Volume II Nomor 3, Pebruari 2011
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Transcript of Volume II Nomor 3, Pebruari 2011
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7/21/2019 Volume II Nomor 3, Pebruari 2011
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D\\K ? 30>5 - 4806
OVSKHIJASVG
BF\FNH]HK
OaurkhiAjNfhitnJarug
PAID]FBKDBBF\FNH]HK
BFGFKBF\PHIHKEBHSHTH
ZaiugfDD
Kagar
Hkhid sds Jhbtar Sdsdba Bftuchk Pflhn Mdkd md Suhke Cfrshidk Sughn \hbdt Vgug
Mhfrhn mr. Mar ds \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh
Kaar nhk d Ghlnmht, Abthvd hkd , Sdyhk td ......................................................................... 8:
Fjfbtdj dths Pfruchnhk Pasdsd ]dmu r ]frn hmhp \hturhsd Absdefk Phsdfk \trabf Dsbfgdb
Hbut md Suhke N Sughn \hbdt Vgug Mhfrhn mr. Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh
Ehm Mhthb, Fstfr D kuk e \yivd h, G dssfsh ....................................................................... 38
Ehgchrhk Bfifkebhphk Mabugfkthsd Hsunhk Bfpfrhwhthk md Sughn \hbdt Vgug
Mhfrhn mr. Mar ds \yivhkus Phihkebhrhyh
Chr ta Ghksyhn, Kdt h ]nfrfsdh, Jfty Shnghwhtd ......................................................... 35
Jhbtar M ftfrgdk hk Ndpfrtfksd md Bhsakehk Bhcuphtfk Bhtdkehk Bhid ghkthk ]fkehn
\hktny B. \hgufi, Zdssdh Mdm dk, Hdmh ........................................................................... =0
]dk ohuhk Bhsus Pfkyhbdt Chbdnd s md Mfsh ]ugchke Bfohgfd mhk Mfsh Bdnhg Chthke,
Bhcuphtfk Bhtdkehk
Zdssdh Md mdk , Ghrsfidk us Nfr dtfiu kh, Khthi hksyhn ...................................................... 60
D\\K ? 30>5-4806
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Zaiugf DD Kagar
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PFKEHK]HS SFMHB\D
\hihn shtu tuehs uthgh mhrd ifgcheh pfkmdmdbhk tdkeed sfchehdghkh tfrlhktug mhihg
]rd Mnhrgh Pfreuruhk ]dkeed hmhihn gfihbshkhbhk pfkfidtdhk. Hehr nhsdi-nhsdi pfkfidtdhkmhk bhryh digdhn ihdkkyh yhke tfihn mdihbubhk aifn ldvdths hbhmfgdbh Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk
Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh Shyh ifcdn cfrghkjhht mhk mhpht mdchlh aifn ghsyhrhbht, ghbh
mdpfriubhk suhtu gfmdh pucidbhsd yhke rfsgd mhk cfrbfsdkhgcukehk.
JASVG BF\FNH]HK gfruphbhk Ourkhi Digdhn sfchehd Gfmdh Dkjarghsd yhke
gfkyhodbhk bhodhk nhsdi-nhsdi pfkfidtdhk, ehehshk mhk apdkd sfrth bagukdbhsd sdkebht ghupuk
dkjarghsd ihdkkyh mhihg cdmhke digu bnususkyh bfpfrhwhthk, bfcdmhkhk, edzd, mhk ugugkyh
cdmhke digu yhke cfrnucukehk mfkehk bfsfnhthk.
Puod mhk syubur bdth phkohtbhk bfnhmdrht ]unhk Thke Ghnh Buhsh, bhrfkh nhkyh
cfrbht cdgcdkehk mhk pftukoub-Kyhihn uphyh uktub gfwuoumbhk gfmdh pucidbhsd digdhn
Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh Shyh yhke mdcfrd khgh JASVG BF\FNH]HKvaiugf bfmuh dkd mhpht tfrihbshkh. Mfkehk tfbht yhke buht mhk baban, bhgd hbhk tfrus ifcdn
gfghlu mdrd uktub sfkhktdhsh gfkdkebhtbhk buhidths tuidshk yhke hbhk guklui phmh
pfkfrcdthkpfkfrcdthk sfihkoutkyh.
Vlhphk tfrdgh bhsdn mdshgphdbhk bfphmh Mdrfbtur Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Bfgfkbfs
Phihkebh Shyh sfchehd Pfkhkeeuke Ohwhc sfrth Mfwhk Pfgcdkh yhke tfihn gfgcfrdbhk
bfpfrlhyhhk mhk pftukoub bfphmh rfmhbtur ndkeeh tfrcdtkyh JASVG BF\FNH]HK Zaiugf
DD Kagar < dkd. Vlhphk tfrdghbhsdn mhk pfkenhrehhk oueh mdshgphdbhk bfphmh Mfwhk
Sfmhbsd yhke tfihn gfiuhkebhk whbtukyh uktub gfkebhod bfihyhbhk cfcfrhph khsbhn nhsdi
pfkfidtdhk/bhryh digdhn yhke tfihn mdshgphdbhk bfphmh rfmhbsd.
Bfphmh phrh pfkuids yhke tfihn gfkyhgphdbhk khsbhn tuidshkkyh mdshgphdbhkpfkenhrehhk yhke sftdkeed-tdkeedkyh mhk sfihiu mdnhrhpbhk phrtdsdphsdkyh uktub gfkedrdgbhk
khsbhn tuidshkkyh sflhrh cfrbhih mhk cfrbfsdkhgcukehk mfgd ihklhrkyh pfkfrcdthk JASVG
BF\FNH]HK dkd sfihkoutkyh.
Hbndrkyh, sfgaeh hrtdbfi-hrtdbfi yhke mdguht mhihg JASVG BF\FNH]HK Zaiugf
DD Kagar < dkd mhpht gfkhgchn whwhshk mhk gfgcfrdbhk pfklfrhnhk chehd ifktfrh yhke thb
bukouke phmhg. Brdtdb mhk shrhk yhke cfrsdjht gfgchkeuk shkeht mdnhrhpbhk mfgd
pfkyfgpurkhhk pfkfrcdthk sfihkoutkyh.
]dg Sfmhbsd
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MHJ]HS D\D
Nhi.
Jhbtar-Jhbtar Sdsdba Mdhcftfs Gfid tus ]dpf 3 md Sughn \hbd t Vgug Mhfrhn
mr. Mard s \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh
Fstfr D kuke \yivdh, Ehm Mhthb, \hktny B. \hgufi ............................................................ 8
Nucukehk ]dkebht Pfkefthnuhk D cu ]fkthke H\D Mfkehk Paih Ihbthsd Phmh Chyd Chru
Ihndr \hgphd Vgur : Cui hk Md ]fihke \duke Bflhghthk Phou Fpht
Bhcuphtfk Chrdta ] dgur
Cfrtn dhkh .............................................................................................................................. >
Hkhidsds Jhbtar Sdsdba Bftuchk Pflhn Mdk d md Suhke Cfrshidk Sughn \hbdt Vgug
Mhfrhn mr . Mar ds \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh
Kaar nhk d G hlnmht, Abthvdhkd , Sdyhktd ............................................................................... 8:
Fjfbtd j dths Pfruchnhk Pasdsd ]d mur ]frnhmhp \hturhsd Absdefk Phsdfk \trabf D sbfgdb Hbut
Md Suhke N Sughn \hbdt Vgug Mhfrhn mr. Mar ds \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh
Ehm Mhthb, Fstfr Dkuke \yivdh, G dssfsh ............................................................................. 38
Ehgchrhk Bfifkebhphk Mabugfkthsd Hsunhk Bfpfrhwhthk md Sughn \hbdt Vgug
Mhfrhn mr. Mard s \yivhkus Phihkebhrhyh
Chr ta Ghksyhn, Kd th ]nfrfsdh, Jfty Shnghwhtd ............................................................... 35
Jhbtar Mftfrgdkhk N dpfr tfksd md Bhsakehk Bhcuphtfk Bhtdkehk Bhi dghkthk ]fkehn
\hktny B. \hgufi, Zdssdh Mdmdk, Hdmh ................................................................................. =0
]dkohuhk Bhsus Pfkyhbdt Chbd nd s md Mfsh ]ugchke Bfohgfd mhk Mfsh Bdnhg Chthke,
Bhcuphtfk Bhtdkehk
Zdssdh Mdmdk, Ghrsfidkus Nfrd tfiukh, Khthihksyhn ............................................................ 60
Zaiugf DD Kagar 5-4806
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JHB]AS-JHB]AS SD\DBA MDHCF]F\ GFID]V\ ]DPF 3
MD SVGHN \HBD] VGVG MHFSHN mr. MASD\ \TIZHKV\ PHIHKEBH SHTH
Fstfr Dkuke \yivdh, Ehm Mhthb, \hktny B. \hgufi
Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh ShyhOhihk Efaref Ka.0% Mdhcftfs Gfiidtus lhsfs dk 3005-300> ds allurf ht avfr hef =6 yfhrs. ]nfdklrfhsdke aj dkldmfklf Mdhcftfs Gfiidtus hrf mfpfkms ak jrag tnf jhltars tnht dkjiufklf tnds lhsfs,
dk rdsb jhltars tnht lhk gamdjyfm ar lhkt gamdjyfm. ]nf acofltdvf aj rfsfhrln? ta praaj tnht rdsb
jhltars tnht lhk gamdjyfm ar lhkt gamdjyfmhrf rdsb jhltars dkldmfklf aj typf 3 Mdhcftfs Gfiidtus.
Gftnam aj rfsfhrln? tnf hkhiytdlhi acsfrvhtdak aj rfsfhrln wdtn lhsf laktrai ar rfstraspfltdvf
rfsfhrln. Papuihtdak aj tnds rfsfhrln ds laksdst aj typf 3 Mdhcftfs Gfiidtus hkm kak typf 3 MdhcftfsGfiidtus tnht thbf lhrf dk tnf whrm ar autphtdfkt mfptsdk Mr. Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh Naspdthi.
]nf kugcfr aj shgpifs dk tnds rfsfhrln hrf 5: pfapif, laksdst aj rfspakmfkts hs lhsf hkm
rfspakmfkts hs laktrai.Sfsuits aj rfsfhrln? tnf rdsb jhltars tnht lhk gamdjyfm tnht pravfk nhvf hk
appartukdty ta allur typf 3 Mdhcftfs Gfiidtus hrf hef (p70.0, AS7=.56->.===), lnaifstfrai (p70.000, AS78:.=, AS7=.=342 46% LD78.6:4-83.603), sgabdke nhcdt p70.000,AS736.62 46% LD78-8>8.:05). Lakliusdak? ]nf rdsb jhltars tnht pravfk nhvf hk appartukdty ta
allur typf 3 Mdhcftfs Gfiidtus hrf hef, acfsdty, ciaam prfssurf, lnaifstfrai, trdeiylfrdmh, hkm sgabdkenhcdt.
Bfy Uarms?]ypf 3 Mdhcftfs Gfiidtus,Sdsb Jhltars.
Pfkmhnuiuhk
Mdhcftfs gfidtus (MG) hmhihn sfbfiagpab
pfkyhbdt gfthcaidb yhke mdthkmhd mfkehk
ndpfreidbfgdh bhrfkh hmhkyh ehkeeuhk
gfthcaidsgff bhrcandmrht, ifghb, mhk pratfdk
mhrd mfjfb sfbrfsd dksuidk, ehkeeuhk bfroh
dksuidk hthu bfmuhkyh8. Mdhcftfs Gfidtus
gfgpukyhd muh tdpf uthgh, yhdtu MG tdpf 8
(tfrehktuke dksuidk), mhk MG tdpf 3
(tdmhb tfrehktuke dksuidk)3(Dekhtdvdldus, 8444).
Burhke ifcdn 6% ndkeeh 80% phsdfk
gfkehihgd MG tdpf 8 mhk sfifcdnkyh sfbdthr
40% ndkeeh 46% mhrd sfiurun phsdfk mdhcftfs
hmhihn MG tdpf 3
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thnuk 30 outh odwh mhk mdhsugsdbhk
hbhk tfrohmd bfkhdbhk prfvhifksd bfohmdhk MG
sfbdthr >.3 outh odwh=,6.
Ougihn pfkmfrdth MG md Bhidghkthk ]fkehn
cfiug pfkfidtd mhphtbhk sflhrh spfsdjdb, khguk
cfrmhshrbhk lhththk gfmdb mhrd S\VM mr.
Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh, thnuk 3005
ndkeeh 3004 ougihn phsdfk MG gfkdkebht
mhrd mhk 68= bhsus thnuk 3004. ]uoun puiun
fgpht pfrsfk (5=%) ndkeeh >0% bhsus MG
thnuk 3005-300> tfrohmd phmh usdh mdhths =6
thnuk sfmhkebhk thnuk 3004 sfbdthr =3% mhk
hkebh yhke lubup tdkeed sfchkyhb
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. Bagpakfk tucun yhke mhpht
gfkehihgd pfruchnhk hmhihn sfi cfth phkbrfhs
yhke gfkenhsdibhk nargakf dksuidk, sfi-sfi
ohrdkehk threft yhke gfkenhsdibhk eiubash,
sdstfg shrhj, mhk nargak ihdk yhke
gfgpfkehrund bhmhr eiubash. UNA
gfkyfcutbhk chnwh sftfihn usdh .
Nhi dkd sfusuhd oueh mfkehk nhsdi pfkfidtdhk
mhrd Luhshy, ft hi (3000) chnwh ugur =6-6=
thnuk cfrpfkehrun tfrnhmhp bfohmdhk MG]3 md
Naustak ]fxhs mfkehk AS7 :,64. \fmhkebhk
pfkfidtdhk md Dkmakfsdh sfkmdrd ugugkyh phidkesfrdke phmh usdh =0-:0 thnuk. PFSBFKD oueh
gfrugusbhk chnwh dkmdvdmu yhke cfrusdh
ifcdn mhrd =6 thnuk cfrdsdba uktub tfrohmdkyh
MG]3.
\fmhkebhk jhbtar efkftdb gfruphbhk jhbtar
pfktdke phmh MG. Bfihdkhk yhke mdturukbhk
mhpht ihkesuke gfgpfkehrund sfi cfth mhk
gfkeuchn bfghgpuhkkyh uktub gfkefkhid
ZhrdhcfiBaktrai Bhsus AS P
K7
% K7
% (46% LD) Zhiuf
Vgur
9 =6 thnuk
=6 thnuk
8835
5>,:=30
=8.4:0.:
368.8(0.8>:-8.8>)
0.8:6
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=
mhk gfkyfchrbhk rhkeshke sfbrftards dksuidk.
Bfhmhhk dkd gfkdkebhtbhk bfrfkthkhk dkmdvdmu
tfrsfcut tfrnhmhp jhbtar-jhbtar idkebukehk yhke
mhpht gfkeuchn dktferdths mhk jukesd sfi cfth
phkbrfhs80. \dpfrstfdk mhihg Uhsphmod (3005)
gfkyhthbhk mhihg pfkfidtdhkkyh phmh phsdfk
MG mdmhphtbhk 40% gfgdidbd bfihdkhk phmh
gfgcrhk chshi atat mhk bfihdkhk sfruph
mdmhphtbhk phmh 6
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6
Hshg ifghb cfchs hbhk gfghsubd hidrhk mhrhn
mhk mdchwh bf nhrd uktub pfgcfktubhk
trdeifsfrdmh bfgchid.
Bfcdhshhk gfrabab tfrcubtd gfgpukyhd
pfiuhke uktub bfohmdhk MG]3 mfkehk kdihd p7
0.000. Sdsdba uktub bfohmdhk MG]3 phmh
rfspakmfk yhke gfrabab 83 chthke/ nhrd
sfcfshr 36.6 bhid mdchkmdke mfkehk rfspakmfk
yhke gfrabab 9 83 chthke/ nhrd. Gfrabab
gfruphbhk bfcdhshhk yhke gfgchnhyhbhk
bfsfnhthk chnbhk tdkebht chnhyhkyh ifcdn
tdkeed tfrohmd phmh dkmdvdmu yhke gfkehihgd
mdhcftfs gfiidtus. Kdbatdk yhke mdbhkmuke
rabab mdbfthnud mhpht gfkdkebhtbhk bhmhr
eiubash mhrhn. \tumd mhrd phrh pfkfidtd
gfkfgubhk masds kdbatdk yhke bfldi cdsh
gfkdkebhtbhk bhmhr NcH8L sfcfshr >,>
pfrsfk, mhk masds yhke tdkeed sftfihn mdcfrdbhk
kdbatdk sfihgh muh nhrd gfkdkebhtbhk bhmhr
NcH8L sfcfshr
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:
tfrohmdkyh MG]3 hmhihn jhbtar rdwhyht
bfiuhreh MG]3 mhk hbtdvdths jdsdb.
Nhsdi pfkfidtdhk dkd gfgpfrbuht bfdiguhkbfpfrhwhthk chnwh jhbtar-jhbtar rdsdba
tfrsfcut cfrpfiuhke tfrohmdkyh MG]3 sfndkeeh
cfrpatfksd cfrthgchnkyh ougihn hkebh
bfohmdhk MG]3 md Bhidghkthk ]fehn cdih tdmhb
mdihbubhk pfkefkmhidhk hthu pfkhthihbshkhhk
yhke chdb tfrnhmhp jhbtar-jhbtar tfrsfcut.
Mdshrhkbhk uktub gfihbubhk pfkfidtdhk ifcdn
ihkout mfkehk shgpfi yhke ifcdn cfshr mhk
mhfrhn lhbuphk pfkfidtdhk mdpfriuhs sf
Bhidghkthk ]fkehn mhk mhpht mdihbubhk uktub
gfkefthnud jhbtar rdsdba bfohmdhk iubh bhbd
mdhcftdb.
Mhjthr Suoubhk
8.
UNA.Mfjdkdtdak, mdhekasds, hkm
lihssdjdlhtdak aj mdhcftfs gfidtus hkm dts
lagpidlhtdaks, Hrlndvfs(akidkf) 8444
(Ldtfm 3080 Hueust :) Hvhdihcif
jrag?nttp?//www.mdhcftfs.lag.hu/pmj/wnaQ
rfpart.pmj,.
3. Dekhtvdldus, M.M., Uarbghk, I.G., &
Gdsifr, H.G. Gfmdlhi suredlhi kursdke
hlrass tnf nfhitn lhrf laktdkug. 5,
http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/298/22/2654.shorthttp://jama.ama-assn.org/content/298/22/2654.shorthttp://jama.ama-assn.org/content/298/22/2654.shorthttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Luxia+Zhang&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Gary+C.+Curhan&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Frank+B.+Hu&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Frank+B.+Hu&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Eric+B.+Rimm&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=John+P.+Forman&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2011/02/25/dc10-2087http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2011/02/25/dc10-2087http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2011/02/25/dc10-2087http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2011/02/25/dc10-2087http://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=John+P.+Forman&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Eric+B.+Rimm&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Frank+B.+Hu&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Frank+B.+Hu&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Gary+C.+Curhan&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/search?author1=Luxia+Zhang&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://jama.ama-assn.org/content/298/22/2654.shorthttp://jama.ama-assn.org/content/298/22/2654.short -
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>
NVCVKEHK ]DKEBH] PFKEF]HNVHK DCV ]FK]HKE H\D
MFKEHK PAIH IHB]H\D PHMH CHTD CHSV IHNDS \HGPHD VGVS : CVIHK
MD ]FIHKE \DVKE BFLHGH]HK PHOV FPH] BHCVPH]FK CHSD]A ]DGVS
Cfrtndhkh
Ourushk Bfpfrhwhthk Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh ShyhOhihk Efaref Acas Ka. 0 pfapif wna hrf sfifltfm usdke tnf tflnkdquf aj Kak Prachcdidty
\hgpidke cy purpasdvf shgpidke. Dkmfpfkmfkt vhrdhcifs dk tnds stumy ds tnf bkawifmef aj gatnfrs
hcaut crfhstjffmdke hkm ihlthtdak mfpfkmfkt vhrdhcif ds tnf phttfrkdk kfwcark dkjhkts up ta hef :
gaktns. ]nf mhth whs laiifltfm usdke h strulturfmqufstdakkhdrf hkm tnf rfsuits wfrf hkhiyzfm wdtn
tnf \pfhrghk Shkb tfst wdtn hsdekdjdlhklf ifvfi aj p 0.06.
]nf rfsuits aj tnds stumy snawfm :0.5% aj rfspakmfkts nhm h eaam bkawifmef ifvfi, 65.8% ajrfspakmfkts hppiy tnf larrflt phttfrk aj ihlthtdak ak chcdfs up ta hef : gaktns. Chsfm ak tnf
rfsuits aj \pfhrghk rhkb tfst sthtdstdls acthdkfm h ndeniy sdekdjdlhkt rfihtdaksndp cftwffk
bkawifmef hcaut crfhstjffmdke gatnfrs wdtn ihlthtdak phttfrks dk kfwcark dkjhkts up ta hef :
gaktns wdtn h sdekdjdlhklf ifvfi aj p 7 0.003 wdtn h strfketn aj tnf rfihtdaksndp ds ifss strake
Lafjjdtdfkt Larrfihtdak 7 0.865. Hs tnf rfjfrrhi hmvdlf whs tnf kffm jar rfsfhrlnfrs ta dklrfhsf
bkawifmef hcaut crfhstjffmdke hkm tnf gatnfrs sulbif tnf larrflt phttfrk aj ihlthtdak cy
dklrfhsdke tnf pravdsdak aj dkjarghtdak ta gatnfrs sulbif.
Bfywarms ? Bkawifmef Sfihtdaksndps gatnfrs hcaut crfhstjffmdke, ihlthtdak phttfrks dk kfwcark
dkjhkts up ta hef : gaktns.
Pfkmhnuiuhk
Gfkyusud hmhihn suhtu lhrh yhke tdmhb hmh
muhkyh mhihg gfgcfrdbhk ghbhkhk yhke
dmfhi ched pfrtugcunhk mhk pfrbfgchkehk
chyd yhke sfnht sfrth gfgpukyhd pfkehrun
cdaiaed mhk bfodwhhk yhke ukdb tfrnhmhp
bfsfnhthk dcu mhk chyd. _ht-zht hktd dkjfbsd
yhke tfrbhkmuke mhihg H\D gfgchktu
gfidkmuked chyd tfrnhmhp pfkyhbdt, sfihdk
dtu tfrmhpht nucukehk pfktdke hkthrh
gfkyusud mfkehk pfkohrhkehk bfnhgdihk
(BC).8
Bfukeeuihk Hsd tfrsfcut pfriu mdtukohke
mfkehk lhrh pfgcfrdhk H\D yhke cfkhr
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4
gdshikyh sfefrh sftfihn ihndr (4 gfkeukebhpbhk, chnwh
pfgcfrdhk H\D sflhrh fbsbiusdj sfihgh = :
cuihk nhkyh
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80
mfpfkmfk yhdtu paih ihbthsd tfrnhmhp chydkyh
yhke cfrugur 9 : cuihk.
Papuihsd phmh pfkfidtdhk dkd hmhihn sfiurun
Dcu gfkftfbd yhke cfrhmh md ]fihke \duke
Bflhghthk Phou Fpht Bhcuphtfk Chrdta
]dgur md cuihk Ouid 3004. Bhrfkh pfkdidtdhk
mdihbubhk phmh sfiurun paipuihsd yhdtu
mdhgcdi mhrd sfiurun dcu gfkftfbd shgphd usdh
chyd : cuihk. Vktub gfkfktubhk shgpif yhke
hbhk mdtfidtd mdphbhd tfnkdb shgpidke yhdtu
Kak Prachcdidty \hgpidke mfkehk lhrh
Purpasdvf \hgpidke. Dkstrugfk yhkemdeukhbhk mhihg pfkeugpuihk mhth hmhihn
bufsdakfr, pfkefrtdhk bufsdakfr hmhihn ushnh
uktub gfkeugpuibhk dkjarghsd mfkehk
gfkyhgphdbhk sfougihn pfrthkyhhk tfrtuids
uktub mdohwhc aifn rfspakmfk6 mhihg nhi dkd
dcu gfkftfbd tfkthke pfkefthnuhk mhk paih
ihbthsd dcu yhke cfrcfktub sbhih idkbfrt phmh
chyd yhke cfrugur : cuihk, mfkehk
prasfmur yhdtu sftfihn mhth tfrbugpui
mdihbubhk pfkyuktdkehk mhth mhk bamdke.
