinh, Luc To kelai ni chon nhau cat ron cung nh s thieu hoc,khong hieu biet van hoc co ien Trung Hoa. Luc To ketiep a ham mo ao Phat nh the nao khi c nghekinh Kim Cng trong khi To khong biet oc. Khi Toen nui Hoang Mai tho giao vi Ngu To ch la mot

ngi c s cha xuat gia lam tang, va xin c congqua nha kho. Vao chua nh the ng nhien la Tokhong c phep trong chung tang nen khong bietnhng viec g xay ra trong chua ngoai nha kho cuamnh.

Tuy nhien t nhat co mot oan van trong an Kinh

va trong tieu s cua Luc To (*) e cap nhng dp Luc Toc gap thay. Khi Ngu To loan bao rang ai tronghang e t lam bai ke noi len c cho hoi Thien cuamnh se ke v lam To th sau, khong ai bao lai choLuc To biet tin ay; tat ca nhng muc tieu cong vieccua To ch la cong qua cho chua. Nhng Ngu To chac

biet c s tham at cua Luc To, va cung biet chacmot ngay nao o y nh cua Ngu To se en tai Luc To.

Luc To khong biet ch nen phai nh ngi khacviet gium bai ke. Trong an Kinh co nhieu cho chothay Luc To khong oc c kinh ien tuy van hieuc y ngha khi co ai oc cho nghe. S oi nghch

(*) Quyen tieu s nay ten la Tao Khe c Truyen c bien soansau khi Luc To tch va c ngai Toi Trng, khai to tong ThienThai (Nhat Ban), mang ve Nhat nam 803 sau thi gian tu hoc Trung Hoa. ay la tai lieu ang tin cay nhat ve Luc To Hue Nang.

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gia Luc To va Than Tu, tuy manh bao nhng chnghieng ve mot chieu qua nhng tai lieu ang tin cay(tr trong quyen tieu s cua Toi Trng a ke tren

khong noi en Than Tu), chac chan do e t cua LucTo phong ai mac du ho xem nh thang the. Ly dochanh cua viec tren la v Nam Thien cua Luc To phuhp vi tinh than ai tha va tam ly dan toc TrungHoa hn la Bac Thien cua Than Tu. Tinh than bachoc, luon luon co khuynh hng nghieng ve tru tng

va y niem, se che m anh sang cua trc giac, chnhtrc giac mi la ieu can yeu hang au trong s tuhanh. Than Tu, mac du cac mon e cua Luc To a ghichep nh the, chac chan van xng ang ke tha y batcua Ngu To, nhng v s dien bay Phat phap cua Ngaioi hoi phng phap luan phc tap va bac hoc hn

phap mon cua Luc To, trong khi nha Thien khongchap nhan moi hnh thc tri thc. S kien khong bietch cua Luc To c nhan manh e tao uy the cho lethat va sc manh cua kha nang trc giac trong phaptu cua Luc To, va ong thi neu ro chu thuyet y niemtrong giao phap cua Than Tu. Tinh than Trung Hoa

chuong cach tiep x vi nhng s kien thc te cu theva kinh nghiem sinh ong. La ngi truyen ba Thientong ngay tren at nc cua mnh, Luc To qua a apng nhu cau mot cach vien man.

Nhng tai sao To lai khong biet ch? ung la Tokhong phai la mot hoc gia uyen bac, nhng toi khong

ngh la To mu ch nh a noi trong an Kinh. e toam s tng phan gia To vi Than Tu, ngi ta gayan tng bang cach mieu ta To khong biet kinh ien,giong nh c Chua khi giang cho cac nha bac hoc aubac a noi ma khong a ra dan chng nao. ay la s

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kien cho thay bac thien tai ton giao khong can lam str giup cua kien thc va tri thc so vi cai phongnhieu cua i song noi tam.

an Kinh co e cap en nhieu kinh, chng to tacgia khong phai la mot ngi dot kinh. Tuy nh the, vla mot ngi tu Phat nen To s dung danh t nha Phatmot cach t nhien, nhng van ra khoi moi th khoatrng thong thai. So vi nhng ao s ng thi, Toa ch thang vao tam yeu Phat phap, khong quanh co

dong dai. ac tnh n s nay a tac ong manh enthnh chung, nhat la nhng ngi nghieng ve congphu tu tap tuy van co mot kieu tr thc nao o.

T tng nen tang cua Luc To la dt bo ngonthuyet van t, bi v ch co the hoi c ban tam bangtrc nhan khong qua trung gian. Nhng tnh kh con

ngi au cung giong nhau, va ngay ca nhng ngitu thien cung co nhc iem, trong o kien chap ngluc cua ch To e lai la benh nang nhat. an Kinhnh the c xem la bieu trng chan ly bao trum caThien trong o, va chnh ni nao an Kinh c tonquy qua mc th tinh than Thien bat au xuong doc.

Co le v ly do o ma an Kinh khong c truyentha t thay en tro nh bieu tn an chng tro a ngoThien. Va co le v ly do nay ma nhng oan a neunoi ve s trao truyen an Kinh b cat bo trong an banlu hanh, va sau o an Kinh ch con la mot quyenkinh dien bay ly Thien theo Luc To Hue Nang.

Du vi ly do g i na, s xuat hien cua Luc Tomang mot y ngha cao sieu trong ai, va an Kinhxng ang c xem la mot bo kinh tham dieu, v ach ao dong mach t tng Phat hoc Trung Hoa

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trong nhieu the ky.Trc khi trnh bay cai nhn cua Luc To ve ao

Phat, chung ta hay xem xet quan iem cua Than Tu,

luon luon c cho la oi nghch vi Luc To, bi vchnh s oi nghch gia hai v ao s se giup xacnh c ban chat cua Thien ro rang hn. Ngu ToHoang Nhan la mot ai thien s, co nhieu e t gioi,tren mi v trong so o ten tuoi con lu truyen trongThien s. Nhng Luc To va Than Tu xuat cach hn

nhng v o, va chnh di tay hai bac thay nay maThien tong chia ra hai phai Nam Thien va Bac Thien.Do o khi chung ta biet c giao phap cua Than Tu,khai to Bac Thien, se hieu c de dang Luc To, nhanvat chnh e cap ay.

Chang may giao phap cua Than Tu khong con c

bao nhieu, bi v Bac Thien suy yeu trc oi phng,khien cho van hoc cua tong mon cung tan lui theo.ieu chung ta biet c ve Bac Thien dan xuat t hainguon: th nhat la t lieu thuoc ve Nam Thien nhan Kinh va Tong Mat ng luc, th hai la hai thu banon Hoang toi tm c Th vien Quoc Gia Paris.

Trong hai thu ban Bac Thien ke tren, mot ban khongay u con ban kia cha hoan chnh, va ca hai eukhong phai chnh tay Than Tu viet. Thu ban onHoang, cung nh an Kinh, eu do e t ghi chep khithay thuyet giang.

Thu ban ta e la Bac Tong Ngu ao Phap Mon.

ay ch ao, Phan ng la upaya, co ngha laphng tien, phng phap, va khong dung theo motnh ngha ac biet nao. Ngu ao phap mon la namau moi qui chieu ve kinh ai tha cua Bac Thien, va

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gom co :1. Phat la giac ngo va giac ngo la khong mong khi

tam.

2. Khi tam bat ong, cac giac quan yen lang, vatrong trang thai tnh lang o canh ca tr tue vothng se he m.

3. Tr tue vo thng khai m se dan en khaiphong mot cach vi dieu than va tam. Tuy nhien aykhong phai la Niet-ban tch tnh cua Tieu tha, bi vtr tue vo thng do ch Bo-tat chng ac oi hoi caccam thc tuy co hoat ong nhng khong dnh mac.

4. Tnh hoat dung khong dnh mac nay co ngha lakhong ket vao nh nguyen oi ai gia than va tam,ni o hoi c thc tng cac phap.

5. Rot cuoc ay la con ng cua Nhat tnh, danen gii x cua Nh th khong ngan ngai, khong saibiet. o la giac ngo.

Van e nay co the gay ly thu neu so sanh vi libnh cua Thien s Khue Phong Tong Mat thuoc NamThien trong Bieu o Truyen Tha Ch To Thien Tong

nh sau :Bac Thien day rang moi chung sanh eu ham san tanhgiac, y nh tnh chat cua mat gng la chieu sang. Khi phiennao phu lap th khong thay mat gng, giong nh gng bbui ban che phu. Neu theo li day cua To ta buong bo vongtng th se vang lang. Luc o tam se chieu sang ung theoban tanh cua no. Neu het bui ban gng se chieu sang,

khong con mot vat g b che toi na.Cho nen To cua Bac Thien la Than Tu a viet ke

trnh Ngu To :Than th Bo-e tho (Than la cay Bo e

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Tam nh minh canh ai Tam nh ai gng sangThi thi can phat thc Luon luon phai lau chuiVat s nha tran ai. Ch ednh bui bam.)

Xa hn na, Tong Mat minh hoa quan iem cuaThan Tu bang hnh anh mot vien thuy tinh. Tam nhthe vien thuy tinh, t no khong co mau sac. No trongsuot va tron ay nh ang la. Nhng khi oi dien vingoai canh th no ng hien ra u mau u ve khacnhau. S sai biet nay do ni ngoai canh trong khi tam

van nh nh bat bien. Bay gi gia s vien thuy tinhat trc mot vat co tnh chat hoan toan ngc lai vivien thuy tinh th no se thanh toi en. Mac du trckia no la mot vien thuy tinh trong suot, gi ay th toien, va ta tng rang mau en nay la ac tnh cua novon san t au. Neu ch vien thuy tinh o cho ngi

ngu th ho se cho o la mot vien thuy tinh cau ban, vakho ho tin noi ban tnh trong suot cua no. Tham chnhng ngi a biet vien thuy tinh trong suot trcay, bay gi khi thay no nh the cung noi la d uc,va se colau chui cho no sang trong tr lai, lay lai tnhchat a mat. Nhng ngi lau chui o, theo Tong Mat,

la hoc nhan cua Bac Thien, ngh rang vien thuy tinhT tanh von trong suot can phai kham pha di lpen toi m uc ang hien thay.

Quan iem lau chui bui ban nay cua Than Tu vamon nhan tat nhien se dan en phap tu thien tchlang, va chnh cac v a ch day nh the. Cac v day

nhap nh bang phng phap chu tam, thanh loc tambang cach tru tam vao nhat niem. Hn the na cac vcon bao khi niem th chieu soi ngoai canh va dtniem th nhan ra noi tam.

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Cung nh cac v thien s khac, Than Tu nhn nhans hien hu cua Ban tam, Ban tam o phai c tmthay trong t tam cua moi ngi, va co u c tng

Nh Lai. Viec nay s d khong thanh tu c la vthoi quen hay chay theo ngoai canh cua chung ta ache m anh sang noi tam. Than Tu khuyen day rang,thay v chay xa ngi cha e cua chnh mnh, ong chucua chnh mnh, ta nen nhn ve noi tai bang cach etam long lang. ieu nay rat tot en mot mc o nao

o, nhng Than Tu bo qua s tham ngo, va phap tucua Ngai anh chu s khiem khuyet nay. ay la chothng goi la hu vi hay hu s, khong phai la vos hay T tanh.

Chung ta se hieu ro oan van sau ay trong anKinh (*) neu nhn theo nhan nh tren :

(40) Than Tu thay moi ngi noi en phap mon trc ch vavien on cua Hue Nang, mot hom, goi e t la Ch Thanhen bao : Ong thong minh nhieu tr, nen v toi ma en TaoKhe nghe phap. en trc Hue Nang le bai va het long langnghe. ng e cho ho biet la en t ta. Ngay khi nam cy ngha li day cua Hue Nang, co nh lay va kp ve ay noicho ta nghe. Ta se biet phap cua Hue Nang hay phap cua ta

la vien on.Ch Thanh hoan hy vang lenh en Tao Khe sau gan na

thang hanh trnh. S anh le Hue Nang, nghe phap nhngkhong noi t au en. ang thi phap Ch Thanh hoi cyeu ch cua Hue Nang. S nhan ra ban tam, lien ng lenanh le va tha :

Con en t vien Ngoc Tuyen, nhng di ca thay laThan Tu ai s con khong khe ngo. Gi ay nghe phap cuaTao Khe con nhan ra ban tam. Ngng mong Hoa thng t

(*) Thu ban on Hoang tiet 40 va 41. An ban Hng Thanh Ttiet 42 va 43.

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bi ch giao them cho con.Luc To Hue Nang lien bao : Neu ong en t Ngoc Tuyen th ong la ke do tham.

