EVROPAEVMReview

Volume 5, Issue 2 - Spring 2003

TRANS-ATLANTICFALLOUT

David Marquandon the Iraq crisis

Tim Garton Ash onthe Turkish Question

Chris Patten onEuropean security

Tomas Halik on thegood university

Ben Okri ongood students

Bologna

The Europaeum Review is a biannual publicationEdited by Paul Flather

Front cover by Michelle Lowings

Designed by Paul Flather

Typeset by Michelle Lowings

Printed by Joshua Horgan Print Partnership, Oxford

! promote excellence in research and teaching collaborationbetween the Europaeum partners;

! act as an open academic network, linking the Europaeumpartners and other universities and bodies in the pursuit ofstudy;

! serve as a resource for the general support and promotion ofEuropean studies;

! function independently in the search for new ideas;

! provide opportunities for the joint pursuit of new pan-Europeaninitiatives;

! serve as a high level �think-tank� exploring new ideas and newroles for universities in the new Learning Age;

! provide a �pool of talent� to carry out research and inquiry intoproblems and questions confronting Europe today andtomorrow;

! help train and educate future leaders of a new Europe.

The Europaeum was founded in 1992 as an associationof European universities, with a mission to:

Genéve

Oxford

Leiden

Bonn

Paris

Prague

Madrid

Je vois avec plaisir qu�il se forme dans l�Europeune république immense d�esprits cultivés.

La lumière se communique de tous les côtés.Voltaire

In a letter to Prince Dmittri Alekseevich Golitsyn14 August 1967

For full information see: www.europaeum.org

EVROPAEVM MissionThe

36

Why would a PhD student based in

Geneva working on issues related to

the World Trade Organisation and

human rights values want to come to Oxford?

After all, most of the international organisations

focused on the fields of trade, labour rights and

human rights are based in Geneva and the experts

working in those organisations and their

documentation can be accessed more easily there.

My decision was influenced by two

advantages that Oxford offered: to my knowledge,

it is the only University that offers a seminar on

environment conducive to concentration. Secondly

a year. I have not regretted my decision.

carry out a substantial part of my research.

environment.

fruitful discussions.

Gill during the T

Vaughan Lowe.

my research.

rights on 11 and 12

Geneva and Bern (see page 31).

seminar rooms and papers.

most modern facilities that of

wonderful bookshops or having cof

Labouring

CARLOS LOPEZ-HURTADO spent a fruitfulyear in Oxford under the Europaeum’ s

Oxford-Geneva bursary scheme. Here herecollects his year.

News

1

From the editorContentsNews and Research

Still generating the Geneve internationale 2

Delors and Prodi back intellectual engagement 4

New joint courses will offer a deeper sense of Europe 5

Universities must produce trusted data 6

Widening the net in teaching 9

In memoriam: Roy Jenkins (1920 - 2003) 18

Meeting the Other: here and there 19

Science and technology from the European periphery 24

Students debate Africa’s future 32

Monitoring borderless higher education 33

Poetry and travelling in Ancient times 34

Labouring between Oxford and Geneva 36

Essays and Viewpoints

What are our universities for? 8

Ben Okri

Can the university withstand the global

culture of pluralism? 10

Tomáš Halik

American hegemony and the war against Saddam 12

David Marquand

In search of a European foreign and security policy 16

Chris Patten

Where on earth will Europe end? 22

Tim Garton Ash

News-in-Brief 26 - 31

Madrid joins Europaeum; Aznar visits Oxford;

New Chairs promote mobility; Umberto Eco translates ideas;

New Policy Studies Centre at Leiden;

New publication captures Essentials;

Students Build Bridges in Cyprus; Oxford Centre for Political Ideologies

Narrating Modern Jewish History; Putin’s window on the West

Preparing an anti-corruption policy;

Prague remembers Oxford’s support; Opening doors to global talent;

Protecting global labour rights; Reinterpreting Central Europe.

Contacts inside back cover

Diary back cover

The war on Saddam broke out just as we were

finalising the contents for this issue of the

Review. Europaeum scholars have plenty

to say – and one European view is put brilliantly in

David Marquand’s essay here, in which he argues

that the US is out to fashion the world in its own

image – using different tactics and methods, but in

so many ways, following the ambitions of the mighty

British Empire. Failure, he suggests, is the Bushite

nightmare.

Tim Garton Ash raises the Islamic question in

an article on where Europe ends, which chimes with

our fascinating report on an international research

workshop on Meeting the Other. We also reprint an

important speech from Chris Patten, just elected

Chancellor of Oxford University in succession to Roy

Jenkins, in which he argues for a common European

foreign policy – to counteract the many foreign

policies Europe currently has! Lord Jenkins, friend

of the Europaeum, is of course, already much missed

and we remember him (see page 18).

The Europaeum exists to “unite eminent

university academics and researchers from our

European universities”, in Jacques Delors’ words

of salute to us, “for meaninful exchanges that weave

the rich tapestry of intellectual Europe.” We recall

our linking with three EC Presidents (see page 4).

In this issue we also focus on a number of student

activities, including our student bursary scheme

which brough Carlos Lopez-Hurtado to Oxford;

students in debate on crisis prevention in Africa; and

Classics graduates discussing ancient travel and

poetry.. We also look forward to exciting joint

teaching initiatives for tomorrow’s students.

Finally, we report on the second of our three-

stage inquiry into the Future of European

Universities held at Paris last year, with powerful

statements from Ben Okri, poet and writer, and Tomas

Halik, former dissident and now, rightfully, professor

of sociology at Charles University, about what the

heart and soul of universities should be all about.

Paul Flather

2

Still generating theNews

The Graduate Institute (known by its Geneva

abbreviation of HEI – Hautes Études Internationales) was founded in 1927. The moving spirits behind its creation were William

Rappard, afriend ofW o o d r o wWilson, andPaul Mantoux,a friend ofLloyd Georgeand ofClemenceau –both scholar-d i p l o m a t s .They workedside by side and

in friendship as senior officials in the secretariat at the firstheadquarters of the League of Nations in the building, later(and still) known as the Palais Wilson. Their shared vision, atthe peak of faith in internationalism associated with the League,was for a graduate school to help prepare statesmen andsecretariat staff by studying, in complete impartiality, the newand distinct subject of international relations.

Rappard was influential in convincing President Wilsonto locate the League in Geneva. Indeed, the current site of theInstitute in the Parc Barton on the shore of Lake of Geneva,was one of the first sites considered for the organization’sheadquarters. The original mandate of the Institute highlightedthe aim of working closely with the League and the ILO (itsprecursor in Geneva) in a cooperative exchange through whichHEI would prepare staff and delegates, while theintergovernmental organizations would provide intellectualresources and diplomatic expertise as guest lecturers. TheInstitute continues to pride itself on being an intellectualcatalyst, and a magnet, for what is known as “ Geneve

The Graduate Institute of International Studiescelebrated its 75th Anniversary last year. Friends

from the Europaeum supported the festivities.DANNY WARNER and NORMAN SCOTT

delve into its history.

international “.The professors chosen to teach at the Institute constituted

a galaxy of brilliant academic merit. As Rappard himself wasto observe, ironically, the two men to whom the Institute oweda debt for so happy a selection were Mussolini and Hitler! From1928 onwards, the faculty consisting of co-directors ProfessorsMantoux and Rappard, and two local teachers was reinforcedby the arrival of eminent newcomers from abroad -Hans Wehberg and Georges Scelle for law, Maurice Bourquinfor diplomatic history, and Pitman B. Potter for politicalscience; and the rising young Swiss jurist, Paul Guggenheim.

These outstanding scholars were soon joined by otherheavyweights, notably Hans Kelsen, the towering theorist andphilosopher of law, Guglielmo Ferrero, the polymath Italianhistorian, and Carl Burckhardt, scholar and diplomat. Laterarrivals, also seeking refuge from the dictatorships, includedthe apostle of the free market economy, Ludwig von Mises,and another economist, Wilhelm Ropke, who wielded muchinfluence over German postwar liberal economic policy andthe development of the theory of a social market system.

Around the constellation of permanent professors orbiteda galaxy of visiting professors teaching for a semester or two,or giving cours temporaires. The list of their names reads likean Almanac de Gotha of prominent intellectuals of the 1930s.Between 1928 and 1957, in addition to the 40 professors whohad taught for a minimum of one semester, over 260 lecturersfrom Switzerland or abroad, contributed through their week-long cours temporaires to enriching considerably thecurriculum of the Institute.

In a sense the cours temporaires were the intellectualshowcase of the Institute, attracting such names as RaymondAron, René Cassin, Luigi Einaudi, John Kenneth Galbraith,G. P. Gooch, Gottfried Haberler, Friedrich A. von Hayek,Hersch Lauterpacht, Lord McNair, Gunnar Myrdal, HaroldNicolson, Philip Noel Baker, Pierre Renouvin, Lionel Robbins,Jean de Salis, Count Sforza, Jacob Viner, and the MontaguBurton Professor of International Relations at Oxford, SirAlfred Zimmern.

The last-named deserves separate mention for his ownpioneering role in the systematic study and teaching ofinternational relations. As early as 1924, while serving on thestaff of the International Council for Intellectual Cooperation

From Left: the original park and Villa Lammermoor; the 1955 HEI Council; a lake view, 1942; the American delegation at the1932 Disarmament conference; William Rappard and Paul Mantoux, founders of the HEI.

Villa Barton - home of the HEI

35

evening,mightily

Ashmoleanat first handitems from

, wherePraxiteles

this andCaesarit was

papersof

traveller’s

(Colleges Faculty

Pitcher

Oxford

the heart of Rome.

News

pathsstudies,

art andeach of these

“Next year we particularly wish toexplore the differing scholarly traditionsand approaches of the participatinguniversities”, explained ProfessorParsons. “We may be able to exploit,

formally or informally, reflections on theassumptions which different membershave brought to the topics discussed inthe first two years’ gatherings.”

The Classicists want to conceivethese colloquia as some sort of unity, butone which broaches an important newaspect each year.

The third event could be based onceagain in Oxford - unless anotherEuropaeum partner institution wishes tohost it?

The A-Z for Romans?

34

PThe Europaeum has forged a

vibrant partnership with

Classicists who now plan an

annual European-wide

graduate colloquium.

PAUL FLATHER reports.

The Ancient Romans were, of

course, great travellers. But how

did it all work without

lastminute.com?

On a chilly November weekend in

2001, graduate students from the

universities of Leiden, Prague, Bologna,

Bonn, Geneva and Oxford, gathered for

what effectively became a three-day

festival incorporating tours, informal

meetings, seminars, and an all-day

colloquium on travel and tourism in

ancient times.

The weekend fortuitously combined

the one-day graduate colloquium on the

theme of Travellers and Travelling,

described in more detail below, with a

meeting of the venerable Oxford

Philological Society, the autumn party of

Classical Languages and Literature sub-

faculty, plus a regular gathering of the

Work-in-Progress seminar, when Oxford

graduates can deliver papers unfettered

by the attendance of dons.

As Professor Christopher Pelling,

Director of Graduate Services, Classical

Languages and Literature, and Fellow of

University College, recalls: “The

graduate students, both home and

visiting, gained a great deal of benefit

late this year.

Europ

News

Julius Caesar - often on the road.

3

News

Genéve internationale

in Paris, he began organising summer schools in international

affairs under the auspices of the University of Geneva – the

“Zimmern schools” as they were known. That initiative was

taken in parallel with the early planning for the launch of the

Graduate Institute and the experience acquired by the former

helped to shape the latter. Zimmern retained friendly

connections with the Geneva institute when he moved to

Oxford to take up the first specialized chair in international

relations at that University. In that special sense, he was a

precursor of the renewed cooperation between the two within

the framework of the Europeum.

HEI takes pride in the fact that, despite its small size (the

faculty never exceeded 25 members before the 1980s), four

of those who have taught for more than one semester (i.e.

excluding guest lecturers for shorter periods) have won Nobel

Prizes for economics – Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich von Hayek,

Maurice Allais, and Robert Mundell.

From 1927 until 1954 HEI obtained most of its funds from

a generous subvention provided by the Rockefeller Foundation.

Since then the Canton of Geneva and the Swiss Federal Council

have borne most of the costs. The change in financial

sponsorship coincided with a change of Directorship in 1955,

when the Lausanne historian Jacques Freymond took over from

William Rappard. Freymond inaugurated a period of rapid

expansion in the range of subjects taught, in the size of the

faculty and in student numbers, which continued after his

retirement in 1978. During that period HEI was host to many

international colloquia dealing with subjects as diverse as

preconditions for east-west negotiations, relations with China

and the rising influence of that country in world affairs,

European integration, techniques and results of politico-socio-

economic forecasting (the famous early Club of Rome reports,

and the Futuribles project led by Bertrand de Jouvenel), the

causes and possible antidotes to terrorism, Pugwash concerns

and many more. Landmark publications of these years included

the celebrated Treatise on international law by Professor Paul

Guggenheim and the path-breaking six-volume compilation of

historical documents relating to the various forms taken by the

Communist International.

Despite many changes over its seven and a half decades,

HEI has remained faithful to its original vocation, and retains

much of its original character. Associated with, but separate

from, the University of Geneva, the Institute is a teaching and

research institution devoted to the graduate-level study of

international relations. Its claim to distinction (in addition to

its role as a pioneer on the continent in specializing in

international relations as a distinct field of study) is by virtue

of its pluri-disciplinary and international character. Four

disciplines - international law, international economics,

international history and politics, and political science - are

taught at the Institute in English or French with the goal of

drawing on cross-disciplinary links to present a broad

understanding of international relations

Located in the heart of International Geneva - within 500

meters of such major organizations as the World Trade

Organization (WTO), the United Nations High Commissioner

for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Committee of the

Red Cross (ICRC), and the United Nations High Commissioner

for Human Rights (UNHCHR) among many others – HEI has

a geographically very diverse teaching staff and student body

that give it a markedly cosmopolitan and intercultural

personality.

To mark its 75th Anniversary, the Institute staged a major

two-day conference on Globalisation and International

Relations in the 21st Century. The United Nations Secretary-

General Kofi Annan, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and a former

student of the Institute, delivered the keynote address. Other

speakers include a Ministers from the Swiss Government and

noted alumni in academia and international organizations. A

film festival dedicated to 75 years of history of international

relations with commentaries from GIIS professors, was also

held, and a special in-house video entitled Memories in Image:

75 Years of Teaching of International Relations as Seen by its

Actors, was shown.

Danny Warner is deputy director of the HEI and serves

as its representative on the Europaeum Management

Committee. Norman Scott is professor of International

Economics and wrote the HEI history.

Studying at the Institute today.

The library, Villa Barton, 1956; a ball at the HEI, 1959.

4

Univer sities ‘are vital’

In his address at Bologna University

on 14 June 2002, Jacques Delors,

former President of the European

Commission, urged people to get

behind universities, and cited the

Europaeum as an example of how

universities can contribute to build

tomorrow’s Europe.

He spoke with passion for the

need for intellectual engagement

today. “This was at the heart of a

generation which fought for

democracy, liberty, and the survival of

its country”, he said. “This is what

motivated individuals who had

become enflamed with the shock of

the new ideologies and visions of the

future. It was my good fortune to be

part of that period.”

“As I see it, influences on society

are changing. So, we should work to

restore the essential role that

universities must play, not only in

teaching and research, but for

producing the values which make up

the noble virtues of our institutions.”

He reminded his audience, drawn

from leading European universities, of

the report which he produced for

UNESCO on education in the 21st

Century, while President of its

International Commission (1993-

1996), entitled Education - The

Treasure Hidden Within, saying:

“In present circumstances, the

university must rediscover its

international and social mission at the

heart of society as one of the

institutions guaranteeing universal

values and cultural heritage.”

“This is therefore an opportunity

for me to salute the Europaeum

initiative, which reunites today

eminent university scholars and

researchers from our Europaeum

partners, for meaningful exchanges

which constitute the web of our

European ideas.”

News

Delors and Prodi backintellectual engagement

The Europaeum has enjoyed

close links with three

distinguished European

Committee Presidents, as

PAUL FLATHER recalls.

O ne of the most memorable of

Europaeum events took place

in the august and hallowed

halls of the Sorbonne, when Jacques

Delors and Norman Lamont were

brought together, head-to-head, to

discuss Europe.

The year was 1997 and the occasion

was the final session of an international

conference on Europe and Money –

heralding the then imminent arrival of

the Euro and the creation of Euroland.

In the left corner was the architect

of European integration, former political

leader of the French labour movement,

who went onto work in leading financial

institutions, the French Governments,

and finally served three terms as the

President of the European Commission.

In the right corner was Lord

(Norman) Lamont, one of Mrs

Thatcher’s new monetarist MPs, former

Chancellor of the Exchequer, forced to

resign when the UK pulled out of the

Euro in 1992, now self-styled saviour of

the UK economy’s rise, and of

independent European nation states.

Both produced compelling

restatements of their positions – the

European integration project that

promoted cooperation and collaboration

and the breaking down of barriers, versus

the need for national sovereignty and

independent economic policies, refereed

by Olivier Duharnel of Le Monde. It was

exactly what the Europaeum is all about,

and the buzz in the room and afterwards

from all those present, confirmed it. A

polite handshake signalled the end, only,

of that verbal contest.

It was thus all the more befitting that

Bologna University chose to honour

Jacques Delors with its Sigillum

Magnum at last year’s Europaeum

Council meeting there. In the words of

Romano Prodi (left) and Jacques Delors

its Rector, Professor PierUgo Cazolari:

“He is a shining example, particularly for

our young people, of how political ideals

are not simply garments to be tried and

cast aside depending on circumstances”

Jacques Delors, in his reply (see

below) to the Rector also saluted the

Europaeum project during that

ceremony, when David Marquand,

professor of Politics at Oxford and a

former chair of the Oxford Europaeum

Group, was also similarly honoured for

his European intellectual contribution.

Today, M. Delors heads the Notre

Dame Foundation, which is working for

the construction of a new society on a

human scale – and now, of course,

operating on European scale.

Roy Jenkins, also a distinguished EC

President (as we remember on page 18)

was in on the foundation of the

Europaeum, and took part in several

Europaeum events, including a

memorable discussion with Romano

Prodi, then merely a humble professor at

Bologna, on what makes great

Europeans.

Professor Prodi was, equally,

honoured by Lord Jenkins with an

honorary degree at Oxford last year for

his statesmanship and commitment to

European ideals – shortly before the

current President went off to the Said

Business School in Oxford to deliver a

keynote speech urging the UK not to

dally about joining the Euro.

Professor Prodi also gave a bravura

performance, taking over the final

session of an important international

conference in Bologna last year,

supported by the Europaeum, on the

Role of Intellectuals in the New Europe,

in which he craved more genuine

intellectuals (several were present, drawn

from across Europe) and fewer experts,

technocrats and managers – which, he

claimed, surrounded him all the time.

‘We need intellectuals who can give

us the whole picture, without bias,

without short-termism, and without

worrying about immediate policy

perspectives,’ he explained.

33

News

TS),

. An on-line

institutions and individuals who have

subscribed to the service, providing a

summary on a specific topic (such as

wireless technology, learning objects),

and indicates where further information

may be found. Additional services

include daily accounts of breaking news,

and consultancy opportunities.

The Observatory has also undertaken

research to improve the evidence base on

international borderless activity, and to

enable institutions to ‘benchmark’ their

position against wider trends. A first

survey was completed in spring 2002.

The Observatory provides

information on several themes currently

being discussed at the Europaeum

conference, “We believe Europaeum

member institutions will be able to keep

abreast of developments in this fast

moving, complex territory of borderless

higher education”, explained Richard

Garrett, the Director of the ACU. The

Europaeum is considering further

involvement.

For further information on the

Observatory, please contact Richard

Garrett at r.garrett@acu.ac.uk or +44

(0) 20 7380 6773. Please visit

www.obhe.ac.uk.

Schemes

Euros are

for innovative

linking

s working

two or three

full range of

is given

cultural

interdisciplinary

Applicants

include external

Visiting Professor s

Each Europaeum partner institution can call

on funds to support an annual Europaeum

Visiting Chair, to be filled by a distinguished

scholar from another Europaeum partner

institution.

Each Europaeum Visiting Professor is

expected to carry out some teaching,

research, or discussion and development

of new collaborative projects, during a two-

week visit period.

The host institution receives 1,600 Euros

to cover board and lodging costs, while the

Visiting Professor receives 400 Euros

towards travel expenses.

may be submitted at any time.

schemes, please visit http://www.europaeum.org/grants

32

News

Students debateAfrica’ s future

Students from all Europaeum

institutions met in Geneva for

discussions on crisis

management in Africa. MARC

ROHR, one of the delegates,

reports. Below we report on

Bonn’s follow-up.

The third Model United Nations of

Geneva opened on the 4th March2002, with delegates to represent

the 15 EU member states beingwelcomed by the organisers of this year’ssimulation workshop - the GenevaGraduate Institute for InternationalStudies and the Europaeum.

The main topic of this GenevaModel UN simulation was “crisisprevention, management and resolutionin Africa”. The Europaeum simulation ofthe General Affairs Council consisted of15 EU delegates, from Europaeumuniversities, the Secretary General and arepresentative of the EuropeanCommission. Since the delegates haddifferent priorities, intense debates, butalso a readiness for consensus, werealready apparent when debating theagenda for the week. The final agendacomprised issues as diverse as SmallArms Control, the GeographicalConcentration of Development Aid,Terrorism, and Crisis Prevention Funds.

The first day ended with a splendiddinner at the Hotel Beau Rivage,providing the opportunity to meetparticipants who had come to Genevafrom all continents.

The proceedings began with thedelegates’ presentations of theircountries’ national policies in a so-calledtour de table. As delegates set out torepresent their national foreign policy onAfrica, the main challenge soon provedto be the integration of divergingpriorities and aims in order to reachrealistic and valuable conclusions,providing solutions to fundamentalobstacles in African development.

The first session was followed byaddresses by the World Bankrepresentative in Geneva and theSecretary General of the UNCTAD in thePalais des Nations. After the public

as the 190th

On the

event, student

last December

focusing on

the 2015 goal

the 100 p

Sust

5

News

New joint courses will offera deeper sense of Europe

New joint teaching courses are set to be

launched by Europaeum partners in 2003,

PAUL FLATHER explains.

In the autumn the Europaeum plans to launch a new

Masters programme in European Political Cultures,

Institutions and History, developed from Bologna

University, with students spending one term each at Bologna,

Leiden and Oxford.

This project, which is being validated by Bologna, has

been conceived within the framework of the Europaeum and

within the Bologna Process of degree standardisation. It will

allow students to study a coherent European politics

programme but with content drawn from three different

countries, delivered in three different and beautiful leading

European universities, and also taught in three different styles.