]fnkdb pfgcfrdhk sbar phmh bufsakfr
pfkefthnuhk gfkeeukhbhk sbhih armdkhi
mdghkh rfspakmfk gfgdidn ohwhchk yh
mfkehk kdihd 80 mhk tdmhb mfkehk kdihd 0.
uktub paih ihbthsd mfkehk sbhih idkbfrt mfkehk
hitfrkhtdj ohwhchk pfrdihbu chdb dtu mfkehk
sbarf 56%, mhk 56% uktub pfrihbu
burhke. Iabhsd pfkfidtdhk md ]fihke \duke
Bflhghthk ]fihke \duke Bflhghthk Phou
Fpht Bhcuphtfk Chrdta ]dgur, ihghkyh
pfkfidtdhk 6 (idgh) cuihk mhrd Cuihk Ouid
shgphd mfkehk cuihk Mfsfgcfr 3004, mfkehk
hkhidsh mhth yhdtu mhth yhke tfihn mdfmdt
mdshodbhk sflhrh thcuihsd sdihke hkthrh vhrdhcfi
dkmfpfkmfk mhk mfpfkmfk, sfihkoutkyh
mdihbubhk uod Baigaearav \gdrkav.
Nhsdi Mhk Pfgchnhshk
Md mhihg nhsdi pfkfidtdhk dkd hbhk mdurhdbhk
tfkthke bhrhbtfrdstdb mfgaerhjd rfspakmfk,
mhk mhth tfkthke nucukehk hkthrh tdkebht
pfkefthnuhk dcu tfkthke H\D mfkehk paih
ihbthsd phmh chyd shgphd usdh : cuihk yhdtu
sfchehd cfrdbut?
Bhrhbtfrdstdb mfgaerhjd rfspakmfk hbhk
mdurhdbhk cfrmhshrbhk ugur, pfbfrohhk,tdkebht pfkmdmdbhk, mhk ugur chyd sfrth
nucukehk hkthrh pfkefthnuhk dcu tfkthke H\D
mfkehk paih ihbthsd phmh chyd shgphd usdh :
cuihk.
Cfrmhshrbhk ehgchr 8 md hths sfchedhk cfshr
rfspakmfk mhihg pfkfidtdhk dkd cfrugur
hkthrh 36-
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Cfrmhshrbhk ehgchr 3 md hths sfchedhk cfshr
rfspakmfk mhihg pfkfidtdhk dkd tdmhb cfbfroh
md iuhr rughn sfchkyhb :< arhke (5>,56%),
sfmhkebhk rfspakmfk yhke cfbfroh sfchehd
PK\ gfruphbhk ougihn yhke phidke sfmdbdt
sfchkyhb : arhke (5,6%).
Ehgchr
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chydkyh shgphd usdh : cuihk yhdtu sfchkyhb
: yhke cfrhrtd N8
mdtfrdgh mfkehk bfbuhthk nucukehk burhke
buht (0,=>:).
Cfrmhshrbhk nhsdi pfkfidtdhk dkd phmh thcfi 6
mdmhphtbhk tdkebht pfkefthnuhk rfspakmfktfkthke H\D sfchedhk cfshr chdb yhdtu
sfchkyhb =4 arhke (:8,36%). Pfkefthnuhk
yhke chdb dkd mdmubuke aifn jhbtar
pfkmdmdbhk, md ghkh tdkebht pfkmdmdbhk
rfspakmfk sfchedhk cfshr hmhihn \I]H
(=3,6%) mhk rfihtdj ifcdn chdb mhrdphmh
rfspakmfk yhke cfrpfkmdmdbhk \M mhk \I]P.
]dkebht pfkmdmdbhk yhke tdkeed
gfgukebdkbhk tdkebht pfkefthnuhk mhk
pfghnhghk dcu tfkthke H\D ifcdn chdb puih.
]dkebht pfkmdmdbhk yhke chdb dkd oueh
gfgpfkehrund pfkdkebhthk
bfshmhrhk(hwhrfkfss) dcu tfkthke paih ihbthsd
ihbthsd yhke cfkhr phmh chydkyh. Ofkohke
pfkmdmdbhk \I]H phmh sfchedhk cfshr
rfspakmfk gfgukebdkbhk rfspakmfk ifcdn
chkyhb gfkmhpht dkjarghsd tfkthke
pfktdkekyh paih ihbthsd yhke cfkhr phmh chyd
shgphd usdh : cuihk mhrdphmh tdkebht
pfkmdmdbhk md chwhnkyh, sfndkeeh mhpht
gfgcfrdbhk H\D phmh chydkyh shgphd usdh :
cuihk. Jhbtar ihdk yhke oueh gfgpfkehrund
tdkebht pfkefthnuhk sfchedhk cfshr rfspakmfk
phmh pfkfidtdhk dkd hmhihn shht dkd sumhn
chkyhb tfrsfmdh gfmdh dkjarghsd chdb gfmdh
fifbtrakdb ghupuk gfmdh ghssh yhke ihdk
yhke gfkyhodbhk dkjarghsd tfkthke
pfktdkekyh pfgcfrdhk H\D phmh chyd shgphd
usdh : cuihk. Nhi dkd gfruphbhk suhtu cfktub
fmubhsd pfrsuhsdj bfphmh ghsyhrhbht yhke
sflhrh ihgcht ihuk mhpht gfkdkebhtbhk
pfghnhghk ghsyhrhbht tfkthke pfktdkekyh
pfgcfrdhk H\D phmh chyd shgphd usdh :
cuihk. Mfkehk mfgdbdhk sflhrh pfrihnhk-
ihnhk nhi dtu hbhk gfruchn pfrdihbughsyhrhbht uktub gfgcfrdbhk paih ihbthsd
yhke cfkhr phmh chyd shgphd usdh : cuihk.
Jhbtar idkebukehk sasdhi oueh gfgpfkehrund
tdkebht pfkefthnuhk dcu tfkthke pfktdkekyh
pfgcfrdhk H\D phmh chyd shgphd usdh :
cuihk. Phmh pfkfidtdhk dkd idkebukehk sasdhi
rfspakmfk hmhihn idkebukehk yhke
cfrpfkmdmdbhk sfndkeeh ifcdn chkyhb
dkjarghsd yhke mhpht mdtfrdgh mhrd dcu-dcu
yhke ihdk md idkebukehkkyh sfndkeeh
pfkefthnuhk dcu ifcdn gfkdkebht.
Cfrmhshrbhk nhsdi pfkfidtdhk dkd phmh thcfi 3
mdmhphtbhk sfchedhk cfshr rfspakmfk
gfkfrhpbhk paih ihbthsd yhke cfkhr phmh
chydkyh shgphd usdh : cuihk yhdtu sfchkyhb
=: arhke (65,6%). Pfkfrhphk paih ihbthsd
yhke cfkhr phmh chyd shgphd usdh : cuihk
phmh pfkfidtdhk dkd mdpfkehrund aifn cfcfrhph
jhbtar hkthr ihdk hmhihn jhbtar pfkefthnuhk
dcu tfkthke pfktdkekyh pfgcfrdhk H\D yhke
cfkhr phmh chyd shgphd usdh : cuihk, bakmdsd
jdsdb dcu tfruthgh yhke gfkyhkebut hkhtagd
mhk jdsdaiaed phyumhrh. Jhbtar nargakhi yhke
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80 rfspakmfk mhihg pfkfidtdhk dkd,
=: rfspakmfk tfrghsub mhihg brdtfrdh
pfkefthnuhk chdb. Mfkehk mfgdbdhk sflhrh
hihgdhn puih sfchedhk cfshr rfspakmfk
gfgpukyhd pfghnhghk yhke rfihtdj chdb
tfkthke paih ihbthsd yhke chdb mhk cfkhr
sfndkeeh paih ihbthsd yhke mdtfrhpbhk bfphmh
chydkyh shgphd : cuihk oueh chdb. ]dkebht
pfkmdmdbhk rfspakmfk sfchedhk cfshr (=3%)
hmhihn tdkebht gfkfkehn hths (\I]H)
sfndkeeh tdkebht pfghnhghk bidfk rfihtdj
lubup chdb. Pfghnhghk yhke chdb tfkthke
ghkjhht paih ihbthsd yhke chdb hbhk
gfkyfchcbhk dkmdvdmu uktub gfkehmapsdkyhmhk bfgumdhk gfkehpidbhsdbhkkyh bf mhihg
bfndmuphk sfnhrd-nhrd. Cdih sfsfarhke tfihn
gfkehpidbhsdbhk paih ihbthsd yhke chdb yhke
tfihn mdphnhgd mhk mdhmapsdkyh ghbh hbhk
tdgcui suhtu nhcdt/bfcdhshhk md mhihg
bfndmuphk sfnhrd-nhrdkyh uktub gfkfrhpbhk
paih ihbthsd yhke chdb mhk cfkhr. Nhcdt /
bfcdhshhk yhke tfihn mdihbshkhbhk sfnhrd-nhrd
hbhk gfgcfktub suhtu pfrdihbu ched dkmdvdmu.
\fsuhd mfkehk tfard yhke mdbfgubhbhk aifn
Katahtgamoa (844
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dtu tdmhb mdmhshrd aifn pfkefthnuhk, bfshmhrhk
ghbh tdmhb hbhk cfrihkesuke ihgh.: Jhbtar
ihdk yhke gfgpfkehrund pfkfrhphk ihbthsd
yhke chdb phmh pfkfidtdhk dkd hmhihn pfbfrohhk
rfspakmfk. Md mhihg pfkfidtdhk dkd sfchedhk
cfshr rfspakmfk tdmhb cfbfroh sfndkeeh ifcdn
chkyhb gfgpukyhd whbtu iuhke mhihg
gfrhwht chydkyh tfrghsub mhihg nhi paih
ihbthsd chdb mhihg nhi jrfbwfksd gfkftfbd,
lhrh gfkftfbd yhke cfkhr, mhk ihgh
gfkyusud. Ched dcu yhke cfbfroh md iuhr
rughn rfihtdj ifcdn sfmdbdt gfgpukyhd whbtuuktub gfrhwht chydkyh. Jrfbwfksd gfkftfbd
gfkohmd cfrburhke, jhbtar bfifihnhk sfnhcds
cfbfroh oueh gfgpfkehrund bakmdsd jdsdb mhk
psdbaiaeds dcu md mhihg gfkfrhpbhk paih
ihbthsd yhke chdb mhk cfkhr. Jhbtar bfsfnhthk
jdsdb mhk psdbaiaeds dcu shkeht gfkfktubhk
paih pfkfrhphk ihbthsd yhke cfkhr phmh
chydkyh. Bakmdsd jdsdb dcu yhke sfnht mhpht
gfgchktu gfkdkebhtbhk buhidths mhk
buhktdths pramubsd H\D. Jhbtar jdsdb dkd oueh
cfrbhdthk frht mfkehk hkhtagd phyumhrh,
nargak mhk jdsdaiaed ihbthsd. Hkhtagd
phyumhrh yhke tdmhb chdb gfruphbhk
nhkmdlhp md mhihg prasfs ihbthsd. \fmhkebhk
jhbtar psdbaiaeds oueh gfgpfkehrund paih
ihbthsd mhihg prasfsCakmdke mhk Htthlngfkt
. Ofkds nargak yhke shkeht cfrbhdthk mfkehk
prasfs ihbthsd hmhihn nargak praihbtdk mhk
axytaldk. Nargak praihbtdk cfrpfrhk md
mhihg pramubsd H\D, sfmhkebhk nargak
axytaldk cfrpfrhk pfktdke mhihg pfkefiuhrhk
H\D shht chyd gfkftfb. Bakmdsd
psdbaiaeds/fgasdakhi dcu yhke tdmhb sthcdi
gfkdgcuibhk bffkeehkhk dcu uktub gfkftfbd
chydkyh.
Jhbtar ghbhkhk mhk acht-achthk yhke
mdbaksugsd dcu shkeht gfkfktubhk oueh paih
ihbthsd. Ghbhkhk yhke gfkehkmuke zht-zht
edzd yhke cfrbuhidths hbhk gfkenhsdibhk H\D
yhke cfrbuhidths puih, bhrfkh H\D sfkmdrd
mdcuht mhrd zht-zht ghbhkhk yhke mdhgcdi mhrd
mhrhn dcu. Acht-achthk yhke mdbaksugsd dcu
oueh gfgpfkehrund buhidths mhk buhktdths
H\D. Gfkurut \aftodkdkesdn (8445) paih
ihbthsd mdpfkehrund aifn cfcfrhph nhi hkthrhihdk hmhihn pfrguihhk gfkyususd chyd, tfbkdb
gfkyusud, ihgh gfkyusud, jrfbwfksd
gfkyusud, pramubsd H\D mhk pfkefiuhrhk
H\D.= Vgur dcu oueh turut gfgpfkehrund
pfkfrhphk paih ihbthsd. Vgur dkd cfrbhdthk
frht mfkehk bakmdsd jdsdb mhk psdbaiaeds dcu.