Ch Thanh : Cha noi la phai, nhng a tha roi th khong phai. Vay th nen biet phien nao tc Bo-e.(41) Luc To bao Ch Thanh : Toi nghe noi thay ong day hoc nhan Tam hoc gii nh

tue. Ong th noi xem.

Ch Thanh :ai s Than Tu noi : Cac ieu ac ch lam goi la Gii ;

cac ieu thien vang lam goi la Tue ; t tnh y mnh goi lanh. Ngai Than Tu noi nh the, cha biet Hoa thng layphap g day ngi ?

Phap nay tuyet dieu, nhng phap cua toi th khac.

Khac cho nao ? Co phap tiem, co phap on.Ch Thanh lien cau xin Luc To noi phap cua To ve gii nh

tue. Hay lang nghe phap cua toi. Cho thay cua toi la at

tam t no khong benh la Gii cua T tanh ; at tam khongloan la nh cua T tanh ; at tam khong loi la Tue cua T

tanh.Luc To bao tiep: Thay ong noi gii nh tue la tiep ngi tieu can tieu tr,

con toi noi gii nh tue la tiep ngi ai can ai tr. Neu ngoc T tanh cung chang lap Tam hoc na.

The nao la ngha chang lap?

T tanh khong benh, khong loan, khong loi, moi niemeu co Bat-nha quan chieu, thng la phap tng. Do o,chang lap tat ca phap. T tanh on ngo nen chang co thlp tu chng. ay la ngha chang lap.

Ch Thanh lien le bai, khong bao gi ri Tao Khe, tr thanh

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mon e cua Luc To va sm chieu hau ha.

T cho tng phan gia Than Tu va Luc To, ta cothe hieu ro quan iem ve Tam hoc cua Than Tu theo

s nhan nh cua Than Hoi mot e t cua Luc To cho rang ay la phap tu hu s, trong khi phap tucua Luc To la T tanh vi ac tnh la khong tch vathng chieu. Than Hoi e cap en phap tu th ba lavo s trong o Tam hoc c hieu nh sau : Khivong tng khong day khi la Gii, khi vong tng

dt bat la nh, va khi nhan biet vong tng dt batla Tue. Phap tu vo s ong vi phap tu T tanh,mot ben dien bay nghieng ve mat tch tnh, ben kia lamat ong dung.

Ngoai ra Than Tu con trnh bay quan iem cua Sve nam iem da tren Luan ai Tha Khi Tn, Kinh

Phap Hoa, Kinh Duy Ma, Kinh T ch va Kinh HoaNghiem nh sau :

1. Phat than, ngha la s giac ngo vien man, chnhla Phap than cua Nh Lai.

2. Chnh sau can lam ue nhiem tr tue Phat.3. Sieu vt pham tru cua tri thc la hanh Bo-tat.4. Thc tng cac phap luon tch lang va nh

tnh.5. Con ng dan en giac ngo th tuyet oi khong

chng ngai ; giac ngo la khe hoi chan ly vo sai biet.Quan iem nay cua Than Tu cung kha hay, nhng

v khong phai la chu e ay nen chung ta khong ivao chi tiet. Bay gi chung ta noi ve Hue Nang.

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Giao phap cua Hue Nang

iem lam cho Luc To Hue Nang noi bat vaoc ao, so vi nhng v thien s i trcva ng thi, la chu thuyet ban lai vo

nhat vat. ay la mot cau trong bai ke cua To oichieu vi bai ke cua ai s Than Tu :

Bo-e bon vo tho (Bo-evon khong cayMinh canh diec phi ai

Gng sang chang phai ai

Ban lai vo nhat vat Xa nay khong mot vatHa x nha tran ai. Cho nao dnh bui bam ?)

Xa nay khong mot vat chnh la tuyen ngon autien cua To, la qua bom no vao doanh trai cua ai sThan Tu va ch v ton tuc cua S. Qua cau nay cngyeu Nam Thien cua Luc To ro rang oi nghch viphap thien luon luon phai lau chui.

Than Tu khong han la nhan nh sai lam, ly do laNgu To Hoang Nhan la thay cua Than Tu, va cung lathay cua Luc To, cung co cung nhan kien nh the, dukhong noi thang ra nh Than Tu. Giao phap cua

Hoang Nhan co the luan giai theo Than Tu hoac theoLuc To eu c.Hoang Nhan la mot ai thien s va di ca cua To

nhieu bac ai ao s c tac thanh. Trong so oThan Tu va Luc To eu xuat cach nhieu mat, vanhom o chung cung phan hai theo hai v. Than Tu ly

giai giao phap cua Ngu To theo nhan kien cua mnh,Luc To cung the, va nh toi a trnh bay, Luc To langi thang the v ng hp vi t tng va tam lyngi Trung Hoa.

Hnh nh giao phap cua Ngu To nghieng theo

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chieu cua Than Tu, bi v Ngu To day e t luon luoncanh chng Tam. La hau nhan truyen tha cua Toat-ma, d nhien la Ngu To tin vao ban tam t o

sinh ra sn ha ai a muon hnh muon ve, nhng ttam th n s, bat cau va chieu sang nh mat tri ansau am may. Canh chng Tam ngha la gn gikhong cho may mu cua ban nga che m, sao cho anhsang tinh thuan van y nguyen va mai chieu sang.Nhng theo nhan nh nay th khai niem ve ban tam

va moi tng quan gia tam vi canh gii a thukhong xac nh ro rang, va se co nguy c phat sinhlam lan.

Neu nh ban tam von thanh tnh va bat nhiem, taisao phai lau chui bui bam khong t au en ? Co phais lau chui nay khong khac vi s canh gi Tam, va

oi vi thien gia la viec lam khong chnh ang ? Slau chui thc ra la mot cong phu khong can thiet. Neut Tam sinh khi the gii, tai sao khong e the giidng lap tuy thch ? Co khong cho phat khi bangcach canh chng Tam co phai la chong trai viTam khong ? ieu hp ly nhat va t nhien nhat oi

vi Tam la e mac tnh no van hanh trong tao tac vachieu sang.Giao phap canh gi Tam cua Hoang Nhan co the

ham y la hanh gia canh chng khong e cai tam vnga ngan ngai ban tam. ay cung co nguy c lahanh gia thc hanh ngc lai vi chu thuyet e mac

tnh. ay la cho that te nh, va cac v thay phai ratchnh xac va ro rang oi vi viec nay khong phaitren mat khai niem ma tren cong phu tu tap. V thayphai nhan nh ro ret ve ieu ma thay muon cho e t

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cua mnh thanh tu ve mat tam chng, nhng tro ratthng khi khong khe hoi vi thay. Bi ly do nay maphap tu thay oi khong nhng tuy theo ngi ma con

tuy theo thi. Ngoai ra cung v ly do nay s d biettrong hang mon e con ln hn na so vi hai bacthay co hai phap tu khac nhau.

Co the Than Tu nghieng ve cach day canh chnghay lau chui tam hn la e mac tnh. Phap tu mactnh khong phai la khong co nhng cam bay nguy

hiem e hanh gia ri vao. Bi v o la cho qui ve lykhong, co ngha la xa nay khong mot vat.

Khi Luc To bao rang xa nay khong mot vat yeuch cua To a hnh thanh, va t o ta thay ckhoang cach d biet gia To vi cac v tien boi vang thi. Yeu ch nay trc ay cha co v nao phat

kien. Khi cac thien s noi got To ch ra cho thay comot cai Tam ni tam rieng biet cua moi ngi vi ayu tnh thanh tnh tuyet oi, ta hieu c qua s hienhu va thanh tnh nay co ni moi ngi mot t thancao ca va trong ngan. Nh vay van e la ao bi tthan nay ra khoi m vat chat toi tam. Mat khac, ly

khong mot vat cua Luc To co the ay hanh gia vaoho tham khong ay, chac chan la tao ra mot cam thckhong ng. Triet ly Bat-nha ba-la-mat, cung la giao lycua Luc To, nhn chung cung co mot tac dung nh the.Muon thau hieu, can phai kien chieu vao chan tanhcai Khong (nyata), mot s kien chieu tinh tham

tren bnh dien tam chng. Khi c biet Luc To ngoqua kinh Kim Cng, nam trong he Bat-nha cua aitha, ta hieu ngay cho y c cua To.

T trc cho en thi Luc To, khai niem ve Phat

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phap hien hu ni tat ca chung sanh t the hoan toanthanh tnh va bat nhiem rat thnh hanh. Bon phan scua ngi tu la lam hien lo T tanh, tc Phat tanh ni

mnh, von xa nay thanh tnh. Tuy nhien, nh toi atrnh bay, trong s tu tap ieu nay co khuynh hngdan hanh gia en mot viec khac khien kem gi bantnh thanh tnh nay an sau cai tam toi me loan a baoche tam the ni moi ngi. Thien nh co the a enket qua la lau sach gng tam e hanh gia hy vong

thay c bong cua T tanh xa nay thanh tnh ; phaptu nay goi la Thien tch lang. Nhng kien chieu langle vao ban tam thanh tnh oi vi i song lai co tacdung giet chet mnh, va Luc To phan oi quyet lietphap tu mac chieu nay.

Trong an Kinh va cac bo sach khac cua Thien

tong, chung ta thng gap thuat ng khan tnh, vaphap tu nay cung b ket an. Khan tnh khong khac vikien chieu lang le vao T tanh hoac t the thanh tnh.Neu nhan thc ve ban lai thanh tnh dan en kieuthien nh nh the se i ngc vi Thien tong chanhtruyen. Ro rang la giao ly cua Than Tu am mau tnh

mac va quan chieu. V the khi Luc To tuyen bo Xanay khong mot vat, o la phat minh cua rieng Luc Todu cu canh van la quy ve kinh Bat-nha. Thc s ayla mot cuoc cach mang trong phap tu cua Thien tong,dng lap tren nen tang chan truyen cua ao Phat, vaong thi cung bao ton c tinh ba chanh phap cua

To at-ma.Luc To va con chau sau nay s dung mot thuat ngmi la kien tanh thay cho thuat ng cu la khantnh. Kien tanh la kien chieu vao tan the tanh. Ch

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khan va ch kien [ ] eu ch cai thay ; nhng ch

khan la loai ch ch s, do bo muc [ ] ghep themvao bo thu [] mo ta ngi nhn ra pha ngoai xa valay tay che ngang mat e nhn cho ro, ngha la nhnvao mot oi tng biet lap vi chu the. Ch kien laloai ch hoi y, t than no a la bo kien, c thanhlap do viec ghep bo muc va bo nhan i , , dien yngi ang hanh ong vi cai thay ben trong khongphai do nhn ra ngoai, ngha la cai thay tinh thuan.Khi ch kien i vi ch tanh co ngha la soi thaytan ban the tham cung cua s vat, ch khong phai nhnhn xem mua hat. Kien khong phai la ngh ve oitng nh the ngi thay ngoai khong can he vioi tng b thay. Trai lai kien hiep nhat ngi thayva oi tng b thay, khong phai ch la mot s hiepnhat suong, ma con co s nhan biet, hoac hn the nanhan biet ve s tao tac o. Kien la mot hanh ong,ham y ve tnh nang ong dung cua t the ; tc la cuaTam. Do o viec Luc To bien biet gia khan vakien co the xem nh lam cach mang trong lch s

Thien tong.Cau xa nay khong mot vat qua a pha tan nhan

thc sai lam thng gan lien vi khai niem ve thanhtnh. Tnh ngha la Khong (nyata) ; tc la vang battat ca thuoc tnh, mot trang thai khong tch tuyet oi,nhng ch tnh t nhieu se khi mao cho mot thc thekhac ben ngoai ngi thay. Khan i oi vitnh minh chng a co nhan thc sai lam ke tren.Khi xa nay khong mot vat thaybang T tanh vonthanh tnh th nhng y c phu hp vi ly luan va tam

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ly ma chung ta a co c gi ay b quet sach ngaydi chan khien ta khong con cho tru. Va ieu nayung la moi ngi hoc Phat chan thanh eu can phai

the nghiem trc khi tien en chng ngo ban tam.Kien chnh la hau qua cua vo s tru. Nh vay, trongmot chieu hng nao o, Luc To chnh la cha e cuaThien tong Trung Hoa.

ung la thnh thoang Luc To co dung nhng t amch kieu tu thien co ien khi noi en tnh tam, T

tanh von thanh tnh, mat tri tr tue b may muvong tng khuat che, v.v... Tuy nhien suot bo kinh,Luc To van ket an mot cach kien nh phap tu thientch mac : Neu toa thien vi tam khong tc ri vaocai khong vo ky ; hoac lai co ngi me ngoi thien vitam khong, khong c ngh suy, lai t xng thanh

tu viec ln. Luc To con day : Phap mon toa thiencua ta khong chap vao tam, chang chap vao tnh, cungchang om gi bat ong. Neu khi chap vao tnh thtnh bien thanh vong... Tnh von khong hnh tng,neu lap ra hnh tng va cho o la tnh th chngngai ban tanh, b troi buoc vao tnh. Qua nhng cau

tren ta hieu c cho Luc To muon chung ta thau suote c cu canh giai thoat.Troi buoc tc chap chat. Khi chap chat vao tnh ta

tao hnh tng ve tnh, lien o b troi buoc vao tnh.Cung vay, khi chap chat hoac an tru vao cai khong,lien o b troi buoc vao khong. Mac du nhng phap tu

nay cho nhieu cong c thang dieu, van khong tranhkhoi a en cho troi buoc bang cach nay hay cachkhac, cho khong co giai thoat. Nh the ta co the noitoan bo he thong tu thien khong co viec g ngoai mot

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chuoi cong phu hanh tr cot thao g chung ta het moihnh thc troi buoc. Ngay ca khi chung ta noi thaytanh th cai thay nay cung se co mot tac dung troi

buoc neu c hieu nh mot ieu g ac biet dng nen; co ngha la neu ta hieu cai thay la mot trang thaiac biet cua tam thc. V o la troi buoc. (1)

Than Hoi hoi mot v tang : Thay day ra sao ve kien tanh ?Tang ap :

Trc la kiet-gia tnh toa. Khi a thuan thuc th ctr tue Bat-nha, va nh tue se kien tanh.