It is an attractive proposition that is already attracting

interest – and even imitators. The European Commission is

keen to watch how three such heavyweight institutions manage

success, and, indeed, how they negotiate their way through the

minefield of international rules and bureaucratic minutiae.

One of the key challenges will be to attract a cross-section

of European, as well as non-European, graduates, given the

different cultures that exist in terms of paying fees for courses.

The programme has received significant backing from the

Cassa di Risparmio foundation in Bologna, to support bursaries

primarily from central Europe and from Italy.

The programme will include modules on the political

systems of Italy, Spain and France, plus comparative European

History, European political economy, US / Europe relations

and European citizenship (offered in Bologna), modules on the

Dutch, German and Czech political systems, comparative

federalism, European international relations, Europe and the

UN, free trade areas and Europe and the Middle East (offered

in Leiden) and modules on the British and Central European

political systems, liberalism and European ideologies, Right-

Wing movements in Europe and the history of ideas in 20th

Century Europe (offered in Oxford), and there will be scope

for a supervised dissertation.

Professor Paolo Pombeni, professor of political history at

Bologna University, and a key figure behind the programme,

explains that the aim was to be both international and

innovative. “It is important for graduates to deepen their

knowledge of Europe by actually studying in different

European cultures. They will be well prepared as leading

Europeans of tomorrow.”

Next autumn should also see the launch of a new modular

‘leadership programme’ in European Culture, Business and

Institutions, aimed primarily at young to middle level

executives, managers and post-doctoral students, in the private

and public sectors will be launched. The joint diploma course,

coordinated by Leiden and Oxford, consists of eight short

modules offered over two years with a net workload of six

months, although individual modules can also be taken

separately to ensure access. It is planned ultimately to develop

a Masters of Public Administration level award.

The programme has twin objectives: to develop an

academic understanding of Europe’s political, economic and

cultural patterns and mechanisms, and to develop leadership

and management skills in the European context, as it aims at

experienced executives looking for something other than a

normal MBA.

Research, incidentally, shows that by far the great majority

of international mergers and acquisitions fail to produce value,

and often actually destroy value. In most cases the roots of

the problems are differences in culture, communication and

leadership styles, and to offer them a major incentive to remain

with their current employer at a time of high staff mobility.

The eight planned modules will be European Civilisation,

Europe in the world, state formation to European unification,

Comparative legal systems and cultures, Post-war European

history and politics, European Economic Integration, Europe

and foreign investment, and Conflicts and controversies.

Meanwhile, the annual module on the Economics of

European Integration was run once again for undergraduates

and graduates at Paris I from February 2002; the Oxford-Leiden

Law exchanges continue and Oxford and Geneva lawyers are

remaining in close working touch. Other joint initiatives in

Theology, Philosophy and Economics are under discussion.

Diversity is the hallmark of Europe – but we must also

provide real opportunities for mutual understanding. These

innovative programmes aim to offer a sense of Europe to the

coming generation of European professional, business and

political leaders – which will be essential to their success.

For further information and application forms, please

consult www.europaeum.org, and for the diploma programme

contact r.hazelzet@luwp.leidenuniv.nl

Students hard at work at a Leiden lecture.

6

Four new policy reports were unveiled at the second

international experts conference in the Europaeum’s

Pantheon-Sorbonne Future of European Universities,

project under the general theme: New Times: New

Responsibilities, at Paris I.

This inquiry is being carried out by the Europaeum as an

international investigation into how European universities can

operate at the forefront of the Knowledge Revolution.

The overall inquiry takes the form of three international

expert conferences at Hunboldt University, in Berlin

(December 2001), at Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne (September

2002) and now, coming up, at Bonn University in June 2003.

The overall study is being supported by the German company,

DaimlerChrysler Services.

The four reports by leading scholars focused on the

following questions:

Ç How can we maintain language diversity in the new age

of technology increasingly dominated by English? The report

argued that plurilingualism should be encouraged, with more

languages taught alongside a greater number of degree courses

and multi-national courses. A recommendation for all students

to study a foreign language, regardless of their course, was

made at the conference.

Ç What are the lessons for leading European universities

from the many experiments in international Borderless

Teaching? The leading universities, the report argued, have a

special duty to provide secure, trusted information for the use

by the public to make informed decisions. The report also

suggests that Universities should be wary of on-line course

offers which often seem to run into difficulties.

Ç How should leading European universities from the West

best continue supporting their counterparts in the former East/

Central Europe to ensure their full return to Europe? With

patchy reforms and innovations in ECE universities after 1989,

according to the report, Western universities and other bodies

need to rethink their whole strategy towards aiding leading ECE

Universities. They will need to consider more ‘targeted work’

with individual centres of excellence and with outstanding

individual scholars.

Ç How can we improve the access to and sharing of data

and research findings across Europe? Laws and information

need to be dramatically improved to ensure better comparative

and actual findings from existing data collections, the report

argues. Universities must campaign for better access to

information, and scholarly terms need to encourage access to

their research.

The keynote speakers and contributors to the Paris

conference included M Jack Lang, the former Secretary of State

for Education in France, who argued the need for European

collaboration; Ben Okri, prize-winning poet and novelist,

whose passionate statement about what universities are really

for is reprinted here; Professor Dominique Moisi, deputy head

of the French Institute for Foreign Relations, who spoke of

how the 9/11 tragedy created the need for greater international

analysis and mutual understanding; as well as Lord Weidenfeld,

Chairman of Weidenfeld and Nicolson Publishers and founder

of the Europaeum; Professor Douwe Breimer, Rector of Leiden

University, and Professor Michel Kaplan, Rector of Université

Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne.

Madame Viviane Reding, European Commissioner for

Education and Culture, also sent a significant

contribution to the Europaeum’s international

conference, outlining the plans of the EC to

promote more collaborative research and

teaching initiatives between European

universities over the coming years. She also

celebrated the arrival of the one millionth

Erasmus programme student – one of the

Commission’s most successful bridging

programmes, – which Europaeum partners

have all benefited from, and supported,

during the years.

Mme Reding paid tribute to the

association’s work, particularly its planned

new joint Masters in European politics

linking Bologna, Leiden and Oxford. “It is

in my opinion a major duty of all European

universities to work together more intensively

Univer sities must produce

News

Pa

ul

Fla

the

r

Participants share thoughts with Ben Okri (pictured centre).

In the age of the Internet and globalisation, our

leading European universities have a special

role to produce data that can be trusted by all,

a Europaeum conference in Paris was urged.

31

News -in-brief

fects of

ficient

Christine

tate University

, sociology,

,

analysis and also to bolster the work of

students particularly from candidate

countries in EU Enlargement – hence the

conference title.

The conference revealed the

ambiguities of the private identities,

which so often characterise the approach

of Central Europeans. They display ‘the

endemic apprehension of being

marginalized, of being out-of-history’, in

the words of Professor George

Schlopflin of the London School of

Economics.

Tim Garton Ash of St Antony’s

College, Oxford, summarised it thus:

“Tell me your definition of Central

Europe and I will tell you who you are.”

Graduates students from Leiden,

Bologna, Charles University, Prague,

and Oxford, were among the 75 students

who presented papers in 25 panels, along

with graduates from linked institutions

such as the Central European University,

Warsaw and the Brussels Free

University.

“We wanted to break new ground in

a field where there are virtually no

opportunities for international and inter-

disciplinary postgraduate colloquia,”

explained Larissa Douglass, in her final

year as a Phd student at St Antony’s

College, Oxford, who first conceived the

idea in 2000, and served as a key

coordinator.

Plans for publishing papers are

under consideration.

Old Prague rediscovering itself ....

30

News -in-brief

PREPARING AN ANTI-

CORRUPTION POLICY

A workshop backed by the Europaeum

examining Anti-corruption and the

Transfer of Standards in Central and

Eastern Europe was held at Charles

University last year to analyse the

development over the last decade of

externally-imposed anti-corruption

policies.

The workshop considered whether

the EU and other agencies have had a

clear and well-developed understanding

of the ethical acquis they have been

seeking to develop, and how far the

relevant states have made progress in

adopting this. In particular it focused on

behaviour of actors within the principal

units of the central state machinery:

ministers, elected representatives in

legislatures, civil servants, and members

of the judiciary.

Key areas included codes of conduct

applying to the various actors listed

above, formal rules on party finance,

rules on transparency of decision-making

and accountability of office-holders,

mechanisms for ensuring professional

autonomy for judges, police officials,

PRA

O

period.

Bank, T

Germany

Hungary.

Controlling the cash flows

Prague’

7

and to learn about and from each other,” shesaid. “I hope you will find in my words someimpetus and encouragement to move forwardwith your valuable and promising work, andI have no doubt that when Europaeum showsthe way, many will see it.”

A survey on the use of ICT inuniversities revealed that two out of threeacademics believe that the likelihood ofplagiarism has greatly increased with theadvent of computers, while two out of threestudents believe universities are not gearedup sufficiently to meet their computingneeds.

During the discussions many issues were raised, fromwhich a number underlying themes emerged. First, theconference strongly endorsed the notion that universities shouldbe in the business of dealing with fundamental intellectualchallenges, that universities should ask ‘big questions’, and thatuniversities should play a key role in promoting criticalthinking, in developing cohesive human forms ofcommunication, and in promoting what, in the past, used tobe termed the religio or biosphere of human kind. In the wordsof Ben Okri, in one of the keynote contributions to theconference, leading universities had a duty to set their studentsup for the “act of self discovery”.

Next, universities had to show students how to deal withthe mass of knowledge that was now available from traditionaland new sources, and had a key-role in promoting, developing,and disseminating data through libraries, publications, theInternet and other means, that could be trusted by the outsideworld. This was a particular duty for the older establisheduniversities, such as members of the Europaeum. They neededto rise above the stringencies and requirements of thecommercial and public sectors which had to operate for profit,or policy-making reasons, or expediency. The older universitieshowever, had a particular duty and responsibility to maintaintheir autonomy in producing open and reliable data.

The conference heard a strong statement about UNESCO’sprogrammes which encourage ‘education for governance’.Universities had a primary duty here to prepare their studentsfor citizenship and for their role in promoting civic society,including democratic values, human rights and goodgovernance. It was argued that they had to a ‘duty’ to instilvalues and ideas in their students that would lead them not tobe disengaged from political and public life, and from theduties and responsibilities of society.

Finally, in the Learning Age, it was agreed that universitiesneeded to promote dialogue with business, to build newpartnerships, to understand the needs and requirements ofbusiness, and at the same time to maintain their independence.Universities needed to maintain and renew their dialogue withstudents, to understand the practical and vocational needs ofstudents coming to study at universities, in preparation forfuture life as well as promoting critical thinking, civic valuesand so forth. Universities also needed to understand their publicand social responsibilities to society, and to continually reviewthese in the light of changes in society itself. Finally universitiesneed to refresh their relations and links with each other to buildinternational and collaborative projects and to encourageacademic and student mobility.

The Bonn conference which focuses on New partnerships

– risks and opportunities, will pick up some of these themes,in particular looking at knowledge transfer, funding and ethics,and universities in the global age.

trusted data

News

Da

imle

r C

hry

sle

r

Discussing language curriculum in one of the Sorbonne’s conference rooms.

The deliberations at Paris also produced a number of

recommendations, which are to be followed up at Bonn and in

subsequent discussions:

All universities to seek to promote joint teaching, and for the

Europaeum to continue to develop joint offers;

The Europaeum consider an audit or guidance notes on how

universities should continue to secure their academic integrity while

‘going to the market’ in the search of increasingly necessary and

Leading European universities should think of introducing a

course – at least optional perhaps compulsory – offering

civilisational studies;

The Europaeum consider developing its own processes to

encourage credit transfer and joint teaching;

The Europaeum should seek to ‘pick up the ball’ of a two-

language policy and argue that all students regardless of their

chosen subject of study, should aim to leave university with some

level of proficiency in a second language;

The Europaeum should consider a campaign to ensure that

information and data collected by the European Commission,

especially from publicly-supported sources, became more

transparent and accessible;

The Europaeum support moves to highlight excellence in

research and survey methodology to encourage greater sharing

of data;

Established universities should also work hard to ensure their

findings were made accessible and publicly available;

The leading universities should also seek to promote a series

of ‘targeted linkages’ with individual departments and individual

scholars of high quality and potential within the leading universities

in Central and East Europe.

q

vital additional funding;

q

q

q

q

q

q

q

q

8

Viewpoint

T he academies of the future will do one thing we do not

do today. They will teach the art of self-discovery.

There is nothing more fundamental in education. We

turn out students from our universities who know how to give

answers, but not how to ask questions. The wisdom centres in

our culture do not reach our students. They leave universities

with skills for the workplace, but no knowledge of how to live,

or what living is for. They are not taught how to see. They

are not taught how to listen. They are not taught the great art

of obedience, and how it precedes self-mastery. They are not

taught the true art of reading. True reading is not just passing

our eyes over words on a page, or gathering information, or

even understanding what is being read. True reading is a

creative art. It means seeing first; and then an act of the

imagination. Higher reading ought to be a new subject in the

academies of the future. As we read, so we are. I meet people

in all walks of life, and most notoriously in the fields of

literature and science, who, though professionals, do not

actually read what is in front of them. They read what is only

already inside them. I suspect this is true of listening; and that

it is happening now, even as I speak to you, or as you read this

page.

All our innovations, our discoveries, our creativity come

from one source; being able to see what

is there, and not there; to hear what is said,

and not said. And above all to think

clearly. And above that – the science of

intuition. The academy of the future will

have to engage this mysterious necessity

of the value, the sublime value of intuition

in our lives, and our work. How to make

those intuitive leaps that transformed the

science and the art of humanity a quality that is available to

all, and made of constant value to humanity – this will be the

true turning point in the future history of our civilisation.

Discipline, hard work, rationality, calculation, can get us only

so far; and in time will become the norm. But with it only we

will produce efficient, but mediocre citizens. These are tools

that can be used for good or ill. But the science of intuition –

the mysterious spark that separates the great discoverers and

philosophers and artists from the nearly great, this will one

day have to be studied, and used for the common good.

We need to widen, at base, and invisibly, the inevitable

necessity of teaching students the need for self-discovery.

Consciousness studies ought to be a fundamental part of a

liberal or scientific education. All students ought to be aware

that they are the true spark of the transformation of the world.

All students ought to be practical dreamers. Universities ought

What are our universities for?not only to turn out

students for the various

spheres of business,

science, the arts, the

running of the economy,

management and

information technology

skills, but people who as

human beings ought to

enrich the life of the

planet. We are more

than the functions and

jobs that we do. We are

the co-makers of this

world we live in. And

the moral force of our

citizens are too little

used in the greater

enrichment of our world.

We take the living potential that are young minds and turn them,

reduce them, into job-fillers and economy providers. We have

regressed from the wonderful project of the academy of Plato’s

dream. Every student is a light, a creative spark, waiting to

be of use in dispelling the darkness. The terms in which I speak

must be alien to you; but they will become inevitable. Every

day the crisis of purpose grows larger over the lives of people;

and prosperity or poverty does not diminish the paralysis it

brings if not addressed. A society can die of a lack of an

understanding of why it exists, or its

larger purpose in the scheme of things.

The universe grows more mysterious

around us even as we find out more about

it. The true reason in this; we are more

than we suspect, but are taught to see less

into ourselves, to ask no questions about

our true natures, and so the great mystery

that we are peers out into the greater

mystery that is out there. A mystery stares into a mystery; this

is a hopeless position. We ought to substitute the faith in

evidence with the knowledge of self-discovery. Only by

knowing ourselves can we begin to undo the madness we

unleash on the world in our wars, our divisions, our desire to

dominate others, the poverty we create and exploit, and the

damage we do with all the knowledge we have which has been

only a higher ignorance.

The true purpose of the academy, the university, ought to

be to unleash the bright and sublime possibilities of the human

being. Education is still in its infancy. The true art and science

of education looms over the horizon, where our disasters are

being born. There we will learn to avert what evils we

ourselves create, and then start again the project of humanity,

with humility and a new light.

(Copyright: Ben Okri, 18/9/2002. All rights reserved)

BEN OKRI provides hints and invocations

which plumb the very soul of our great

universities.

We have regressed from the

wonderful project of the

academy of Plato’s dream

Ben Okri is a poet and writer, whose

many works include The Famished

Road (1991) (winner of the Booker

Prize), and, most recently, Arcadia.

His influences are African, Classical,

and European myths.

29

News -in-brief

RY

The theme

th Century –

, and he

fairs seminar

, the history of

,

W

, an

Tomsk

in part to review the conclusions of a two-

year Tempus-Tacis Project on European

Studies at Tomsk as well to explore future

routes, including the impact of the

globalised world: on Eastern Europe and

the European Union, including the war

on terrorism, the Earth summit at

Johannesburg and European Enlargement

- and one session explored the

Europaeum as a model for building cross-

European intellectual links

The Oxford event follows last

December’s seminar in Moscow at the

Sate University of International

Relations, organised by Leiden

University, which explored scenarios for

Russia and Europe – including the

eventual feasibility of Russia joining the

EU. The seminar included senior advisors

to President Putin.

Key speakers in Oxford included

Professor David Marquand, former chair

of the Oxford Europaeum Group and

professor of politics; Graham Avery.

Chief Adviser for Enlargement, European

Commission, Brussels, on secondment to

European University Institute, Florence;

and Timothy Garton Ash, Director of

European Studies Centre, St Antony’s

College. Participants came from Leiden,

Geneva, Oxford, Brussels, Amsterdam as

well as Russian universities.

Vladimir Putin looking Westwards

28

next year.

over Turkey’

Council.

News -in-brief

academic and the professional worlds, to

discuss and research current affairs.

A new Centre for International Legal

Studies (CILS), also set up last year, will

organise intensive courses, seminars and

the L.L.M. Public International Law

Program, a one-year postgraduate course

for professionals.

In 1999 Leiden University

established its branch in The Hague, to

function as a centre for innovation, and

to provide post-academic training for

those working in the public, legal, or

corporate sectors plus part-time study and

short track courses. The main building

is in the town centre, opposite to the

medieval Parliament building and it has

offices and lecture-rooms in the Royal

Library.

NEW PUBLICATION

CAPTURES ESSENTIALS

The Europaeum has published a handy

pocket-sized guide to all its activities,

summarising all the various different

projects and schemes going back to the

origins of the association.

Europaeum Essentials, which

runs to 46 pages, has up to date

information from all research and

teaching projects and past academic

conferences, student summer schools and

lectures and sections on innovation

(including the New Initiatives Scheme,

the Small Grants Schemes and the

Knowledge Network) and organisation

and data (including a summary of the

Europaeum’s structure and governance

arrangements).

9

The Europaeum has been investigating the use

of new technology in its partner universities.

Here RICHARD HUGGINS and PAUL FLATHER

outline some findings.

Widening the netin teaching

The Europaeum survey on the use of new technologies

(ICT) in universities is based on data gathered from both

students and academic staff in two ways: a short on-line,

drop down, menu web-based questionnaire which has been

made available to students and staff in the member universities,

supplemented by short interviews with a sample of respondents

to provide more additional illustrative data. The findings

provide a rich snapshot of attitudes in the Europaeum

universities, and Oxford Brookes University.

Overall, our findings confirm that both students and staff

are generally alert to the opportunities provided by ICTs,

including increased ease of communication, increased

technology skills, increased enhancement, access, speed and

scope of information retrieval, processing and distribution, and

greater flexibility in terms of access to learning materials.

Of particular note was that few respondents in either group

felt that their university was developing ICT facilities

sufficiently to meet their needs and expectations, or indeed of

external bodies such as business, government or professional

bodies.

Students have a relatively high level of computer

ownership and email/internet access now, and clearly value the

immediacy and ease of e-communication and would like to see

this element of ICT usage developed further. However, they

also appear to spend relatively little time retrieving or

downloading academic information from the university’s

intranet, preferring to spend far more time using the Internet

for personal or entertainment activities.

Although students conceive of ICT skills as critical for

success in both study and after university, they also appear to

feel that the extent and quality of provision could be much

better in terms of university-wide and course-specific use and

quality. Interestingly, though, a significant number also express

concern that e-learning may encourage student laziness,

sloppiness and even plagiarism.

Staff also seem to like the ease and speed of

communication that networked ICTs bring, and the majority

report using email to communicate with academic colleagues,

administrative staff, students and friends. Some eluded to the

increased “elegance of presentation”, the increased use of

visual materials and the sheer volume of resources now readily

available.

However, some also saw disadvantages. “More and more

material is put on the Net. You can just get lost in the jungle

of information out there,” one professor said.

Staff appear more positive about the quality of the ICT

f a c i l i t i e s

available for

t e a c h i n g

purposes: 59%

r e p o r t e d

facilities to be

satisfactory or

better, while 14% described facilities as poor. But there is a

split, with 62% using ICT well in courses, while 21% reported

a poor level of integration and 16% did not use them at all.

They often cited a lack of equipment as a barrier to using

online resources in lectures, while 17%, expressed an interest

in knowing more about the potential benefits. Again, while

38% use course-specific web pages in teaching, 62% rarely or

never did – though 47% want to use more ICTs in their teaching

and only 11% stated that they did not want to do so.

Significantly, 40% of academics also reported that they

were not sure if ICTs encourage originality in student work,

and 29% believed that ICTs did not encourage originality.

Plagiarism is clearly a key issue, with 65% partly or strongly

agreeing that the use of ICTs encourages plagiarism (and only

13% disagreeing). “Students are not as likely to plagiarise from

books. They think it is more likely that the lecturer has read

the book than an article on the Internet. I am often suspicious,”

one explained.

For the future, some staff envisage virtual environments of

all kinds, increased flexibility and access, greater involvement

of students and distance learning “revolutionised” by virtual

seminars but also less direct contact between staff and students,

“lazier” students, a “poorer standard of debate” and

deteriorating language skills.

There are fears for the collapse of traditional teaching links

between staff and students. Staff complain about how students

abuse the net with sending lecturers more and more unnecessary

emails from students. “They are very informal and about things

that you would think twice about, like finding a book, before

calling your teacher,” said one professor. “And the students

expect a reply straight away. It is very annoying.”

Overall, students, increasingly familiar with the application

of ICTs to everyday social life, are overall more interested in

the “active,” and expectant of similar applications in education,

while academic staff are more hesitant using technology content

orientated ways that are often little more than electronic

presentations of traditional materials and activities. A critical

finding of the survey is patchy integration of ICT into courses.

The responses to this preliminary survey suggest that we

are a long way off reaching the ‘virtual university’. The

Europaeum should take these issues up in its battle to develop

as a genuine university without walls.

Dr Huggins teaches politics at Oxford Brookes University, and

Dr Flather is a Fellow at Mansfield College, Oxford.

News

ICT use: the future could be better.