Phmh pfkfidtdhk dkd ghyardths rfspakmfk
cfrugur hkthrh 36-
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pfkfruskyh yhke nhrus mdrhwht mfkehk chdb
mhk cfkhr.
Bfsdgpuihk Mhk \hrhk
Cfrmhshrbhk nhsdi pfkfidtdhk yhke tfihn
mdihbshkhbhk, ghbh mhpht mdsdgpuihk chnwh
sfchedhk cfshr rfspakmfk mhihg pfkfidtdhk dkd
gfgpukyhd tdkebht pfkefthnuhk yhke chdb
(:8,36%). nhi dkd mdpfkehrund aifn cfcfrhph
jhbtar hkthrh ihdk tdkebht pfkmdmdbhk
rfspakmfk yhke sfchedhk cfshr rfihtdj chdb
(=3% \I]H), chkyhb gfmdh dkjarghsd yhkegfkyhodbhk pfktdkekyh pfgcfrdhk H\D phmh
chyd shgphd usdh : cuihk, mhk jhbtar
idkebukehk sasdhi yhke gfgukebdkbhk
rfspakmfk gfkmhphtbhk dkjarghsd ifcdn
chkyhb, sfchedhk cfshr rfspakmfk
gfkfrhpbhk paih ihbthsd yhke cfkhr phmh
chydkyh shgphd usdh : cuihk (65,6%). Jhbtar
yhke gfkmubuke hkthrh ihdk tdkebht
pfkefthnuhk rfspakmfk tfkthke H\D yhke
sfchedhk cfshr chdb, jhbtar bfsfnhthk dcu,
nargakhi (praihbtdk mhk axytaldk), pfbfrohhk
dcu mhk jhbtar bfsfnhthk chyd mhk cfrmhshrbhk
nhsdi pfkfidtdhk dkd mdmhphtbhk hmhkyh
nucukehk hkthrh pfkefthnuhk dcu tfkthke H\D
mfkehk paih ihbthsd phmh chyd chru ihndr
shgphd usdh : cuihk. Jhbtar-jhbtar yhke
gfgpfkehrund hkthrh ihdk hmhihn tdkebht
pfkmdmdbhk rfspakmfk, pfbfrohhk, bakmdsd
jdsdb mhk psdbaiaeds dcu, jhbtar ghbhkhk mhk
acht-achthk yhke mdbaksugsd dcu, mhk jhbtar
ugur dcu.
Mdshrhkbhk nfkmhbkyh sfihiu gfkedbutd
dkjarghsd tfruthgh yhke cfrbhdthk mfkehk
pfktdkekyh pfgcfrdhk H\D phmh chyd shgphd
ugur : cuihk bhrfkh sfghbdk chkyhb
dkjarghsd yhke mdtfrdgh ghbh hbhk sfghbdk
tdkeed tdkebht pfkefthnuhkkyh tfkthke
pfktdkekyh H\D phmh chyd shgphd ugur :
cuihk, sfkhktdhsh gfkoheh bfsfnhthk dcu mhk
chyd sfrth cfrushnh gfkdkebhtbhk
pfkefthnuhk tfkthke H\D bhrfkh nhi dkd
gfgpfkehrund paih ihbthsd phmh chyd shgphd
ugur : cuihk, sfyaeyhkyh dcu yhke
gfgpukyhd chyd chru ihndr shgphd ugur :
cuihk sfkhktdhsh gfkhgchn pfkefthnuhkkyhgfihiud cfrchehd gfmdh yhke tfihn tfrsfmdh
tfkthke paih ihbthsd yhke chdb mhk cfkhr
uktub bfgumdhk mdtfrhpbhk mhihg bfndmuphk
sfnhrd-nhrd md mhihg gfgcfrdbhk H\D bfphmh
chydkyh.
Mhjthr Pusthbh
8. Pfrdkhsdh ( 844= ), Gfkyusud, Udta,
Ohbhrth
3.
Mfpbfs SD ( 8443 ), H\D mhk Shwht
Ehcuke, Mfpbfs SD, Ohbhrth
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HKHID\D\ JHB]AS SD\DBA BF]VCHK PFLHN MDKD MD SVHKE
CFS\HIDK S\VM mr. MASD\ \TIZHKV\ PHIHKEBH SHTH
Kaarnhkd Ghlnmht, Abthvdhkd, Sdyhktd
Ourushk Bfcdmhkhk Paitfbbfs Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh Shyh
Hcstrhlt.Chlberaukm? Hcaut trff nukmrfms hkm sfvfr lhsfs aj ghtfrkhi garthidty allur fhln yfhr.
Acofbtlvf? ]nds \tumy whs lakmultfm ta dkvfstdehtf tnf fjjflt aj ta tnf rdsb jhltar aj Prfghturf
Supturfaj Gfgcrhkfs dk Maltar Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh Naspdthi, lfktfr Bhidghkthk
Pravdklf, ta dkvfstdehtf dk wndln hef ds tnf gatnfr tnht edvfr h rdsb jhltar ak Prfghturf Supturf aj
Gfgcrhkfs, ta dkvfstdehtf tnf phrdty aj gatnfr, rdsb jhltar ak Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkfs, ta
dkvfstdehtf warb aj gatnfr rdsb jhltar ak Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkfs hkm dkvfstdehtf
prfekhkly lagpidlhtdak rdsb jhltar ak Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkfs.
Gftnam? ]nrds whs hk acsfrvhtdakhi stumy wdtn hk ukghtlnfm lhsf laktrai stumy mfsdek. ]nfsucoflts wfrf mdvdmfm dkta twa eraups, khgfiy tnf lhsf eraup laksdstdke aj gatnfrs nhvdke
mfidvfrfm wdtn Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkfs (808 lhsfs) hkm tnf laktrai eraup laksdstdke aj
gatnfrs nhvdke mfidvfrfm kak Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkfs (808 lhsfs). Lndsquhrf whs usfm
jar tnf nypatnfsds tfst wdtn p90.06 hkm LD 46%. ]nf hkhiysfs fgpiayfm cdvhrdhcif hkm
guitdvhrdhcif hkhiysfs.
Sfsuit? Uarb aj gatnfr nhm h sthtdstdlhiiy sdekdjdlhkt dklrfhsf ak tnf rdsb jhltar aj Prfghturf
Supturf aj Gfgcrhkfs (AS 7 8,62 LD 46% 0,6-=,=).Atnfr jhltars suln hs dklrfhsf ak tnf rdsb aj
Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkf.
Lakliusdke? Uarb aj gamnfr wdii dklrfhsf tnf rdsb jhltar aj Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkf wdtn
AS 7 8,6. Atnfr jhltar hjjfltdke lagpidlhtdak wdtn AS 7 =,3.
Bfywarms?Prfghturf Supturf aj Gfgcrhkf, rdsb jhltars
Pfkmhnuiuhk
Mhrd survfy mfgaerhjd bfsfnhthk Dkmakfsdh
(\MBD) 3003-300< hkebh bfghtdhk dcu hmhihn
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chyd tfruthgh bfghtdhk pfrdkhthi yhke lubup
tdkeed dkd hkthrh ihdk mdsfchcbhk bhrfkh
bfghtdhk hbdcht burhke cuihk, mhk bfohmdhk
dkjfbsd yhke gfkdkebht bhrfkh phrtus thb
ghou, phrtus ihgh, mhk phrtus cuhthk yhke
sfrdke mdougphd phmh pfkefiaihhk bhsus
bftuchk pflhn mdkd tfruthgh phmh pfkefiaihhk
baksfrvhtdj. Dkjfbsd yhke sfrdke mdhihgd
hmhihn Dkjfbsd dktrhjhbtug, Dkjfbsd dkd
gfkehbdchtbhk sfihput ohkdk. Phmh bftuchk
pflhn : ohg, rfsdba dkjfbsd gfkdkebht 8 bhid.
Bftuchk pflhn 3= ohg, rfsdba dkjfbsdgfkdkebht 8 bhid. Bftuchk pflhn mdkd
gfruphbhk rfsdba tfrohmdkyh dkjfbsd dkphrtu.
Cfrmhshrbhk mhth yhke pfkuids mhphtbhk md
S\VM Mr. Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh
phmh thnuk 300: ougihn phsdfk 884: arhke
mhk tfrmhpht :6 bhsus bftuchk pflhn mdkd,
mfkehk pfrsfkthsf 6,=
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tfkheh bfsfnhthk tfrsfcut hmhihn M-3004
Zhrdhcfi Bhsus
k 7 808
Baktrai
k 7 808
Ougihn Bfnhgdihk
Gfhk (^) 3 3
Gfmdhk (Gm) 8 3
\thkmhrm Mfvdhtdak(\M)
8,: 3
Gdkdgug 8 8
Ghbsdgug 4 83
4,6% LD 8,53,= 8,53, 35
Gfmdhk (Gm) 35 3:\thkmhrm Mfvdhtdak(\M)
:,= 6,4
Gdkdgug 8> 8:
Ghbsdgug =6 =0
4,6% LD 3:,634,0 36,:35,4
]hcfi /3004Zhrdhcfi Bfohmdhk BPM ]athi P.vhiuf AS 46%LD Bft
Bhsus BaktraiK % K %
Vgur930 thnuk > >,> 80 80,6 8> 0,:45 8 - K\30- >6,5 >3 >:,< 8:0 0,534 0,>= 0,
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BF\DGPVIHK MHK \HSHK
H.Bfsdgpuihk
Cfrmhshrbhk Pfkfidtdhk yhke tfihn
mdihbubhk md Suhke Bfcdmhkhk S\VM mr.
Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh, ghbh
mhpht mdhgcdi bfsdgpuihk sfchehd cfrdbut?
8. Ifcdn mhrd sfphrun (:>,
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FJFB]DJD]H\ PFSVCHNHK PA\D\D ]DMVS ]FSNHMHP \H]VSH\D AB\DEFK
PH\DFK \]SABF D\BFGDB HBV] MD SVHKE N SVGHN \HBD] VGVG MHFSHN
mr.MASD\ \TIZHKV\ PHIHKEBH SHTH
Ehm Mhthb, Fstfr Dkuke \yivdh, Gdssfsh
Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh Shyh
Ohihk Efaref Ka.
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mhrhn chdb bfgchid,4. \fihdk dtu, pfruchnhk pasdsd
tdmur tucun phsdfk mhpht gfkeaptdghibhk rhsda
vfktdihsd mhk pfrjusd, gfkdkebhtbhk pfguidnhk
hkeeath chmhk, gfklfehn baktrhbtur mhk
gamuihsd bfbuhthk atat80
. Pfruchnhk pasdsd
tdmur tucun phsdfk oueh tfihn mdtfrdgh md mhihg
pfkefiaihhk ghshihn pfrkhphshk mfkehk
pfrcfmhhk md ifvfi absdefk hrtfrd yhke
tfrdmfktdjdbhsd gfihiud pfruchnhk pasdsd 6.
Cfrmhshrbhk pfkofihshk ghkjhht pfkfidtdhk
sfcfiugkyh tfkthke pfruchnhk pasdsd tdmurtfrnhmhp pfkdkebhthk kdihd shturhsd absdefk mhk
mfkehk gfgpfrtdgchkehk chnwh pfruchnhk
pasdsd cfrchrdke tucun gfruphbhk dktfrvfksd
bfpfrhwhthk ghkmdrd sfrth gumhn mdihbubhk,
ghbh hbhk mdihbubhk pfkfidtdhk tfkthke
fjfbtdjdths pfruchnhk pasdsd tdmur (pasdtdakdke)
tfrnhmhp shturhsd absdefk phsdfk strabf dsbfgdb
hbut md Suhke N Sughn \hbdt Vgug Mhfrhn
(S\VM) Mr. Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh Shyh.
Gftamf
Mfshdk yhke mdeukhbhk mhihg pfkfidtdhk dkd
hmhihn quhsd fbspfrdgfk mfkehk pfkmfbhthk
prf-past tfst laktrai mfsdek wdtn laktrai eraup,
mdghkh mfshdk dkd gfihbubhk tdkmhbhk phmh
muh hthu ifcdn bfiagpab yhke hbhk mdacsfrvhsd
sfcfiug mhk sfsumhn mdihbubhk tdkmhbhk 88,83.