Neu tu nhap nh, khong phai la dng lap, tao tac sao ? Co. Co tac y la hanh ong cua tam hu han, lam sao co

the kien tanh ? Muon kien tanh ta phai tu T tanh nh, neu

khong tu nh the th khong the nao kien tanh.Than Hoi noi tiep :

Tu nhap nh nh the cuoi cung se dan en kien aolam lac, tat khong c chanh nh.

Tang giai thch : Khi noi at nh bang cach toa thien nhap nh la

ngha nh sau : Khi at nh, trong va ngoai eu t chieusang, va v c chieu sang nh the nen thay c cai thanhtnh, va v tam a thanh tnh nen goi la thay tanh.

Than Hoi bao tiep :

Khi noi kien tanh th tanh ay khong phai co trong congoai. Neu ong noi co chieu sang trong va chieu sang ngoai, tc la thay tam khong ung th lam sao thay tanh ?Kinh noi : Neu tu at c chanh nh (samadhi) tc la nhtrong ong ch khong phai nh trong ngoi. Tam neu oicanh co i co en th lam sao goi la thien (dhyana) c ?

(1) Than Hoi ng luc.

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Neu tu thien theo nh the la chan thien th ton gia Xa-li-phat a chang b ngai Duy-ma-cat qu.

Qua van ap nay Than Hoi a ch ro cho tu cua v

tang va hang mon e a tan dng phap tu quan tnh; bi v oi vi ho van con dau vet cua kien chap, tcla dng lap mot mo thc cua tam va cho o la cucanh giai thoat. Chng nao cai thay co mot oi tnge thay th khong phai la cai thay chan thc ; ch khinao thay ma khong thay (tri kien vo kien) tc la

cai thay ma khong phai mot cai thay ac biet vi mottam thc han cuoc nao o th mi la thay tanh.Co the noi theo kieu nghch ly la khi thay ma khongthay th mi thc la thay ; khi nghe ma khong ngheth mi thc la nghe. o la tr tue Bat-nha.

Nh vay khi thay tanh khong qui chieu ve mot

trang thai ac biet cua tam thc, mot trang thai cothe xac nh mot cach tng oi va duy ly nh la motieu g o, th cac thien s dung thuat ng phu nhe tam bieu th, thng goi vo tam, vo niem. V la votam, vo niem, nen cai thay mi la thc thay. chokhac toi se phan tch khai niem ve vo tam, cung ong

ngha vi vo niem, nhng ay toi xin e cap chi tietve thanh tnh, giac chieu va T tanh e thay ro hnt tng cua Luc To, mot ai thien s kiet xuat nhattrong Thien s vao thi ky au Trung Hoa. Muonthe, toi xin n c trong Than Hoi Ng Luc, mot vanban Thien cua v e t bien tai nhat cua Luc To a

minh chng rat hay.Vua hoi Than Hoi : Hoa thng noi ve vo niem (vo niem vi tong) va day

ngi tu vo niem. Toi khong biet la co mot thc tai nao ngvi vo niem chang ?

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Than Hoi ap : Toi khong noi vo niem la hoac khong la thc tai. Tai sao ?

Bi v neu ta noi vo niem la thc tai th khong phaitheo ngha cua pham nhan hay noi ve thc tai ; neu ta noi lakhong phai thc tai th cung khong phai theo ngha phamnhan hay noi. Do o vo niem chang phai thc cung changphai phi thc.

Vay th goi the nao ?

Ta khong goi ten la g ca. Vay o la cai g ?

Khong the at ten, nen noi vo niem vt ngoai ngonng. Ly do chung ta noi ve vo niem that ra v co khi hoi.Neu khong khi hoi th khong ban en. Giong nh tam gngsang, neu co vat th hien hnh, neu khong vat th khongbong.

Neu khong vat th gng khong co g e chieu hien,vay cai chieu soi khong con na, phai vay khong ?

Khi toi noi ve vat trc gng va cai chieu soi cuagng th thc te cai chieu soi o la mot cai g bat bienthng hang thuoc ve ban chat cua gng, va khong can dvao s kien vat co hien hu hay khong hien hu trc

gng. Hoa thng bao rang vo niem khong hnh tng, vttren ngon ng, niem tng ve chan hoac phi chan khong nghp ay ; tai sao lai hoi ve chieu soi ? Cai chieu soi nao ?

Toi hoi ve chieu soi bi v mat gng th chieu sang vaT tanh cua gng la s chieu sang. Tam the ni muon vateu thanh tnh, trong o co anh sang cua Bat-nha, soi sang

ca tam thien ai thien the gii khong ngan me. Neu nh the, lam sao at en ? Ch can kien chieu cai khong (an kien vo). Ngay ca cai khong, cung con thay mot vat.

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Du co thay nhng khong phai la mot vat. Neu khong mot vat, sao goi la co cai thay ? Kien chieu cai khong chnh la cai thay chan thc va la

cai thay thng hang.

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Kien Tanh

uc To noi len cau au tien lien quan ens chng nghiem cua To la xa naykhong mot vat, va sau o la kien tanh, cai T tanhv la khong mot vat nen la khong. V the thaytanh la thay khong nh Than Hoi. Va cai thay nayla thap sang the gii a thu d biet di anh sang

Bat-nha. Nh vay Bat-nha tr thanh mot trong nhnge tai chu yeu cua an Kinh, va chnh ay la chodong mach Thien tong bat nguon t To at-ma khis chuyen hng.

Vao thi ky au cua lch s Thien tong, ngi taquan tam chu yeu vao Phat tanh hoac T tanh von

san ni moi chung sanh, va co tnh tuyet oi thanhtnh. Kinh Niet-ban day nh the va ngi tu thien ket thi Bo-e-at-ma eu tin sau vao Phat tanh chnhmnh. D nhien Luc To cung vay. To a nhan biet aoly nay trc khi en Ngu To Hoang Nhan, v To anhan manh Phat tanh ham san ni moi chung sanh

khong phan biet chung toc, at nc hoac a phngNam Bac gia thay va tro. Tieu s cua Luc To trongTao Khe ai S Biet ien co le la ban co nhat noive cuoc i cua To co noi viec Luc To nghe mot nico, em gai cua mot ngi ban, oc kinh Niet-ban. Neunh Luc To ch hoc kinh Kim Cng, ieu ta oc ctrong an Kinh, th khong bao gi Luc To noi vi NguTo ve Phat tanh nh the theo an Kinh a ke. Phattanh nh Luc To noi chac chan xuat phat t kinhNiet-ban. Vi kien thc o va nhng g hoc c niNgu To, Luc To u sc thuyet ve ban nhien thanh tnh

L

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cua T tanh, va viec kien tanh chnh la nen tang ehoi Thien. Ni Ngu To t tng Bat-nha khong cnhan manh nh ni e t cua Ngai la Luc To. oi vi

Luc To, tr tue Bat-nha, ac biet quan he vi thiennh, trum het moi t tng khac.

Tr tue Bat-nha la cai au tien trong Tam hoc la :Gii (sla), nh (dhyana) va Tue (praja). Gii la tuangi nhng gii luat do Phat che v li lac tam linh choe t cua Phat. nh la s tu tap e at s bnh on,

bi v chng nao tam khong c ieu phuc qua phapnh tam, ch gi gii mot cach may moc van khongch li ; thc ra gii la phng tien e nh tam. Trtue Bat-nha la sc manh tham nhap vao the tanh cuachnh mnh, ong thi trc nhan ao. Ca ba mon hockhong can phai noi la eu can yeu cho ngi tu Phat.

Nhng sau thi Phat tai the, Tam hoc c tach riengthanh ba mon hoc. Ngi tu nghieng ve gii luat laLuat s ; hanh gia tu thien nhap vao cac tang nh, vaco khi c than thong nh thien nhan thong, thatam thong, tuc mang thong... va cuoi cung hanh gia tutue se tr thanh Phap s, hoac ao s. Tu hoc Tam

hoc mot chieu hoac tng phan nh thekhien ngi tutrech hng vi ao Phat chan chnh, nhat la tronghai mon nh hoc va Tue hoc.

S tach biet gia nh hoc va Tue hoc tr thanh biat qua giong thi gian, va tu Tue c xem nh la skien chieu manh liet vao ao. Mi au s tach biet

nh the khong tao y ngh xau. Tu tap nh bienthanh nh the tc mat s song, gi tam trang thaisi am khien hanh gia vo dung oi vi xa hoi ; trongkhi tu tap Tue, rieng le mot mnh, se anh mat tnh

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tham ao uyen nguyen cua Tue, bi v a ong hoa vitr thc tinh xao hay ly giai trong tru tng, y niemva phan tch. Mot cau hoi se at ra, ung hay sai khi

nh va Tue tach rieng thanh hai khai niem biet lap,moi mon c tu tap oc lap. Vao thi Luc To, s tachrieng hai mon hoc c Than Tu va mon nhan chutrong, va ket qua la phap tu tnh tam tc tu Thientheo cach luon luon lau chui. Chung ta co the noiThan Tu danh u tien cho nh va sau o mi en

Tue, trong khi Luc To th ngc lai, cho rang nhthieu Tue se dan en sai lam nghiem trong, nhngneu co Tue th tat nhien c nh, va neu khong lnhhoi c moi tng quan ong nhat nay gia hai benth se khong en giai thoat.

Luc To nh ngha nh nh sau :

Phap mon toa thien nay von khong chap ni tam,cung khong chap ni tnh, cung chang phai changong... Nay thien tri thc, sao goi la Toa Thien ? Trongphap mon nay khong chng khong ngai. Ngoai oi vitat ca canh gii thien ac tam niem chang khi goi la Toa.Trong thay T tanh chang ong goi la Thien... Ngoai latng la Thien. Trong chang loan la nh.

Ngoai neu chap tng, trong tam tc loan. Ngoai neula tng tam tc chang loan. Ban tanh t tnh t nh, chv thay canh, suy ngh canh tc loan. Neu thay cac canhma tam chang loan ay la chan nh vay.

Kinh Tnh Danh noi : Ngay luc cht tnh lien ve cban tam. Kinh Bo-tat gii noi : Ban tanh cua ta von t

thanh tnh. Nay thien tri thc, trong moi niem t thayc ban tanh thanh tnh, t tu, t hanh, t thanh Phatao.

(PHAM TOA THIEN)

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Theo nh tren ta thay ro Luc To nh ngha venh khong giong mot chut nao vi ch v tien boi atu tap theo Thien truyen thong. Ngha ly cua Luc To

xuat phat t ai tha, ac biet theo Duy-ma-cat, Tu-bo-e, Man-t-t va nhng cao nhan xien dng aitha khac.

Quan iem cua Luc To ve nh c the hien roqua cau chuyen sau ay do e t ke lai2 :

Vao nam th mi mot nien hieu Khai Nguyen (723) co

Thien s Tr Hoang am Chau tng theo hoc vi Nhan ais. Ve sau tr ve chua Lo Sn Trng Sa toa thien mienmat, thng c vao nh, danh tieng on xa.

Cung vao thi ay co Thien s Thai Dung3 tng en TaoKhe tham hoc ba mi nam vi Luc To, va thng c LucTo bao : Ong co kha nang sau nay o sanh. Dung khi riTao Khe ve Bac, tren ng i nghe danh Tr Hoang lien enam tham van.