10

My first remark is that the university always represented

an intellectual side of “religion”. However, to avoid

any misunderstanding, I hasten to clarify in what

sense I am employing the term religion here. When I say

religion, I do not mean any particular religious system or

religion in the post-Enlightment meaning of this word – a

certain faith, spirituality, rites

or beliefs. What I have in

mind is the old European

concept of religion - religio,

as it was used in ancient

Rome and most clearly

defined by Cicero: the ritual

contact with the “sacred

foundation of the society”,

the symbolic expression of a

common identity, of what

holds society together.

Religio is what holds society

together.

In my opinion, the main

power of religion – in the

sense of religio – resides in

its ability to be the “common

language” of a given society.

With Michel Foucault we

can speak here about “a

regime of truth”.

But this language of

religion has always had at

least two levels: a popular

one and an intellectual one.

It took several centuries

before Christianity assumed a form of a “religion” in the

ancient sense and played a political role, in a practical sense,

throughout the Middle Ages.

In this cultural context the university was born. The

medieval university held a responsibility for “health” – the

theological faculty looked after a healthy doctrine, the faculty

of medicine the health of the body, the faculty of law healthy

relationships in society, and the faculty of arts for healthy

thinking.

On the threshold of the modern age, Christianity – the

Christian theology, the intellectual, university-form, of religion

- began to lose the role of a common language of the society.

So, theology has gradually become a “dead language”, used,

like Latin, only for ceremonial purposes or at congresses of

experts. In a certain sense, science became the religio of the

West, and Universities became the temples of science.

However, in the course of the 20th century, modern science

became so complex that it lost the ability to be the “common

language of the Western civilisation” as well. It is my feeling

that in post-modern Western society, the social role of religion

as religio (the integrative power of society) is most likely

played by the mass media.

They increasingly influence ways of thinking and

behaviour, mediating symbols and creating a network among

people; for many they are arbiters of truth: what is real and of

importance is what can be seen on the television news.

What the majority of people know about politics, sport,

religion, culture and science they know through television,

radio, press or Internet. The influence of the universities in

society depends – whether we like it or not – on the access of

universities to the world of the mass media. Do we have any

other possibility to initiate and cultivate the public debate, to

inspire public opinion?

But the problem of relations between university and media

is not only technical or political. It is problem of hermeneutics:

is it possible to translate the discourse of academic milieu to

the style of mass media? The spirit of traditional theology and

metaphysics, which dominated the age when the University was

born, was really universal – all aspects of knowledge tended

Can the univer sity withstand

Essay

TOMÁŠ HALIK offers some personal thoughts on

universities, surviving in the new age of global

culture and pluralism.

Deta

il of

the T

om

b o

f G

iovanni da L

egnano,

Bolo

gna

Pondering the fate of the University in ages to come ...

27

News -in-brief

Campus

tate

, how

to understand the next Gulf War’.

He contrasted two case studies: the

invention by members of the house of

Orange of ‘volley fire’ by musketeers as

a battle-winning tactic after 1589, and

the evolution of ‘stealth’ technology to

win the wars waged by the House of

Bush after 1989. He argued that the

study of past Military Revolutions

demonstrates that the greater the

dependence of the military on

technology to bring victory, the greater

the need for civilian involvement in and

civilian control of military affairs - a

conclusion with significant implications

for the Second Gulf War.

As Professor Wim van den Doel ,

programme director, explains, the CPS

will bring together scholars from

different faculties of Leiden University

and beyond, and develop a close working

relationship with the Europaeum, to

promote interdisciplinary study of

domestic, European and international

policy issues. In particular, Legal

scholars, Political Scientists, Historians,

cultural and regional specialists on

Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa

and the Americas, will participate.

The Centre will develop

interdisciplinary MA programmes and

organise Executive programmes and

conferences on a wide range of policy-

related topics. It will also serve as an

institute for advanced studies with a

limited number of fellows from the

s Inferno,

, and

,

.

Thomas

Visconti’s

’s

,

,

Translation,

Anne’s College

Wim van den Doel outside the new

Centre for Policy Studies.

26

News -in-brief

The Complutense University of Madrid

has agreed to join the Europaeum,

becoming the eighth member of the

association, founded 10 years ago to

promote academic collaboration and

European studies.

The Complutense University of

University, one of the oldest and largest

in the world, was founded in 1293,

originally in Alcalá de Henares, moving

to Madrid in 1836. It has about 100,000

students, including 3,500 international

students.

The central campus in Moncloa

houses the majority of schools and

colleges, while Somosaguas houses

Social Sciences, including economics,

business, politics, and psychology.

The Rector, Sr. D. Rafael Puyol

Antolin, has expressed the institution’s

appreciation to join such a “prestigious

association”. Madrid has now been

invited to join in current activities and

projects.

“Excellence is the leitmotiv of the

Europaeum. For us, it is certainly a

reason for pride that this prestigious

association has invited us to join,” he

said.

“We appreciate the honour bestowed

upon us. I congratulate you all for your

goals and achievements and I assure you

that you will find in the UCM, an active

and loyal member.”

The Europaeum plans to add two

further members, one from Scandinavia

and one more from East-Central Europe.

The Europaeum Council, at its meeting

in Bologna last summer, confirmed its

commitment to limit the number of full

MADRID JOINS EUR

S

College.

longer be ef

ar

“W

or

outcomes.”

11

to one centrue.

Also the modern Enlightment world

view inherited concepts of western

universalism. Instead of the metaphysical

God, there was ratio – “our God Logos”

(Freud). Nietzsche was, perhaps, the first

one who realised that the rationalism of

modernity was just “the shadow of a dead

God”, a culture which still depended on the

“Western canon” of values.

In the our post-modern age, in our time

of global mass media as contemporary

religio of the West, there is no sense for

uni-versality, but a radical pluralism. How

this “sign of the times” could be

compatible with the universalism that was

the original heritage of the University is

important, and a very hard question. In the

global multicultural discussion we can

hear: What is universalism for the West, is

imperialism for the rest, as Samuel

Huntington has said. So I ask: Can the

university withstand the global culture of

pluralism?

The second remark I should like to

make is on globalisation – the socio-

cultural revolution of our time. When we

speak about the role of universities in society, we must take

into account that the political context of our activities is no

more the nation state, but the global civil society. Though in

the Middle Ages, universities were already global players: for

example, the crisis of the Charles University of Prague started

with the very beginning of nationalism, the decree of Kutna

hora in 1409).

The task of overcoming provincialism is of special

importance for the post-communist countries. I am convinced

that it was the globalisation process that swept away communist

regimes. Regimes based on a rigid state-planned economy and

the censorship of ideas, were unable to withstand the onslaught

of competition and the free market of goods and ideas. With

the fall of the Soviet Empire, the countries of Central and East

Europe won back their independence, the “second world” has

disappeared.

Now the former First and Third worlds stand before a task

to redefine themselves, to find a new common language.

Radical Islam tries to offer a common language for the great

part of the former third world. What will be the common

language of the West? What are the foundations of our cultural

identity? What holds our society together? I don’t believe in

an artificial (invented) language such as Esperanto. But are we

able to reinterpret our tradition in a new context, and define

the basic value of our civilisation? And how are we prepared

the global culture of pluralism?

Essay

to communicate with the rest of the

world?

Who will deal with such problems

if not the universities?

I also see a very important role for

universities in the process of European

integration. I would prefer the term

‘Europeanization’ of the EU to

‘enlargement’ of the EU.

The EU of today represents only

a fragment of Europe, we must first

overcome in our minds the naïve

identification of Europe with its western

part.

The integration of Europe should

be more than the unification of financial

markets or connection of economic and

political structures. The core of European

integration is of a European conscience

and consciousness, the common space for

sharing intellectual and moral values.

This is, I know, the root thinking behind

Lord Weidenfeld’s vision for the

Europaeum. So, I am very happy to be

making these remarks here today.

In my country, the Czech

Republic, intellectuals have played a very

important role in public life for centuries. Perhaps we can take

Jan Hus as an example of one of the first public intellectuals

in Europe – he became an archetype of the man of conscience.

The great political leaders of our nation appeared from that

intellectual milieu – Palacky, Masaryk, Havel. The role of

intellectuals, academics and artists in dissent against nazi-

regime and communist totalitarianism is well known.

We can ask if now - in a democratic society with a

parliamentarian system - whether this public, political, role of

intellectuals and universities is over? The answer is yes and

no. On the one hand, we should respect the elected politicians

and the institutional structures of democratic society.

On the other hand, the effective functioning of political

structures supposes a certain political, cultural and moral

climate. Democracy supposes a competent public opinion and

public debate. Without this biosphere of certain political

culture, the political structures are like the organs in the body

- but without blood circulation.

Is it not one of our responsibilities to help, by creating

and mutually cultivating, this climate as a pre-political

dimension of the society?

This paper was first presented at the Europaeum’s international

conference at Paris-Sorbonne last September.

Professor Tomáš Halik is

Professor of Sociology and

Head of the Department of the

Religious studies at Charles

University, Prague; Rector of the

University Church of the Holy

Savior; and President of the

Czech Christian Academy.

During the Communist regime,

he studied theology

clandestinely under Josef

Zvìøina, was ordained

clandestinely, and worked in the

underground Church.

12

the ‘universal inter-dependence of nations’ in The Communist

Manifesto. They were premature, but by the late-nineteenth

century, a global market, more complete than anything seen

until our own day, was unmistakably in being. It too had

developed without the help of a global state. The surrogate

for such a state – the architect and lynch-pin of the global

market – was Great Britain, the world’s first global hegemon.

The Royal Navy policed the world’s sea lanes, opening markets

in distant continents and then keeping them open. The world’s

trade was conducted in sterling, and largely carried in British

ships. The gold standard, operated by the Bank of England,

ensured currency stability across the globe. Britain was

overwhelmingly the world’s chief creditor nation, earning huge

sums from past overseas investments and exporting capital on

a massive scale. Her formal empire was

the biggest in human history, and it was

buttressed by an extensive informal one.

The economic ties that bound Buenos

Aires to London were as strong as those

that bound Brisbane and Bombay. The

British ideal of gentlemanly capitalism

flourished as vigorously in Hamburg as

in Huddersfield, in Cambridge, Massachusetts as in Cambridge,

England.

But Britain’s days as a hegemon were numbered, and the

global market she had brought into being came to a bad end.

During the first industrial revolution she had towered above

her competitors industrially as well as financially, but she lost

her industrial lead as the century wore on. The dynamic

continental powers that triumphed in the American civil war

and the Franco-Prussian war – the United

States and imperial Germany – challenged

her politically, economically and, in the

German case, militarily. By the turn of the

nineteenth and twentieth centuries, far-

sighted intellectuals and politicians,

ranging from Alfred Milner and Joseph

Chamberlain on the right to Sidney Webb

and Ramsay MacDonald on the left, were

beginning to suspect that she was no

longer strong enough to bear the burdens

of hegemony and to call for a drastic

reconstruction of her political economy.

Their suspicions turned out to be only too

well-founded. In the 1920s, British

political and economic elites made heroic,

self-lacerating efforts to repair the damage

which the first world war had inflicted on

the global system and to put Britain back

on her hegemonic perch. But when the

newly formed National Government was

forced off the gold standard in 1931, the

Essay

American hegemony andThe US is building a new global market and wants

to fashion the rest of the world to fit its model.

DAVID MARQUAND lays bare the thinking behing

Bush’s war on Saddam - it is all about proving the

US is still invincible despite the 9/11 atrocity.

American cruise missiles are

today’s equivalent of the

guns of the Royal Navy

An extraordinary experiment has dominated world history

since the fall of Communism – the construction of a

global market unsupported by a global state. Except

in France, the political elites of the West insist, with

breathtaking insouciance, that this experiment is necessary,

inevitable and benign. In truth, it is much more hazardous than

they appreciate. In two crucial respects it

flies in the face of past experience.

Historically, states came before markets.

Adam Smith may have been right that a

propensity to ‘truck, barter and exchange’ is

fundamental to human nature, but as the

history of his own country showed, that

propensity could not be fully realised until a

powerful and impersonal state, with the will

and capacity to enforce contracts, keep the peace and dismantle

traditional obstacles to the operation of market forces, had

come into existence. National markets were created by nation-

states; the states concerned were then sustained by the wealth

which national markets brought in their train.

To be sure, the nineteenth century saw an experiment in

stateless globalisation presaging the one through which we are

now living. As far back as 1847, Marx and Engels proclaimed

British warships - here in action in 1797 - once policed the world’s seas.

25

News

s

Robert Fox is Professor of the History of

Science at the University of Oxford.

focus ever more finely, however, we have

also to feed into a bigger picture of the

processes of cultural change. It is this

challenge, of linking case-study to

generalization, that between now and

2004 will inform the cycle of

conferences on ‘Transmission and

understanding in the sciences’ for which

three partners in the Europaeum -

Oxford, Bologna, and Paris I - are now

preparing.

1. The conference was organized by the Maison

Française, Oxford, with the support of the

Europaeum, the Institut Français du Royaume-

Uni, the Europaeum, and the Modern European

History Research Centre of the Modern History

Faculty, University of Oxford. The Europaeum

is continuing support for the project in the form

of a Research Project Group, specifically linking

Science historians in Parisy, Bologna, Oxford

and others.

24

Science

For some decades now, thecategories of centre and peripheryhave been invoked by scholars

across a broad swathe of the humanitiesand social sciences. Ancient historians,anthropologists, archaeologists,sociologists, economists, and politicalscientists have all used the terms inanalyses of relations betweengeographical areas, institutions, andsocial groups on one side or the other ofa perceived centre-periphery divide. Forhistorians of science, too, the contrastbetween central and peripheral cultureshas been a productive one.

The traditional model has been thatof a straightforward diffusion ofconcepts or practices in which ascientific or technological communityrich in novelty is interpreted as ‘feeding’

a passive intellectual of diffusion to include translation, case of the technology in the centuries) movement Codification been seen as diffusion historian important with studies mechanics made much interpreters Pemberton, Marquise du

It is no Brunet’s quarter of a many bred at history of of cultural

scientific and The new historians to

European science was not

just invented and created in

the workshops of Britain,

France and Germany.

ROBERT FOX explains,

framing the fruits of a recent

conference on the Centre and

Periphery supported by the

Europaeum.

News

13

game was up. The global system collapsed, withdisastrous consequences for the entire world.

Will history repeat itself? Or will we learn fromit to shape a more enduring, multilateral, civic versionof globalisation, based on law, negotiation and politicalparticipation rather than on the power of an inevitablyself-interested and inevitably temporary hegemon?These questions go to the heart of the febrile globalpolitics of our time. They reverberated through theanguished debates that followed last year’s atrocitiesin New York. They hovered over the Johannesburgearth summit, and they haunted the United NationsSecurity Council and the feverish diplomaticmanoeuvres over arms inspection in the run up to thewar in Iraq.

At first sight, the omens are not encouraging. Sofar, the globalisation of our day has been a repeatperformance of that of the nineteenth century, with ahegemonic United States playing Britain’s old role aslynch-pin of the global system. Of course, today’shegemon is not a carbon copy of its nineteenth-centurypredecessor. It is a cliché that the United States is now theworld’s only super-power. That was never true of Britain. Shewas supreme at sea, but never on land. British governmentsalways had to reckon with the great powersof the European mainland, even in the glorydecades following the defeat of NapoleonI. And nineteenth-century Britain’s prudentgentlemanly capitalism could hardly havebeen more different from the profligate anddistinctly ungentlemanly capitalism ofpresent-day America. Yet the similaritiesbetween Britain’s global role 100 years ago and America’stoday are more striking than the differences. Today’s globalmarket is an essentially American construct, underpinned byAmerican power and shaped by American interests. Americancruise missiles are today’s equivalent of the guns of the RoyalNavy. The so-called ‘Washington consensus’ constrains lessernations as tightly as the Gold Standard used to do.

For most Europeans (though not for Russians exposed tothe ravages of kleptocratic mafia capitalism, or for Palestiniansexposed to illegal Jewish colonisation on the West Bank) theresults have been, on the whole, acceptable. Unfortunately, theperiod since the atrocities of last September have called theacceptability – and for that matter the long-term viability – ofthis version of globalisation into question. Enduring hegemonycomes with a price tag. The elites that run the hegemonic powerhave to have the self-discipline and imagination to subordinatethe short-term interests of their own country to the long-termrequirements of the global system – knowing, of course, thatit is in their country’s long-term interest to do so. Withoccasional exceptions, this was spectacularly true of the elites

that ran nineteenth-century Britain; andit was only slightly less true of the elitesthat shaped American policy during andafter World War Two.

Unfortunately, the United Statesof Roosevelt, Acheson, Marshall andTruman is now a distant memory. Today’sUnited States wants hegemony on thecheap. As the balance of internal powershifts from the Atlantic seaboard to theSouth and West, the political forces thatshape American policy are becomingmore parochial, more short-sighted, moreimpatient with external constraints andmore contemptuous of the rest of theworld. A raw, provincial brutalismpervades the current Bush Administrationand the think-tanks of the right. Bush andhis political allies are indifferent to thelong-term health of the global system.What matters to them is that narrowly-

defined American national interests should prevail in theshortest of short terms. If American steel workers wantprotection, then to hell with free trade. If European leaders

demur at America’s tenderness to Sharon,that only proves that Europeans are anti-semitic wimps.This is the real meaning of Bush’sobsessional campaign for ‘regime change’in Iraq. Saddam is, by any reckoning, aloathsome figure, but he was equallyloathsome when Britain and the United

States supplied him with arms. Nuclear proliferation in theMiddle East is an undoubted danger, but few Americanscomplained when Israel joined the nuclear club. The truth isthat Bush’s lust for battle has little to do with the character ofSaddam’s rule or with nuclear proliferation as such. The point

Essay

Saddam is acting on

Machiavelli’s precept that a

wise prince would rather be

feared than loved

American fire power in action.

David Marquand isProfessor of Politics atOxford University and aformer Chairman of the

Oxford Europaeum Group.He is an author of manybooks, a former MP andadvisor to Roy Jenkins

when Emeritus President ofthe European Commission.

the war against Saddam

14

of the exercise is to prove beyond doubt that – despite the

humiliation of September 11th 2001 and the disappointing

longueurs of the war against terrorism – the United States is

still invincible.

In this, Bush is a mirror image of Osnama Bin Laden. Bin

Laden wanted to show the world, and the Islamic world in

particular, that the United States was not invulnerable; that a

handful of martyrs, prepared to die for the Islamist Revolution,

could strike successfully at America’s heart – and that Muslim

states therefore had no need to crawl to Washington. He

succeeded beyond his wildest dreams, and the Afghanistan war

did not undo the demonstration

effect. Now Bush wants a

reverse demonstration. He is not

deterred by manifest risks of

regime change in Iraq. For him,

the implosion of the Iraqi state,

with a Kurdish revolt in the

north and a Shiite turn to Iran in

the south; further damage to

America’s appalling image in the Muslim world; and the danger

of an anti-American backlash in Europe count for nothing. He

(Saddam) is acting on Machiavelli’s precept that a wise prince

would rather be feared than loved. As Khrushchev once said

of West Berlin, Saddam is a bone sticking in America’s throat.

Toppling him is an end in itself. It will prove that there are no

limits to American power; that the United States can and will

dictate the terms on which globalisation continues. If lesser

nations squeal, so be it.

Yet there is a paradox in all this, which may account for

the increasingly hysterical quality of Bush’s rhetoric.

Hegemonial globalisation on the nineteenth-century British and

present-day American model is no longer the only kind on offer.

Tentatively, and sometimes confusingly, a different approach

has started to challenge it; and Bushite brutalism has given the

challenge an extra edge of moral passion. This second approach

stresses interdependence, dialogue and law rather than

hegemony. One of its most striking examples is the emergence

of an embryonic global legal system, manifested most clearly

in the Pinochet affair, the trial of Slobodan Milosevic and the

establishment of the ICC in the teeth of American hostility.

Less striking in the short run, but perhaps more significant

for the long term, are the faint beginnings of a stateless or

borderless politics. Increasingly,

non-state associations and

social movements of all kinds –

women’s groups, think tanks,

networks of local authorities,

anti-capitalist protesters, human

rights campaigners, a plethora

of international NGOs and, on

a different level, multi-national

corporations, employers’ associations and trade unions – seek

to structure public debate and to influence public policy on a

global as well as a national level. Their activities transcend

national boundaries, and elude the essentially national political

categories we have inherited from the great thinkers of the past,

but they are no less political for that. Meanwhile, notions of

global citizenship – usually vaguely defined, often mutually

contradictory, but nevertheless strongly held – are steadily

gaining currency.

There is still no global polity, still less a global

government. The nation state has not suddenly become obsolete

and it will not do so for the foreseeable future. It is still

overwhelmingly the most important focus for political

allegiance and the chief site of political conflict. Global

citizenship is still a tiny fledgling in comparison with the proud

eagles of national citizenship. For all that, we are at least

beginning to see the emergence of a global civil society or

public space. This space is extraordinarily difficult to map. Its

contours and boundaries are changing all the time. Its

implications for the future are unknown. In the language of

the American political scientist, Joseph Nye, it has more to do

with ‘soft’ power than with ‘hard’, and the ebbs and flows of

soft power are inherently unpredictable. But it exists and it is

growing. Potentially, at least, it offers a civilized, multilateral

alternative to the brutal, hegemonial globalisation favoured in

present-day Washington.

Which approach will prevail? The only certainty is that

the hegemonial approach cannot do so. The rest of the world

will not tolerate American hegemony for ever. Indeed, its

tolerance is already wearing thin. The German electorate’s

response to Gerhard Schroeder’s magnificent election

Essay

Saddam’s last stand?

America’s overwhelming preponderance

will, in any case, come to an end sooner

or later, just as Britain’s did. This is the

Bushites’ nightmare . . . .

23

what could be better for tackling the causes of

terrorism that to encourage a moderate Islamic

party in a country which accepts a secular state

and which still wants to join the European Union

and which is looking to us to give a clear signal

about bringing Turkey in? That does seem to me

a very powerful argument because the example

of a Turkey gaining benefits from becoming closer

to Europe would be a powerful example for the

rest of the Middle East.

This is one reason, of course, why we are being

pressed quite hard by the United States to do

exactly that. But of course, it is not the United

States who decides what the EU does. Indeed for

many in EU the fact that the United States wants

to do it is quite a good reason for not doing it. So

gue that the logic of peace, a powerful logic of

Turkey,

. I do not know how, at

Turkey in the next

ficult enough with 30 European

ficult enough with all of them having a large,

Turkey it seems to me close to

And this is not just the logic of unity, it is also a

. If this political community is to survive it

Turkey.

So that ultimate logic of democracy inside the European

The logic of democracy clashes with the logic

We face it as a true political conflict.