Bfiagpab dktfrvfksd mdihbubhk pfruchnhk
pasdsd tdmur sftdhp 8 ohg, sfmhkebhk bfiagpab
baktrai mdihbubhk pfruchnhk pasdsd sftdhp 3
ohg yhke bfgumdhk mdubur shturhsd absdefk
sfcfiug mhk sfsumhn tdkmhbhk.Papuihsd hmhihn
sfiurun phsdfk strabf yhke md rhwht md ruhke
kfuraiaed S\VM Mr. Mards \yivhkus Phihkebh
Shyh mfkehk tfbkdb shgpidke yhke mdeukhbhk
mhihg pfkfidtdhk dkd hmhihn laksflutdvf
shgpidke, mdghkh sfguh sucofb pfkfidtdhk
yhke mhthke mhk gfgfkund brdtfrdh pfgdidnhk
md ghsubbhk bf pfkfidthk shgphd chths
whbtukyh tfrpfkund8
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3. Gdslchn,O. \trabf hspfb
mdhekastdb,phtajdsdaiaed, ghkhefgfk ?8444
Kapfgcfr 3>) Hvhdihcif
jrag?nttp?//praqufst.ugd.lag/pqmwfc.
:. Fidzhcftn,O.,\dkehrhyhr,O.,Fiiui,O.,Chrfr,M.,
& Iyf.,G. Hrtfrdhi axyefk shturhtdak hkm
pasturf dk hlutf strabf. Hrlndvfs(akidkf)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdwebhttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdwebhttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdwebhttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb -
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8443 (Ldtfm 300> Kapfgcfr 34) Hvhdihcif
jrag?nttp?//hefdke.axjarmoaurkhis.are/.
5. Sajjf,L.,\diis,\,Udimf,B.,& Lragf,P.
Fjjflt aj nfgdphrftdl strabf ak puisfaxdgftry rfhmdkes ak tnf hjjfltfm sdmf.
Hrlndvfs(akidkf) 3008 (Ldtfm 300>
Kapfgcfr 34) Hvhdihcif
jrag?nttp?//strabf.hnhoaurkhis.are/.
>. Sawht ,H.G.,Uhrmihw,O.G,.Mfkkds,G.\.,&
Uhriaw,L.P.(3008). Phtdfkt pasdtdakdke
dkjiufklfs axyefk shturhtdak dk tnf hlutf
pnhsf aj strabf. Hrlndvfs(akidkf) 3008
(Ldtfm 300> Kapfgcfr 34) Hvhdihcif jrag
nttp?//laktfkt.bhrefr.lag/PramubtfMC1.
4. Phke, Oh, Tfuke ZJ], & _nhke TE.
(84>>), Ma pasturhi lnhkefs hjjflt ehs
fxlnhkef dk hlutf nfgdpifedh.
Hrlndvfs(akidkf) 844> (Ldtfm 300>
Kapfgcfr 34) Hvhdihcif jrag
nttp?//praqufst.ugd.lag/pqmwfc.
80.]ysak., \.J & Kdetndkehif,P, ]nf fjjflt aj
pasdtdak ak axyefk shturhtdak dk hlutfstrabf ? h systfgdl rfvdfw.Hrlndvfs(akidkf)
(Ldtfm 300> Kapfgcfr 34) Hvhdihcif jrag
nttp?//praqufst.ugd.lag/pqmwfc, m
88.Mfgpsfy, P, H., & Mfgpsfy, H,M.Kursdke
rfsfhrln tfxt hkm warbcaab. V\H?Idttf,
Crawk?844:
83.Paidt, C & Nukeifr. Fssfktdhis aj kursdke
rfsfhrln, 6 tn fmdtdak. Pndihmfipndh?
Idppdklat Udiidhg & Udibdks?3008
8.
Prdlf,\, & Udisak, I.G. Phtnapnysdaiaey ?Lidkdlhi laklfpts aj mdsfhsf pralfss.
\t.Iauds ? Gascy yfhr caab dkl? 3003
84.Sawht,H.G.,Uhrmihw,O.G, & Mfkkds,G.\.)
Nypaxhfgdh dk hlutf strabf ds jrfqufkt hkm
warsfks. Hrlndvfs(akidkf) 300: (Ldtfm
300> Kapfgcfr 34) Hvhdihcif jrag
nttp?//laktfkt.bhrefr.lag/PramubtfMC1.
http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/http://stroke.ahajournals.org/http://stroke.ahajournals.org/http://stroke.ahajournals.org/http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB?http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB?http://proquest.umi.com/pqdwebhttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdwebhttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.%20Diunduh%2029%20Nopember%202008http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.%20Diunduh%2029%20Nopember%202008http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB?http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB?http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB?http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.%20Diunduh%2029%20Nopember%202008http://proquest.umi.com/pqdwebhttp://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB?http://stroke.ahajournals.org/http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/ -
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EHGCHSHK BFIFKEBHPHK MABVGFK]H\D
H\VNHK BFPFSHUH]HK MD SVGHN \HBD]
MHFSHN VGVG mr. MASD\ \TIZHKV\
PHIHKEBHSHTH
Chrta Ghksyhn, Kdth ]nfrfsdh, Jfty Shnghwhtd
Masfk Ourushk Bfpfrhwhthk Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh Shyh
Hcstrhlt.Kursdke lhrf aj fifgfkt aj hbukcdidths gfhkdke tnht kursf lhk oustdjy edvfk kursdke lhrf.
Kursf rfspaksdcdidty dk edvdke kursdke lhrf sffk ht malugfkthtdak kursdke lhrf pralfss wndln nhvf
edvfk. Malugfkthtdak kursdke lhrf ds dgparthkt fifgfk dk kursdke lhrf cflhusf lagpiftf
malugfkthtdak hkm hllurhtf lhk edvf saiutdak h pracifg dk lidfk. Dj tnf malugfkthtdak kat hllurhtf
lhk mflrfhsf kursdke lhrf quhidty. Lagpiftf malugfkthtdak lhk dkjiufklf cy fmulhtdak, warbsnap,
warb jar iake tdgf, jhldidtdfs hkm tdgf. Jdrst stumy dk Mr. Mards \yivhkus Naspdthi whs jdkm tnht
quhidty aj malugfkthtdak kursdke lhrf stdii iaw. Iawfr quhidty aj malugfkthtdak kursdke lhrf lhk
wfhbkfss tnf huktnfktdl praaj wndln awkfm cy kursf ta edvf kursdke lhrf ta lidfkt.
]nds rfsfhrln threft ds ta bkaw fifgfkts tnht lhk dkjiufklf tnf lagpiftfm malugfkthtdak kursdkelhrf. Sfsfhrln typf ds mfslrdptdak quhidthtdvf wdtn lrass sfltdakhi, shgpif aj tnds rfsfhrln ds kursf
hkm lidfk malugfkt. ]nf dkstrugfkt ta bkaw fifgfkts tnht dkjiufklf tnf lagpiftfm malugfkthtdak
kursdke lhrf ds Dkstrugfk Fvhiuhsd Pfkfrhphk \thkmhr Hsunhk Bfpfrhwhthk jrag Mfphrtfgfk
Bfsfnhthk Sfpucidb Dkmakfsdh.
Sfsfhrln rfsuit whs jdkm fifgfkts tnht dkjiufklf tnf lagpiftfm malugfkthtdak kursdke lhrf. ]nf
lakliusdak aj tnds rfsfhrln ds fifgfkts tnht dkjiufklf tnf lagpiftfm malugfkthtdak kursdke lhrf aj
Mr. Mards \yivhkus naspdthi Phihkebhrhyh ds fmulhtdak, warbsnap, warb jar iake tdgf, jhldidtdfs
hkm tdgf.
Bfywarm?Kursdke Malugfkthtdak
Pfkmhnuiuhk
Mabugfkthsd hsunhk bfpfrhwhthk gfruphbhk
chedhk pfktdke mhihg prasfs bfpfrhwhthk
whnhkh mhk shrhkh bagukdbhsd mhihg tdg
bfsfnhthk mdrughn shbdt, nhi dkd sfohihk
mfkehk bfghouhk digu mhk tfbkaiaed sfrth
gfkdkebhtkyh tuktuthk ghsyhrhbht tfrnhmhp
pfihyhkhk bfsfnhthk. \hihn shtu uphyh mhihg
gfgcfrdbhk pfihyhkhk bfpfrhwhthk yhke
cfrthkeeuke ohwhc mhk cfrthkeeuke eueht
mhk mdtfgpun mfkehk tfrsfifkeehrhkyh
bfedhthk pfklhththk mhk pfihparhk yhke chdb
mhk cfkhr. Mabugfkthsd hsunhk bfpfrhwhthk
gfgfehke pfrhkhk pfktdke tfrnhmhp sfehih
ghlhg tuktuthk mhihg pfihbshkhhk prasfs
bfpfrhwhthk, sfndkeeh suhtu yhke gutihb
yhke nhrus hmh uktub pfrbfgchkehk
bfpfrhwhthk mhk gfruphbhk shihn shtu cfktub
uphyh gfgcdkh mhk gfgpfrthnhkbhk
hbukthcdidths pfrhwht.8
GfkurutKurshihg,3Mabugfkthsd bfpfrhwhthk
gfgpukyhd ghbkh yhke pfktdke cdih mdidnht
mhrd cfrchehd hspfb, yhdtu hspfb nubug,
ohgdkhk gutu, bagukdbhsd, bfuhkehk,
pfkmdmdbhk, mhk pfkfidtdhk. Lhththk dkjarghsd
tfkthke bidfk gfruphbhk mabugfkthsd rfsgd
mhk cfrkdihd nubug. Mabugfkthsd
bfpfrhwhthk mhpht mdeukhbhk sfchehd chrhke
cubtd mdpfkehmdihk. Aifn bhrfkh dtu mhth-mhth
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nhrus mddmfktdjdbhsd sflhrh ifkebhp, ofihs, mhk
acyfbtdj. Mabugfkthsd bfpfrhwhthk yhke
chdb gfgcfrd bfgumhnhk ched pfrhwht mhihg
gfgchktu gfkyfifshdbhk ghshihn bidfk. Nhi
dkd hbhk gfgchktu gfkdkebhtbhk gutu
pfihyhkhk bfpfrhwhthk. Mabugfkthsd
bfpfrhwhthk hbhk gfkohmd hiht bagukdbhsd
pfrhwht mhk pftuehs bfsfnhthk ihdkkyh
sfchehd pfmaghk mhihg gfgcfrdbhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk. Mabugfkthsd mhpht cfrkdihd
bfuhkehk bhrfkh sfguh tdkmhbhk bfpfrhwhthk
yhke cfiug, sfmhke mhk tfihn mdcfrdbhkmdlhtht mhk mhpht mdeukhbhk sfchehd
pfrndtukehk mhihg pfrndtukehk pfgcdhyhhk.
Mabugfkthsd gfgpukyhd kdihd pfkmdmdbhk,
bhrfkh gfguht brakaiaeds mhrd bfedhthk
hsunhk bfpfrhwhthk yhke mhpht mdohmdbhk
rfjfrfksd pfgcfihohrhk ched sdswh hthu prajfsd
bfpfrhwhthk. \fihdk dtu mhth yhke tfrmhpht
mhihg mabugfkthsd bfpfrhwhthk gfkehkmuke
dkjarghsd yhke mhpht mdohmdbhk chnhk hthu
acyfb pfkfidtdhk ched pfkefgchkehk
bfpfrhwhthk. Gfkurut Jdschln,< pfrhwht
gfgfriubhk suhtu bftfrhgpdihk uktub mhpht
gfgfkund sthkmhr mabugfkthsd yhke
sfsuhd.Mfphrtfgfk bfsfnhthk SD gfgcfrdbhk
phrhgftfr gutu mabugfkthsd bfpfrhwhthk
phmh sftdhp thnhp prasfs pfrhwhthk.]hnhp
pfkebhodhk bfpfrhwhthk2 pfrhwht gfklhtht
mhth yhke mdbhod sfsuhd mfkehk pfmaghk
pfkebhodhk, mhth mdbfiagpabhk (cda-psdba-
sasda-spdrdtuhi), mhth mdbhod sfohb phsdfk
ghsub shgphd puihke, mhk ghshihn
mdrugusbhk.=
Cfrmhshrbhk bfsfkohkehk hkthrh sthtus
bfsfnhthk mfkehk kargh mhk paih jukesd
bfndmuphk. ]hnhp mdhekash bfpfrhwhthk2
mdhekash bfpfrhwhthk cfrmhshrbhk ghshihn
yhke tfihn mdrugusbhk, mdhekash bfpfrhwhthk
gfklfrgdkbhk PF/PF\, gfrugusbhk
mdhekash bfpfrhwhthk hbtuhi/patfksdhi. ]hnhp
rfklhkh bfpfrhwhthk2 cfrmhshrbhk mdhekash
bfpfrhwhthk, mdsusuk gfkurut uruthk
prdardths, rugushk tuouhk gfkehkmuke
bagpakfk sucyfb, pfruchnhk pfrdihbu,
bakmdsd phsdfk mhk hthu brdtfrdh, rfklhkhtdkmhbhk gfkehlu phmh tuouhk mfkehk bhidght
pfrdkthn, tfrdkld mhk ofihs mhk hthu gfidchtbhk
phsdfk/bfiuhreh, rfklhkh tdkmhbhk
gfkeehgchrbhk bfrohshgh mfkehk tdg
bfsfnthkhk ihdk. ]hnhp tdkmhbhk bfpfrhwhthk2
tdkmhbhk mdihbshkhbhk gfkehlu phmh rfklhkh
bfpfrhwhthk, pfrhwht gfkeacsfrvhsd rfspak
phsdfk tfrnhmhp tdkmhbhk bfpfrhwhthk, rfvdsd
tdkmhbhk cfrmhshrbhk nhsdi fvhiuhsd, sfguh
tdkmhbhk yhke tfihn mdihbshkhbhk mdlhtht mhk
nhsdi fvhiuhsd mdlhtht.