Dung hoi :

Nghe noi ong thng c nhap nh, luc o con tamhay khong tam ? Neu con tam, th tat ca loai hu tnh hamthc eu co the nhap nh nh ong. Neu khong tam th tat cavo tnh co cay ngoi a eu c nh.

Hoang ap : Toi chnh khi nhap nh, chang thay co tam khong tam. Chang thay co tam khong tam tc la thng nh, sao

lai noi co xuat nhap, neu co xuat nhap tc la khong phai ainh.

Hoang khong ap c. Giay lau mi hoi :

Ong tha ke ai ?Dung :

2Trong Biet ien va trong an ban pho thong cua an Kinh.3Theo an Kinh la Huyen Sach.

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Thay toi la Luc To Tao Khe. Ong hoc c g ni Luc To ? Thay toi noi : Chang nh chang loan, chang toa

chang thien o la Nh Lai thien. Nam am von khong, Sautran chang co. Chang tch chang chieu ; chang thc changkhong ; chang khoang gia ; vo s, vo tac, ma dieu dungt tai ; Phat tanh trum khap ni ni.

Hoang nghe xong lien co tnh, bao rang : Toi ba mi nam ngoi ma chang c ch g !

Mot oan van khac trong quyen Cuoc i ai S Tao Khe ch ro them tam quan trong cua oan oi apke tren. Hoang e Trung Tong i ng nghe noi ves chng ngo cua Luc To, c s gia la Tiet Gian enmi To ve kinh o nhng To t choi khong i. Do oTiet Gian xin To ch giao, bao rang :

Cac ai thien s kinh o eu day mon o toa thiennh nhau, bi v muon giai thoat va giac ngo th khong thekhong toa thien.

Luc To ap :

ao do tam ma ngo, chang phai do ngoi. Kinh KimCng noi : Neu Nh Lai hoac ngoi hoac nam, ay la ngihanh ao ta. V c sao ? Khong t au lai cung khong cocho i, ay la Nh Lai. Khong t au en goi la sanh, khongve au ma i goi la diet. Cho khong sanh khong diet, ay laNh Lai Thanh Tnh thien. Thay cac phap rong lang ay laNh Lai Thanh Tnh toa... Cu canh khong chng khong ac,ha co toa thien chang ?

Luc To bao tiep :

Chng nao con thay cac phap co hai ben th khong cogiai thoat. Sang nghch vi toi, phien nao trai vi Bo-e. Sekhong hieu c ai tha, tr phi tr tue Bat-nha chieu soinhng cap oi dai nay, nh the se bac c nhp cau noi lienkhoang cach hai ben. Neu c bam tru vao mot au cau th

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khong the hoi c nhat the cua Phat tanh, khong phai langi di ca cua toi. Phat tanh chang giam chang tang, du ni Phat hay ni pham phu, ngay gia phien nao cung

khong nhiem o. Neu co quan chieu vao Phat tanh th Phattanh cung chang thanh tnh hn. Phat tanh chang oanchang thng, chang en chang i, chang khoang giakhoang cuoi, chang sanh chang diet. Phat tanh hang hu moi thi, trong vo thng van bat bien, v bat sanh nen batdiet. Chang phai v chung ta thay the cai chet bang cai songma v Phat tanh vt tren sanh t. iem then chot khong

phai luan tot xau tren s vat, nh the se b han cuoc, machnh la e tam mac tnh van hanh theo ban nhien va thanhtu dieu dung vo lng vo bien. ay la phap tu khe hp viTam the.

Chung ta thay ro Luc To hieu ve nh khac vitruyen thong Nh tha. nh theo Luc To khong phaila mot ky nang e tnh tam sao cho tam the, vonthanh tnh va bat nhiem, t ben trong hien lo rangoai nhng lp che phu. nh theo Luc To khongxuat phat t nhan thc nh nguyen ve Tam. Co aten sang bang cach xoa tan toi la nh nguyen oi ai,se khong bao gi dan hanh gia en cho the hoi tam,cung chang phai co th loai tr s phan biet o ma

the hoi c. Luc To nhan manh en s ong nhatgia nh va Tue, chng nao Tue con tach rieng vinh va nh tach rieng vi Tue th ca hai eu khongco thc lc. Ch mot ben nh chac chan se a entch diet, nh nhieu giai thoai ien hnh trong lch snha Thien, ke ca trong ao Phat a cho thay. V ly do

o ta khong the xem xet nh cua Luc To tach rangoai Tue.

Ngi bien soan an Kinh ro rang co muc chtrnh bay chu yeu la quan iem ve Tue cua Luc To,

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khac vi quan iem truyen thong. Ta e cua thu banon Hoang chng minh muc tieu tren, khong the lamlan c : Kinh ai Bat-nha Ba-la-mat Toi Thng

Tha Nam Tong on Giao. Them ta e phu la : anKinh Giao Phap ai S Hue Nang Luc To Chua aiPham Thieu Chau. Chung ta kho oan c trong haita e tren, e nao chanh. Tuy nhien ta van biet kinhco day ve tr tue va tr tue Ba-la-mat theo Luc Tothuyet, va giao phap nay thuoc ve Toi Thng Tha

cua Nam Tong e cap en ly on ngo. Ke t Luc To vesau on giao la ac thu trong tat ca tong phai nhaThien.

Sau nhng ta e nay, phan m au cho biet ngaychu e cua bo kinh. Co le ta e th nhat do Luc Toat ra ch tr tue Bat-nha Ba-la-mat. Ngay li day au

tien, Luc To a bao : Nay thien hu tri thc, neu muonthay tam thanh tnh, hay niem ai Bat-nha Ba-la-mat-a. Luc To im lang giay lat, lang tam. Toi oan chacLuc To a hieu biet kinh Niet-ban, nhng m au baiphap Luc To muon noi viec To a nghe kinh KimCng trc khi gap Ngu To. Bo kinh nay chiem uy

the ach yeu trong giao ly Thien tong, va la mot trongnhng bo kinh thuoc van hoc Bat-nha dien bay tr tueBat-nha ro rang nhat. Chac chan Luc To a thau trietly Bat-nha t luc mi bat au ao nghiep.

Thc ra giao ly cua Ngu To, cung a tng ch dayLuc To, ac biet qui chieu ve Bat-nha. Tuy khong chac

lam Ngu To co thiet tha vi giao ly Bat-nha nh LucTo hay khong, t nhat ngi bien soan an Kinh cungnhan nh la co. Ngu To day : Cac ong hay lui i, txem xet tr tue cua mnh, moi ngi lam mot bai ke

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noi cho nhan ra tanh Bat-nha ni ban tam trnh taxem. Nh vay khong phai la Ngu To a e cap trcLuc To sao ? Co the Ngu To co noi them mot ieu g

na, nhng li tren t ra cung a tao an tng cho LucTo, va qua o en ngi bien soan. Cung co ngha laNgu To qui chieu ve kinh Kim Cng khi To ngo y gilai bai ke cua Than Tu tren tng, cho trc ay dnh treo tranh thien cua L Cong Phung.

Thc s Tue hoc lien he chat che vi ly Khong

(nyata), mot trong nhng khai niem can ban nhatcua ai tha en noi neu ly Khong rut ra khoi thtriet ly ai tha xem ra chang con g. Tieu tha cungday cac phap la khong, nhng tanh khong nay khongtham nhap sau xa vao cau truc kien thc cua chung tanh trng hp cua ai tha. Chung ta co the noi

Tieu tha va ai tha nhn ly Khong theo hai goc okhac nhau, do o hai quan iem khac nhau ve th bac.Khi ly Khong nay c nang cao hn mc a co ttrc en nay th lch s ai tha bat au. e thautriet cho nay oi hoi tr tue Bat-nha, va d nhien latrong ai tha Bat-nha va ly Khong sat canh ben

nhau. Tr tue Bat-nha khong con la tri kien n gianhieu biet nhng s vat tng oi ; ma la cai biet tammc cao tot bac trong kha tnh nhan tam cho phep,bi v ay la tia la toi thng cau tao muon vat.

Trong thuat ng triet hoc Trung Hoa, tanh tronghau het trng hp la cai cau tao toi thng, hoac la

cai cuoi cung van ton tai khi nhng g phu thuoc doduyen sinh a c loai bo. en ay mot cau hoi cothe at ra, cai g la do duyen sinh va cai g la cot tuytrong s cau tao mot vat the rieng biet, nhng toi se

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khong dng lai e ban luan iem nay, v toi angquan tam en s trnh bay an Kinh hn la triet hocTrung Hoa. Chung ta hay xem nh la tha nhan co

mot ieu goi la Tanh, la mot cai g toi thng trongsinh menh cua vat va ngi, mac du khong nen hieula mot thc the rieng biet, giong nh mot hat nhan,hoac nhan nguyen t hay nhan te bao, se con lai khimoi th vat boc ben ngoai c thao bo, hoac giongnh linh hon c phong thch sau khi than the chet

i. Tanh co ngha la mot ieu g neu khong co thkhong the co s hien hu c, hoac khong the nghen c. Ch tng hnh tanh []4nh la cai tam trong mot con ngi. Neu noi mot cach tng trngth ay co the goi la sinh lc.

Nhng ngi Trung Hoa khi dch kinh Phat t ch

Phan thng dung ch tanh bieu th ngha ly trongcac thuat ng nh Phat tanh (Buddhat), Phap tanh(dharmat), T tanh (svabhva). Trong an Kinh tatm thay ch tanh trong T tanh, ban tanh, Phattanh, thc tanh, chan tanh, dieu tanh, can tanh, tnhtanh, giac tanh. Trong cac t tren oc gia se gap

thng nhat la T tanh.Ch tanh nay Luc To nh ngha nh sau ;Tam la at nc, tanh la vua. Vua ng tr tren at

nc cua mnh ; co tanh th co vua, tanh i th vua khongcon. Tanh th than tam con, tanh i th than tam mat.

(4

) Ch Tanh [] c lap thanh t hai ch tng hnh, bentrai la bo tam[viet bien the la] ; ben phai co chsinh[], ch cac loai sinh vat co s song. Ch sinh do chtho[ la at]ghep vi ch triet[la cong co hay choinon, c viet lc net] dien ta s song vn len tren mat at.(D.G.)

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Muon thanh Phat th ngay ni tanh ma tu, ch tm cauben ngoai...

Luc To a giang ro cho chung ta hieu ve Tanh theo

cai nhn cua Ngai. Tanh la sinh lc ng tr toan thesinh menh chung ta, la nguyen ly cua s song, vatchat lan tinh than. Khong ch co than ma ca tam,trong y ngha cao tot nhat, ang song v s co mat cuaTanh. Khi Tanh khong co na th moi s eu tchdiet, mac du ieu nay khong co ngha Tanh la mot cai

g tach rieng ngoai than va tam, cho Tanh i vao eban cho s song va ra i vao gi chet. Tuy nh the, caiTanh vi dieu nay khong phai la mot s tien nghiemhp ly ma la mot thc tai co the chng nghiem c,va Luc To goi la T tanh suot quyen an Kinh.

T tanh, noi mot cach khac, la t tri ; khong phai

ch la hien hu suong ma con la biet. Chung ta co thenoi nh the v t tri tc ang la ; tri tc hu, va hutc tri. ay la y ngha cau cua Luc To :Ni ban tanhrieng co tr cua Bat-nha, va v the co t tri (t dung

tr tue). Ban tanh thng quan chieu va khong dung

ngon ng e dien ta c.