, the logic of

. And we face Turkey and really the

. We have created

Turkey for 40 years since 1963. How much longer

The only answer I could offer is that of the famous American

ed at a conference on Russia and Europe

d, supported by the Europaeum.

Viewpoint

Ash

s

22

I would like to start by saying that the EU is called

end? And this is geographically.

To

should be enlarged to the North Pole. Not to the W

after all West is the Atlantic. But, of

course, actually if you define Europe as

a community of values than it becomes

a real question whether there are

European values distinct from American

values or whether there are EU Atlantic

values.

You may also think that Europe is

clearly distinctive from Africa to the

South. But again I wonder. As most of

you know, Morocco has applied to join

the European Union. It is the only

country which has been refused

permission on the grounds that it is not

a European country. But of course in the

period of classical civilization there was

the whole Mediterranean world into which North

much belonged.

Finally, of course, the EU is open to the East.

line extended to the Urals and the Bosporus (T

Turkey in Asia).

So after the openness, the ambiguity to the W

the East. That means we must talk about T

‘where on the earth will Europe end?’.

but politically.

This question is indeed being posed, ar

europeenne. We

Europe or the United S

will Europe end?’ are closely related. That is to say

Enlargement is around the corner for

But where will it end and what about T

TIM GARTON ASH excavates these

questions. © Timothy Garton

Viewpoint

To

15

Once Britain bestrode the globe, now it is the USA’s goal.

Essay

campaign showed. If they

were given the chance to do

so, the British electorates

would almost certainly follow

where the Germans have led,

whilte the French are already

doing so. China – the world’s

next super-power – is keeping

her own counsel. The same is

true of India, the next but one.

Perhaps they will eventually

fall into line behind Bush’s

campaign against Saddam,

but if they do it will be for

reasons of national

realpolitik, not out of love for the United States or enthusiasm

for its hegemonial role. Russia can probably be bribed to follow

the American lead, but the price will be high and bribes as can

be seen, do not always work.

As all this implies, America’s overwhelming

preponderance will, in any case, come to an end sooner or later,

just as Britain’s did. This is the Bushites’ nightmare and they

are doing everything in their power to stop it from coming true.

Their proclaimed aim is to freeze the

global political economy in its

present shape, to ensure that the

United States is for ever invulnerable

and invincible and, to that end, to re-

make the rest of the world in the

image of American-style democracy

and the American version of

capitalism – if you like, to turn

Francis Fukuyama’s preposterous vision of the end of history

into a reality.

It is a nonsense, of course. It can’t be done. The American

model is specific to the United States, the product of a unique

(and very short) history to which the rest of the world offers

no parallel. The notion that it can be transplanted in the ancient

soil of China and India, or even in the somewhat less ancient

soil of Europe, betrays a mixture of arrogance and parochialism

which would be comic if the likely consequences were not

tragic.

American-style hegemonial globalisation is, in fact, self-

stultifying. Already it is beginning to undermine the conditions

for its own existence, just as its British-style predecessor did

around the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

American predominance will sooner or later be challenged by

the rising super-powers of East and South Asia, just as Britain’s

predominance was challenged by Germany and the United

States 100 years ago. They may well be joined by a Phoenix-

like Eurasian successor to impoverished and IMF-battered

Russia. There is no point in

trying to foresee the detailed

shape of the global political

economy in fifty years time,

but globalisation backed by a

single hegemon is plainly the

least likely scenario in sight.

Sadly, it does not follow that

multilateral globalisation

through law and politics is

bound to be the wave of the

future. Another possibility is

a new version of the shifting

balance of power that led to

the First World War, the

demise of the Victorian global market and the economic

disasters of the 1920s and 1930s. That is the real nightmare

for our time.

The choice between these futures will not be made in or

by Europe, but Europe will have a crucial part to play. It will

not be an easy one. Fawning on the Americans, as virtually all

post-war British governments have done, does no service to

anyone – least of all to the Americans themselves. President

Bush has become the playground

bully of the west.

The only way to stop him is to

stand up to him. Blairite sweet talk

does more harm than good. The

American hard right see it as a sign

of weakness, and like all bullies they

despise the weak. In dealing with

American hard right, De Gaulle’s

proud intransigence is a better model than Churchill’s

sentimental Atlanticism for the federalising Europe which is

slowly beginning to emerge from the quagmire of

confederalism.

Yet simplistic anti-Americanism is equally dangerous. The

civic, law-based model of globalisation, which offers the only

alternative to the bankrupt hegemonial model, cannot come into

being without American participation. This won’t happen under

Bush, but Bush is not the United States. (Apart from any other

considerations, he actually lost the presidential election.) So

Europe has a testing hand to play. It needs the courage to tell

the Americans when they are wrong, coupled with the

imagination and generosity of spirit to appeal to the best in

the American tradition, which has by no means disappeared.

Above all, it needs the self-discipline and political creativity

to put its own civic house in order.

This article was first published in the New Statesman.

Europe has a testing hand to play.

It needs the courage to tell the

Americans when they are wrong.

16

The sorry figure cut by the European Union in recent

months should not blind us to the real and remarkable

achievements of the Common Foreign and Security

Policy over the last decade: in the Balkans, in Afghanistan,

and in many other parts of the world. But it should also remind

us how far we have to go. Of course, it is possible as some

have suggested for a small group of Member States to act as a

driving force to give Europe a coherent, high profile foreign

policy. But without better machinery to harness common

political will, they are just as likely to drive an incoherent high-

profile policy. This has not been a good time for those who

believe that the way forward for European foreign policy is to

leave things to the big Member States.

Enhancing the UN

One lesson we can already draw from the unfolding events is

the importance of developing the role and authority of the

United Nations. It is in the interests of the whole world that

power should be constrained by global rules, and used only

with international agreement. What other source of

international legitimacy but the UN exists for military

intervention? On what other basis is it possible, indeed, to

address the problem of weapons of mass destruction? I am here

thinking not just of the particular case of Iraq, but of the wider

issue. America’s refusal to press forward with ratification of

the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty hardly strengthens the hand

of the IAEA and others seeking to prevent the proliferation of

nuclear technology in Iran, North Korea and beyond. I

regretted, too, America’s decision to resile so lightly from the

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. For such decisions and there have

been many send a dangerous signal about the value that the

US places on international commitments. And that, surely, is

a critical battle lost in what some call the ‘war against

terrorism’.

For I find it hard to conceive how the terrorist threat can

be confronted effectively except through international co-

operation and disciplines. Impressive work has already been

done within the EU and through the UN Counter-terrorism

Committee. We should continue to help countries which find

it hard to meet their counter-terrorism obligations under UN

Security Council Resolution 1373. And we should continue to

work for a less unequal world for example in the WTO Doha

Development Agenda; by carrying forward the Monterrey

decisions on development financing; and by implementing the

Johannesburg decisions on sustainable development. As a

general rule, are wars not more likely to recruit terrorists than

to deter them? It is hard to build democracy at the barrel of a

gun, when history suggests that it more usually the product of

long internal development within a society.

Because of the UN’s unique role as a source of legitimacy, it

is of the greatest importance that if a war is waged in Iraq, the

UN should authorise the decision to attack. If, tragically, the

position of the UN remains ambiguous (if, for example,

authority for an attack rested on Resolution 1441, but without

explicit Security Council confirmation that Iraq’s failure fully

to comply constituted a casus belli), then it is still likely to be

desirable that the UN should provide the framework as soon

as possible for humanitarian assistance that may be necessary

thereafter; that it should oversee the emergence of the new Iraqi

polity, driven by the people of Iraq themselves; and that it

should help to co-ordinate the international reconstruction

effort that will certainly be required. But it would be better

(who can seriously dispute this) if, a huge “if” we were able

to disarm Saddam Hussein preferably by inspections.

EU humanitarian assistance

The EU is a massive donor in the Balkans and in Afghanistan,

and we are already the largest humanitarian donor in Iraq. If it

comes to war, we shall certainly have to step up that help, not

just to the victims of the conflict, but to those who may seek

refuge from it. The Commission has been engaged in intensive

contacts with UN organisations and with countries

neighbouring Iraq about how we might best contribute on the

may well need to go further drawing, if necessary, on the

budget’s emergency reserve.

It will be essential that, with other international assistance

agencies, the EU should be free to give independent and

impartial help. A strict separation will need to be maintained

between military action and assistance in order to preserve the

so-called ‘humanitarian space’. That objective will be much

easier to achieve if the UN is recognised, at an early stage, as

In search of a Europeanforeign and security policy

Viewpoint

The Iraq war has exposed deep divisions in the

foreign policy of European nations. Here

CHRIS PATTEN charts a path for a common

European foreign policy.

Keeping the peace .... under whose authority?

21

Research

Others

the University of

described how

policy from

to the mid-20th

for the

on French soil

Another paper

image of America

in part on a lack

of consumer

emigrants had a

Another paper

defined through

from and

Others, with hosts,

the community but

or cultural

the identity

in France’

of possible

Diaspora is thus a

contemporary

where identity

potent sources

European Otherness

Amsterdam University looked at the relationship between

in the Habsburg Empire with its established elite, and

new Serbian Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century.

the two groups in social composition, cultural

goals, was indirectly expressed in contemporary

and national identity. Another paper on modern

identity, showed that the first generation of intellectuals

identity, came from Greek or French (i.e. Other)

Sobotková of Charles University compared the image

the 19th century in French and Czech public discourse.

their superiority, while the Czechs identified with

s in a multi-ethnic empire, particularly Slavs and

ation. Another paper explored the construction of

in the anti-Bolshevik campaign organised by a group

s after the 1917 Revolution, using allegorical expressions

) or personal testimony of emigrés without

Reijnen of Leiden University argued that the stereotype

not always be purely negative, as Czech images of

in the interwar period were. The Germans embodied

past, while the Slovaks were to be the foundation of

state.

expresses an entirely wholesalejudgment and sometimesdistinguishes between variousdifferent groups to whom he hasdifferent political attitudes?

The Meeting the “Other”

Workshop brought discussion onmany similar questions, offeringscope for plenty of suggestionsthat participants could take backto their own research, and use toexpand or modify their ownperspectives. The questionsdiscussed also correspondedremarkably closely, in theme, tothe trio of motifs (authority,identity, past) that MiroslavHroch identified in connectionwith otherness in his openingpaper. There was also, however,a noticeable dimension to thepresent discussions that waslacking 20 years ago, a more

interest in methods of research.The questions raised at the workshop illustrate the self-

inclination to reflections on method, its gnoseologicaland also its moral legitimacy, that European social

has developed in the last decades. They also suggestthis trend can produce valuable results.

humanitarian front. €15m has already been set aside, but we

20

An Indian Nabob

identified in the

concrete situation, in

the place where they

operate directly. This

is the charm of

discursive analysis,

but it raises the

question of whether

anything more than a set of heterogenous othernesses

exists as a research subject. Secondly

views of otherness

themselves is reflected in modern criminology

triumphant, one-sided confrontation of two worlds?

otherness of a society’

Research

A French

cartoon

showing the

under the

burden of

Church and

nobility. A

said to p

100 in t

17

the lead assistance co-ordinator.

Immediate humanitarian help is one thing but the demands

upon us will certainly extend much beyond that. As you are

all too well aware in this House, Europe’s external relations

budget is already heavily committed. It will be very difficult

in any circumstances to launch massive new programmes in

Iraq and in the neighbourhood of Iraq. But it will be that much

more difficult for the EU to co-operate fully and on a large

scale also in the longer-term reconstruction process if events

unfold without proper UN cover and if the Member States

remain divided.

When I have made this point in the past I have sometimes

been accused of issuing a threat of EU nonco-operation if the

United States chooses to proceed without UN backing, on the

principle suggested by Tom Friedman from the sign in a china

shop: “If you broke it, you own it.” But that is not my point. I

am making, rather, a simple observation of fact: that if it comes

to war, it will be very much easier to persuade you the EU

budgetary authority to be generous if there is no dispute about

the legitimacy of the military action that has taken place; about

the new political order that emerges thereafter; or about who

is in charge of the reconstruction process. I am not making a

quasi-legal point. I am simply offering a political judgement

of no great novelty or sagacity. It seems pretty obvious.

Minimising collateral damage

I am gravely concerned and I know that many in this House

share my concerns about the potential collateral damage of

recent events. Our joint efforts should be directed to trying to

minimise those potential effects. I am thinking not just of the

death and destruction that might be wrought by war itself, or

of the destabilising consequences for Iraq’s immediate

neighbours but of potential

damage, for example to the

authority of the United

Nations; to NATO; and to

transatlantic relations,

which are going through a

very difficult passage. In all

these contexts we must look

beyond the immediate

arguments and remind

ourselves of our long-term

interests to co-operate and

to strengthen the flawed but

necessary apparatus of

international governance.

But there are three other

areas where we should also

work to reduce collateral

damage from recent events.

Future goals

The first is the CFSP itself, which has suffered a severe

setback because Member States on both sides of the debate

have chosen to take firm national policy positions as if they

spoke for the European Union as a whole. We must not be

disheartened by this setback. There have been similar divisions

within the United States, and even within the US

Administration, but these do not pull the country apart because

in the end the President is empowered to speak for the nation

as a whole. As a Union of independent nations we do not enjoy

that luxury. But that is reason to redouble our efforts to build

an effective CFSP, not to abandon them. As we return to the

work we shall find, perhaps, a little more humility even among

the large Member States who can surely see how much they

have damaged their common enterprise and how much they

have reduced their common influence as a result of public

squabbling;

A second European project that risks being hurt by recent

events if we do not work actively to sustain it, is the cause of

enlargement. I think it is particularly damaging that

disagreements over Iraq have been allowed to over-shadow the

debate about enlargement. We should not call into question

the European vocation of countries simply because of their

views on the Iraq crisis. Let us assure the acceding countries

that we continue to look forward eagerly to their imminent

membership.

But on the other side of the argument let us acknowledge

that those who join our Union are making an existential choice.

They are not declaring themselves for Europe and against the

United States. Emphatically not. But, in the words of the Treaty,

they are accepting a responsibility to “refrain from

action…likely to impair [the effectiveness of the Union] as a

Viewpoint

Looking ahead - Chris Patten at an EU Summit.

18

Chris Patten has just been

elected Chancellor of the

University of Oxford. He is

currently European

Commissioner for External

Affairs. He is a former (and

final) British Governor of

Hong Kong, former Chairman

of the Conservative Party, MP

for Bath, and head of the

Conservative research

department.

cohesive force in international relations.”

The present members may have set a badexample but that does not reduce theresponsibility on all members, including theacceding states, to meet that Treatyobligation.

Finally, I want to say a word about Israeland Palestine. What happens if there is a warin Iraq? Let us suppose, let us pray, that it isbrief. Let us further suppose that all theworries expressed about the consequences interms of stability of the country proveunfounded. Let us, in short, put all or mostanxieties to one side.

I want to ask two questions. First, willthe peace that breaks out drive Palestiniansand Israelis into an historic reconciliation?The state of the Palestinians was describedlast week by Peter Hansen, CommissionerGeneral of the UN Relief and Works Agency.“The stark fact is”, he wrote, “that almost aquarter of Palestinian children are sufferingfrom acute or chronic malnutrition for purelyman-made reasons. No drought has hit Gaza and the WestBank, no crops have failed and the shops are often full of food.But the failure of the peace process and the destruction ofthe economy by Israel’s closure policy have had the effect ofa terrible natural disaster”.

Second, in the aftermath of a war, willAmerica (the leader of a UN backedoperation or a more limited coalition) takea much more proactive role in forging anIsraeli-Palestinian peace? We have beentold that will happen. European leadershave been told that will happen: that theroad map will see the light of day beforewe all run out of road. I sincerely hopethat is so. I genuinely fear the outcome ifwar in Iraq is followed by another year ormore of violence in Palestine and Israel.That would further inflame opinion in theIslamic world. To defeat terrorism, it is saidby some to be necessary to defeatSaddam Hussein. That may or may not betrue some of us are at the very leastagnostic on that point. But what I amabsolutely sure about is that to invadeIraq while failing to bring peace to theMiddle East would create exactly the sortof conditions in which terrorism would belikely to thrive. And none of us would be

immune from the consequences.

Viewpoint

This is a slightly edited version of a speech, delivered in March

to the European Parliament.

Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead,

was a leading figure in British national

and European international affairs.

He held great offices of state, as

Home Secretary Chancellor of the

Exchequer, leader of a new centre

party, the Social Democrats, was

Chancellor of one of the oldest and

round-table in Bologna on whether

great European statesmen are born

or need to be constructed shortly after

being conferred Sigilum Magnum (a

role reversed when Professor Prodi

received an Honorary Doctorate as

President of the European

Commission from Lord Jenkins as

Chancellor of Oxford)

He was active to the last – and

had just agreed to deliver a

Europaeum Lecture in Prague on

European Economic Integration –

past, present and future, recalling his

keynote speech in Florence just over

25 years ago, which presaged the

birth of the Euro.

He is already greatly missed.

In memoriam: Roy Jenkinsmost prestigious universities in the

world, and a noted writer, and

biographer of Gladstone, Asquith

and, most recently, Churchill, among

many others.

His enthusiasms for whatever

was to hand captivated those about

him, whether it was a new idea, a

complex point of European

legislation, Labour or Liberal

Democrat Party policy, a

biographical anecdote, or even a fine

claret.

Lord Jenkins was also a great

friend of the Europaeum, in at the

foundation with George Weidenfeld

and Ronnie Grierson, active in the

early fund-raising, debating with

Romano Prodi at a Europaeum

1920 - 2003

Photos ©European Communities, 1995-2002

19

Research

and there

control of the “other” as an inferior, and second, theof one’s own identity as a place of safety from

otherness. In the debates ofthe Eighties a third importantelement was added, thediachronic aspect of attitudesto the other - the identificationof “otherness” in one’s ownpast.

The fact that “otherness” isstill discussed today stronglysuggests its continuingcontemporary relevance.Given the huge range of waysin which the concept can behandled, the workshoporganisers decided to grouppapers in sections on the basisof its relationship to certaingeneral lurking problems,rather than by overt subjectmatter or declared method.This proved effective withmuch fruitful discussion.

Discussions focused onhow far the results of researchon marginalised groups couldbe generalised. Two lines ofthought emerged: Firstly, themethodology employed,largely derived from MichelFoucault, only allows themechanisms of power to be

panish

. The Mixtec gave up

yya) but hung on as a

) subordinate to the

, in

Tribe,

ales of

prairy

, without an adequate

akes tea . . . . served by others

s.

18

Af

cohesive force in international relations.”

The present members may have set a badexample but that does not reduce theresponsibility on all members, including theacceding states, to meet that Treatyobligation.

Finally, I want to say a word about Israeland Palestine. What happens if there is a warin Iraq? Let us suppose, let us pray, that it isbrief. Let us further suppose that all theworries expressed about the consequences interms of stability of the country proveunfounded. Let us, in short, put all or mostanxieties to one side.

I want to ask two questions. First, willthe peace that breaks out drive Palestiniansand Israelis into an historic reconciliation?The state of the Palestinians was describedlast week by Peter Hansen, CommissionerGeneral of the UN Relief and Works Agency.“The stark fact is”, he wrote, “that almost aquarter of Palestinian children are sufferingfrom acute or chronic malnutrition for purelyman-made reasons. No drought has hit Gaza and the WBank, no crops have failed and the shops are often full of But the failure of the peace process and the the economy by Israel’s closure policy have had the efa terrible natural disaster”.

Viewpoint

Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead,

was a leading figure in British national

and European international affairs.

He held great offices of state, as

Home Secretary Chancellor of the

Exchequer, leader of a new centre

party, the Social Democrats, was

Chancellor of one of the oldest and

In

claret.

1920 - 2003

19

Globalisation, diversity, pluralism, equality,

migration, refugees, have given fresh impetus

to writing about the other. An international

work-shop, backed by the Europaeum,

dissected the concept.

MICHAEL VORISEK explains.

Research

Meeting the Other: here and there

M eeting the Other - incongruous, unknown, or just

plain different – is one of the archetypal situations of modern life. For some it is exciting, for somedisturbing, for others offensive. It is in the nature of the worldaround us. For academics (at least one hopes so) meetings withOthers are an important part of working life, and if they manageto cultivate these meetings and turn them to mutual advantage,their students and whole communities may follow their lead.With the aim of making more such meetings possible, morethan 30 historians, sociologists and other social scientists fromFinland, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, GreatBritain and the Czech Republic, met in the historic Small Aulaof Charles University in Prague last September for a SummerWorkshop Meeting the “Other”,organised by Charles Universityin collaboration with theEuropaeum.

The event gave participantsa series of opportunities to meetthe Others. The aim was toprovide stimulus for researchersfrom a range of different fields,with different theoreticalperspectives and nationaldiscourses, and offer them asmuch intellectual space aspossible, as the main organiser ofthe workshop, Professor L u ï aKlusáková, explained.

The concept of “the other”has held its own in productivehistoriographical discourse formore than two decades now. In1984 it was the theme of one ofthe main sections of the WorldHistorical Congress in Stuttgart,as Miroslav Hroch recalled in hisopening paper at the workshop.Hroch noted that then historianshad stressed two aspects of theconcept, seeing the two sides ofthe coin of “otherness” as, first,the question of power, authority

and control of the “other” as an inferior, and second, thequestion of one’s own identity as a place of safety from

otherness. In the debates ofthe Eighties a third importantelement was added, thediachronic aspect of attitudesto the other - the identificationof “otherness” in one’s ownpast.

The fact that “otherness” isstill discussed today stronglysuggests its continuingcontemporary relevance.Given the huge range of waysin which the concept can behandled, the workshoporganisers decided to grouppapers in sections on the basisof its relationship to certaingeneral lurking problems,rather than by overt subjectmatter or declared method.This proved effective withmuch fruitful discussion.

Discussions focused onhow far the results of researchon marginalised groups couldbe generalised. Two lines ofthought emerged: Firstly, themethodology employed,largely derived from MichelFoucault, only allows themechanisms of power to be

Europeans and Others

Lorna Colberg Goldsmith of Northumbria University

traced changes in municipal social policy in Newcastle

in the 1960s, focusing on “problem families” in conflict

with the changing form of the city (rebuilding, slum

clearance). Local government policy remained

manipulatively interventionary in relation to these

families. Another paper looked at how Birmingham

council saw mothers going to work as irresponsible,

while Göteburg council saw mothers who were helping

to support the family by finding employment, as

responsible. Another paper described how Mixtec

nobility adopted the culture of their Spanish

colonialists and used symbolic interaction and

‘mimicry’ from the discourse of the conquerors to

legitimise their own supremacy. The Mixtec gave up

its claim to divine nobility (yya) but hung on as a

class of local landlords (cacique) subordinate to the

Spanish. Lea Zuyderhoudt, of Leiden University, in

her paper on the North American Blackfoot Tribe,

showed how the Native Americans tended to be

presented in a set of ahistorical myths (tales of

ancestors) or as a matter of one episodic role in the

long story of White America, i.e. the Indian as prairy

horseman. This approach was condemned as morally

and intellectually unacceptable, though the tendency

to write the history of the Other, without an adequate

knowledge, still persists.