Bfedhthk pfkmabugfkthsdhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk shht dkd ghsdn chkyhb gfkfgud
bfsuidthk. Bfkmhih dkd mdsfchcbhk aifn
chkyhbkyh vhrdhsd jarght mabugfkthsd
sfndkeeh sthj pfrhwht gfkehihgd bfsuidthk
mhk prasfs mabugfkthsd gfgfriubhk chkyhb
whbtu yhdtu sfbdthr
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uktub hbrfmdthsd mhk mabugfkthsd hsunhk
tdmhb mdeukhbhk sftfihn mdcuht.
Ihyhkhk bfpfrhwhthk hmhihn uhke cfrcfktub
prajfssdakhi. Ghbsum mhrd ihyhkhk
prajfssdakhi hmhihn suhtu pfihyhkhk mdghkh
mhihg pfihbshkhhkkyh cfrmhshrbhk hths
sthkmhrsthkmhr yhke tfihn mdtfthpbhk. Thke
mdghbsum sthkmhr hmhihn pfmaghk pfbfrohhk
hehr mhpht cfrnhsdi mhk cfrgutu, aifn bhrfkh
dtu hehr mhpht gfgcfrdbhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk mhpht cfrnhsdi mhk cfrgutu
tdkeed pfrhwht nhrus cfbfroh sfsuhd mfkehksthkmhr sthkmhr yhke tfihn mdtfthpbhk
sfchehd pfmaghk bfroh.
\thkmhr hsunhk bfpfrhwhthk gfruphbhk
pfmaghk bfroh ched pfrhwht mhihg
gfgcfrdbhk hsunhk bfpfrhwhthk bfphmh
phsdfk, aifn bhrfkh dtu pfkdihdhk hthu
pfkeuburhk gutu mhrd hsunhk bfpfrhwhthk
yhke tfihn mdihbubhk aifn pfrhwht mhpht
mdbfthnud mhrd cfrhph cfshr sthkmhr yhke tfihn
mdihbshkhbhk. Vktub gfkoheh gutu pfihyhkhk
hehr mhpht cfrgutu tdkeed, Bfgfktfrdhk
Bfsfnhthk Sfpucidb Dkmakfsdh tfihn
gfkefiuhrbhk sthkmhr bfpfrhwhthk yhke
tfrmdrd mhrd fkhg bagpakfk, yhdtu ? 8) \thkmhr
D, Pfkebhodhk bfpfrhwhthk 2 3) \thkmhr DD,
Mdhekasds Bfpfrhwhthk2 - 8 8
=0
=0
6Fvhiuhsd
bfpfrhwhthk3 86 85
6:,:
:Lhththk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk= 86 84
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,>: %
5,:< %),
sfmhkehbhk ihbd-ihbd hmh 83 rfspakmfk
(>5,: rfspakmfk
(3>,>: %) mfkehk ihgh bfroh ifcdn mhrd 80
thnuk mhk 8: rfspakmfk (8:,60 %) mfkehk
ihgh bfroh 680 thnuk.
Bhrhbtfrdstdb rfspakmfk gfkurut ugur,
sfchedhk cfshr cfrugur burhke mhrd 3 %) sfmhkebhk
yhke cfrugur ifcdn mhrd 3 >=,6= %
3 \fmhke 86 86,=: %
< Burhke 0 -]athi 45 800 %
\ugcfr? Mhth Prdgfr
Cfrmhshrbhk thcfi md hths mhpht mdbfthnud
chnwh sfchedhk cfshr jhbtar-jhbtar yhke
gfgpfkehrund bfifkebhphk
pfkmabugfkthsdhk hsunhk bfpfrhwhthk
hmhihn chdb yhke mdtukoubbhk hmh >3 pfrhwht
(>=,6= %) mhk hmh sfbdthr 86 pfrhwht (86,=:
%) yhke gfkyhthbhk jhsdidths yhke cfrhmh md
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> 40,53 %
3 \fmhke 5 5,33 %
< Burhke 3 3,0: %
]athi 45 800 %\ugcfr? Mhth Prdgfr
Cfrmhshrbhk thcfi md hths mhpht mdbfthnud
chnwh sfchedhk cfshr gatdvhsd pfrhwht
hmhihn chdb yhke mdtukoubbhk hmh >> pfrhwht
(40,53 %). Gatdvhsd bhtfeard sfmhke hmh 5
pfrhwht (5,33 %), sfmhkebhk gatdvhsd
bhtfeard burhke hmh 3 pfrhwht (3,0: %).
6 800 % 0 0 %
Shth-rhth < 3:,45%
\ugcfr? Mhth Prdgfr
Mhrd thcfi md hths mhpht mdidnht chnwh nhsdi
pfkebhodhk yhke mdihbshkhbhk hmh 8< (44,64 %),
fvhiuhsd bfpfrhwhthk hmh 84= (800 %) mhk
lhththk bfpfrhwhthk =>6 (800 %).
=. Mdstrdcusd Bfifkebhphk Mabugfkthsd
Hsunhk Bfpfrhwhthk
]hcfi 5.Mdstrdcusd Bfifkebhphk
Mabugfkthsd Hsunhk Bfpfrhwhthkmd
Suhke H, C, M, F, J, E, DLV, DLLV mhk
ZDP Sughn \hbdt Mr. Mards \yivhkusPhihkebhrhyh Cuihk \fptfgcfr 3080
Ka
Mabugfkthsd
Hsunhk
Bfpfrhwhthk
Jrfbufksd Prasfkthsf
8 Chdb :5 :4,05 %
3 Lubup
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.Ehgchrhk Bfifkebhphk Pfkmabugfkthsdhk Gfkurut Bhrhbtfrdstdb Sfspakmfk md
Suhke md Suhke H, C, M, F, J, E, DLV, DLLV mhk ZDP Sughn \hbdt Mr. Mards \yivhkus
Phihkebhrhyh Cuihk \fptfgcfr 3080
Ka Bhrhbtfrdstdb Sfspakmfk
Bfifkebhphk Pfkmabugfkthsdhk
]athi PrasfkthsfChdb Lubup Burhke ]dmhb
Hmh8 Ofkds Bfihgdk?
Ihbd-ihbd
Pfrfgpuhk
6 (6,86 %)
:3 (: %)
83 (83,,>: %
< Vgur?
(8>,6: %)
0
54 (>8,== %)
-
-
-
-
0
45
0
800 %
6 Pfkmdmdbhk, Pfihtdnhk,
Ghkhofgfk, \hrhkh mhk Uhbtu?
Chdb
\fmhke
Burhke
(>,36 %)
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
>3
86
0
>=,6= %
86,:= %
0
: Gatdvhsd?
Chdb
\fmhke
Burhke
6< (6=,:= %)
8 (8,0< %)0
53
40,53 %
5,33 %3,0: %
Mhrd thcfi md hths khgphb chnwh pfrhwht
yhke gfihbubhk pfkmabugfkthsdhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk mfkehk chdb hmhihn cfrofkds
bfihgdk pfrfgpuhk yhdtu hmh :3 rfspakmfk
(: chnwh pfkmabugfkthsdhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk ifcdn ifkebhp pfrfgpuhk
mhrdphmh ihbd-ihbd.
Mhrd thcfi md hths khgphb chnwh pfrhwht
yhke gfihbubhk pfkmabugfkthsdhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk mfkehk chdb hmhihn cfrofkds
bfihgdk pfrfgpuhk yhdtu hmh :3 rfspakmfk
(: chnwh pfkmabugfkthsdhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk ifcdn ifkebhp pfrfgpuhk
mhrdphmh ihbd-ihbd.
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5,:< %).
3.
Bhrhbtfrdstdb rfspakmfk gfkurut ihgh
bfroh, hmh 6< rfspakmfk ( 6=,:=%)
mfkehk ihgh bfroh burhke mhrd 6
thnuk, 3> rfspakmfk (3>,>: %) mfkehk
ihgh bfroh ifcdn mhrd 80 thnuk mhk 8:
rfspakmfk (8:,60 %) mfkehk ihgh
bfroh 680 thnuk.
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=,6= %).
:. \fchedhk cfshr gatdvhsd pfrhwht
hmhihn chdb yhke mdtukoubbhk hmh >>
pfrhwht (40,53 %).
5. Bfifkebhphk mabugfkthsd hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk mhrd pfkebhodhk,
mdhekash, pfrfklhkhhk, pfihbshkhhk,
fvhiuhsd mhk lhththk bfpfrhwhthk
yhdtu cfrbhtfeard chdb hmh :5 rfbhg
gfmdb bidfk (:4,05 %).
C. \hrhk
Mhrd pfkfidtdhk yhke pfkfidtd ihbubhk,
uktub pfkefgchkehk bfpfrhwhthk hmh
cfcfrhph nhi yhke mhpht pfkfidtd shrhkbhk
ched?
8. Sughn \hbdt Mr. Mards \yivhkus
bnususkyh cdmhke bfpfrhwhthk hehr
gfkehmhbhk supfrvdsd bfedhthk
pfkmabugfkthsdhk sflhrh rutdk
ghupuk pfrdamdb mhk pfihtdnhk ched
pfrhwht hths pfkmabugfkthsdhk yhke
chdb sfsuhd mfkehk threft rughn shbdt.
3.
Ched digu bfpfrhwhthk, pfriu
gamdjdbhsd jarght-jarght
pfkmabugfkthsdhk sfmfgdbdhk ruph
sfndkeeh gfgpfrgumhn mhk
gfkenfght whbtu mhihg
pfkmabugfkthsdhk hsunhk
bfpfrhwhthk.
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tn fm. Pndihmfipndh? Idppdklatt2
3000
:.
Hrdbukta \. Ghkhofgfk Pfkfidtdhk.
Ohbhrth? P]. Sdkfbf Ldpth2 844>
5. Vthgd D. Jhbtar-jhbtar Thke
Gfgpfkehrund Pfihbshkhhk
Pfkmabugfkthsdhk Hsunhk Bfpfrhwhthk
md ruhke Pfrhwhthk mfkehk Kdihd
Pfkfrhphk \HB Sfkmhn Drkh D S\VP Mr.
\hrmodta Taeyhbhrth. Taeyhbhrth? P\DBJB-VEG2 3003
>. Dyfr PU, ]hptdln CO, Cfralnd-Iasfy M.
Kursdke Pralfss hkm Kursdke Mdhekasds.