Khi Luc To noi en tr Bat-nha nh the phat sinht T tanh, v theo cach t duy thong dung luc baygi, ieu nay thng khien chung ta lam vao tnhtrang phc tap do s oi ai nh nguyen gia Bat-nhava T tanh, chnh viec nay i ngc lai tinh than cuaLuc To. Do o chung ta phai canh giac khi luan giai

an Kinh cho Bat-nha va T tanh co lien he vinhau.Du thenao i na, chung ta ang en vi Tue, va

phai c giai thch di anh sang cua nh, ma

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chung ta va dien bay theo quan iem cua ai tha.Nhng trc khi tien hanh, toi xin noi vai li ve Ttanh va Bat-nha. Trong triet hoc ai tha co ba quan

niem cac hoc gia thng dung e giai thch moi tngquan gia ban the va cong dung. o la the, tng vadung, lan au tien xuat hien trong ai Tha Khi TnLuan cua Ma Minh. The la ban the, the tanh ; tngla hnh dang ben ngoai ; dung la cong dung. Qua taola mot vat mau o, hnh tron : tng cua no mi goi

cac giac quan cua chung ta. Tng thuoc ve canh giicua giac quan, cua cac can, ngha la co tng mao benngoai. Dung cua no bao gom tat ca nhng viec no lamva y ngha cua no, gia tr, hu ch, cong dung cua nov.v... The cua qua tao la ieu tao thanh ban chat cuaqua tao, neu khong co th mat het s song, se khong

co qua tao du cho con u hnh tng va cong dung neu khong co the. Mot vat thc s hien hu khi cou ca ba The, Tng va Dung.

e ap dung ba y niem tren trong e tai ay thT tanh la The va Bat-nha la Dung, tuy nhien sekhong co Tng v chu e cua ta khong thuoc vao canh

gii hnh tng. Luc To lap luan rang chnh Phat tanhdng lap ly le cho Phat chat ; Phat tanh co ni moichung sanh va cau thanh T tanh. Muc tieu cua s tuthien la nhan ra T tanh, va giai thoat khoi me lamla phien nao. Lam the nao e nhan ra c ? Co thec v T tanh chnh la t tri. The khong phai la The

neu khong co Dung, The tc Dung. Hien hu tc t tri.Qua cai Dung, t the c chng minh, va chnh caiDung o ma Luc To goi la kien tanh. Ban tay khongphai la ban tay, khong hien hu cho en khi nao haihoa va dang cung Phat ; cung vay chan khong phai la

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chan, khong co thc the, tr phi cai Dung hien thanhvi nhp chan bang qua cau, loi qua suoi, leo len nui.Lch s Thien tong sau Luc To a trien khai ngha ly

ve Dung nay en tuyet nh : ngi hoi ao kho thaya nhan lanh cai tat, cu a, an gay hay nhng limang chi, ay ho vao mot trng boi roi di nhngcap mat kinh ngac hoang mang cua ngi ngoai cuoc.Chnh Luc To a m man cho loi c x tho bao oivi thien sinh, mac du To co ve nh kha de dat trong

cach ng dung triet ly ve Dung nay.Khi chung ta noi kien tanh hoac thay tanh th cai

thay nay c hieu la n thuan thay, n thuan biet,n thuan chieu soi T tanh trong trang thai tnh,mot cai thay thanh tnh bat nhiem, va tnh chat naygi nguyen ni chung sanh lan ch Phat. Than Tu va

mon nhan cua S chac chan cong nhan cai thay nay.Nhng v ay la mot s kien thc tenen cai thay lamot hanh ong, mot viec lam co tnh chat cach mang.ng ve mat tri thc, nhan loai thng co chc nangluon luon phan tch mot cach duy ly nhng khai niemcam nhan c t y ngha ong cua chung. Cai thay,

theo ngha cua Luc To hn han hanh vi nhn mot cachthu ong, mot cai biet n thuan xuat phat t khancai thanh tnh cua T tanh ; cai thay theo Luc Tochnh la T tanh, t pho dien trc mat mot cach trantrui, va dieu dung vo han nh. Cho nay chung ta thayro khoang cach ln lao gia Bac Thien nghieng ve

nh va Nam Thien nghieng ve Tue.Phai Than Tu quan tam nhieu en kha canh Thecua T tanh, va day bao o chung tap trung no lc vaos lau chui gng tam e thay c T tanh thanh

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tnh phan chieu trong gng. Ro rang ho a quen rangT tanh khong phai la mot th g ma The cua T tanhco the phan chieu tren be mat cua tam thc theo kieu

nui non phan chieu tren mat ho tnh lang. Khong cocai The nh the trong T tanh, bi v The chnh laDung ; ngoai Dung khong co The. Va qua Dung maThe t thay chnh no se hien bay y ngha. oi vi caithay T tanh nay hoac kha canh Bat-nha cua Ttanh, Than Tu hoan toan khong biet en. Ngc lai,

Luc To chu trong en kha canh Bat-nha nh o tahoi c T tanh.S khac biet t nen tang gia Luc To va Than Tu

tren quan iem ve T tanh, cung la Phat tanh, khiencho hai ben theo hai khuynh hng oi nghch khi tutap nh, tc phap mon toa thien. Xin oc bai ke cua

Than Tu :Than la cay Bo-eTam nh ai gng sangLuon luon phai lau chuiCh e dnh bui bam.

Trong phap toa thien luon luon phai lau chui etien en nh tam khong phai de lam ; thng khihanh gia de co khuynh hng dng ngang cho khantnh ma Luc To thng goi la tru tam quan tnh.Hn the na, con a en trang thai xuat than, ttham nhap, y thc tam thi dng hoat ong. Khong co

cai thay trong o, khong co t tri, khong co nhan raT tanh, khong co dieu dung cua T tanh, khong cokien tanh di bat c the loai nao. Phap tu luon luonlau chui v the la thu thuat t troi buoc vi si day dochnh mnh an ket, mot s dng lap mang tnh cach

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tao ra t ben ngoai se ngan chan con ng giai thoat.Khong co g phai ngac nhien khi Luc To va mon ephan oi phai quan tnh.

Phap tu tch lang, luon luon lau chui va khan tnh,co the la mot kha canh trong thien phap do Ngu Toch day. Ngu To tng la thay cua Than Tu, Luc To vanhieu ngi khac. Luc To, ngi thau triet Thien motcach chan chanh bi v To khong ket vao hoc thuat, to vng ban vao y niem tru tng trong cuoc song,

a thay ro moi nguy cua s tch lang va a than trongdan do mon e nen tranh xa bang u moi cach. Nhnghau het nhng e t khac cua Ngu To khong t thnhieu eu tha nhan s tch lang, xem nh phap tutap nh chnh thong. Trc khi gap Nam Nhac HoaiNhng, Ma To ao Nhat cung la mot hanh gia

chuyen toa thien tch lang khan cai Khong thanh tnhcua T tanh. Ma To a tng hoc thien vi mot e tcua Ngu To khi con tre. en khi gap Nam Nhac, MaTo van tiep tuc phap tu cu la ngoi thien lau. Sau ayla oi ap gia Ma To va Nam Nhac, mot trong nhngv e t cua Luc To :

Co v Sa-mon Vien Truyen Phap hieu ao Nhat hangngay ngoi thien. Nam Nhac biet o la phap kh ben i enhoi :

ai c ngoi thien e lam g ?ao Nhat : e lam Phat.

Sau o Nam Nhac lay mot cuc gach en tren hon a trc am ao Nhat ngoi mai. ao Nhat thay la, hoi : Thay mai gach e lam g ?Nam Nhac :

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Mai e lam gng. Mai gach au co the thanh gng c.Nam Nhac van lai :

Ngoi thien au the thanh Phat c ? Vay phai lam the nao mi phai ?

Nh trau keo xe, neu xe khong i, anh xe la phai ?anh trau la phai ?

ao Nhat lang thinh. Nam Nhac noi tiep :

Ngi hoc ngoi thien hay hoc ngoi Phat ? Neu hoc

ngoi thien, thien khong phai ngoi nam. Neu hoc ngoi Phat,Phat khong co tng nhat nh, oi phap khong tru, changnen thu xa. Ngi neu ngoi Phat tc la giet Phat. Neu chaptng ngoi chang bao gi ngo c tam.

ao Nhat nghe Nam Nhac ch day nh c uong e ho,lien le bai hoi :

Dung tam the nao mi hp vi vo tng tam-muoi ?Nam Nhac : Ngi hoc phap mon tam a nh gieo giong, ta noi

phap yeu nh ma moc. Neu duyen ngi hp se thay ao. ao khong phai sac tng lam sao thay c ? Con mat phap cua tam hay thay c ao. oi vi vo

tng tam-muoi cung lai nh the. ao co thanh hoai chang ?

Neu lay thanh hoai tu tan ma thay ao, tat nhienkhong the thay ao.

Tren mot phng dien nao o, co the noi Thientong Trung Hoa thc s m au vi Ma To va v ongthi la Thach au, ca hai eu ke tha t Luc To. Tuynhien trc khi Ma To nam vng Thien, S van chuanh hng cua phap tu tap nh luon luon lau chui vakhan tnh, va S a thc hanh nghiem chnh trong stoa thien, kiet-gia phu toa. S khong co mot y niem

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nao ve phap tu thay tanh, khong mot chut khai niemg ve viec T tanh tc t hu, va o chnh la thaytanh, khong co t hu ben ngoai cai thay, va cai thay

la hanh. Hu, thay, hanh ong ngha va co the thayoi v tr. Tu tap nh v the can phai co con mat Tue,va ca hai nh va Tue phai xem la mot ch khongphai hai quan niem rieng biet.

Tr lai Luc To. Gi ay chung ta hieu tai sao LucTo nhan manh tam quan trong cua Tue, va dng lap

ly thuyet Nhat tnh gia nh va Tue. Trong anKinh, Luc To m au vi chu e kien tanh nhphng tien tr Bat-nha ham san ni moi ngi chungta, du la ngi tr hay ngu. ay Luc To s dungng loi cong c e dien at bi v To khong phai latriet gia. Theo ly le chung ta a trnh bay tren, T

tanh nhan ra s hien hu cua chnh mnh khi t thaymnh, va cai thay nay chnh do tr Bat-nha. Nhng vBat-nha la mot ten khac at cho T tanh khi T tanhthay chnh mnh, nen khong co Bat-nha ngoai Ttanh. Thay hoac kien con goi la nhan biet hoac lnhhoi, hoac hay hn na la chng nghiem, tc ngo. Ch

ngo [] gom co bo tam [] va ch ngo [] la cuatoi, tc tam cua chnh toi, ngha la cam nhan t tamhay chng nghiem t tam.

T tanh la tr tue Bat-nha, va cung la nh khic thay nh ang la, tren mat tnh hay ban the hoc.Tue co y ngha nhieu hn la y ngha cua khoa hoc

luan. Luc To noi ve nhat tnh gia Tue va nh nhsau :Nay thien tri thc, phap mon cua ta lay nh Tue lam

goc, ai chung ch lam noi nh Tue rieng. nh Tue motthe khong phai la hai. nh la the cua Tue, Tue la dung

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cua nh. Ngay khi Tue c e cap th nh ni Tue,ngay khi nh c e cap th Tue ni nh. Neu bietc ngha nay tc cai hoc nh Tue bnh ang. Nhng

ngi hoc ao, ch noi trc nh roi sau mi phat Tue,hoac trc Tue roi mi phat nh, moi cai rieng khac. Aikhi cai thay nh the th phap co hai tng ; ho la nhngngi noi co tren mieng va trong long th khong. Ho chonh khac vi Tue. Nhng neu tren mieng va trong longnh nhau, trong ngoai mot th, nh va Tue la bnh ang. (5)

Ngoai ra Luc To con minh hoa nhat tnh bang v

du s tng quan gia en va anh sang. Luc To bao :V nh ngon en va anh sang. Co en tc co sang ;

khong en th khong sang. en la the cua anh sang, anhsang la dung cua en. Ten tuy co hai ma the tanh vonong. S tng quan gia nh va Tue cung lai nh the.

V du ngon en va anh sang thng c cac nha

Thien hoc a chuong. Than Hoi cung co dung entrong Ng Luc do tac gia (D.T.Suzuki) phat hien taiTh Vien Quoc Gia Bac Bnh. Trong Ng Luc (Tiet19) Than Hoi trnh bay quan iem ve Nhat tnh gianh va Tue e tra li cau hoi ngi en tham van :

Cho khong co niem tng day khi, rong thenh va vo s

tru, o la nh. Khi khong niem tng, rong thenh va vo stru c nhan biet th o la Tue. au viec (vi dieu) nayxuat hien th ta bao rang nh nay t the hien va chnh laThe cua Bat-nha, khong khac vi Tue ma chnh la Tue ; laina Tue nay, t the hien va chnh la dung cua nh, khongkhac vi nh ma chnh la nh. Khi nh t no lc e thehien nh th khong co nh ; khi Tue t no lc e the hien

Tue th khong co Tue. Tai sao ? Bi v (t) tanh la chan nh,va o la y ngha cua nhat tnh gia nh va Tue.

Qua oan tren ta thay ro Luc To va Than Hoi ong

(5) an Kinh (an ban Hng Thanh T).

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kien giai. Nhng v van con qua tru tng oi vi shieu biet thong thng, nen y ngha ch thc kholanh hoi c. oan sau Than Hoi dien bay cu the

hn, de hieu hn :Vng Duy la mot quan chc cao cap hoc Phat rat thanh

tam, va khi biet c s d biet gia Than Hoi va Hoai Trng,(chac la mot mon e cua Than Tu) ve nh va Tue, a hoiThan Hoi :

The nao la s d biet nay ?

Than Hoi ap : D biet cho Trng chu trng phai tu tap nh trc,

va ch sau khi at nh th Tue mi hien lo. Nhng theo toi,chnh luc toi ang noi chuyen vi ong, co nh co Tue, va cahai khong khac. Theo kinh Niet-ban, nh nhieu Tue t la taos tang trng cho si (si nh) ; Tue nhieu nh t th tao stang trng ta kien (can hue) ; nhng khi nh va Tue eu

ong th goi la kien Phat tanh. V ly do o ta noi co s dbiet.