A well-to-do European family takes tea . . . . served by others

- their rather poor servants.

20

An Indian Nabob . . . . a world away from his Indian coolies.

identified in the

concrete situation, in

the place where they

operate directly. This

is the charm of

discursive analysis,

but it raises the

question of whether

anything more than a set of heterogenous othernesses actually

exists as a research subject. Secondly, we can see that our

views of otherness are usually one-sided, that is the subjective

perspective of the “other” is absent, and so it seems crucial to

ask, for example, how far the life and the world of criminals

themselves is reflected in modern criminology. Is it the

delinquent or just our heterostereotype of the delinquent that

speaks to us from dictionaries of argot, police interrogation or

medical records? How do we cope with the fact that historical

“documents” usually leave behind them what is mainly a

triumphant, one-sided confrontation of two worlds?

The role of the social scientist in encounter with the “other”

was the focus of lively subsequent discussion. The historian

may seem to be someone who mediates, or indeed reduces the

otherness of a society’s past, but the Other may not always

thank him for his efforts. “Problem” families do not invite

social workers to inspect them, and nobody invites historians

or anthropologists into marginalised ethnic communities. Does

the academic community do anything more for its Others than

steal and mutilate their stories? What is the justification for

an “objectivity” that gives priority to its own discursive

operation over the lived experience of the people who are its

subjects, whether “problem families” or “savages”, or for a

“science” that has proved so ready to offer legitimation for

Research

the political

strategies of the

powerful (see the

case of social

policy)? Most

participants agreed

that historians today

owe it to their

Others to try and

grasp and respect the meanings they attribute to their own past.

The papers from the morning section of the 13th of

September had a strong whiff of political history, since they

were concerned with the image of the Other as developed in

the name of certain short-term (primarily political and

economic) goals. In the discussion participants debated the

advantages and limits of this kind of research. It is highly

sensitive to the deliberately propagated image (“the

Americanisation” of Central Europe and the US interwar

propaganda), and suggest the importance of the positive image

of the Other, for example the possibilities of the conscious

adoption of the identity of a host (French immigrants) or its

rejection (diaspora), or of balancing alternative centres of

identity. On the other hand, it tends to ignore the longer-term

mental structures beneath the political surface, for example a

community’s autostereotypes. It is also arguable how far

politics is a system that rationally follows its own ends and

how far it is at the mercy of waves of popular xenophobia.

Criminals and Us

Peter Becker of the European University Institute,

Florence set the image of the 19th century criminal in

context of the “historical semantics of asymmetrical

oppositions”, with which modern society defines and

maintains its boundaries. The approach to criminals

changed from the moralising ethnographic to the

medical, thus isolating criminals more profoundly as

they were now believed to be biologically inferior to

the respectable citizen. Daniela Tinková of Charles

University saw the modern definition of crime, born

in Josephine Austria and revolutionary France, as a

source of the practices by which criminals are created

and manipulated by state authority, involving

secularisation of the basis of crime; decriminalisation

of certain crimes - now reclassified as moral

transgressions (e.g. suicide) - and medicalisation,

involving a preference for explaining crime as the

outcome of involuntary biological “inclination”. New

definitions of crime brought with them a new form of

discipline of the individual, and illustrate the

emergence of modern individualism and modern

forms of power.

A French

revolutionary

cartoon

showing the

peasant bent

under the

burden of

Church and

nobility. A

peasant was

said to pay 85

francs out of

100 in taxes.

17

neighbours but of potential

damage, for example to the

authority of the United

Nations; to NATO; and to

transatlantic relations,

which are going through a

very difficult passage. In all

these contexts we must look

beyond the immediate

arguments and remind

ourselves of our long-term

interests to co-operate and

to strengthen the flawed but

necessary apparatus of

international governance.

But there are three other

areas where we should also

work to reduce collateral

damage from recent events.

Future goals

The first is the CFSP itself, which has suffered a severe

because Member States on both sides of the debate

chosen to take firm national policy positions as if they

for the European Union as a whole. We must not be

by this setback. There have been similar divisions

the United States, and even within the US

but these do not pull the country apart because

the end the President is empowered to speak for the nation

a whole. As a Union of independent nations we do not enjoy

luxury. But that is reason to redouble our efforts to build

effective CFSP, not to abandon them. As we return to the

we shall find, perhaps, a little more humility even among

large Member States who can surely see how much they

damaged their common enterprise and how much they

reduced their common influence as a result of public

A second European project that risks being hurt by recent

if we do not work actively to sustain it, is the cause of

gement. I think it is particularly damaging that

over Iraq have been allowed to over-shadow the

about enlargement. We should not call into question

European vocation of countries simply because of their

on the Iraq crisis. Let us assure the acceding countries

we continue to look forward eagerly to their imminent

But on the other side of the argument let us acknowledge

those who join our Union are making an existential choice.

are not declaring themselves for Europe and against the

States. Emphatically not. But, in the words of the Treaty,

are accepting a responsibility to “refrain from

Viewpoint

16

The sorry figure cut by the European Union in

months should not blind us to the real and

achievements of the Common Foreign and

Policy over the last decade: in the Balkans, in

and in many other parts of the world. But it should also

us how far we have to go. Of course, it is possible as

have suggested for a small group of Member S

driving force to give Europe a coherent, high profile

policy. But without better machinery to harness

political will, they are just as likely to drive an incoherent

profile policy. This has not been a good time for those

believe that the way forward for European foreign policy

leave things to the big Member States.

Enhancing the UN

One lesson we can already draw from the unfolding

the importance of developing the role and authority

United Nations. It is in the interests of the whole world

power should be constrained by global rules, and used

with international agreement. What other

international legitimacy but the UN exists for

intervention? On what other basis is it possible,

address the problem of weapons of mass destruction? I am

thinking not just of the particular case of Iraq, but of the

issue. America’s refusal to press forward with

the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty hardly strengthens the

nuclear technology in Iran, North Korea and

regretted, too, America’s decision to resile so lightly

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. For such decisions and there

In Viewpoint

foreign policy of European nations. Here

CHRIS PATTEN charts a p

European foreign policy.

Keeping the peace .... under whose authority?

21

Research

The discussion focused on therelation of discourse to the implicit orexplicit political background ofimages of the Other. It raised theproblem of the interpretation of themeaning attributed by historical actorsto the formal or discursive boundary,i.e. people writing about the Balkanscan either emphasise difference or elsetry to incorporate the Balkans “intoEurope”. An attitude to the Other thatseems to be just a question ofdiscursive preference (e.g. Serbphilological disputes) may reflectconcrete social relations. In othercases the construction of the other isdirectly instrumentalised, whether fora specific political end (to support anintervention policy) or with theintention of creating a basic identityfor a new state.

Then there is the question ofplurality of meanings. This is not justa problem of selection of sources, but derives from the factthat any single academic interpretation is open to challenge ina world of competing political conceptions. In a state thatadheres to the idea of a “Czechoslovak” people, for example,can Slovaks still be defined as an Other, or are they alreadyUs? Can we talk of an image of Germans if someone sometimes

Migration and Others

Jean-François Berdah of the University of

Toulouse II le Mirail described how

changes in French immigration policy from

the ancienne regime to the mid-20th

century meant that conditions for the

residence of foreigners on French soil

could be quite favourable. Another paper

looked at the idealised image of America

in interwar Poland, based in part on a lack

of information. The stories of consumer

lifestyle told by Polish emigrants had a

major impact on migration. Another paper

looked at diaspora, defined through

confrontation – distancing from and

closeness to - types of Others, with hosts,

and with Others within the community but

separated by a geographical or cultural

frontier. Thus for example the identity

‘Sephardic Jew from Marseilles in France’

conceals a remarkable number of possible

future developments. Diaspora is thus a

concept applicable to contemporary

political struggles where identity

represents one of the most potent sources

of mobilisation.

European Otherness

Floris van Nierop of Amsterdam University looked at the relationship between

the Serb diaspora in the Habsburg Empire with its established elite, and

the peasants of the new Serbian Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century.

The lack of fit between the two groups in social composition, cultural

orientation and political goals, was indirectly expressed in contemporary

disputes over language and national identity. Another paper on modern

Bulgarian national identity, showed that the first generation of intellectuals

to claim Bulgarian identity, came from Greek or French (i.e. Other)

environments. Hana Sobotková of Charles University compared the image

of the Balkans in the 19th century in French and Czech public discourse.

The French emphasised their superiority, while the Czechs identified with

non-dominant ethnic groups in a multi-ethnic empire, particularly Slavs and

their attempts at emancipation. Another paper explored the construction of

the image of the Other in the anti-Bolshevik campaign organised by a group

of British journalists after the 1917 Revolution, using allegorical expressions

(Bolsheviks as Antichrist) or personal testimony of emigrés without

commentary. Carlos Reijnen of Leiden University argued that the stereotype

of the Other need not always be purely negative, as Czech images of

Germans and Slovaks in the interwar period were. The Germans embodied

a tie with the historical past, while the Slovaks were to be the foundation of

the future of the new state.

Refugees encapsulate otherness.

expresses an entirely wholesalejudgment and sometimesdistinguishes between variousdifferent groups to whom he hasdifferent political attitudes?

The Meeting the “Other”

Workshop brought discussion onmany similar questions, offeringscope for plenty of suggestionsthat participants could take backto their own research, and use toexpand or modify their ownperspectives. The questionsdiscussed also correspondedremarkably closely, in theme, tothe trio of motifs (authority,identity, past) that MiroslavHroch identified in connectionwith otherness in his openingpaper. There was also, however,a noticeable dimension to thepresent discussions that waslacking 20 years ago, a more

intense interest in methods of research.The questions raised at the workshop illustrate the self-

critical inclination to reflections on method, its gnoseologicaladequacy and also its moral legitimacy, that European socialscience has developed in the last decades. They also suggestthat this trend can produce valuable results.

22

I would like to start by saying that the EU is called The

European Union. It is nor called the Freedom Union or the

Peace Union or the democracy Union. So there is a way in

which we could ask the question where on Earth will Europe

end? And this is geographically.

To the north. I have not heard anyone propose that the EU

should be enlarged to the North Pole. Not to the West because

after all West is the Atlantic. But, of

course, actually if you define Europe as

a community of values than it becomes

a real question whether there are

European values distinct from American

values or whether there are EU Atlantic

values.

You may also think that Europe is

clearly distinctive from Africa to the

South. But again I wonder. As most of

you know, Morocco has applied to join

the European Union. It is the only

country which has been refused

permission on the grounds that it is not

a European country. But of course in the

period of classical civilization there was

the whole Mediterranean world into which North Africa very

much belonged.

Finally, of course, the EU is open to the East. There is a

map by a Greek geographer from the 3rd century BC which is

the first map I know to draw the eastern frontier of Europe. It

was the river Don. Only I believe in the 18th century was the

line extended to the Urals and the Bosporus (Turkey in Europe,

Turkey in Asia).

So after the openness, the ambiguity to the West and to the

South we could talk about the openness and the ambiguity to

the East. That means we must talk about Turkey and Russia.

But there is another way in which we could ask the question

‘where on the earth will Europe end?’. This is not geographically

but politically. Where on earth will the European project end?

This question is indeed being posed, arguably for the first time

in a real form, by the Convention on the Future of Europe. The

question should be what in French is called the finalité

europeenne. We have on the table the question whether it should

be called European Union , European Community , United

Europe or the United States of Europe. It seems to me absolutely

clear that these two ways of posing the question ‘where on earth

will Europe end?’ are closely related. That is to say, what kind

of political community you think Europe will be determines

how far you want to go, and how far you go clearly determines

what kind of political community Europe can be. This is why it

is no accident that it is Valery Giscard d’Estaing - not only

because he is a white, catholic, conservative Frenchman but

also because he is President of the European Convention - who

poses in a very sharp from the question should Turkey belong

to EU and answers No!

I actually want in my remarks to dwell, if I may, much

more on Turkey and the questions it poses than Russia or even

Ukraine or Belarus. Firstly, because many here know more than

I do in the case of Russia or Ukraine, but secondly, because at

the same time it seems to me that Turkey s claims to europeaness

are more questionable but politically the question is more

immediate. The Turkish question is

posed today, the Russian question is

not.

Now if one thinks for a moment

of what a European political

community of 30 to 32 Members-

States has in common in a deeper

sense, we could talk about interests,

we could talk about a European social

model different from an American

one, or the wider you go, we could talk

about the common language that we

don t have. John Stuart Mills

considered that for a democratic

political community it would be

central to have a common language.

We could reflect, obviously on history. And in reflecting

on history, we always are reminded of the famous definition of

nation as being a community of people who remember many

things together, but also who have forgotten many things

together. And we could talk about how Europe is such a

community of shared memory and forgetting everything from

classical civilization, from the Renaissance, Reformation and

Enlightenment to the Second World War, or again, the wider

you go the more different memories become. I would argue

that one of the fundamental differences between Britain and

France in the whole European debate is their different

experience in the Second World War. If that is true for Britain

and France how much more true for France and Turkey or

Ukraine and Russia.

If we go on looking at Europe’s self-definition, of course,

sooner or later we come to the question of religion, which

according to Samuel Huntington is the core defining feature of

civilizations, of cultures. Huntington, as you all know, wanted

to argue that there is a great dividing line in Europe between

Western and Extern Christianity. His book contains a footnote

in which it is indicated that Greece belonged to classical

civilization but is not a part of Western civilization. It seems to

me that we are way beyond that. No one now is seriously arguing

Where on earthEnlargement is around the corner for Europe.

But where will it end and what about Turkey?

TIM GARTON ASH excavates these regional

questions. © Timothy Garton Ash

Viewpoint

To be or not to be European?

15

’s goal.

Essay

Russia. There is no point in

trying to foresee the detailed

shape of the global political

economy in fifty years time,

but globalisation backed by a

single hegemon is plainly the

least likely scenario in sight.

Sadly, it does not follow that

multilateral globalisation

through law and politics is

bound to be the wave of the

future. Another possibility is

a new version of the shifting

balance of power that led to

the First World War, the

of the Victorian global market and the economic

of the 1920s and 1930s. That is the real nightmare

our time.

The choice between these futures will not be made in or

Europe, but Europe will have a crucial part to play. It will

be an easy one. Fawning on the Americans, as virtually all

British governments have done, does no service to

– least of all to the Americans themselves. President

Bush has become the playground

bully of the west.

The only way to stop him is to

stand up to him. Blairite sweet talk

does more harm than good. The

American hard right see it as a sign

of weakness, and like all bullies they

despise the weak. In dealing with

American hard right, De Gaulle’s

intransigence is a better model than Churchill’s

Atlanticism for the federalising Europe which is

beginning to emerge from the quagmire of

Yet simplistic anti-Americanism is equally dangerous. The

law-based model of globalisation, which offers the only

to the bankrupt hegemonial model, cannot come into

without American participation. This won’t happen under

but Bush is not the United States. (Apart from any other

he actually lost the presidential election.) So

has a testing hand to play. It needs the courage to tell

Americans when they are wrong, coupled with the

and generosity of spirit to appeal to the best in

American tradition, which has by no means disappeared.

all, it needs the self-discipline and political creativity

put its own civic house in order.

tatesman.

.

14

of the exercise is to prove beyond doubt that –

humiliation of September 11th 2001 and the

longueurs of the war against terrorism – the United

still invincible.

In this, Bush is a mirror image of Osnama Bin

Laden wanted to show the world, and the Islamic

particular, that the United States was not invulnerable;

handful of martyrs, prepared to die for the Islamist

could strike successfully at America’s heart – and that

states therefore had no need to crawl to W

succeeded beyond his wildest dreams, and the

did not undo the demonstration

effect. Now Bush wants a

reverse demonstration. He is not

deterred by manifest risks of

regime change in Iraq. For him,

the implosion of the Iraqi state,

with a Kurdish revolt in the

north and a Shiite turn to Iran in

the south; further damage to

America’s appalling image in the Muslim world; and the

of an anti-American backlash in Europe count for

(Saddam) is acting on Machiavelli’s precept that a wise

would rather be feared than loved. As Khrushchev once

of West Berlin, Saddam is a bone sticking in America’s

T

limits to American power; that the United States can and

dictate the terms on which globalisation continues. If

nations squeal, so be it.

Yet there is a paradox in all this, which may

the increasingly hysterical quality of Bush’s

Hegemonial globalisation on the nineteenth-century

Essay

Saddam’s last stand?

America’

or later

23

that any serious political Europe should stop at the

line dividing Western and Eastern Christianity. The

very first use of the term Europeans is in a chronicle

reporting of a battle in 732, a battle against the

Muslims. And right through the Middle Ages in the

battle against the Turks. So this is something

extremely deep in the southern definition of Europe.

It is the thing that for political correctness and other

reasons no one mentions now except a very few

Christian Democrats like Romano Prodi. We have

within the existing EU already probably some 10 to

15 million Muslims and there are another 6 to 7

million Muslims in Kosovo, in Bosnia, in Albania,

ect, waiting to come in, but above all Turkey. In 2020

according to estimates it could become the most

populous country in the European Union. So the

largest country in the Union would be largely

Muslim.

Now I am not here again to argue that this is the reason

why I question the inclusion of Turkey. I do want to argue that

if we are looking for deep elements of community to make a

European political community work this is also a deep problem.

But I want to argue something else, and this is that in the case

of Turkey we have a clash not of two civilizations but of two

logics: the logic of unity and logic of peace. If we consider

that the first purpose of the European project was to avoid the

returning of war between European countries then we have to

ask where is the greatest probability of war now. Clearly not

between Belgium and France, between Poland and Slovakia or

Poland and Lithuania, nit even between Serbia and Bosnia.

Where is it? In the Caucasus and in the Middle East.

So if the primary purpose of the European project is the

avoiding of war, then nowhere should be more important for us

to go then there where wars are most likely to occur. That seems

to me a strongly powerful case for saying Yes to turkey. If we

are in the 21st century engaged in a war against terrorism that

has its roots to a significant degree in the Islamic Arab world,

what could be better for tackling the causes of

terrorism that to encourage a moderate Islamic

party in a country which accepts a secular state

and which still wants to join the European Union

and which is looking to us to give a clear signal

about bringing Turkey in? That does seem to me

a very powerful argument because the example

of a Turkey gaining benefits from becoming closer

to Europe would be a powerful example for the

rest of the Middle East.

This is one reason, of course, why we are being

pressed quite hard by the United States to do

exactly that. But of course, it is not the United

States who decides what the EU does. Indeed for

many in EU the fact that the United States wants

to do it is quite a good reason for not doing it. So

here I would argue that the logic of peace, a powerful logic of

peace which pushes to make stronger commitments to Turkey,

clashes directly with the logic of unity. I do not know how, at

least in the short or medium term, we could ever make a coherent

political community of Europe bringing in Turkey in the next

10 or 15 years. It will be difficult enough with 30 European

countries, difficult enough with all of them having a large,

common heritage, but with Turkey it seems to me close to

impossible. And this is not just the logic of unity, it is also a

logic of democracy. If this political community is to survive it

clearly must have a democratic element. Europe wants more

people participating. I find that very hard to imagine in the

short to medium term - a functioning democratic political

community with Turkey.

So that ultimate logic of democracy inside the European

Union clashes with the logic of spreading democracy to the

East and South. The logic of democracy clashes with the logic

of spreading democracy - which is the best way of securing a

lasting peace. It seems to me that in this sense that we do not

face some abstract academic question: it is a conflict between

the geographical answer to the question where on earth will

Europe end and the political answer to the question where on

earth will Europe end. We face it as a true political conflict.

And we have an agonising dilemma between the logic of unity

and the logic of peace, the logic of democracy, the logic of

spreading democracy. And we face Turkey and really the

European Union is creating ambiguity. We have created

ambiguity for Turkey for 40 years since 1963. How much longer

can we seriously go on? Do I have an answer to this dilemma?

Frankly I do not. I do not know how we should resolve it.

The only answer I could offer is that of the famous American

baseball player who as you all know said: If you see a fork in

the road take it.

This talk was delivered at a conference on Russia and Europe

in Oxford, supported by the Europaeum.

Viewpoint

Timothy Garton Ash

is Director of the

European Studies

Centre at St Antony’s

College, Oxford.

will Europe end?

The challenge to Europe from the East ....?

24

Science and technology from

For some decades now, thecategories of centre and peripheryhave been invoked by scholars

across a broad swathe of the humanitiesand social sciences. Ancient historians,anthropologists, archaeologists,sociologists, economists, and politicalscientists have all used the terms inanalyses of relations betweengeographical areas, institutions, andsocial groups on one side or the other ofa perceived centre-periphery divide. Forhistorians of science, too, the contrastbetween central and peripheral cultureshas been a productive one.

The traditional model has been thatof a straightforward diffusion ofconcepts or practices in which ascientific or technological communityrich in novelty is interpreted as ‘feeding’

a passive receiver on the geographical orintellectual periphery. The mechanismsof diffusion have long been recognizedto include such vehicles as education,translation, or (as in the much-studiedcase of the spread of steam powertechnology from Britain to the Continentin the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies) industrial espionage and themovement of skilled workmen.Codification and simplification have alsobeen seen as common elements in thediffusion process. Here, the Frenchhistorian Pierre Brunet blazed animportant trail more than 70 years agowith studies of the arrival of Newtonianmechanics in continental Europe thatmade much of the role of such perceptiveinterpreters of the Principia as HenryPemberton, Colin Maclaurin, and theMarquise du Châtelet.

It is no criticism of scholars ofBrunet’s generation to say that in the lastquarter of a century, new perspectives,many bred at the interface between thehistory of science and the broader fieldof cultural history, have transformed ourunderstanding of the movement ofscientific and technological innovations.The new perspectives have encouragedhistorians to abandon their dominantpreoccupation with the main seats of

European science was not

just invented and created in

the workshops of Britain,

France and Germany.

ROBERT FOX explains,

framing the fruits of a recent

conference on the Centre and

Periphery supported by the

Europaeum.

News

Diagram of Lavoisier’s

apparatus for the

analysis of water,

whose composition

was also discovered

by Henry Cavendish.

novelty: England in the seventeenth and(for technology) eighteenth centuries,France in the eighteenth and early

nineteenth centuries, Germany in the latenineteenth and early twentieth centuries,and the USA in our own day (to speakonly of the West). They have also laidto rest a style of analysis that would seecentre and periphery as two sides of achasm, separating the donor on one sidefrom the passive receiver on the other.