Pndihmfipndh ? U. C. \hukmfrs Lagphky2
844:
4. Mfphrtfgfk Bfsfnhthk SD. Dkstrugfk
Fvhiuhsd Pfkfrhphk Fstkmhr Hsbfp md
S\. Ohbhrth2 8445
80. Hmdtyhwhrghk. Nucukehk Gatdvhsd mhk
Pfkefthnuhk Pfrhwht mfkehk Gutu
Mabugfkthsd Bfpfrhwhthk md S\V PBV
Gunhgghmdyhn. Taeyhbhrth? P\DB
VGT2 3003
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=0
Jhbtar Mftfrgdkhk Ndpfrtfksd md Bhsakehk, Bhcuphtfk Bhtdkehk,
Bhidghkthk ]fkehn
Nypfrtfksdak Mftfrgdkhkt dk Bhsakehk, Bhtdkehk Mdstrdl,Lfktrhi Bhidghkthk
\hktny B. \hgufi, Zdssdh Mdmdk, Hdmh
Ourushk Bfpfrhwhthk Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Phihkebh Shyh
HcstrhltNypfrtfksdak ds hk dgparthkt rdsb jhltar jar lhrmdavhsluihr hkm lfrfcravhsluihr mdsfhsf. ]nf
prfvhifklf aj nypfrtfksdak dk Dkmakfsdh tfkms ta dklrfhsf, sa dt snauim cf hktdldphtfm hs fhriy
hs passdcif. Chsfm ak Sdsbfsmhs 3005 survfy jaukm tnht tnf prfvhifklf aj nypfrtfksdak dk
Lfktrhi Bhidghkthk Pravdklf ds kugcfr >. ]nf prfvhifklf aj nypfrtfksdak dk Lfktrhi
Bhidghkthk fxlffm tnf khtdakhi hvfrhef aj garf tnhk ), DD (844
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=8
phmh thnuk 8444 gfkfthpbhk lut ajj padkt
ndpfrtfksd 8=0/40 ggNe
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=3
baksugsd mhedke gfifcdnd < bhid sfgdkeeu
mhk baksugsd tfiar gfihiud < bhid
sfgdkeeu. Mhrd bhrhbtfrdstdb rfspakmfk
tfrsfcut mdmhphtbhk =6,4% rfspakmfk
gfkebaksugsd tdkeed ifghb mhk 6=,0 %
rfspakmfk tfihn gfihbubhk mdft rfkmhnifghb. Hbtdjdths jdsdb mhk aihn rheh
rfspakmfk mdubur mfkehk gfidnht bfedhthk
aihn rheh yhke mdihbubhk rfspakmfk mhihg
shtu gdkeeu sfrth bfedhthk jdsdb sfmhke
shgphd cfrht, rhth-rhth mdihbubhk sfihgh
30 gfkdt sftdhp hbtdjdths. Mhrd nhsdi
pfkfidtdhk dkd mdmhphtbhk chnwh ::.8 %
rfspakmfk tfihn gfihbubhk hbtdjdths jdsdb
hbtdj, sfmhkebhk -< phmh 46 % LD
0,456- 8,>35. Sfspakmfk yhke tdmhb
cfraihn rheh hthu burhke gfihbubhk
hbtdjdths jdsdb oueh tdmhb gfgpukyhdnucukehk yhke cfrghbkh mfkehk bfohmdhk
ndpfrtfksd p 7 =,88= mfkehk 46 % LD 0,435. Sfspakmfk yhke acfsdths
gfgpukyhd rdsdb0gfkmfrdth ndpfrtfksd
sfcfshr 3,3< bhid mdchkmdke rfsphkmfk
yhke tdmhb acfsdths kdihd p
70,000 ( 46 % Li 8,:0< - bhid uktub
gfkmfrdth ndpfrtfksd mdschkmdke rfspakmfk
yhke tdmhb strfss p 7 0,000 ( 46 % Li, i,
4 - 3,>
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=4 ,> 6 800
Ougihn 8
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=6
]hcfi =: 8 0.000
BfiQugur
(66-64 tnk)
8.>4 =0.68= 8 0.000 :.3>> = 0..03 8=.856 8 0.000 8.4>= 8.4 3.>0= 0.8:4 33.6=> 8 0.000 3.3 %. \fchehdghkh yhke tfihn
mdofihsbhk mhihg ththihbshkh ndpfrtfksd,
chnwh tfrmhpht muh ghlhg mhihg
ththihbshkh pfkmfrdth ndpfrtfksd yhbkd
gfihiud gamdjdbhsd ehyh ndmup mhk gfihiud
pfgcfrdhk acht hktd ndpfrtfksd Pfkmfrdth
phmh jhsf ndpfrtfksd rdkehk mhpht
mddktfrvfksd gfihiud gamdjdbhsd ehyhndmup=. Gfidnht prfvhifksd tfrcfshr md
Bfiurhnhk Bhsakehk Ihgh mhk Chru
hmhihn pfkmfrdth mfkehk ndpfrtfksd rdkehk,
ghbh prdardths uthgh dktfrvfksd hbhk ifcdn
tfpht hphcdih mdtuoubhk bfphmh uphyh
gamdjdbhsd ehyh ndmup.
Baksugsd Dbhk Hsdk, Uhmd, mhk
]fgpuyhb mhk Nucukehkkyh mfkehk
NdpfrtfksdPhmh pfkfidtdhk dkd mhpht mdcubtdbhk
nucukehk hkthrh dbhk hsdk, whmd, mhktfgpuyhb mfkehk bfohmdhk ndpfrtfksd. Nhi
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=:
dkd gukebdk shoh mdsfchcbhk bhrfkh
bfcdhshhk ghbhk ghsyhrhbht hmhihn
baksugsd dbhk hsdk, whmd, mhk tfgpuyhb.
Bfcdhshhk ghsyhrhbht md shkh yhke
gfkyhkyhkebhk ghbhkhk uktub mdcuhke
sfndkeeh ghbhkhk yhke tdmhb tfrghbhkmdaihn mfkehk lhrh mdhwftbhk. Ghbhkhk
yhke mdhwftbhk tfrsfcut yhdtu dbhk hsdk,
whmd, mhk tfgpuyhb. Uhmd gfruphbhk
ghbhkhk yhke mdaihn ihed yhke cfrhshi
mhrd dbhk mhk mhedke. \fmhkebhk tfgpuyhb
hmhihn ghbhkhk yhke cfrchnhk mhshr
murdhk yhke mdjfrgfkthsd. Pfkeuburhk
bfcdhshhk ghbhk dkd hmhihn mfkehk lhrh
gfkhkyhbhk bfcdhshhk ghbhk rfspakmfk
sfihgh sfgdkeeu tfrhbndr.Mdft ndstarymhk
jaam jrfqufkly tfruthgh mdphbhd uktubpfkeuburhk baksugsd ghbhk sfsfarhke
sflhrh buhidthtdj. Pfkfidtdhk fpdmfgdaiaeds
cdhshkyh gfghbhd sflhrh dkd mfkehk
tuouhk gfidnht nucukehk baksugsd
ghbhkhk mhihg ohkebh whbtu ihgh mfkehk
bfohmdhk pfkyhbdt. Nhi dkd mdmhshrbhk phmh
ndpatfsh chnwh ougihn baksugsd ghbhkhk
phmh ghsh ihiu cdih mdbhdtbhk mfkehk
rfsdba shbdt ifcdn pfktdke mhrd hph yhke
mdghbhk shht dkd6 lhrh dkd shht dkd ohrhke
mdphbhd. Pfkeuburhk baksugsd ghbhkhk
sfsfarhke tdmhbihn gumhn, khguk hmh =
gftamh yhke mhpht mdphbhd mhihg
gfkfktubhk mdft pfrarhkehk yhdtu rflhii
3= ohg, rflarm
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=5
kdihd p 7 0,000 mhk LD 46% 8,:=< -
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=>
sfcfshr 3. Bhrfkh
ghsdn rfkmhnkyh prasfkthsf ghsyhrhbht
yhke gfkohihkd pfkeachthk ndpfrtfksd
sflhrh tfrhtur, ghbh pfriu mdihbubhk
pfkfidtdhk tfkthke nhi tfrsfcut. Bftfrhturhk
cfracht hbhk cfrmhgphb mhihg
gfkurukbhk hbdcht yhke ifcdn ihkout mhrd
ndpfrtfksd sfpfrtd bflhlhthk mhk bfghtdhk
hbdcht strabf mhk ohktuke barakfr
Mhjthr Pusthbh
8. \fmyhkdkesdn, Fkmhke 3080,
Ndpfrtfksd Pfkyfchc Bfghtdhk kagar]deh, mdshgphdbhk phmh ]nf =tn
\ldfktdjdl Gfftdke ak Nypfrtfksdak,md
Ohbhrth 8< Jfcruhrd 3080.
3. LML 3003, \thtf \pfsdjdl Garthidty
jrag \trabf hkm Mdstrdcutdak aj Pihlf
aj Mfhtn Vkdtfm \thtfs, 8444,
GGUS, 68 (30)? =34.
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=4
Dkmakfsdh, mdshgphdbhk phmh sfgdkhr
Ndpfrtfksd PFSBD.
=. Ghksour H. ft hi. 8444, Bhpdth \fifbth
Bfmabtfrhk, Ohbhrth.
6.
Ohihi, J.Gundihd mhk Nhrmdhksyhn844>, Hkebh Bflubuphk Edzd yhke
mdhkourbhk. Mhihg? Udmyhbhryh
Phkehk mhk Edzd ZD, 844>, Puspdtfb.
:. Bhpihk K.G. 300:, Lidkdlhi
Nypfrtfksdak, 4tnfmdtdak, Idppdklatt.
5. Ihrhen, Oank N. Hkm Crfkkfr Chrry
G. 8444, Nypfrtfksdak,
Pnhtajdsaiaey,Praekasds hkm
Ghkhefgfkt, Zaiugf Akf, Shvfk
Prfss.
>.
Ghrhkna 300>, \htu ArhkeBfefgubhk tfrhklhg \trabf mhk
Pfkyhbdt Ohktuke, Gfmdh Dkmakfsdh
RakidkfW, mdukmun mhrd
nttp?//www.acfsdths.wfc.dm, mdhbsfs
thkeehi > oukd 300>.
4. Crataprhwdra 8444, Prfvhifksd
Ndpfrtfksd phmh Bhryhwhk \hihn \htu
CVGK yhke Gfkohihkd Pfgfrdbshhk
Bfsfnhthk, Bfiagpab Bfroh \frcra
Zhsbuihr JB Vkphm/S\N\,
mdshgphdbhk phmh sfgdkhr ndpfrtfksdPFSBD.
80.Chsubd C mhk \ftdhkta, C, 3000, Hef
Camy Pasturf, Mhyid Uarbdke Iahm,
Phst Hktdnypfrtfksdvf mrues hkm Sdsb
aj Nypfrtfksdak? H Surhi Dkmakfsdh
\tumy.
88.
Gulnthr mhk Jfkdmh 844>, Jhbtar-
Jhbtar yhke Cfrnucukehk mfkehk
Nypfrtfksd ]dmhb ]frbfkmhid phmh
Pfkmfrdth Ndpfrtfksd Sdkehk mhK
\fmhke yhke Cfracht md Paid EdkohiNdpfrtfksd.
83.Bhpihk K.G. 300:, Lidkdlhi
Nypfrtfksdak, 4tnfmdtdak, Idppdklatt.
http://www.obesitas.web.id/http://www.obesitas.web.id/http://www.obesitas.web.id/ -
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]dkohuhk Bhsus Pfkyhbdt Chbdnds md Mfsh ]ugchke Bfohgfd mhk
Mfsh Bdnhg Chthke, Bhcuphtfk Bhtdkehk
H Lhsf \tumy ak Chbdnds Mdsfhsfs dk ]ugchke Bfohgfd Zdiihef hkm
Bdnhg Chthke Zdiihef, Bhtdkehk Mdstrdl
Zdssdh Mdmdk, Ghrsfidkus Nfrdtfiukh, Khthihksyhn
Ourushk Bfpfrhwhthk Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Phihkebh Shyh
Hcstrhlt
Dtlndke (prurdtus) ds h jffidke tnht hutaghtdlhiiy mfghkms slrhtlndke. \lrhtlndke tnf sbdk ds h
sdek aj h sbdk mdsfhsf lhusfm cy jukeus. ]nf mhth aj sbdk mdsfhsfs lhusfm cy juked tnht nhvf
cffk rfpartfm cy tnf fmulhtdak lfktfr dk Dkmakfsdh sthtfm tnht tnf dkldmfklf aj jukehi sbdk
mdsfhsf ds tnf dkldmfkt kugcfr tnrff aj hii lhsfs aj sbdk mdsfhsf hjtfr dkjfltdak cy chltfrdhi
mdsfhsfs hkm sbdk mdsfhsfs muf ta hiifrey. Mfrghtapnytasds ds hk dkjfltdak aj tnf sbdk lhusfm
cy mfrghtapnytfs juked dk tdssufs tnht lakthdk bfrhtdk (sbdk, nhdr, khdis). Sfpartfm cy Mdstrdlt
Nfhitn Bhtdkehk tnht tnfrf ds dtlndke dk tnf sbdk mdsfhsf bkawk cy tnf pfapif dk tnf vdiihef
Chbdnds ]ugchke \hkhghke Bhtdkehk. ]nf lhsfs rflarmfm dk tnf ialhi nfhitn lfktfr murdke
3004, khgfiy? ]ugchke \hkhghke Zdiihef tnfrf hrf 8: lhsfs, 3 lhsfs dk Buiubshphked
Zdiihef, < lhsfs dk Zdiihef Shkthu Chnhd, 6 lhsfs dk Zdiihef Mfnfs Hsfg, 3 lhsfs dk Buhd
]ugchke Zdiihef, 6 lhsfs dk Zdiihef Shkthu Pubh, 8 lhsf dk Zdiihef Shkehk Bhwdt, 3 lhsfs dk
Zdiihef Bdihg Chthke, 8 lhsf dk Dof ]ugchke Zdiihef, hkm 3 lhsfs dk ]ugchke Ihchkdke
Zdiihef. ]nf purpasf aj tnds stumy ds whkt ta bkaw tnf mdhekasds aj mdsfhsfs sujjfrfm cy
pfapif dk tnf ]ugchke Bfohgfd Zdiihef hkm Bdnhg Bhnhyhk Zdiihef hkm wnht jhltars lhusftnf sbdk mdsfhsf. Mfsdek usfm dk tnds rfsfhrln ds mfslrdptdvf rfsfhrln. ]nf hkhiysds mhth usdke
quhidthtdvf hkhiysds cy iaabdke jar saurlfs aj rfifvhkt idtfrhturf.