Vng Duy : Khi nao nh va Tue ong ?Than Hoi :

Ta noi ve nh, nhng oi vi The cua no th khong co

g e s ac. Khi thay c cai The bat kha ac nay, luonluon tch lang tron ay bat bien, nhng van dieu dung bat tngh, th o la Tue. Cho nay nh Tue ong ang.

Luc To va Than Hoi, ca hai eu nhan manh en yngha cua tue nhan khi phan quan t ky se thay ccho vi dieu cua T tanh. ac c cai bat kha ac,

nhan ra cho thng hang tch lang, va Tue vi nht ong nhat trong tat ca cong dung. V the Than Hoikhi oi ap vi Vng Duy, a bao rang noi en nhth co Tue o, va chnh ang noi o a la nh vaTue. Y cua Than Hoi muon noi la Tue tc nh va

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nh tc Tue. Neu nh ta noi trong khi ngoi treo chantoa thien la nh, va khi khoa tu nay thuan thuc, luco lan au tien Tue phat khi, ta a cat t Tue khoi

nh va ri vao nh nguyen oi ai, cho ma thien giaghe s. Du ong tnh, noi nn eu co nh, o laThng Tai nh. Ngoai ra ta co the noi hu tc kienva kien tc hanh, va nh ch la nh khi ong thila Tue.

oan van sau ay trch t ai Chau Hue Hai Ng

Luc, e t cua Ma To :Hoi : Khi noi khong ngon ng van t la nh, vay khi co

ngon ng van t co goi la nh chang ?ap : Khi toi noi ve nh th khong co lien he g en ng

ngon van t ; nh cua toi la nh thng tru. Tai sao ? Biv nh luon luon trong Dung. Ngay ca khi co li noi, co ch

ngha, hoac khi co ly luan phan biet van co nh, v tat caeu la nh.

Khi tam lnh hoi tanh khong cua muon phap th trc sactng se thay la khong. Tam luc nao cung khong du co haykhong co sac tng, du co hay khong co ngon thuyet, du cohay khong co phan biet. ieu nay ap dung cho moi vat trcthuoc thay, nghe, hieu, biet. Tai sao lai nh the ? Bi v moi

vat T tanh la khong ; va au au chung ta cung bat gap caikhong nay. V tat ca eu khong, khong co dnh mac ; va v lydo khong dnh mac nen co cai Dung ong thi (cua nh vaTue). Bo-tat luon luon biet lam the nao ng dung phap angkhong, va qua o at c Cu Canh Toi Hau. V the nhTue ong the goi la Giai Thoat.

nh nay khong lien quan g en t the ngoi thientreo chan, nh ngoai ao thng lien tng, hay nhThan Tu va tong phai cua S chu trng sau thi LucTo. nh khong phai la tnh lang tch diet, ma laong dung, cong viec thanh tu, thay nghe ngh nh ;

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at c nh cho khong co nh e tu ; nh tcTue va Tue tc nh, v la mot. ay la mot trongnhng chu e thng xuyen c nhng v thien s

con chau Luc To nhan manh nhat.ai Chau Hue Hai day tiep :Toi lai v ong noi th du e hien bay, khien ong tnh tnh,

c hieu va dt nghi. V nh gng sang, khi chieu soi hnhtng anh sang cua gng co ong chang ? Chang ong. Taisao ? V cai Dung cua gng t tai khoi nhiem o,(6) v the tnh

chieu sang khong bao gi m toi. Du co hay khong co hnhtng, gng khong v the ma bien oi tnh sang. V sao ?Bi v cai g t tai khoi nhiem o th tuy duyen ma bat bien.

Lai na, nh anh sang mat tri chieu the gian. Anh sangco ong chang ? Chang ong. Neu khi chang chieu co ongchang ? Chang ong. V sao ? V anh sang t tai khoi nhiemo, do o du co chieu soi hay khong chieu soi, anh sang mat

tri bat nhiem nen luon luon bat bien.Anh sang chieu soi o la Tue, chang ong va bat bien la

nh. Bo-tat dung phap nh Tue ong the o c Vothng giac. Cho nen noi nh Tue ong the tc la giaithoat. Noi t tai khoi nhiem o co ngha la khong con phamtnh ch khong phai het thanh tnh.(7)

Trong Thien hoc, cung nh Phat hoc, khong co sphan biet gia thuat ng luan ly va tam ly, ch bennay thay the ch ben kia de dang. Tren phng diensong khong co s phan biet nh the, bi v luan ly latam ly va tam ly la luan ly. V ly do o ma tam ly hoccua Hue Hai bien thanh luan ly hoc oi vi Than Hoi,

(6) Co ban dch la vo tnh.(7) Xin them oan sau cho ro ngha :

The nao la pham tnh, the nao la thanh tnh ? Neu khi hai tanh (co-khong, yeu-ghet) tc la pham tnh.

Hai tanh eu khong tc la thanh tnh. (D.G.)

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va ca hai eu qui ve cung mot s chng nghiem.Chung ta oc c trong Than Hoi Ng Luc :

at mot cai gng sang tren cao, sc chieu sang cua

gng co the soi thau en van phap, va moi vat eu cchieu soi. Cac bac thay eu cho hien tng nay that vi dieu.Nhng trong tong mon toi th chang xem hien tng nay la vidieu. Tai sao ? Bi v oi vi chiec gng sang, anh sang cuagng soi thau en van phap trong khi van phap khong chieusoi c gng. Chnh viec nay toi muon noi la vi dieu nhat.Tai sao ? V Nh Lai phan biet c van phap vi tr Bat-nha

vo phan biet. Neu Nh Lai co tam phan biet, ong co ngh laNh Lai phan biet c van phap hay khong ?

Tieng Trung Hoa phan biet dch t ch Phanvikalpa, mot t ng rat quan trong trong nhieu bokinh va luan. Nguyen ngha cua phan biet la cat vachia ra vi con dao tng ng that chnh xac vi

ng nguyen cua ch Phan la viklp. Phan biet congha la kien thc phan tch, mot s hieu biet tngoi mang tnh cach ly luan ma chung ta hay dungtrong i thng e giao dch cung nh trong t duynghien tam cao tham. Bi v ban chat cua t duy laphan tch tc la phan biet ; li dao chia che cang

sac ben th ket qua t duy cang tinh tng. Tuy nhientheo ng loi t duy cua ao Phat, ung hn la theokinh nghiem Phat giao, nang lc phan biet at nentang tren tr tue Bat-nha vo phan biet. ay la ieucan e nhat trong tr khon nhan loai, va chnh nhieu nay ma chung ta co kha nang kien chieu vao T

tanh ham san ni moi ngi chung ta, va cung cgoi la Phat tanh. T tanh chnh la tr Bat-nha, nh anhieu lan noi en phan tren. Tr Bat-nha vo phanbiet nay la cai t tai khoi nhiem o, la ch ai ChauHue Hai a dung khi noi en tnh chat cua gng tam.

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Nh vay tr Bat-nha vo phan biet, t tai khoinhiem o, xa nay khong mot vat tat ca cum tnay cung chung mot goc, la giot nc au nguon cua

Thien nghiem.Bay gi van e la lam the nao tam con ngi co

the di chuyen t phan biet en vo phan biet, t nhiemtrc en bat nhiem, t hu en vo, t tng oi (sac)en khong, t van phap en gng tam rong suothoac T tanh, hoac, noi theo nha Phat, t me en ngo

?(8) Lam the nao chuyen ong nay co the c, o laviec thang dieu nhat khong ch rieng trong ao Phatma trong tat ca ton giao va triet thuyet. Chng naothe gian nay, theo s nhan thc cua con ngi, la canhgii cua xung oi th khong co cach nao giai thoat ebc vao canh gii cua Khong, cho ma moi xung oi

c xem la tan hoa. Quet sach het nhng tap a tenla van phap cot e thay gng tam cua T tanh la motviec hoan toan bat kha. Song ngi tu Phat tat ca euco at cho bang c.

Noi theo triet hoc, van e at ra cha ung. Khongphai la quet sach nhng tap a, khong phai la chuyen

ong t phan biet en vo phan biet, t tng oi (sac)en khong v.v... Neu ta tha nhan mot tien trnh quetsach ngha la tnh hoa th co the ngh rang khi tientrnh tnh hoa hoan tat, gng se cho thay anh sangban hu cua no, va do o tien trnh dien tien lien tuctren mot con ng vi chuyen ong. Nhng s that la

chnh s tnh hoa t no la viec lam cua anh sang banhu. Ch ban hu khong co qui chieu ve thi gian,

(8) Me ngha la ng trc nga t ng, khong biet i hngnao, tc la lac ng, khong i ung ng. Trai ngha vingo la hieu biet ung, chng ao.

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ngha la thu xa xa gng a co lan thanh tnh batnhiem va bay gi khong con na, can phai chui sachanh bong e lo ra tr lai ve sang nguyen thuy. Ve

sang luon o, ngay ca khi ta ngh rang co lp buibao phu va khong the chieu sang hnh tng. Ve sangkhong phai la mot ieu g phai phuc hoi ; khong phaila ieu g lo ra khi tien trnh (lau chui) hoan tat ; vesang cha bao gi ri khoi gng. ay la cho ma anKinh va nhng van kinh Phat giao tuyen thuyet Phat

tanh ong hien dien ni moi chung sanh, ke ca ngingu lan ngi tr.Bi le at ao khong phai la mot chuyen ong lien

tuc t sai lam en chan chanh, t vo minh en giacngo, t me en ngo, nen ch v thien s tat ca eunhan nh rang chang co giac ngo nao co the chng

ac. Neu bao la chng ac c mot ieu g chac chana lam lac. V the khong la co, im lang la sam set, vominh tc giac ngo ; thanh tang cua Thanh Tnh aovao a nguc trong khi Ty-kheo pham gii vao Niet-ban, tnh hoa co ngha la cau hoa. Nhng li noinghch ly nay ay day trong van hoc Thien, va khong

g khac hn la rat nhieu nhng phu nhan ve schuyen ong lien tuc t phan biet en vo phan biet, tue nhiem en bat nhiem v.v...

Y niem ve mot chuyen ong lien tuc khong the giaithch c s kien, trc tien la tien trnh chuyenong nay dng lai cho ve sang ban hu cua gng, va

khong co th tiep tuc en vo tan, va th na la bannhien thanh tnh cua gng phai chu ue nhiem, tc lat mot vat nay en mot vat khac hoan toan oinghch. Neu at van e mot cach khac : can en mot

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s phu nh tuyet oi, nhng neu tien trnh tiep tucth co c khong ? ay la ly do tai sao Luc To quyetliet phan oi quan iem ma cac oi phng chap chat.

Luc To khong tan thanh giao ly ve tnh lien tuc naytrong phap mon tiem giao cua Than Tu. Ai bam chatquan iem ve mot chuyen ong lien tuc eu thuoc tongtiem giao. Luc To trai lai la to s cua on giao, chuyenong t me en ngo la tc th, ngay o, ch khongphai dan dan, co tnh cach gian oan va khong lien

tuc.Bao rang qua trnh giac ngo la on ngha la co mot

cu nhay vot, theo luan ly hoc va tam ly hoc, trongkinh nghiem Phat giao. Cu nhay vot ve mat luan ly latien trnh ly luan thong thng khng lai mot cachot ngot, va ieu c xem la phi ly se c nhn

nhan la hoan toan t nhien ; trong khi cu nhay vot vemat tam ly la sieu vt gii han cua y thc e bcvao cai vo thc ung ra khong phai la vo thc. Tientrnh nay gian oan, ot ngot, va ong thi bat kha tngh ; o la kien tanh. Xin oc li day cua Luc To :

Nay thien tri thc, xa ta ni Ngu To Nhan, mot phen

nghe lien c ngo, chong thay chan nh ban tanh, nenc giao phap nay lu hanh khien cho ngi hoc aochng ngo c Bo-e. Moi ngi t quan ni tam, tthay ban tanh.

... Ba i ch Phat, kinh ien mi hai phan giao, trong tanh cua ngi von t co u.

... Trong t tam co tri thc t ngo. Neu khi ta me vongniem ien ao th thien tri thc ben ngoai tuy co giao hoach day, cu cung khong the c. Neu khi chanh chanBat-nha quan chieu th trong khoang mot sat-na vongniem eu diet. Neu biet T tanh, mot phen ngo tc en

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qua v Phat.Nay thien tri thc, khi tr tue quan chieu th trong ngoai

sang suot, ta biet c ban tam, tc la goc cua giai

thoat. Neu c giai thoat, o la Bat-nha tam-muoi, tc lavo niem.