The new departures inhistoriography havebeen refined for someyears now in ani n t e r n a t i o n a lprogramme of researchentitled Science and

Technology on the

European Periphery

(STEP). The aim of theproject, led by KostasGavroglu, Professor ofthe History andPhilosophy of Science

Isaac Newton - European trailblazer.

13

that ran nineteenth-century Britain; andit was only slightly less true of the elitesthat shaped American policy during andafter World War Two.

Unfortunately, the United Statesof Roosevelt, Acheson, Marshall andTruman is now a distant memory. Today’sUnited States wants hegemony on thecheap. As the balance of internal powershifts from the Atlantic seaboard to theSouth and West, the political forces thatshape American policy are becomingmore parochial, more short-sighted, moreimpatient with external constraints andmore contemptuous of the rest of theworld. A raw, provincial brutalismpervades the current Bush Administrationand the think-tanks of the right. Bush andhis political allies are indifferent to thelong-term health of the global system.What matters to them is that narrowly-

American national interests should prevail in theof short terms. If American steel workers want

then to hell with free trade. If European leadersdemur at America’s tenderness to Sharon,that only proves that Europeans are anti-semitic wimps.This is the real meaning of Bush’sobsessional campaign for ‘regime change’in Iraq. Saddam is, by any reckoning, aloathsome figure, but he was equallyloathsome when Britain and the United

supplied him with arms. Nuclear proliferation in theEast is an undoubted danger, but few Americans

when Israel joined the nuclear club. The truth isBush’s lust for battle has little to do with the character of

s rule or with nuclear proliferation as such. The point

Essay

on

that a

rather be

loved

isof Politics at

and aof theGroup.

of manyMP and

Roy JenkinsPresident of

Commission.

12

Essay

to fashion the rest of the world to fit it

DA

Bush’

US is still invincible despite the 9/11 atrocity.

An extraordinary experiment has dominated world

since the fall of Communism – the construction

global market unsupported by a global state.

in France, the political elites of the West insist,

breathtaking insouciance, that this experiment is

inevitable and benign. In truth, it is much more hazardous

they appreciate. In two crucial respects it

flies in the face of past experience.

Historically, states came before markets.

Adam Smith may have been right that a

propensity to ‘truck, barter and exchange’ is

fundamental to human nature, but as the

history of his own country showed, that

propensity could not be fully realised until a

powerful and impersonal state, with the will

and capacity to enforce contracts, keep the peace and

traditional obstacles to the operation of market forces,

come into existence. National markets were created by

states; the states concerned were then sustained by the

which national markets brought in their train.

To be sure, the nineteenth century saw an

stateless globalisation presaging the one through which w

now living.

British warship

25

News

the European peripheryat the University of Athens, is not to

denigrate the creative force of what are

conventionally, and properly, recognized

as the central nations of European

science and technology. It is rather to

study the multiple interacting

circumstances - political, social,

economic, and intellectual - that since the

Enlightenment have fostered or impeded

the appropriation of concepts and

practices in such (for this purpose)

peripheral nations as Spain, Portugal,

Greece, Sweden, and Russia.

The word ‘appropriation’ is crucial

here. For, as Professor Gavroglu has

argued, what we may, as a first-order

approximation, interpret as essentially

unidirectional transmission can almost

invariably be better interpreted as an

interaction, one shaped by the divergent

agendas and institutional structures of the

communities involved in the process. To

cite an example elaborated within the

Athens group, Manolis Patiniotis has

shown that the way in which scholars in

Greece appropriated the ideas of the

French and German forms of the

Enlightenment between 1760 and 1820,

bore the indelible stamp of the tensions,

characteristic of Greek culture on the eve

of independence, between Christian

Orthodoxy and the revered classical

heritage. The result was something very

different from what passed for

Enlightenment in Paris or Berlin.

The conference1 on ‘Centre and

periphery revisited: the structures of

European science, 1750-1914’, held at

the Maison Française in Oxford in April

2002, brought members of the STEP

group face to face with other historians,

mainly from Oxford and Paris, also

working on the movement of cutting-

edge science and technology in modern

Europe. Papers on France (by John

Perkins, Faidra Papanelopoulou, Robert

Fox, and Hélène Gispert) demonstrated

the fragility of the conventional view of

provinces reduced to intellectual

impotence by an all-powerful central

authority vested in the Académie des

Sciences and the great Parisian

institutions. Pietro Corsi presented a

similar picture of nineteenth-century

Italian geologists, keenly observant of

the centres of European geology north of

the Alps but in no sense subservient to

them. And the power of the approaches

developed within the STEP group was

exemplified in papers by Kostas

Gavroglu (setting Greece in a the

broader European context), Irina and

Dmitri Gouzévitch (on the relations

between Russian and French engineers

in the first half of the nineteenth century),

Agustí Nieto-Galan (on the dyers and

dyestuffs chemists who brought Spain

into an international network centred on

France), and Ana Simoes (on the

importance of travellers in Portugal’s

integration with the Enlightenment

tradition).

As the exchanges in Oxford made

clear, the way forward on the centre-

periphery question lies in a fine focus on

time and place that is indispensable if we

are to fix the

s h i f t i n g

kaleidoscope in

which today’s

centre (English

chemistry in the

age of Humphry

Davy, for

example) can

b e c o m e

t o m o r r o w ’ s

periphery (as

happened in the

golden age of

German organic

chemistry at the

end of the

n i n e t e e n t h

century). As we

Robert Fox is Professor of the History of

Science at the University of Oxford.

An early 19th

century portable

observatory

Equatorial

Instrument,

viewed by

Antony Lummis

at the History of

Science

Museum, Oxford

focus ever more finely, however, we have

also to feed into a bigger picture of the

processes of cultural change. It is this

challenge, of linking case-study to

generalization, that between now and

2004 will inform the cycle of

conferences on ‘Transmission and

understanding in the sciences’ for which

three partners in the Europaeum -

Oxford, Bologna, and Paris I - are now

preparing.

1. The conference was organized by the Maison

Française, Oxford, with the support of the

Europaeum, the Institut Français du Royaume-

Uni, the Europaeum, and the Modern European

History Research Centre of the Modern History

Faculty, University of Oxford. The Europaeum

is continuing support for the project in the form

of a Research Project Group, specifically linking

Science historians in Parisy, Bologna, Oxford

and others.

26

News -in-brief

The Complutense University of Madrid

has agreed to join the Europaeum,

becoming the eighth member of the

association, founded 10 years ago to

promote academic collaboration and

European studies.

The Complutense University of

University, one of the oldest and largest

in the world, was founded in 1293,

originally in Alcalá de Henares, moving

to Madrid in 1836. It has about 100,000

students, including 3,500 international

students.

The central campus in Moncloa

houses the majority of schools and

colleges, while Somosaguas houses

Social Sciences, including economics,

business, politics, and psychology.

The Rector, Sr. D. Rafael Puyol

Antolin, has expressed the institution’s

appreciation to join such a “prestigious

association”. Madrid has now been

invited to join in current activities and

projects.

“Excellence is the leitmotiv of the

Europaeum. For us, it is certainly a

reason for pride that this prestigious

association has invited us to join,” he

said.

“We appreciate the honour bestowed

upon us. I congratulate you all for your

goals and achievements and I assure you

that you will find in the UCM, an active

and loyal member.”

The Europaeum plans to add two

further members, one from Scandinavia

and one more from East-Central Europe.

The Europaeum Council, at its meeting

in Bologna last summer, confirmed its

commitment to limit the number of full

MADRID JOINS EUROPAEUM

NEW CHAIRS

PROMOTE MOBILITY

Three more Europaeum Visiting Chairs

were filled this year under the

Europaeum’s new scheme to promote

academic mobility among distinguished

scholars across the association’s network

of leading European universities. A

short-term Europaeum Visiting Chair is

avaiable in each of the partner institutions

each year.

Professor Robert Frank, Professor of

Modern History at Paris I Panthéon-

Sorbonne, last year lectured on France

and the United Kingdom in the

Construction of Europe in Oxford, and

chaired a graduate seminar at the Modern

European History Research Centre.

Professor Frank returned to Oxford for a

second week in February 2003.

Professor Michael Wolter, Professor

of Theology at Universität Bonn visited

Oxford in February, delivered lecture on

Different Approaches to Paul’s Letter to

the Romans, and seminars including one

on Defining Apocolyptiscism.

Professor Tiziano Bonazzi,

Professor of Euro-American Relations at

Bologna University, is due to visit Oxford

in the Spring, under the new Europe-US

Europaeum project.

Other EVPs under consideration

include Professor Hubert Kempf,

Professor of Economics at Paris I,

visiting Charles University, and Professor

Paolo Manasse, Professor of Economics

at Bologna, visiting Paris, Lord Professor

Herman Phillipe of Leiden visiting

Oxford.

AZNAR VISITS OXFORD

In the run-up to Madrid University’s

entry to the Europaeum as its new

Spanish partner, the Prime Minister of

Spain, Jose Maria Aznar, was welcomedto Oxford last year to deliver an

inaugural lecture for the European

Studies at Oxford forum, which is

backed by the Europaeum, at St Antony’s

College.

Prime Minister Aznar spoke of the

‘future of Europe’. He stated that the

present system, in which the presidency

is rotated every six months, would no

longer be effective an enlargement of the

EU had taken place, and presented his

arguments for the European Council to

play for a more influential role.

He advocated the idea of a single

president, holding office for up to five

years. He also advocated that the

European Council of Ministers should

Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar

have the authority to dissolve the

European Parliament, and to call new

European elections when required.

The Prime Minister then handled a

range of searching questions, many

addressing the political relationships

between European nations and the US,

in many ways a preview of the great

debate that led up to the launch of the

War on Iraq. He also expressed the

strong wish that Britain should join the

Euro, indicating that Spain had not felt

any loss of identity.

university members to 10.

“We are looking to ensure the

Europaeum is fully reflective of the new

Europe in its membership,” explained

Professor Pier Ugo Calzolari, Rector of

Bologna University. “But we want to

maintain the Europaeum as an

organisation which provides deep,

meaningful, relations and clear cut

outcomes.”

11

pluralism?

Essay

to communicate with the rest of the

world?

Who will deal with such problems

if not the universities?

I also see a very important role for

universities in the process of European

integration. I would prefer the term

‘Europeanization’ of the EU to

‘enlargement’ of the EU.

The EU of today represents only

a fragment of Europe, we must first

overcome in our minds the naïve

identification of Europe with its western

part.

The integration of Europe should

be more than the unification of financial

markets or connection of economic and

political structures. The core of European

integration is of a European conscience

and consciousness, the common space for

sharing intellectual and moral values.

This is, I know, the root thinking behind

Lord Weidenfeld’s vision for the

Europaeum. So, I am very happy to be

making these remarks here today.

In my country, the Czech

Republic, intellectuals have played a very

role in public life for centuries. Perhaps we can take

Hus as an example of one of the first public intellectuals

Europe – he became an archetype of the man of conscience.

great political leaders of our nation appeared from that

milieu – Palacky, Masaryk, Havel. The role of

academics and artists in dissent against nazi-

and communist totalitarianism is well known.

We can ask if now - in a democratic society with a

and universities is over? The answer is yes and

the institutional structures of democratic society.

On the other hand, the effective functioning of political

supposes a certain political, cultural and moral

Democracy supposes a competent public opinion and

debate. Without this biosphere of certain political

the political structures are like the organs in the body

without blood circulation.

Is it not one of our responsibilities to help, by creating

mutually cultivating, this climate as a pre-political

esented at the Europaeum’s international

ence at Paris-Sorbonne last September.

Academy.

10

My first remark is that the university always

an intellectual side of “religion”. However, to

any misunderstanding, I hasten to clarify in

sense I am employing the term religion here. When

religion, I do not mean any particular religious

religion in the post-Enlightment meaning of this

certain faith, spirituality, rites

or beliefs. What I have in

mind is the old European

concept of religion - religio,

as it was used in ancient

Rome and most clearly

defined by Cicero: the ritual

contact with the “sacred

foundation of the society”,

the symbolic expression of a

common identity, of what

holds society together.

Religio is what holds society

together.

In my opinion, the main

power of religion – in the

sense of religio – resides in

its ability to be the “common

language” of a given society.

With Michel Foucault we

can speak here about “a

regime of truth”.

But this language of

religion has always had at

least two levels: a popular

one and an intellectual one.

It took several centuries

before Christianity assumed a form of a “religion”

ancient sense and played a political role, in a practical

throughout the Middle Ages.

In this cultural context the university was born.

medieval university held a responsibility for “health”

of medicine the health of the body, the faculty of law

relationships in society, and the faculty of arts for

thinking.

On the threshold of the modern age, Christianity

Christian theology, the intellectual, university-form, of

- began to lose the role of a common language of the

So, theology has gradually become a “dead language”,

like Latin, only for ceremonial purposes or at

Can

Essay

TOMÁŠ HALIK offers some personal thought

culture and pluralism.

Pondering the fate of

27

UMBERTO ECO

TRANSLATES IDEAS

The mysteries of human communication

featured in an exciting series of lectures

at Oxford delivered by Professor

Umberto Eco, as the Weidenfeld Visiting

Professor of Comparative Literature last

summer. The lectures, on the theme of

Translation and Being Translated, were

coloured by Professor Eco’s own

enigmatic works that, the medium of

written language itself, presents elegant

insights and uncanny suggestions of the

News -in-brief

NEW POLICY STUDIES

CENTRE AT LEIDEN

In 2002, the Europaeum was among

those backing the opening of the Leiden

Centre for Policy Studies at its Campus

The Hague.

The Centre was officially opened on

November 6, marked by a rather

prescient lecture delivered by Professor

Geoffrey Parker, Andreas Dorpalen

Professor of History at the Ohio State

University, entitled ‘From the House of

Orange to the House of Bush: 400 years

of revolutions in military affairs, or, how

In all, the scheme launched last year

has supported eight EVPs, linking all

Europaeum partners. Last year,

Catherine Ridgewell from All Souls

College, Oxford visited Geneva, and

Professor Bernard Michel of Institut

Pierre Rénouvin of the Université Paris

1, visited Prague.

The scheme aims to fulfil one of the

key aims of the association echoing the

Europaeum’s Abelard scheme proposed

some years back by Lord Weidenfeld.

“Ideas do not have frontiers. This is a

good way to encourage travel across our

network so that ideas can be shared more

widely and more fruitfully” he explained.

The new posts are designed to allow

senior academics to spend two or three

weeks giving a lecture running seminar,

following up research, or preparing for

future collaboration, at a fellow partner

institution.

to understand the next Gulf War’.

He contrasted two case studies: the

invention by members of the house of

Orange of ‘volley fire’ by musketeers as

a battle-winning tactic after 1589, and

the evolution of ‘stealth’ technology to

win the wars waged by the House of

Bush after 1989. He argued that the

study of past Military Revolutions

demonstrates that the greater the

dependence of the military on

technology to bring victory, the greater

the need for civilian involvement in and

civilian control of military affairs - a

conclusion with significant implications

for the Second Gulf War.

As Professor Wim van den Doel ,

programme director, explains, the CPS

will bring together scholars from

different faculties of Leiden University

and beyond, and develop a close working

relationship with the Europaeum, to

promote interdisciplinary study of

domestic, European and international

policy issues. In particular, Legal

scholars, Political Scientists, Historians,

cultural and regional specialists on

Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa

and the Americas, will participate.

The Centre will develop

interdisciplinary MA programmes and

organise Executive programmes and

conferences on a wide range of policy-

related topics. It will also serve as an

institute for advanced studies with a

limited number of fellows from the

Professor Umberto Eco

extent of its capabilities.

Professor Eco used a wide variety of

languages and examples, including

Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Dante’s Inferno,

translations by Seamus Heaney, and

theubiquitous multilingual instruction

manual of a piece of electronic gadgetry,

as lively illustrations.

He expounded much more than the

mere evaluation of the art of translation

as pinning down one written language

system into an approximation of another.

For example he considered ‘translations’

between two media, the printed page to

the canvas or screen, using Thomas

Mann’s Novelle and Luchino Visconti’s

film, Death in Venice. Surprising aspects

of the unique qualities of written

language compared to the visible world

were highlighted, such as an author’s

careful, or deliberately ambiguous,

choices of words or information.

Professor Eco was also, as ever,

entertaining and amusing, and the lecture

series also gave a fascinating insight into

the man ‘behind’ the novels, philisopher,

and linguist. His fourth novel,

Baudolino, will be published in English

in October.

Ç Professor Eco also presented the

2002 Weidenfeld Prize for Translation,

at a reception held at St Anne’s College

last June. Seven books were shortlisted,

with the prize awarded to Patrick.

Wim van den Doel outside the new

Centre for Policy Studies.

28

STUDENTS BUILD

BRIDGES IN CYPRUS

The long-standing division of the island

of Cyprus between north and south makes

it one of the most complicated issues in

the expansion of the EU due to proceed

next year. The UK has long been playing

its part in Europe-wide efforts to resolve

the conflict on the island, and this has

become ever more pressing as discussion

over Turkey’s eventual membership with

the European Union hit the headlines.

Europaeum students were able to

play an exciting part in this

‘reconciliation process’, participating in

a series of video-conferences bringing

together students in North and South

Cyprus with students from other countries

across Europe, organised by the British

Council.

The series organiser, Lois Hastings,

said: “This seminar series forms part of

an ambitious project, which aims to

provide a constructive and pro-active

forum where participants are given the

opportunity to share their hopes, ideas

News -in-brief

OXFORD CENTRE FOR

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

A new Centre of Political Ideology,

established at Oxford, will have a launch

event in the form of an international

research workshop on liberalisation

backed by the Europaeum.

The aim of this project, which is

being coordinated by Professors Jan-

Werner Müller of All Souls College,

Oxford; Michael Freeden of Mansfield

College, Oxford; and Paolo Pombeni of

the Department of Politics, Bologna, is

to investigate the history of liberal

thought in 20th Century Europe in its

national and transnational dimensions.

In particular, the group will focus on

two key questions: How did different

forms of liberalism react to the persistent

onslaught of anti-liberal and illiberal

ideologies in the twentieth century? How

did non-liberal ideologies and traditions

accommodate or take over liberal

arguments, whether as rhetorical devices,

as exercises in ideological repositioning

and packaging, or as genuine

assimilations of liberal ideas?

The workshop will consist of 14

scholars drawn from Europaeum

universities and elsewhere, who will

discuss the development of a research

programme and outlining areas and

hypotheses of research.

“Our investigations will be sensitive

to the different national contexts of

argument, paying particular attention to

What future inside the EU?

academic and the professional worlds, to

discuss and research current affairs.

A new Centre for International Legal

Studies (CILS), also set up last year, will

organise intensive courses, seminars and

the L.L.M. Public International Law

Program, a one-year postgraduate course

for professionals.

In 1999 Leiden University

established its branch in The Hague, to

function as a centre for innovation, and

to provide post-academic training for

those working in the public, legal, or

corporate sectors plus part-time study and

short track courses. The main building

is in the town centre, opposite to the

medieval Parliament building and it has

offices and lecture-rooms in the Royal

Library.

NEW PUBLICATION

CAPTURES ESSENTIALS

The Europaeum has published a handy

pocket-sized guide to all its activities,

summarising all the various different

projects and schemes going back to the

origins of the association.

Europaeum Essentials, which

runs to 46 pages, has up to date

information from all research and

teaching projects and past academic

conferences, student summer schools and

lectures and sections on innovation

(including the New Initiatives Scheme,

the Small Grants Schemes and the

Knowledge Network) and organisation

and data (including a summary of the

Europaeum’s structure and governance

arrangements).

The booklet, which forms the

backbone of the Europaeum’s website,

also has full details on committee

members, the past history of the

Europaeum, its ‘mission’ and its founding

‘vision’. It is planned to update the

booklet at the end of the year.

and expectations with fellow Europeans

across national borders.”

With the help of video-conference

technology the first meeting last year

linked three groups from across Europe:

one from Oxford in the UK, and two

groups from Cyprus (one with Greek-

Cypriot, and another with Turkish-

Cypriot participants), and a group from

Malta will join the second meeting. It is

hoped to bring in groups from other

European countries, including Serbia and

Bosnia, for future events.

9

for

59%

to be

or

, while 14% described facilities as poor. But there is a

with 62% using ICT well in courses, while 21% reported

level of integration and 16% did not use them at all.

They often cited a lack of equipment as a barrier to using

resources in lectures, while 17%, expressed an interest

knowing more about the potential benefits. Again, while

use course-specific web pages in teaching, 62% rarely or

did – though 47% want to use more ICTs in their teaching

1% stated that they did not want to do so.

Significantly, 40% of academics also reported that they

not sure if ICTs encourage originality in student work,

29% believed that ICTs did not encourage originality.

is clearly a key issue, with 65% partly or strongly

that the use of ICTs encourages plagiarism (and only

disagreeing). “Students are not as likely to plagiarise from

They think it is more likely that the lecturer has read

book than an article on the Internet. I am often suspicious,”

explained.

For the future, some staff envisage virtual environments of

kinds, increased flexibility and access, greater involvement

students and distance learning “revolutionised” by virtual

but also less direct contact between staff and students,

students, a “poorer standard of debate” and

language skills.

There are fears for the collapse of traditional teaching links

staff and students. Staff complain about how students

the net with sending lecturers more and more unnecessary

from students. “They are very informal and about things

you would think twice about, like finding a book, before

your teacher,” said one professor. “And the students

a reply straight away. It is very annoying.”

Overall, students, increasingly familiar with the application

ICTs to everyday social life, are overall more interested in

“active,” and expectant of similar applications in education,

academic staff are more hesitant using technology content

ways that are often little more than electronic

of traditional materials and activities. A critical

of the survey is patchy integration of ICT into courses.

The responses to this preliminary survey suggest that we

a long way off reaching the ‘virtual university’. The

a genuine university without walls.

d Brookes University, and

d.

News

ICT use: the future could be better.

8

Viewpoint

T do today. They will teach the art of

There is nothing more fundamental in education.

answers, but not how to ask questions. The wisdom

our culture do not reach our students.

with skills for the workplace, but no knowledge of how to

or what living is for. They are not taught how to see.

are not taught how to listen. They are not taught the

of obedience, and how it precedes self-mastery. They

taught the true art of reading. True reading is not just

our eyes over words on a page, or gathering

even understanding what is being read. True reading

creative art. It means seeing first; and then an act

imagination. Higher reading ought to be a new subject

academies of the future. As we read, so we are. I meet

in all walks of life, and most notoriously in the

literature and science, who, though professionals,

actually read what is in front of them.

already inside them. I suspect this is true of listening;

it is happening now, even as I speak to you, or as you

page.