Bfywarms ? Prurdtus, ]dkfh dgcrdbhth, Zdiihef Mdsfhsf
PfkmhnuiuhkEhthi-ehthi (Prurdtus) hmhihn suhtu
pfrhshhk yhke sflhrh ataghtds gfkuktut
pfkeehrubhk. Pfkeehrubhk tfrus gfkfrus
cdsh gfkyfchcbhk bfgfrhnhk mhk earfshk
mhihg phmh buidt. Pfkeehrubhk oueh cdshgfkedrdthsd buidt yhke sfihkoutkyh hbhk
gfkyfchcbhk cfrthgchnkyh rhsh ehthi.
Pfkeehrubhk mhk pfkeeasabhk ohkebh
phkohke cdsh gfkyfchcbhk tfrcfktubkyh
ohrdkehk phrut mhk pfkfchihk buidt.
Pfkeehrubhk phmh buidt dkd gfruphbhk
thkmh hmhkyh pfkyhbdt buidt yhke
mdsfchcbhk bhrfkh ohgur.
Cfrcfmh mhrd pfkyhbdt ihdk, pfkyhbdt buidt
mhpht mdidnht ihkesuke mfkehk ghth
pfgfrdbsh. Mhth-mhth pfkyhbdt buidt hbdchtohgur yhke pfrkhn mdihparbhk aifn pusht
pfkmdmdbhk md Dkmakfsdh gfkyhthbhk
chnwh dksdmfk pfkyhbdt ohgur buidt
gfruphbhk dksdmfk kagar tdeh mhrd sfiurun
bhsus pfkyhbdt buidt sftfihn pfkyhbdt
dkjfbsd aifn chbtfrd mhk pfkyhbdt buidt
bhrfkh hifred. Md Ohbhrth eaiakehkpfkyhbdt buidt bhrfkh dkjfbsd aifn ohgur
sfihiu gfkfgphtd uruthk bfmuh sftfihn
mfrghtdtds. Md mhfrhn ihdk sfpfrtd Phmhke,
Chkmuke, \fgfrhke, \urhchyh, mhk
Gfkhma, bfmhhkkyh burhke ifcdn shgh,
yhbkd gfkfgphtd uruthk bf-3 shgphd bf-=
tfrchkyhb mdchkmdkebhk eaiakehk pfkyhbdt
ihdkkyh. Ehgchrhk pfkyhbdt buidt bhrfkh
ohgur buidt dkd shkeht suidt mdcfmhbhk
mfkehk pfkyhbdt buidt yhke mdsfchcbhk
bhrfkh chbtfrd ghupuk bhrfkh sfchc ihdk8.
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Mfrghtajdtasds gfruphbhk dkjfbsd phmh
buidt yhke mdsfchcbhk aifn ohgur
mfrghtajdth phmh ohrdkehk yhke
gfkehkmuke bfrhtdk (buidt, rhgcut, bubu).
Eaiakehk ohgur yhke mhpht gfklfrkh
bfrhtdk mfkehk fkzdg bfrhtdkhsf yhdtu]rdlnapnytak, sp2 Gdlrasparug, sp2
Fpdmfrgapnytak, sp. Pfriu mdehrds chwhnd
chnwh fstdghsd pfkyhbdt buidt cdsh cdhs.
Fstdghsd pfkyhbdt buidt tfrsfcut mhpht ifcdn
mhrd yhke mdpfrbdrhbhk hthu mdchwhn mhrd
yhke mdpfrbdrhbhk3. Ghshihn ihdk phmh
pfkyhbdt buidt hmhihn ghsyhrhbht tdmhb
gfklhrd pfkeachthk sfefrh. Nhi dkd
mdsfchcbhk bhrfkh ofkds pfkyhbdt, sasdhi
fbakagd, mhk bfcfrhmhhk shrhk bfsfnhthk.
Pfkmfrdth pfkyhbdt buidt tdmhb gfklhrdpfkeachthk sfefrh bhrfkh gfrfbh tdmhb
thnu chnwh mdrdkyh tfrbfkh dkjfbsd ohgur.
Cfrcfmh mfkehk pfkyhbdt ihdk, pfkyhbdt
buidt gfgdidbd garcdmdths yhke tdkeed
khguk garthidths rfkmhn mhk
gfgpfkehrund buhidths ndmup. Ougihn
bukoukehk bf rughn shbdt mhk pusbfsghs
ifcdn chkyhb mhrdphmh ougihn yhke
mdrhwht dkhp md rughn shbdt0-40% mfkehk sunu 80-
=30L =.
Phmh pfkfidtdhk dkd mdlhrd pfkmfrdth yhke
gfkmfrdth pfkyhbdt chbdnds bfgumdhkgfihbubhk acsfrvhsd mhk whwhklhrh
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bfphmh pfkmfrdth sfihgh < nhrd. Mdihbubhk
puih pfkehghthk mhk whwhklhrh tfrnhmhp
ghsyhrhbht yhke tdmhb gfkmfrdth chbdnds.
Pfkmfrdth pfkyhbdt chbdnds sfchedhk
cfshr tfihn gfkmfrdth pfkyhbdt dkd
sfcfiugkyh. Mdhkthrh yhke pfrkhn shbdt>0% pfrkhn cfracht mhk mdhkthrh yhke
cfracht sfgcun sfguh, tfthpd phmh shht dkd
tfrdkjfbsd bfgchid hthu bhgcun. Nhi dkd
gukebdk mdbhrfkhbhk pfkmfrdth nhkyh
mdachtd mfkehk erdsfajuivdk thcift mhihg
ohkebh pfkmfb, gfkedkeht acht dkd md
pfmfshhk ghsdn mdrhshbhk lubup ghnhi.
Pfrsfpsd pfkmfrdth gfkefkhd pfkyhbdt dkd
tdmhb tfrihiu cfrcmh mfkehk bfiagpab
pfkmumub yhke sfnht, bfluhid mhihg nhi
pfkmhpht chnwh pfkyhbdt dkd cfrchnhyh.Bfiagpab pfkmfrdth lfkmfruke
gfkehthbhk pfkyhbdt buidt dkd tdmhb
cfrchnhyh. Gfkefkhd pfrdihbu ndmup
cfrsdn mhk sfnht sfpfrtd ghkmd mhk ehktd
phbhdhk tdmhb hmh pfrcfmhhk pfkmhpht
hkthrh pfkmfrdth mfkehk cubhk pfkmfrdth
pfkyhbdt chbdnds.
Pfrcfmhhk yhke mhpht mdukebhpbhk mhihg
nhi pfrdihbu sfnhrd-nhrd hmhihn phmh
bfiagpab pfkmfrdth ifcdn chkyhb yhke
ghkmd thkph shcuk. Mhihg nhi bfcfrsdnhk
rughn bfiagpab yhke shbdt ohrhke
gfgcfrsdnbhk ihkthd rughn snfdkeeh
bhghr tdmur mhk bhghr thgu yhke mdgdidbd
ifcdn chkyhb yhke batar.
Bakmdsd idkebukehk rughn, ghsyhrhbht
yhke gfkmfrdth pfkyhbdt chbdnds ifcdn
chkyhb yhke gfgpukyhd rughn thkph
ofkmfih. Odbhihu hmh vfktdihsd yhkegfklubupd gfrfbh lfkmfruke tdmhb
gfgcubh ofkmfih. Mhrd pfkehghthk rughn
phmh pfkmfrdth pfkyhbdt chbdnds sfchedhk
cfshr gfgpukyhd rughn yhke shkeht
sfmfrnhkh (mhrd hthp buidt bhyu) mhk tfrmdrd
mhrd mhtu ruhkehk uktub sfehih bfpfriuhk
(cfbfroh, tdmur, gfghshb, mii).
Mhrd nhsdi cdhbhk bfrabhk buidt pfkmfrdth
chbdnds tfrmftfbsd ohgur bakthgdkhk
(Ehgchr 8). Nhsdi pfgfrdbshhk
ihcarhtardug mhrd Chihd IhcarhtardugBfsfnhthk Phihkebh Shyh yhke cfbfroh
shgh mfkehk ihcarhtardug phtaiaed bidkdb
Vkdvfrsdths Dkmakfsdh tdmhb gfkyhthbhk
sflhrh spfsdjdb hmhkyh ohgur ]dkfh
dgcrdbhth. Nhi dkd gukebdk mdsfchcbhk
ohgur tfrsfcut tfrtutup aifn ohgur
bakthgdkhk yhke mdtfgubhk. Gfkurut,
pftuehs ihcarhtardug VD chnwh ohgur
]dkfh dgcrdbhth rfihtdj subhr uktub
mdcdhbhk. Khguk, mfkehk pfkfguhk ohgur
bakthgdkhk dkd gfkohmd dkmdbhtar chnwh
mhpht mdtfgubhk ohgur ]dkfh dgcrdbhth
(Ehgchr 3).
Ehgchr 8. Ehgchr Pfkehgcdihk \pfsdgfk Ohgur md Buidt
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6 ghbsdgug 86 nhihghk. Khsbhn mdbftdb mfkehk (3) baiag,mdbdrdg rhkebhp muh (3) mdsfrthd mfkehk Mdsbft,LM-Sag hthu Jihsmdsb bf hihght ?
D\\K ? 30>5-4806
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Ourkhi Jarug Bfsfnhthk, Paidtfbkdb Bfsfnhthk Bfgfkbfs Phihkebh Shyh, Vkdt
Pfrpusthbhhk Ohihk Efaref Acas Kagar
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88.Pfkuidshk ruoubhk gfkeeukhbhk Nhrvhrm \tyif mdurut sflhrh hijhcftds sfpfrtd laktan
cfrdbut dkd2
Cubu ?Erffk, \.C.& \hibdkm, K.O. 300=. Vsdke \P\\ jar Udkmaws hkm Ghldktasn Hkhiysdke
hkm Vkmfrsthkmdke Mhth. Jaurtn Fmdtak.Kfw Ofrsfy? Prfktdlf Nhii
Cubu Bugpuihk Hrtdbfi ?Kdlai,G.& Eifk,\. (Fms.). 8444. Lidkdlhi \bdiis dk Kursdke? ]nf rfturk aj tnf prhltdlhi
raag1
Iakmak? GlGdiih Prfss I]M
Htdbfi mhihg Cubu Bugpuihk hrtdbfi ?
Sdmfaut, F.& Lhrpda,C.3008. ]nf Pracifg-Chsfm Ifhrkdke Gamfi aj Kursdke
Fmulhtdak. Dk C.Sdmfaut (Fms.)]rhksjargdke Kursdke Fmulhtdak ]nrauen Pracifg-
Chsfm Ifhrkdke.(p.38-=4). ]arakta? Oakfs hkm Chrtiift Pucidsnfr.
Hrdfi mhihg Ourkhi hthu Ghohihn ?Nushdkd, T.B.300:. Pfrdihbu Gfgcfrd Ghbhk Vktub Gfkdkebhtbhk ]ugcun
Bfgchke Hkhb.
Edzd Dkmakfsdh, 34 (8)? 6>-:=
Hrtdbfi Mhihg Barhk ?\ukhrty, \.