Nh vay phap mon on ngo la nen tang cua NamThien Luc To. Va chung ta nen nh rang tnh chaton, hoac ot ngot nay, hoac cu nhay vot nay, khongch tren phng dien tam ly ma con tren phng dien

bien chng.Tr tue Bat-nha thc s la mot thuat ng bien

chng ch cho thay tien trnh ac biet cua cai biet,c hieu la on kien hoac nhan thay tc th,khong tuan thu nhng nh luat chung cua luan ly ;bi v khi tr tue Bat-nha van hanh ta thay mnh that

la thnh lnh, nh mot phep la, oi mat vi cai Khong(nyat) cua van phap. ieu nay khong xuat hiennh la hau qua cua ly luan, ma xay ra khi ly luan bbuong bo nh mot cai g vo tch s, va ve mat tam lykhi nang lc y ch len en mc toan man.

Cai dung cua tr Bat-nha la khien cho thay ngc

lai cai nhn van phap mot cach the tuc ; ay la mottam c hoan toan khac han vi cuoc song i thngcua chung ta. Nhng ieu nay khong co ngha tr Bat-nha la mot cai g hoan toan chang lien he vi i songcung nh t tng chung ta, mot cai g ban cho chungta do phep la t mot nguon linh bat tri va bat kha tri.

Neu la trng hp nh the th tr Bat-nha khong thehu dung oi vi chung ta, va khong the co giai thoat.ung la s van hanh cua tr Bat-nha co tnh cach gianoan, ngat khoang oi vi tien trnh ly giai suy luan,nhng luc nao cung nam san o, va khong co tr

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Bat-nha ta khong the ly giai g c. ay la mot smau thuan, neu nhn ben ngoai, nhng s thc smau thuan nay t no co the c v co tr Bat-nha.

Hau het nen van hoc ton giao eu ay ap nhngmau thuan, phi ly, nghch ly va bat kha, va oi hoiphai co niem tin, phai tha nhan nh la chan ly mackhai, s d nh the la v tri thc ton giao at nen tangtren s van hanh cua tr Bat-nha. Mot khi at ccai thay cua tr Bat-nha th tat ca cai tinh yeu cua

nhng c iem phi ly trong ton giao se tr nen rorang de hieu. Giong nh ta nhn ngam mot tam vaitheu sac xao. Tren mat vai ay nhng hnh kieu mythuat roi ram khien ngi tm hieu khong the nhan rang ch len xuong phc tap. Nhng ngay khi lat traitam vai th ng net tinh xao va ve ep se lo ra. Tr

Bat-nha chnh la s lat ngc nay. Con mat en baygi van chay theo mat phai tam vai, be mat duy nhatcho phep chung ta nhn xem. Gi ay, tam vai thnhlnh b lat ngc ; dong van hanh cua con mat bongnhien b cat t ; cai nhn lien tuc khong con na. Tuynhien qua s cat t nay, ung hn la gian oan, toan

bo cau truc cua i song c nhan ra mot cach otngot ; ay la kien tanh.iem toi muon lu y ay la mat ly tr luon luon

hien dien, va chnh v mat vo tng nay luon luonhien dien ma mat hu tng co kha nang trng bay veep a dang. ieu nay co ngha la ly tr phan biet

luon luon da tren tr Bat-nha vo phan biet ; ieu naychnh la y ngha cau noi gng tam cua tanh Khongluon luon gi nguyen ve sang ban hu, va khong baogi b che m bi bat c vat g ben ngoai khi phan

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chieu trong gng ; ieu nay cung co ngha la moi vateu nh ang la, mac du b at e trong thi gian vakhong gian va phai chu ng cai goi la nhng qui luat

cua thien nhien.Cai o c nh moi vat, va chnh no khong b bi

bat c vat g c nh, lai mang nhieu ten khac nhaukhi c nhn di goc canh khac nhau. ng vekhong gian th goi la vo tng ngc lai tat canhng g co the xep vao loai hu tng ; ng ve

thi gian th goi la vo tru v chuyen ong mai mai,khong b cat vun ra thanh manh goi la niem tng vakhong b gi chat lai nh mot vat co nh ; ve phngdien tam ly la vo thc hoac vo niem theo y nghatat ca niem tng hu thc va cam tho eu xuat x tcai vo thc hoac vo niem tc la Tam hoac T tanh.

V Thien tong chu trong rat nhieu en chngnghiem, tat nhien i vao tam ly, chung ta hay i sauvao khai niem cua vo niem hoac vo tam. Luc To vaThan Hoi dung ch niem hn la tam, nhng cac thiens khac lai chon ch tam hn ch niem. Thc s, cahai ch eu dung e ch cung mot kinh nghiem : vo

niem va vo tam eu ch cung mot trang thai cua tamthc.

Ch tam au tien bieu th trai tim nh la mot quannang cua tnh cam, nhng ve sau con e ch can c cuat duy va y ch. Nh vay ch tam mang y ngha ratrong, va co the dung mot cach rong rai tng ng

vi tam thc. Vo niem la khong co y thc tc la vothc. Chniem [] ben di la bo tam [] ghepvi ch kim [] ngha la hien gi, va theo ngnguyen la bat c ieu g ang hien hu trong tam

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thc. Trong van hoc Phat giao, ch niem thng dunge dch ch Phan kana, co ngha mot niem tng,mot thi khoang xem nh la n v cua thi gian, mot

thoang choc ; nhng neu dung nh mot thuat ng tamly hoc th thng am ch ky c, y ngh manh liet va ythc. Do o vo niem cung co ngha la vo thc.(9)

Vay th cac thien s muon noi g ve vo thc ? Hiennhien la trong Phat giao ch vo thc khong phai lamot thuat ng tam ly hoc du theo ngha hep hay theo

ngha rong. Trong tam ly hoc hien ai cac hoc giadung ch vo thc e ch tam thc tiem an, cho makhoi lng ln nhng yeu to tam ly(10) c chon lapdi mot ten nay hay ten khac. oi khi chung hienlen tren be mat y thc ng vi mot ngoai duyen migoi, va do o qua mot no lc co y thc, nhng hau het

eu la bat ng va nguy trang. nh ngha vo thc ratroi ram va phc tap oi vi nhng nha tam ly hoc chv o la vo thc. Thc ra, o la kho cha nhng b an,va la nguon cua nhng chuyen me tn d oan oi vinhng nha tu khong chan chanh, khong ao c, vamot so ngi chap rang Thien cung la tong pham

trong ac nghiep me tn d oan nay. S buoc toi naych c minh oan khi ly Thien khong han la khoatam ly cua vo thc theo nh ngha thong thng.

Theo Luc To khai niem ve vo thc tc vo niem lanen tang cua Thien tong ao Phat. To a ra ba khainiem cau tao Thien tong ma vo niem la mot ; hai khai

(9) Danh t vo thc dch t tieng Anh unconsious cha lot het y.Xin hieu ay la khong khi niem, ch khong phai la khongbiet. (D.G.)(10) Tc chung t. (D.G.)

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niem kia la vo tng va vo tru. To bao rang :Vo tng co ngha la trong tng ma la tng ; vo

niem la oi vi niem ma khong niem, vo tru la ban tanh

cua con ngi.. . . . . .

Nay thien tri thc, oi tren cac canh (1)*tam khongnhiem goi la vo niem. Thng la cac canh, chang tren canh ma sanh tam...... Nay thien tri thc, the nao lapvo niem lam tong ? Co mot so ngi me lam, mieng noi

thay tanh nhng tren canh co niem, khong ra khoi canh,va phap mon cua ta chnh la v nhng ngi nay. Hokhong nhng tren canh co niem, ma tren niem con khi takien, tat ca tran lao vong tng t ay ma sanh. Nhng Ttanh von khong mot phap co the c. Neu co s ac,vong noi hoa phc tc la tran lao ta kien, nen phap monnay lap vo niem lam tong.

Nay thien tri thc, vo la vo viec g ? Niem la niem vatnao ? Vo la khong co hai tng, khong co cac tam tranlao. Niem la niem chan nh ban tanh, bi v chan nh lathe cua niem, va niem tc la dung cua chan nh. ChnhT tanh chan nh khi niem ; khong phai mat tai mui likhi niem ; v chan nh co tanh nen khi niem, neu channh khong tanh th mat tai cung vi sac thanh khi ay lienhoai. T tanh chan nh khi khi niem, trong sau can tuy cothay nghe hieu biet, ma T tanh khong b nhiem muoncanh ; chan nh ong chuyen van t tai, tuy kheo phanbiet cac phap tng ma oi vi ngha e nhat van khongong.

Nhng li day cua co c, nhat la cua cac v thien

s, tuy thng gap kho khan va hay lam lac trong s

(1) Canh co ngha la ranh gii, mot vung t rao kn, moitrng chung quanh, the gii oi tng. Thng la oi lai vich tam.*

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ng dung vao ng loi t duy hien ai, chung ta batbuoc phai bao dan, gan nh la lieu lnh mot mc onao o, bi v neu khong th se khong co c hoi, du ch

la mot thoang nhn, tham nhap vao cai an dieu cuakinh nghiem thien. Bi v trc het chung ta co caima Luc To goi la T tanh, chnh la Phat tanh theokinh Niet-ban va nhng kinh ai tha khac. T tanhnay theo thuat ng cua Bat-nha Ba-la-mat la Channh (Tathat), va Khong (nyat). Chan nh co

ngha la tuyet oi, mot ieu g khong at di qui luatcua tng oi, va v the khong the lnh hoi bangnhng phng tien thuoc sac tng. Chan nh v vayla vo tng. Trong Phat giao, tng (rpa) oi nghchvi vo tng (arpa) la cai khong b c nh, khongb duyen sinh. Cai khong b duyen sinh nay, cai vo

tng, va do o bat kha ac, chnh la cai Khong(nyat). Tanh Khong khong phai la mot y niem phunh, cung chang phai la mot s vang lang suong,nhng v khong trong danh sac nen goi la Khong,hoac rong rang, hoac rong suot.

Nh the tanh Khong la bat kha ac. Bat kha ac

ngha la sieu vt nhan thc, sieu vt s lnh hoi, vKhong la ben kia cua hu va vo. Tat ca kien thctng oi cua chung ta eu thuoc nh nguyen. Nhngneu Khong tuyet oi vt len tren moi no lc cua conngi co nam gi, bang cach nay hay cach khac, thlai khong gia tr oi vi chung ta ; se khong li lac

cho nhan loai ; thc s khong hien hu, va chung tachang can d g vi no. Nhng s that th trai lai.Khong thng xuyen nam trong tam tay cua chung ta,luon luon cung vi chung ta va trong chung ta, vaquyet nh tat ca kien thc, hanh ong cua chung ta,

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la chnh sinh mang cua chung ta. Ch khi nao chungta co th cham bat no, nam gi no nh mot vat trc mat th no se lan tron chung ta, lam that bai

moi no lc cua chung ta, va tan bien nh mot lan hi.Luc nao no cung quyen ru chung ta, nhng lai biettam nh bong ma tri.

Chnh tr tue Bat-nha vn tay at len cai Khonghoac Chan nh hoac T tanh. Va cai at ban tay lencai Khong nay khong phai la ieu ta nhn thay ben

ngoai. ieu nay xuat x mot cach ro ret t ieu ac noi en va nhng s vat tng oi. V T tanhvt tren canh gii cua tng oi, nen neu T tanhc tr Bat-nha nam bat th cung khong the hieunam bat theo kieu thong thng. Nam bat phai lakhong nam bat, mot cau noi nghch ly khong the nao

tranh c. Neu dung thuat ng Phat giao th cai nambat nay thanh tu qua tnh vo phan biet ; tc la phanbiet ma vo phan biet. Tien trnh nay ot ngot, gianoan, mot hanh ong co tam, khong phai la mot hanhong vo y thc ma la mot tao tac t T tanh lu xuat,o chnh la Vo niem.

Vo niem cua Luc To khac han vo thc cua cac nhatam ly hoc t can e. Vo niem co y ngha ve sieu hnh.Khi Luc To noi ve Vo niem trong tam thc, To sieuvt tam ly hoc, To khong qui chieu ngay ca cai vothc, hay tiem thc, cau tao nen mong cho tam thc,i ngc ve thi xa xa cung tot khi tam cha tien

hoa, van con trong tnh trang duy tr ma thoi. Voniem cua Luc To cung chang phai quyen nang tao hoatroi noi tren m hon mang. Vo niem la phi thi gian,nhng lai dung cha tat ca thi gian tng thi iem

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nho nhiem ch en vo lng a-tang-ky kiep.Than Hoi nh ngha Vo niem trong Ng Luc se soi

sang them chu e nay. Khi thuyet giang ve Bat-nha

Ba-la-mat, S bao :Ch dnh mac ni tng. Khong dnh mac ni tng la

Chan nh. Chan nh la ngha g ? La Vo niem. Vo niem la g? La khong ngh ve hu va vo, ve thien va ac, ve hu han vohan, ve hu lng vo lng, khong ngh en giac ngo hayat giac ngo ; en Niet-ban hay at Niet-ban ; o la Vo niem

khong khac vi Bat-nha Ba-la-mat. Bat-nha Ba-la-mat khongkhac vi Nhat the tam-muoi.