All our innovations, our discoveries, our creativity

from one source; being able to see what

is there, and not there; to hear what is said,

and not said. And above all to think

clearly. And above that – the science of

intuition. The academy of the future will

have to engage this mysterious necessity

of the value, the sublime value of intuition

in our lives, and our work. How to make

those intuitive leaps that transformed the

science and the art of humanity a quality that is

all, and made of constant value to humanity – this will

true turning point in the future history of our

Discipline, hard work, rationality

will produce efficient, but mediocre citizens. These are

that can be used for good or ill. But the science of

the mysterious spark that separates the great

philosophers and artists from the nearly great, this will

day have to be studied, and used for the common good.

We need to widen, at base, and invisibly, the

necessity of teaching students the need for

Consciousness studies ought to be a fundamental part

liberal or scientific education. All students ought to be

All students ought to be practical dreamers. Universities

What

BEN OKRI provides hints and invocations

which plumb the very soul of our great

universities.

We have

29

News -in-brief

the cultural constraints - as opposed to

logical ones - of political thought,” said

Professor Freeden, director of the new

Centre.

This will also be a genuinely cross-

cultural and comparative investigation

with particular emphasis on the

“appropriations, re-appropriations and

misappropriations” of liberal thinking in

its European context.

The aim is also to make a

contribution to the larger question of how

political thought is transferred - and

translated - across national and cultural

boundaries.

“Ultimately, we would also isolate a

number of political concepts which have

been central to the traditions of European

liberalism as we want to assess the

survival of liberalism as a distinctively

European tradition, given the supposed

‘Americanization’ of liberal political

thinking after the Second World War, but

which have also been contested within

and across national contexts,” explains

Professor Freeden.

There have been no comparative or

transnational studies of this kind – at least

not for the twentieth century. The last

genuinely comparative book on the topic

was in 1927 by Guido de Ruggiero, The

History of European Liberalism, which

focuses mainly on the nineteenth century,

as do more recent collaborative

NARRATING MODERN

JEWISH HISTORY

The second Europaeum Bertelsmann

Visiting Professor in 20th Century Jewish

History and Politics is to be Professor

Dan Diner, Director, Simon Dubnow

Institute for Jewish History and Culture,

University of Leipzig, and Professor at

the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,

Department of History.

Professor Diner will be attached to

Mansfield College – which is linked to

the Europaeum when he delivers a series

of lectures in May and June. The theme

will be Jewish History and General

History in the 19th and 20th Century –

Narrations and Interpretations, and he

will also give a current affairs seminar

on the Middle East and take a graduate

seminar.

Professor Dan Diner is author of

numerous articles and books on the

history of the 20th century, the history of

the Middle East and German history,

especially the history of National

Socialism and the Holocaust.

PUTIN’S WINDOW

ON THE WEST

As Norman Davies wrote in this elegant

Europe: A history: “For more than five

hundred years the cardinal problem in

defining Europe has centred on the

inclusion or exclusion of Russia.

Throughout modern history, an

Orthodox, autocratic, economically

backward but expanding Russia, has been

a bad fit.

It was this that in part motivated

Professor Judith Marquand of Mansfield

College, Oxford, to set up a conference

to review links between Russia and

Europe, drawing on the resources of the

Europaeum along with her own links with

Russian universities, particularly Tomsk

University in Siberia.

A two-day event was held in Oxford

in part to review the conclusions of a two-

year Tempus-Tacis Project on European

Studies at Tomsk as well to explore future

routes, including the impact of the

globalised world: on Eastern Europe and

the European Union, including the war

on terrorism, the Earth summit at

Johannesburg and European Enlargement

- and one session explored the

Europaeum as a model for building cross-

European intellectual links

The Oxford event follows last

December’s seminar in Moscow at the

Sate University of International

Relations, organised by Leiden

University, which explored scenarios for

Russia and Europe – including theProfessor Michael Freeden

eventual feasibility of Russia joining the

EU. The seminar included senior advisors

to President Putin.

Key speakers in Oxford included

Professor David Marquand, former chair

of the Oxford Europaeum Group and

professor of politics; Graham Avery.

Chief Adviser for Enlargement, European

Commission, Brussels, on secondment to

European University Institute, Florence;

and Timothy Garton Ash, Director of

European Studies Centre, St Antony’s

College. Participants came from Leiden,

Geneva, Oxford, Brussels, Amsterdam as

well as Russian universities.

Vladimir Putin looking Westwards

30

News -in-brief

PREPARING AN ANTI-

CORRUPTION POLICY

A workshop backed by the Europaeum

examining Anti-corruption and the

Transfer of Standards in Central and

Eastern Europe was held at Charles

University last year to analyse the

development over the last decade of

externally-imposed anti-corruption

policies.

The workshop considered whether

the EU and other agencies have had a

clear and well-developed understanding

of the ethical acquis they have been

seeking to develop, and how far the

relevant states have made progress in

adopting this. In particular it focused on

behaviour of actors within the principal

units of the central state machinery:

ministers, elected representatives in

legislatures, civil servants, and members

of the judiciary.

Key areas included codes of conduct

applying to the various actors listed

above, formal rules on party finance,

rules on transparency of decision-making

and accountability of office-holders,

mechanisms for ensuring professional

autonomy for judges, police officials,

Oxford went on to award medical

degrees in the name of Czech universities

to 44 students, the majority from Charles

University in Prague. The first of the

three degree ceremonies took place in

Oxford 60 years ago, following

Czechoslovak regulations, and even the

degree certificates were modelled on

Czechoslovak diplomas.

Last November delegation from

Oxford, including the Regius Professor

of Modern History, Robert Evans, who

is actively involved in Europaeum

activities and is a key figure in this year’s

Summer School in Prague, received a

gold medal to mark its support in those

dark times.

PRAGUE REMEMBERS

OXFORD’S SUPPORT

Charles University has expressed its

gratitude to fellow Europaeum partner,

the University of Oxford, in a moving

ceremony for its support during the Nazi

occupation of 1939 to 1944. All Czech

universities were closed down after

German forces brutally suppressed a

demonstration by Czech students on 17

November 1939. The Czech

Government-in-exile then appealed to

British universities to help refugee

students to finish their studies during that

period.

OPENING DOORS TO

GLOBAL TALENT

The Europaeum is joining forces with a

new non-profit foundation to help

promote talented young graduates who

are committed to designing and

implementing projects, which will

benefit society.

The Global Talents Foundation has

been set up to provide commercial

support to those with ideas and initiatives

which are driven by ethical values, are

‘multipliable, and are entrepreneurial.

It is particularly interested in

networking proposals and building up

communities – two of the principals

behind the concept of the Europaeum

which aims to build up a European

community of scholars and intellectuals

interested in ideas about the future.

“We are looking for people of

extraordinary talent and flair who think

global and act responsibly towards

society and the environment,” explained

Wolfram Klinger, the chairman, of the

foundation, which is backed by Baklin

Ltd, a Swiss asset management company.

“We would be pleased to work with

young people drawn from the

Europaeum network.”

For more details of the new scheme

and others involved in law-enforcement.

Case-studies were drawn from the

activities of the European Union, the

Council of Europe, the OECD, the World

Bank, Transparency International, and

national development departments/

ministries (especially those of the UK,

Germany, and the Netherlands), and

Poland, the Czech Republic and

Hungary. The workshop was led by Dr

Mark Philip, Head of the Politics

Department of Oxford University, and

talks were also given aimed at graduates

at Charles University.

The workshop, which involved some

25 participants, was also supported the

auspices of the UK Economic and Social

Research Council as part of a wider

study on promoting public standards in

post-Soviet Europe.

Controlling the cash flows

Prague’s medal of appreciation.

7

Next, universities had to show students how to deal withmass of knowledge that was now available from traditionalnew sources, and had a key-role in promoting, developing,disseminating data through libraries, publications, the

and other means, that could be trusted by the outsideThis was a particular duty for the older established

such as members of the Europaeum. They neededrise above the stringencies and requirements of the

and public sectors which had to operate for profit,policy-making reasons, or expediency. The older universities

, had a particular duty and responsibility to maintainautonomy in producing open and reliable data.

The conference heard a strong statement about UNESCO’swhich encourage ‘education for governance’.

had a primary duty here to prepare their studentscitizenship and for their role in promoting civic society,

democratic values, human rights and goodIt was argued that they had to a ‘duty’ to instil

and ideas in their students that would lead them not todisengaged from political and public life, and from the

and responsibilities of society.

Finally, in the Learning Age, it was agreed that universitiesto promote dialogue with business, to build new

to understand the needs and requirements ofand at the same time to maintain their independence.

needed to maintain and renew their dialogue withto understand the practical and vocational needs ofcoming to study at universities, in preparation for

life as well as promoting critical thinking, civic valuesso forth. Universities also needed to understand their publicsocial responsibilities to society, and to continually review

in the light of changes in society itself. Finally universitiesto refresh their relations and links with each other to build

and collaborative projects and to encourage.

The Bonn conference which focuses on New partnerships

, will pick up some of these themes,particular looking at knowledge transfer, funding and ethics,

universities in the global age.

News

Da

imle

r C

hry

sle

r

curriculum in one of the Sorbonne’s conference rooms.

6

Four new policy reports were unveiled at the

international experts conference in the

Pantheon-Sorbonne Future of Eur

project under the general theme: New T

Responsibilities, at Paris I.

This inquiry is being carried out by the Europaeum

international investigation into how European

operate at the forefront of the Knowledge Revolution.

The overall inquiry takes the form of three

expert conferences at Hunboldt University, in

(December 2001), at Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne

2002) and now, coming up, at Bonn University in June

The overall study is being supported by the German

DaimlerChrysler Services.

The four reports by leading scholars focused

following questions:

Çof technology increasingly dominated by English? The

argued that plurilingualism should be encouraged, with

languages taught alongside a greater number of degree

and multi-national courses. A recommendation for all

to study a foreign language, regardless of their course,

made at the conference.

Ç What are the lessons for leading Eur

from the many experiments in international Bor

Teaching? The leading universities, the report argued,

News

Pa

ul

Fla

the

r

Participants share thoughts with Ben Okri (pictured

role to produce dat

a Europ

31

News -in-brief

please contact Global Talents Non-profit

Foundation, Bäumleingasse 22, CH-

4051 Basel - Tel: +41 61 331 3054, Fax:

+41 61 331 3055 or

Email: info@globaltalents.org

www.globaltalents.org

PROTECTING GLOBAL

LABOUR RIGHTS

A seminar on Globalisation and Labour

Rights in Oxford last year brought

together scholars from Geneva and

Oxford working on different aspects of

the relationship between economic

globalisation and human rights.

The seminars organised by

Professor Christopher McCrudden of

Lincoln College, and Carlos Lopez-

Hurtado, Europaeum Oxford-Geneva

bursary scholar, with support and

funding from Oxford’s Institute of

Comparative and European Law.

Participants also discussed

increasing concern about the effects of

company practices on the protection of

labour rights, which has led to a rise in

businesses being held legally

accountable for any violation of human

rights committed in the course of their

activities.

There was also concern about

constraints that are exerted by

international trade law over some local

citizens’ initiatives. For instance, the

labelling of products and services to

provide consumers with information

about their methods of production or

supply, has been a relatively efficient

instrument in curbing child labour and

forced labour in certain export-oriented

industries. However, some labelling

initiatives, if sponsored by local or

national governments, can also run foul

of international trade rules.

Among the participants were

Daniel Warner, Andrew Clapham (both

Geneva Institute), Gabrielle Marceau

(World Trade Organisation), Christine

Breining (World Trade Institute in

Berne), Virginia Leary, (State University

of New York) and Mark Freedland,

(Director of the OICEL).

REINTERPRETING

CENTRAL EUROPE

Europaeum students took part in an

international three-day graduate

symposium, which attracted 135

participants overall, in Oxford last

summer, examining the ‘contours of

legitimacy in Central Europe’.

The aim was to allow graduates to

present papers in an open and friendly

atmosphere on trends in Central

European culture, literature, linguistics,

history, anthropology, sociology,

geography, politics and economics, from

the early Modern period to the present.

The project, supported under the

Europaeum’s New Initiatives Scheme,

helped encourage greater cross-country

analysis and also to bolster the work of

students particularly from candidate

countries in EU Enlargement – hence the

conference title.

The conference revealed the

ambiguities of the private identities,

which so often characterise the approach

of Central Europeans. They display ‘the

endemic apprehension of being

marginalized, of being out-of-history’, in

the words of Professor George

Schlopflin of the London School of

Economics.

Tim Garton Ash of St Antony’s

College, Oxford, summarised it thus:

“Tell me your definition of Central

Europe and I will tell you who you are.”

Graduates students from Leiden,

Bologna, Charles University, Prague,

and Oxford, were among the 75 students

who presented papers in 25 panels, along

with graduates from linked institutions

such as the Central European University,

Warsaw and the Brussels Free

University.

“We wanted to break new ground in

a field where there are virtually no

opportunities for international and inter-

disciplinary postgraduate colloquia,”

explained Larissa Douglass, in her final

year as a Phd student at St Antony’s

College, Oxford, who first conceived the

idea in 2000, and served as a key

coordinator.

Plans for publishing papers are

under consideration.

(OICEL)

Papers covered the dispute

settlement system of the WTO, human

rights law, World Bank and IMF policies

on labour rights, the balance between

property rights and labour rights in the

context of ‘social clauses’ in

international investment agreements, and

the development of standard-setting in

the ILO. One session investigated the

need for a more coherent and co-

ordinated approach to labour rights in

international policy and law making.

Cloudy future for today’s workers?

Old Prague rediscovering itself ....

32

News

Students debateAfrica’ s future

Students from all Europaeum

institutions met in Geneva for

discussions on crisis

management in Africa. MARC

ROHR, one of the delegates,

reports. Below we report on

Bonn’s follow-up.

The third Model United Nations of

Geneva opened on the 4th March2002, with delegates to represent

the 15 EU member states beingwelcomed by the organisers of this year’ssimulation workshop - the GenevaGraduate Institute for InternationalStudies and the Europaeum.

The main topic of this GenevaModel UN simulation was “crisisprevention, management and resolutionin Africa”. The Europaeum simulation ofthe General Affairs Council consisted of15 EU delegates, from Europaeumuniversities, the Secretary General and arepresentative of the EuropeanCommission. Since the delegates haddifferent priorities, intense debates, butalso a readiness for consensus, werealready apparent when debating theagenda for the week. The final agendacomprised issues as diverse as SmallArms Control, the GeographicalConcentration of Development Aid,Terrorism, and Crisis Prevention Funds.

The first day ended with a splendiddinner at the Hotel Beau Rivage,providing the opportunity to meetparticipants who had come to Genevafrom all continents.

The proceedings began with thedelegates’ presentations of theircountries’ national policies in a so-calledtour de table. As delegates set out torepresent their national foreign policy onAfrica, the main challenge soon provedto be the integration of divergingpriorities and aims in order to reachrealistic and valuable conclusions,providing solutions to fundamentalobstacles in African development.

The first session was followed byaddresses by the World Bankrepresentative in Geneva and theSecretary General of the UNCTAD in thePalais des Nations. After the public

elections on the accession of Switzerlandas the 190th member state of the UnitedNations, which clearly satisfied both,proceedings continued with delegatesintroducing new proposals on conflictprevention funds and an early warninginformation network. Then allies had tobe found, questions answered, andamendments to be agreed upon, until aqualified majority was feasible.

In strict adherence to the officialdiscussion rules and under constantsurveillance by the Presidency, theypresented the first proposals for election.These were first the concentration ofmajor development aid funds on theMediterranean countries, aiming ateconomic and political stability reducedmigration incentives, and enhanced intra-African trade relations with sub-Saharancountries; second, there was the proposalto raise the national development aidvolume to 0.7 % of the GDP.

Both were characterised by asignificant North-South divide within theCouncil. However, final amendmentsand alterations such as the creation of aMediterranean Investment Bank,modelled on the European InvestmentBank, led all members to agree.

On the Thursday, the discussion

entered more specialised and complexterritory, such as the prevention ofterrorist potential; the employment ofcivil means for crisis management; Thecreation of civil Peace Corps and aninformation and recommendationnetwork which would combine theintellectual resources of major Africanand European research units, includingThink Tanks in order to indicate andpredict future political and societaldevelopments in African countries; andfinally export restrictions on arms tocountries which do not meet the stabilitycriteria determined by the EuropeanCouncil in 1998.

The last day of the simulation sawthe presentation of all agreed proposalsand the preparation of a final presscommuniqué. All events of theEuropaeum simulation were covered bythe GIMUN news reporters, whopublished a comprehensive overview ofits progress during the week. Despite thefact that the GAC´s ambitious agendacould not be covered entirely, and twoissues - the introduction of sanctionmechanisms for development projectsand the redistribution of resources inAfrica - had to be postponed, nine finalpropositions emerged.

All delegates agreed unanimouslythat this third GIMUN had been atremendous success and thanked theorganisers, for the unique opportunity towitness and experience diplomaticworking procedures under realistic

circumstances.

Preventing famine in Africa?

Following the success of the Geneva

event, students who attended from Bonn

University set-up their own Bonn

International Model UN Committee

and mounteLeading universities must

‘safeguard true knowledge’ and an event

last December, with Europaeum support,

focusing on Human Rights - Reaching

the 2015 goal. Delegates, including a

handful of Europaeum students, among

the 100 participants from 38 countries,

took roles from the General Assembly,

Security Council, the newly formed

International Criminal Court, and

Commissions for Human Rights and

Sustainable Development. Prominent

speakers came from outside, and

support was provided by Cologne

University the city, German Foundations

and DaimlerChrysler Services, which

enabled students from developing

countries to participate. The Bonn group

is busy planning a similar further event

for the end of this year.

5

News

courses will offersense of Europe

offered over two years with a net workload of six

although individual modules can also be taken

to ensure access. It is planned ultimately to develop

of Public Administration level award.

The programme has twin objectives: to develop an

understanding of Europe’s political, economic and

patterns and mechanisms, and to develop leadership

management skills in the European context, as it aims at

executives looking for something other than a

MBA.

Research, incidentally, shows that by far the great majority

international mergers and acquisitions fail to produce value,

often actually destroy value. In most cases the roots of

problems are differences in culture, communication and

styles, and to offer them a major incentive to remain

their current employer at a time of high staff mobility.

The eight planned modules will be European Civilisation,

in the world, state formation to European unification,

legal systems and cultures, Post-war European

and politics, European Economic Integration, Europe

foreign investment, and Conflicts and controversies.

Meanwhile, the annual module on the Economics of

opean Integration was run once again for undergraduates

graduates at Paris I from February 2002; the Oxford-Leiden

exchanges continue and Oxford and Geneva lawyers are

in close working touch. Other joint initiatives in

, Philosophy and Economics are under discussion.

Diversity is the hallmark of Europe – but we must also

real opportunities for mutual understanding. These

programmes aim to offer a sense of Europe to the

generation of European professional, business and

leaders – which will be essential to their success.

For further information and application forms, please

www.europaeum.org, and for the diploma programme

r.hazelzet@luwp.leidenuniv.nl

s hard at work at a Leiden lecture.

4

News

Delors and intellectual

The Europaeum has enjoyed

close links with three

distinguished European

Committee Presidents, as

PAUL FLATHER recalls.

O ne of the most memorable of

Europaeum events took place

in the august and hallowed

halls of the Sorbonne, when Jacques

Delors and Norman Lamont were

brought together, head-to-head, to

discuss Europe.

The year was 1997 and the occasion

was the final session of an international

conference on Europe and Money –

heralding the then imminent arrival of

the Euro and the creation of Euroland.

In the left corner was the architect

of European integration, former political

leader of the French labour movement,

who went onto work in leading financial

institutions, the French Governments,

and finally served three terms as the

President of the European Commission.

In the right corner was Lord

(Norman) Lamont, one of Mrs

Thatcher’s new monetarist MPs, former

Chancellor of the Exchequer, forced to

resign when the UK pulled out of the

Euro in 1992, now self-styled saviour of

the UK economy’s rise, and of

independent European nation states.

Both produced compelling

restatements of their positions – the

European integration project that

promoted cooperation and collaboration

and the breaking down of barriers, versus

the need for national sovereignty and

independent economic policies, refereed

by Olivier Duharnel of Le Monde. It was

exactly what the Europaeum is all about,

and the buzz in the room and afterwards

from all those present, confirmed it. A

polite handshake signalled the end, only,

of that verbal contest.

It was thus all the more befitting that

Bologna University chose to honour

Jacques Delors with its Sigillum

Magnum at last year’s Europaeum

Council meeting there. In the words of

its Rector,

“He is a

our young

are not

cast aside

Jacques

below) to

Europaeum

ceremony,

professor of

former chair

Group, was

his European

Today,

Dame

the

human

operating on

Roy

President (as

was in on

Europaeum,

Europaeum

memorable

Prodi, then

Bologna,

Europeans.

honoured

honorary

his

European

current

Business

keynote

dally about

Professor

session of

conference

supported

Role of

in which

intellectuals

from across

technocrats

‘We need

us the

without

worrying

33

News-in-brief News

The Europaeum has beenfostering connections with a

new Observatory onBorderless Higher Education.

Here we report onits strategic aims.

The Observatory on Borderless

Higher Education was

launched as an international

strategic information service last year by

the Association of Commonwealth

Universities (ACU) and Universities UK

with an announcement to more than 500

university vice-chancellors and

presidents.

The Observatory was established

following two studies undertaken in the

UK and Australia, on ‘the business’ of

Borderless Education which looked at the

fast-paced developments in e-learning, as

well as corporate and private education

across the world.

The studies recommended an

observatory be established to provide a

scanning facility specifically for the

university sector. This now provides

strategic information on trends and issues

relating to borderless higher education,

aimed at university management and

other interested parties.

‘Borderless higher education’ here

includes activities that cross

geographical, sectoral and conceptual

borders, such as e-learning, transnational

education, overseas franchising,

collaborative provision - a central

mission of the Europaeum – as well as

activities in private and corporate

education markets.

Each month a report is

commissioned from external experts to

provide an international perspective on

a key issue and posted on the Observatory

website. Reports have covered policy

imperatives that higher education faces

in the 21st Century, the General

Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS),

and intellectual property. An on-line

discussion takes place each month with

the author(s) of each report, and a

monthly ‘briefing’ is also circulated via

email to all member institutions and other

Monitoring borderlesshigher education

institutions and individuals who have

subscribed to the service, providing a

summary on a specific topic (such as

wireless technology, learning objects),

and indicates where further information

may be found. Additional services

include daily accounts of breaking news,

and consultancy opportunities.

The Observatory has also undertaken

research to improve the evidence base on

international borderless activity, and to

enable institutions to ‘benchmark’ their

position against wider trends. A first

survey was completed in spring 2002.