Nay thien tri thc, neu trong cac ong hang hu hoc, moilan niem khi trong tam, hay hoi quang phan chieu (tannguon tam). Khi niem diet trong tam, s phan quan tamcung t diet o la Vo niem. Vo niem hoan toan thoatngoai tat ca ngoai duyen ngoai canh, bi v neu con co canh

duyen nao th khong the la Vo niem c.Nay thien tri thc, ai do tm c tan ay tham cua phap

gii th o la Nhat the tam-muoi. V the trong kinh Bat-nhaco cau : Nay thien nam, ay la Bat-nha Ba-la-mat, ngha lakhong niem khi oi trc canh. Khi trong Vo niem thc than kim sac vi ba mi hai tng tot cua bac trngphu, phong hao quang rc r, va eu co tr Bat-nha sieu vt

niem tng, ay u tat ca Tam-muoi Vo thng ma ch Phata thanh tu, cung vi thang tri. Tat ca cong c (thanh tuVo niem) ngay ca ch Phat con khong tnh noi con noi chihang Thanh van, Duyen giac. Ai at c Vo niem th saucan bat nhiem ; ai at c Vo niem th co the quay ve vitri kien Phat ; ai at c Vo niem c goi la Thc Tai ; aiat c Vo niem th goi la Trung ao va e Nhat Ngha e

; ai at c Vo niem se co cong c nhieu nh cat songHang ; ai at c Vo niem th co the sinh ra cac phap ; aiat c Vo niem th co quyen tho nhan tat ca vat.

Quan iem ve Vo niem c ai Chau Hue Hai, e

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t cua Ma To, xac nhan that ro rang trong on NgoNhap ao Yeu Mon :

Vo niem la tat ca cho ma khong tam, khong co nhng

ngh cau, oi vi cac canh sac hang khong khi ong, o laVo niem. c Vo niem goi la chan niem. Nhng dung niemkhi niem la ta cua Vo niem. Tai sao ? V kinh noi : Neu dayngi sau thc khi niem la vong niem ; am nhiem sau thcla ta , ngi t tai vi sau thc la co chanh niem.

at c Vo niem khong co ngha mot hnh thc t

thc, cung chang phai ri vao trang thai xuat than, vocam, hoac vo tnh, cho ma moi dau vet cua y thcthng tnh a b quet sach. at c Vo niem la bietva khong biet oi vi T tanh. Bi v T tanh khongthe xac nh bang co hoac khong cua luan ly hoc c,neu xac nh nh the co ngha la a T tanh vaolanh vc cua tam ly hoc thc nghiem, ni ma T tanhse khong con la T tanh na. Mat khac, neu nh Voniem co ngha mat het cai biet, tc ong ngha vi caichet, hoac tot hn na la s nh ch nhat thi ssong. Nhng ieu nay khong the c v T tanhchnh la Tam. ay la y ngha cua oan van sau ay,thng gap trong kinh Bat-nha Ba-la-mat va cac kinhai tha khac :

Vo niem oi trc moi canh la ieu co the v the tanh toithng cua moi vat la Khong, va v rot cuoc khong co mothnh tng nao ta co the at tay vao. Tnh bat kha ac cuamoi vat chnh la Thc tai, la tng toan hao nhat cua NhLai.

Vo niem vay la thc tai toi thng, la thc tng,la than toan hao nhat cua Nh Lai. Chac chan aykhong phai la tru tng m ho, chang phai mot nhe thuan y niem, ma la mot kinh nghiem song theo y

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ngha tham ao nhat.Ve sau Than Hoi ta ve Vo Niem nh sau :at c Vo niem la thau triet T tanh ; thau triet T

tanh khong phai la thong hieu mot ieu g ; khong thong hieumot ieu g chnh la Nh Lai Thien... T tanh xa nay hoantoan thanh tnh, bi v The cua T tanh khong the nao hieubiet c. Thay c ieu nay la ong vi Nh Lai, thoatkhoi sac tng, tat ca vong chap h doi mot phen lang het,t c cong c tuyet oi thanh tnh, t c chan giaithoat v.v...

Tanh cua Chan nh tc la ban tam, t o chung ta hieubiet ; tuy nhien chang co ngi biet va vat b biet.

Ai at c Vo niem th hanh nghiep cham dt, vay chli g ma chay theo vong tng va no lc tieu tr nghiep thcbang nhng phap tu me muoi ?

Sieu vt hai tng co va khong, thu hng Trung ao

o la Vo niem. Vo niem tc la niem cai Nhat nh tuyet oi,niem cai Nhat nh tuyet oi ngha la thang tri, o la Tr Bat-nha. Tr Bat-nha la Nh Lai thien.

Xin tr lai moi tng quan gia Tue va nh. ayla mot trong nhng chu e thng lap i lap lai trongtriet hoc Phat giao, nen chung ta khong the bo qua,

nhat la khi hoc thien. S khac nhau gia Bac Thiencua Than Tu va Nam Thien cua Luc To khong g khachn la cho d biet trong quan iem ve tng quan giaTue va nh. Than Tu nghieng ve nh trong khi LucTo tap trung vao Tue. Luc To day chung ta trc hetphai kien tanh, co ngha la tnh day trong Vo niem ;

Than Tu ngc lai khuyen chung ta toa thien, saocho tat ca phien nao va vong tng ien ao longlang, va ban hu thanh tnh cua T tanh t hien lo.Hai khuynh hng ke tren a ong hanh vi nhautrong lch s Thien tong, co le do hai mo thc tam ly

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nam trong o, trc giac va ao c, tr thc va thcnghiem.

Nhng ai nghieng ve Tue, nh Luc To va tong mon

cua Ngai, co khuynh hng ong nhat nh va Tue, vanhan manh en s anh thc mot cach ot ngot vatc thi trong Vo niem. S anh thc trong Vo niem,tren mat ly luan ma noi, co the la mau thuan, nhngv Thien co mot tru x khac e song cuoc i rieng cuamnh nen khong quan tam en nhng t ng mau

thuan, va van s dung cau cu la ky cua mnh nh the.Nam Thien cua Luc To phan bac Bac Thien cua

Than Tu nhng lanh vc sau. Nhng ngi ph thgi ngoi treo chan thien nh e at trang thai nhtnh eu la nhng ngi i tm mot s chng ac vond hien nhien. Ho chu trng ly thanh tnh ban nhien

ma ho cho rang co the chng minh tren phng dientri thc. Ho chu tam tap trung vao mot oi tng acbiet ma ho co the nhat ra t nhng oi tng tngoi khac e ch cho ngi khac thay, nh ngon tay chmat trang. Ho bam chat vao oi tng ac biet o nhla mot mon o vo cung quy bau, quen rang vo hnh

chung s bam vu nay a ha thap gia tr cua mon oho a tran quy ap u xuong ngang vi tam mc hienhu cua chnh ho ; v s bam vu o va an tru trong oma ho am vao mot tam thai xem nh cu canh toihau can phai at en, do o ho khong bao gi thc sgiai thoat, ho khong cat noi vong xch cuoi cung cot

gi ho ben nay cuoc ton sinh.Theo tong Bat-nha cua Luc To th Tue va nh la

ong trong Vo niem, bi v khi co s thc tnh trongVo niem, ay khong phai la khi niem, va Vo niem

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van duy tr suot thi trong nh, tch lang va an nhien.S thc tnh khong bao gi c xem la mot s

chng ac hoac mot s thanh tu nh la ket qua sau

nhng no lc tu tap. Do v khong co s ac nao niviec anh thc tr tue Bat-nha trong Vo niem nen ay co cho e an tru. ay la iem c khang nhmot cach triet e nhat trong toan bo kinh Bat-nhaBa-la-mat. Khong s ac, va v the khong chap chat,khong bam tru, co ngha la an tru trong Vo niem tc

tru trong vo s tru.Trong on Ngo Nhap ao Yeu Mon cua ai Chau

Hue Hai co oan :Hoi :

Ngha gii nh tue the nao ?ap :

Thanh tnh khong nhiem la gii. Biet tam chang ong,oi canh luon vang lang la nh. Biet tam chang ong machang sanh tng ve tnh chang ong ; biet tam thanh tnhma chang sanh tng ve thanh tnh ; phan biet thien ac matrong ay khong nhiem, c t tai, ay goi la tue.

Neu biet the cua gii nh tue eu khong s ac th

khong phan biet, ca ba ong mot the, ay goi la tam hocang dung. Khi tam tru tnh, chang phai chap tnh sao ?

Khi c tru tnh ma chang khi tru tnh, ay la khongchap tnh.

Tam khi tru khong, chang phai chap khong sao ?

Neu khi tng khong, goi la chap khong. Neu khi tam c tru cho vo tru, chang phai chap chovo tru sao ?

Khi khi tng khong la chap khong. Neu ong muonthau ro khi tam en cho vo tru th luc toa thien oan nghiem,

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ch biet tam ch khi ngh tat ca vat, thien ac eu ch suyngh. Viec qua kh a qua, ch suy ngh th tam thao g quakh, viec qua kh t bat. Viec hien tai va hien tai trc mat

ay, khong dnh mac. Khong dnh mac la chang khi yeughet th tam thao g khoi hien tai, va viec hien tai t bat.Khong nhiep thuoc ba thi, viec ba thi t bat. Khi tam khii, ch theo i, tam i t bat. Neu tam khi ng, ch theong, tam ng t bat. Ay la tam khong tru, la tru cho vo truvay. Neu t biet ro rang, ong co the tru ni niem tng, tuythe cai tru chnh la niem tng, chang co cho tru cung

chang co cho vo tru. Neu t biet ro rang tam chang tru auau, goi la ro rang thay c ban tam, cung goi la ro rangthay tanh vay. Ch cai tam chang tru au au ay la tam Phat,cung goi la tam giai thoat, tam Bo-e, tam vo sinh, va la caiKhong cua sac va tanh. Kinh noi o la chng vo sanh nhanvay... Tat ca viec nay eu c lnh hoi mot khi Vo niemhien bay.

Ly Vo niem trnh bay ay, noi tren phng dientam ly, co tnh cach tieu cc tuyet oi hoac vang y, tuythuan tuyet oi, co the xem nh phap mon khamnhan. Tam thc rieng tng ngi cua chung ta phatsinh t Vo niem phai nh c the cua mot ngi chet,nh thanh Francis Assisi a noi, khi muon minh hoa

y niem ve s vang y toan man va toi thng.Khien mnh giong nh mot thi the, hoac mot khuc

go hay vien a, mac du t mot quan iem hoan toankhac han, co ve gan giong vi nha Thien.

Trong Hoang Ba Truyen Tam Phap Yeu co oan :Hoi :

The e la g ?ap :

Chang ch li g i vao cai roi ram o. Ban nhien thanhtnh can chi noi nang hoi ap ? Ch can khong tam, va o la

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tr vo lau. Moi ngay i ng ngoi nam, ng e moi th ngonng cua ong dnh chat vao cac phap hu vi ; luc o mmieng nhay mat eu la t tr vo lau. Nay vao i mat phap,

phan nhieu nhng ke hoc Thien hoc ao eu chap trc vaos viec vat chat va the tuc. Rot cuoc chung co lien he g vitam chang ? Hay e tam ong nh h khong, nh cay kho atang, nh tro lanh la tan. Co nh vay mi c oi phantng ng vi ao. Neu khong, ngay kia se b lao DiemVng tra khao...

Co ngi se bao cua cai vat chat khong giong vi

chc nang tam ly, rang khong co chc nang tam ly thkhong co tam, va khong co tam th khong co chungsanh. Nhng theo toi neu khong co cua cai vat chat oma ban cho rang can thiet, than se cho nao ? Khongco than th tam au ? Roi ra cac chc nang tam lyse khong trc thuoc vao ban giong nh y phuc, ban

ghe, gia nh, than the v.v... Ban luon luon b chungkiem soat thay v kiem soat chung. Ban khong lamchu ngay en than the cua mnh, cai gan gui bannhat. Ban phai chu sanh va t. Tam gan lien vithan va van con ngoai vong kiem soat cua ban. Phaichang suot cuoc bnh sinh ban ch la mon o chi cua

nhng cam tho, cam