The Observatory provides

information on several themes currently

being discussed at the Europaeum

conference, “We believe Europaeum

member institutions will be able to keep

abreast of developments in this fast

moving, complex territory of borderless

higher education”, explained Richard

Garrett, the Director of the ACU. The

Europaeum is considering further

involvement.

For further information on the

Observatory, please contact Richard

Garrett at r.garrett@acu.ac.uk or +44

(0) 20 7380 6773. Please visit

www.obhe.ac.uk.

Europaeum Small Grants Schemes

Research Project Groups

This scheme aims to stimulate new

internationally linked research projects,

within, but not exclusive to, the Europaeum

academic community.

Each successful group receives a ‘pump

priming’ grant of up to 3,200 Euros support

for research initiatives undertaken by

groups of academics working

collaboratively, drawn from at least two or

three Europaeum partner institutions.

Grants could be used for the launch and

development of a group, perhaps to run a

research seminar, co-ordinate a research

proposal bid, or aid research preparation.

New Initiatives

Small grants of up to 3,200 Euros are

available to provide support for innovative

and imaginative schemes linking

academics and/or students working

collaboratively across at least two or three

Europaeum partner institutions.

This scheme aims to support a wide range

of projects, across the full range of

academic disciplines. Preference is given

to activities that broaden cultural

perspectives, or facilitate interdisciplinary

and international collaboration. Applicants

are also encouraged to include external

partners in their projects.

Visiting Professor s

Each Europaeum partner institution can call

on funds to support an annual Europaeum

Visiting Chair, to be filled by a distinguished

scholar from another Europaeum partner

institution.

Each Europaeum Visiting Professor is

expected to carry out some teaching,

research, or discussion and development

of new collaborative projects, during a two-

week visit period.

The host institution receives 1,600 Euros

to cover board and lodging costs, while the

Visiting Professor receives 400 Euros

towards travel expenses.

Applications for grants under each of these programmes may be submitted at any time.

For full details, guidelines, and application procedures for all three schemes, please visit http://www.europaeum.org/grants

34

Poetr y and travelling

News

News

The Europaeum has forged a

vibrant partnership with

Classicists who now plan an

annual European-wide

graduate colloquium.

PAUL FLATHER reports.

The Ancient Romans were, of

course, great travellers. But how

did it all work without

lastminute.com?

On a chilly November weekend in

2001, graduate students from the

universities of Leiden, Prague, Bologna,

Bonn, Geneva and Oxford, gathered for

what effectively became a three-day

festival incorporating tours, informal

meetings, seminars, and an all-day

colloquium on travel and tourism in

ancient times.

The weekend fortuitously combined

the one-day graduate colloquium on the

theme of Travellers and Travelling,

described in more detail below, with a

meeting of the venerable Oxford

Philological Society, the autumn party of

Classical Languages and Literature sub-

faculty, plus a regular gathering of the

Work-in-Progress seminar, when Oxford

graduates can deliver papers unfettered

by the attendance of dons.

As Professor Christopher Pelling,

Director of Graduate Services, Classical

Languages and Literature, and Fellow of

University College, recalls: “The

graduate students, both home and

visiting, gained a great deal of benefit

from this contact. It produced both

informal links between students working

on similar fields and a broader

understanding of the different research

approaches and styles current in the

participants’ scholarly cultures.”

The pattern established in 2001 was

a good one socially, and after its success,

the Classicists quickly decided that they

wished to extend this to a second and

even a third event, though each one of

them marking a broadening of focus.

The innovation for 2002 was in the

area of the actual colloquium, when the

subject under discussion was given a

more interdisciplinary focus. Thus in

2002, the programme included ancient

historians, historians of art, as well as

philologists and literary critics, giving

the colloquia a more literary slant. This

is to be taken even further in a third event

late this year.

The 2002 event, including

participants from Leiden, Prague,

Bologna, Bonn, Geneva, Oxford and

Paris, focussed on a recent papyrus find

which was still unfamiliar to many

students. The publication of 800

previously unknown lines of Greek

poetry was bound to be an event. The

book, which appeared in September

2001, contains a decipherment and

reconstruction of the unique papyrus.

The efforts of the first editors of the

papyrus went largely into establishing an

intelligible text, and the first comments

in journals have similarly dealt with

matters of verbal detail. These fragments

of Posidippus, containing open various

perspectives of historical interest, led to

the colloquium entitled ‘Poems and

propaganda: the new Posidippus and the

tradition of epigram,’ organised by

Professor Peter Parsons, Professor of

Classics, and Fellow of Christ Church

College.

The content is a collection of short

poems (epigrams) which cover a wide

spectrum of ancient life - gems, statues,

ominous birds, victories at the races,

deaths by drowning, miraculous

healings.

Traveller s’ tales in Oxford

Europaeum graduates gather at the Oxford colloquium in 2001.

News

Julius Caesar - often on the road.

3

News

documents relating to the various forms taken by the

International.

Despite many changes over its seven and a half decades,

has remained faithful to its original vocation, and retains

of its original character. Associated with, but separate

institution devoted to the graduate-level study of

relations. Its claim to distinction (in addition to

role as a pioneer on the continent in specializing in

relations as a distinct field of study) is by virtue

its pluri-disciplinary and international character. Four

- international law, international economics,

history and politics, and political science - are

at the Institute in English or French with the goal of

on cross-disciplinary links to present a broad

of international relations

Located in the heart of International Geneva - within 500

of such major organizations as the World Trade

ganization (WTO), the United Nations High Commissioner

Refugees (UNHCR), the International Committee of the

Cross (ICRC), and the United Nations High Commissioner

very diverse teaching staff and student body

give it a markedly cosmopolitan and intercultural

.

To mark its 75th Anniversary, the Institute staged a major

conference on Globalisation and International

. The United Nations Secretary-

Kofi Annan, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and a former

of the Institute, delivered the keynote address. Other

include a Ministers from the Swiss Government and

alumni in academia and international organizations. A

festival dedicated to 75 years of history of international

with commentaries from GIIS professors, was also

and a special in-house video entitled Memories in Image:

ears of Teaching of International Relations as Seen by its

was shown.

Danny Warner is deputy director of the HEI and serves

epresentative on the Europaeum Management

ofessor of International

ote the HEI history.

, Villa Barton, 1956; a ball at the HEI, 1959.

2

News

The Graduate Institute (known by its

abbreviation of HEI – Hautes Internationales) was founded in The moving spirits behind its creation were W

Rappard, friend WWilson, Paul a friend Lloyd and

both

They side by

in friendship as senior officials in the secretariat at the headquarters of the League of Nations in the building, (and still) known as the Palais Wilson. Their shared the peak of faith in internationalism associated with the was for a graduate school to help prepare statesmen secretariat staff by studying, in complete impartiality, the and distinct subject of international relations.

Rappard was influential in convincing President Wto locate the League in Geneva. Indeed, the current site Institute in the Parc Barton on the shore of Lake of was one of the first sites considered for the orheadquarters. The original mandate of the Institute the aim of working closely with the League and the precursor in Geneva) in a cooperative exchange through HEI would prepare staff and delegates, while intergovernmental organizations would provide resources and diplomatic expertise as guest lecturers. Institute continues to pride itself on being an catalyst, and a magnet, for what is known as “

The Graduate Institute of International Studiescelebrated its 75th Anniversary last year

from the Europaeum supported the DANNY WARNER and NORMAN SCOTT

delve into its history.

From Left: the original park and Villa Lammermoor; the 1932 Disarmament conference; William Rappard and Pa

Villa Barton - home of the HEI

35

in Ancient times

News

But, as Professor Peter Parsonswonders, was the text itself a book ofpoems – or a new concept, the coherentPoetic Book? This turned out to be justone of many conundrums. It includespoems about horseracing, celebratingvictories – but are they also weapons inthe propaganda wars of these Hellenisticdynasts? Poems about fine statues arethemselves fine verbal artefacts – butthey also encapsulate the aestheticpreconceptions of Hellenistic art. Poemsfor tomb-stones might be composed forpractical use - but the imaginary andparodic epitaphs shed light not just oncommon fears and superstitions, but alsoon the intervention of philosophy in thetraditional treatment of mortality.’

The colloquium explored throughexpert papers the new light which thesepoems shed on quite different aspects ofthe culture and mentality of the Greeksin the world of diaspora and opportunitythat Alexander the Great’s conquest hadcreated.

It brought together branches of study

Graduates were first welcomed with a tour on a chilly November evening,and then a visit to a traditional English hostelry, the King’s Arms, which mightilystrengthened the bonds of international amity.

Tours of the Beazley Archive and Papyrology departments at the AshmoleanMuseum the next day also offered a splendid opportunity to observe at first handthe largest photographic archive of Athenian vases in the world and items fromthe famous P .Oxy collection of Grenfell and Hunt.

In the afternoon, everyone attended the Work-in-Progress seminar, whereVerity Platt, one of the Oxford ‘hosts’, read a paper entitled “Where did Praxitelessee me naked? Evasive epiphanies in ekphrastic epigrams”. Between this andMark Toher’s address to the Philological Society on the subject of “Julius Caesarand Octavian under Augustus”, was sandwiched a drinks party at which it waspossible to mingle with the Senior Members of Oxford’s Faculty of Classics.

The graduate colloquium on Saturday featured a variety of learned paperson topics as diverse as Lucian’s De Dea Syria; the ideological significance ofitineraries in late antiquity; the aims of the early geographers; the traveller’sperspective in Imperial Latin Epic; and, in lighter vein, the visual identificationof Scottish alternative comedians.

The day, and the visit, was brought to a close with a meal - and a bop (Collegeparty) at Magdalen. Everyone left with vivid impressions of Oxford’s Facultyof Classics - in both academic and festive mood.

Luke Pitcher

Somerville College, Oxford

All roads lead to (and from) the heart of Rome.

News

too often treading separate paths(literature, politics, cultural studies,thought and religion, art andarchaeology), to show how each of thesecan profit from this single find.

“Next year we particularly wish toexplore the differing scholarly traditionsand approaches of the participatinguniversities”, explained ProfessorParsons. “We may be able to exploit,

formally or informally, reflections on theassumptions which different membershave brought to the topics discussed inthe first two years’ gatherings.”

The Classicists want to conceivethese colloquia as some sort of unity, butone which broaches an important newaspect each year.

The third event could be based onceagain in Oxford - unless anotherEuropaeum partner institution wishes tohost it?

The A-Z for Romans?

36

Carlos Lopez-Hurtado

in Christ Church’s

main quad.

Why would a PhD student based in

Geneva working on issues related to

the World Trade Organisation and

human rights values want to come to Oxford?

After all, most of the international organisations

focused on the fields of trade, labour rights and

human rights are based in Geneva and the experts

working in those organisations and their

documentation can be accessed more easily there.

My decision was influenced by two

advantages that Oxford offered: to my knowledge,

it is the only University that offers a seminar on

international economic law and labour rights - exactly the

subject of my dissertation - and an excellent academic

environment conducive to concentration. Secondly, I had the

opportunity to benefit from the Europaeum bursary scheme for

a year. I have not regretted my decision.

During the academic year I spent in Oxford, I was able to

carry out a substantial part of my research. When you are in

the last stages of your PhD the most valuable things you can

get is quiet and time to read and write. If you have the

opportunity to share your ideas and concerns with others who

are working on similar issues, then you have the perfect

environment.

I benefited very much from the discussions held during

the seminar on international economic law conducted by

Professor Christopher McCrudden during Michaelmas term,

which provided me with very interesting insights and

perspectives for my research and allowed me to engage in

fruitful discussions. The seminar on the function of law in

international relations convened by Professor Guy Goodwin-

Gill during the Trinity term was also invaluable. I also enjoyed

discussing my dissertation with Professors McCrudden and

Vaughan Lowe. Their guidance proved to be very useful for

my research.

One initiative directed towards enhancing the academic

relationship between the Graduate Institute in Geneva and

Oxford University was a seminar on globalisation and labour

rights on 11 and 12 April, which was attended by scholars from

Geneva and Bern (see page 31).

Of course, not all of my activities in Oxford were academic

in nature; not all my experiences were confined to libraries,

seminar rooms and papers. The town is remarkably beautiful,

with medieval architecture renovated and combined with the

most modern facilities that offer a great variety of possibilities.

Most of my leisure time was spent in one of a number of

wonderful bookshops or having coffee with friends in Lincoln

College or elsewhere, or walking alongside

the river Thames. My wife and I even

managed to participate in a small but active

Latin American community of students

resident in Oxford, which afforded us extra

entertainment.

I was fortunate to live in a small and

enchanting cottage in the south of the city,

rather than in my college, as most students

normally do, largely because of limited

availability of suitable college or university

accommodation. Even if this limited my daily

interaction with other students, our centuries-

old cottage was so spacious and full of

character that we did not want to leave it.

My weekends were almost invariably

reserved for long walks along the river

passing through the locks down the river, or

visits to the several parks and meadows around the town with

friends. These are activities that one can enjoy at any time of

year, which is very important considering the notorious British

climate!

The bursary allowed for some trips between Geneva and

Oxford, which I used to carry out research in the libraries of

the international organisations there and to meet other people.

These visits allowed me to keep in touch with my academic

world in Geneva and strengthened the feeling that I was

working as a liaison between the two institutions.

Although I had a wonderful and fruitful time academically

and personally, I did face some problems, in particular in

accessing library and IT facilities.

I leave

with a good

draft of my

dissertation, a

p u b l i s h e d

article and

many contacts

and ideas for

f u t u r e

collaboration

b e t w e e n

Oxford and

Geneva.

Labouring between Oxford and Geneva

CARLOS LOPEZ-HURTADO spent a fruitfulyear in Oxford under the Europaeum’ s

Oxford-Geneva bursary scheme. Here herecollects his year.

News

Fellow

students

discuss ideas

in an Oxford

college

garden.

1

From the editor

The war on Saddam broke out just as we were

finalising the contents for this issue of the

Review. Europaeum scholars have plenty

to say – and one European view is put brilliantly in

David Marquand’s essay here, in which he argues

that the US is out to fashion the world in its own

image – using different tactics and methods, but in

so many ways, following the ambitions of the mighty

British Empire. Failure, he suggests, is the Bushite

nightmare.

Tim Garton Ash raises the Islamic question in

an article on where Europe ends, which chimes with

our fascinating report on an international research

workshop on Meeting the Other. We also reprint an

important speech from Chris Patten, just elected

Chancellor of Oxford University in succession to Roy

Jenkins, in which he argues for a common European

foreign policy – to counteract the many foreign

policies Europe currently has! Lord Jenkins, friend

of the Europaeum, is of course, already much missed

and we remember him (see page 18).

The Europaeum exists to “unite eminent

university academics and researchers from our

European universities”, in Jacques Delors’ words

of salute to us, “for meaninful exchanges that weave

the rich tapestry of intellectual Europe.” We recall

our linking with three EC Presidents (see page 4).

In this issue we also focus on a number of student

activities, including our student bursary scheme

which brough Carlos Lopez-Hurtado to Oxford;

students in debate on crisis prevention in Africa; and

Classics graduates discussing ancient travel and

poetry.. We also look forward to exciting joint

teaching initiatives for tomorrow’s students.

Finally, we report on the second of our three-

stage inquiry into the Future of European

Universities held at Paris last year, with powerful

statements from Ben Okri, poet and writer, and Tomas

Halik, former dissident and now, rightfully, professor

of sociology at Charles University, about what the

heart and soul of universities should be all about.

Paul Flather

BolognaDr Giovanna FilippiniSettore Relazioni InternazionaliUniversità degli Studi di BolognaVia Zamboni 33I-40125 BolognaTel: +39 0 51 209 9364e-mail: gfilippini@ammc.unibo.it

BonnDr Hartmut IhneDirector, ZEF/ZEIRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat BonnRegina-Pacis-Weg 3D-53113 BonnTel: +49 22 873 7249Fax: +49 22 873 5097e-mail: ihne.cicero@uni-bonn.de

GenéveProfessor Daniel WarnerDeputy DirectorGraduate Institute of InternationalStudies132, rue de LausanneP.O.Box 36CH-1211 Genève 21Tel.: +41 22 908 5747Fax: +41 22 908 5710e-mail: heimen@hei.unige.ch

LeidenJoost J.A. van Asten, MSc, MPADirector of International RelationsUniversiteit LeidenUniversity OfficeP.O.Box 9500NL-2300 RA LeidenTel.: +31 715 273105Fax: +31 715 273031e-mail: jja.vanasten@bb.leidenuniv.nl

MadridProfessor Carlos SeoaneVice Rector, International RelationsUniversidad ComplutenseAvda. Senèca, 2Ciudad Universitaria28040 MadridTel: +34 91 394 6957e-mail: vseoane@rect.ucm.es

OxfordMrs Beverly PottsInternational OfficeUniversity of OxfordUniversity OfficesWellington SquareGB-OX1 2JD OxfordTel. +44 1865 270189Fax. +44 1865 270077e-mail: Beverly.Potts@admin.ox.ac.uk

Paris I: Panthéon-SorbonneProfessor Dr Robert FrankDirector, Institut Pierre Renouvin1, rue Victor CousinF-75005 ParisTel.: +33 140 462865Fax.: +33 140 517934e-mail: frank@univ-paris1.fr

Mrs Elizabeth CarlisleRelations InternationalesUniversité de Paris I58, boulevard AragoF-75013 ParisTel.: +33 1 44 07 76 70Fax.: +33 1 44 07 76 76e-mail: relinter@univ-paris1.fr

PrahaMr Tomás Jelinek, ChancellorHead of the Rector�s OfficeUniverzita Karlova V PrazeOvocny trh 3/5116 36 Praha 1Czech RepublicTel. +420 2 24 491301Fax. +420 2 24 229487e-mail: Tomas.Jelinek@ruk.cuni.cz

Ms Ivana Hala�kováDirector, International Relations OfficeTel.: +420 2 24491391e-mail: Ivana.Halaskova@ruk.cuni.cz

Central SecretariatSecretary GeneralDr Paul FlatherEuropaeum Office99 Banbury RoadGB-OX2 6JX OxfordTel.: +44 1865 284480Fax: +44 1865 284481e-mail:paul.flather@europaeum.ox.ac.uk

AssistantTel.: +44 1865 284482e-mail:euroinfo@europaeum.ox.ac.uk

EVROPAEVMContacts

EVROPAEVMDiary

April 2003Workshop4th & 5th April - Appropriations, Misappropriationsand Adaptations of Liberalism in Twentieth- CenturyEurope, to be held at Mansfield College, Oxford,led by Professors Michael Freeden (Oxford),Jan-Werner Müller (Oxford), and PaoloPombeni (Bologna).

Europaeum Lecture8th April - Sir Marrak Goulding, Warden of St.Antony’s College, Oxford, and former UNUnder-Secretary- General for Peacekeeping, onThe United Nations and Peace Since the Cold War:success, failure or neither? at the Graduate Instituteof International Studies, Geneva. (details t.b.c)

Academic Committee11th April - Annual meeting will reviewEuropaeum research strateg ies, to beaccompanied by an internatinal EuropaeumDebate, Does the World Need Need America as its‘tough guy’ for the 21st Century?

Europaeum Policy Institute12th April, Prague - Meeting of Project WorkingGroup.

Accession of MadridComplutense University, Madrid formally joinsthe Europaeum at a ceremony in Prague.

Europaeum Visiting Professors24th April - 3rd May - Professor Tiziano Bonazzi(Bologna) will spend two weeks at Oxfordworking on the US-Europe Research Project.

Policy Forum Conference25th–27th April - Whose Europe? NationalModels and the Constitution of Europe, at theSaid Business School, Oxford, with DenisMacShane, UK Minister for Europe, BronislawGeremek, former Polish Foreign Minister, TimGarton-Ash, and others. Organized withEuropean Studies at Oxford, supported by theEuropaeum in partnership with St. Antony’sCollege, Oxford, and the Graduate Institute ofInternational Studies, Geneva.

May 2003Europaeum Leadership CourseLaunch13th May - a European Cultures, Institutions andBusiness, launch event at Dutch Embassy inLondon, with Prince Constantijn, ViceChancellor of Oxford, President of Leiden. Thefirst module of this programme due to start atLeiden University in Autumn.

AMERUS InitiativeConference on Civil Society, Cultural and HumanRights, linking America, Europe and Russia, withEuropaeum support.

Europaeum Visiting Professor26th May - Professor Dan Diner, EuropaeumBertelsmann Visiting Professor of 20th CenturyJewish History and Politics, and Director of theSimon Dubnow Institute for Jewish History andCulture at the University of Leipzig, will beginhis series of lectures at Oxford: Jewish and GeneralHistory in 19th & 20th Centuries - Narrations andInterpretations.

June 2003Annual General Meeting6th June - The Europaeum Council will meet atUniversiteit Leiden, followed by a EuropaeumLecture to be given by Professor Sir AdamRoberts, Professor International Relations,Oxford, on The US, UN and Iraq.

WorkshopEconomics of European Integration research projectgroup meeting at Charles University, Prague,to follow up the 2002 Summer School (t.b.c).

Future of European UniversitiesExperts Conference21st–22nd June - Third and final internationalexpert conference: International Partnerships,Risks and Opportunities at Universität Bonn,sponsored by DaimlerChrysler Services AG,with linked student event, with keynotespeakers Mary Robinson, Head of the EthicalGlobalisation Project, and Lord Moser, formerWarden.

September 2003Summer SchoolOld and New Ideas of Federalism in Europe, to beheld at Charles University, Prague, with threeEuropaeum students from all partner plus anarray of academic and other experts.

October 2003Europaeum Leadership CourseThe first module of the European Cultures,Institutions and Businss programme, due to startat Leiden University as an introduction toEurope and European Culture.

MA in European PoliticalCultures, Institution, and HistoryNew joint course, linking Universities ofBologna, Leiden and Oxford, due to commencewith the first trimester in Bologna, supportedby Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio.

November 2003Policy ForumUniversities in Europe: to review, discuss, anddisseminate the next stage of the BolognaProcess and key findings of the Future of EuropeanUniversities inquiry.

Policy ForumAgeing and Democracy, to be held in Oxfordlooking at problems of investing in health carefor older people, new technology, equity acrossthe world. (details t.b.c)

Academic CommitteeAudio meeting to be arranged.

WorkshopCultural Difference in Europe to be held at CharlesUniversity, Prague, with Europaeum supportand Asian participants (date t.b.c.).

Europaeum LectureGeneva Professor to speak at Oxford, as partof Oxford-Geneva Link Programme (details t.b.c.).

Classics ColloquiumTwo research students from Europaeum partnerinstitutions will meet to review a topical issue.(database)

December 2003Management CommitteeAudio meeting to be arranged.

For updated diary seehttp://www.europaeum.org

Applications for the Europaeum�s small grantsschemes are now accepted at any time. Fordetails, see page 4.