Volume 2 / Issue 6 Good Sight

Agriculture Special Edition

Volume 2 / Issue 6www.thegoodsight.com

December 2020

TheGood Sight

ForeverFarming

Ima

ge

by M

oha

n N

an

na

pa

nen

i fro

m P

ixa

bay

Farmers are the backbone of our country.

2 | The good sighT | April 2020

Image by Nandhu Kumar from Pixabay.

Sustainable farming is the wayDear Reader,

Every life on this earth needs food for its survival. We,

humans, are no exception. The only difference between

other forms of life and humans is that while the former

survive on the available resources, the latter can produce or

grow their own food. And in the process of producing more

and more food to meet its ever-rising demand, we have

manipulated with the natural food production processes by

going against the norms set by nature. What an irony? The

most intelligent life form on this earth has become a threat

to nature’s invaluable resources.

In order to meet the food demands of the growing

population, we have rampantly used chemical fertilizers,

pesticides, hybrid seeds etc. Without thinking about what

would happen to our soil, we just cared about a bumper

harvest. Keeping the soil healthy is indeed a challenge now.

Healthy soils are the basis for healthy food production.

Rural smallholder farmers are feeding the world. In fact,

they are supplying diverse nutrients in food supplies. We

need to support such farmers so that they can mitigate

problems arising from climate change, urbanization etc.

Only then agriculture would thrive in the truest sense.

We dedicate this edition of The Good Sight to the

organisations that are equipping farmers with knowledge,

insights and products, making agriculture both sustainable

and profitable.

Editors

Asit SrivastavaBhesaja Choudhury

Editor

Asit Srivastava

Bhesaja Choudhury

Creative Head

Arvind Das

Marketing Head

Nimesh Lal

Photo Editor

Abhirup Dasgupta

Team TGS

TheGood Sight

The good sighT | December 2020 | 54 | The good sighT | December 2020

INSIDE

Change The Climate Livelihood generation through women empowerment programmes

Rural livelihoods through sustainable development

Bridging the communication gap

Serving with technology

Community initiatives for agrobiodiversity conservation and climate-resilient agriculture

Sovereignty of soil, seeds and upcoming generation leading to food & nutrition security

Sustaining livelihoods with climate-smart organic cotton farming

06 34

40

46

5416

22

28


Change The Climate

The Earthworm Foundation (formerly known as The Forest Trust) has decades of experience in finding solutions to the major social and environmental

problems that our world is facing today. The non-profit works between corporates and civil society, between forests, farms, and boardrooms, between buyers and suppliers to identify challenges, process them and create impactful solutions.

Change the Climate (CTC) is Earthworm Foundation’s flagship programme that focusses on implementing the organisation’s unique ‘sustainable agroforestry model’ in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. The programme has not only contributed to increasing green cover but also helped the farmers to diversify their income and promote climate mitigation by converting atmospheric carbon into organic carbon and checking soil erosion. The rationale of choosing these states is based on their sparse green-cover, perennial debt trap faced by the farmers, increasing soil erosion and desertification. After the onset of the project in 2019, CTC has benefitted more than 2,000 farmers in 200 villages of these states. The organisation

Earthworm’s campaign not only strives to tackle the effects of climate change but also help farmers restore biodiversity in farms while earning extra income

is working with small, medium, and large-scale farmers.

Earthworm Foundation’s sustainable agroforestry model incorporates extensive plantation activity around the farmlands. Before initiating the plantation, the organisation performs a detailed water and soil assessment of the farm. Then, the Foundation’s experts (hailing from some of the most reputed agricultural institutes from the country) comprehend the reports and suggest the saplings that can be planted. The Foundation also facilitates a meeting between the farmers and experts giving the farmers a brief idea about their farm conditions. The organisation purchases saplings from local sources ascertaining that the saplings (plant) have great commercial and ecological value. For instance, the organisation focusses on planting fruits, flowers, or hardwood saplings.

In Rajasthan, the Foundation is working to reclaim degraded land by employing plantation and sustainable water management techniques. The work has been well received by different industries who have given the organisation

Experts conducting a session on field.

A wall painting on Earthworm’s Change The Climate campaign.


their land for reclamation. In terms of the plantation, the Foundation planted a variety of saplings that have high commercial value and could withstand extreme climatic conditions. Moreover, the Foundation is using sustainable water management methods like drip irrigation to address the problem of water scarcity.Post-plantation, the organisation harnesses its one-of-a-kind monitoring process where it monitors the sapling’s health by measuring the height and girth, biomass storage and the carbon storage (that includes calculation of carbon sequestration and carbon stock). Earthworm Foundation carries out the assessments quarterly and keep storing and sharing the data by issuing QR codes. Apart from the health and carbon storage details, the QR code incorporates the ‘Journey of Plantation’ a detailed analysis of the complete plantation activity including the pre-plantation journey, the details of the farmer(s), farmland coordinates, number of saplings planted in each farmland, scientific and common names of the saplings planted and their benefits.

In the past two years, the organisation has planted around 80,000 trees and has created individual farmer profiles to facilitate regular interaction with the farmers. The Foundation has also encouraged farmers to practice chemical and fertiliser free farming by providing them with the technical know-how and guiding them at each stage. The organisation is working with local farmers to develop nurseries that produce a variety of saplings including cash crops, exotic fruits, and vegetables. The nurseries are being developed across Punjab and Haryana. Furthermore, during COVID-19 the organisation touch-based with over 1,000 farmers enquiring and assisting farmers to bolster their farming practices and passed the details on COVID-19 prevention.

Earthworm Foundation has also collaborated with local schools and institutions to promote the culture of sustainable agroforestry management and motivate students to take up agriculture and agro-business as future careers.

Plantation being carried out.

Interaction with farmers.


Sapling monitoring in progress.


Focus in post-COVID-19 world

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we approach our projects. During the pandemic, we were able to plant and monitor saplings. Moreover, we were able to get in touch with over 1000 farmers and helped them throughout the crisis. Post COVID-19 we have issued fresh guidelines that entail processes all in operations in our project. We are also spreading awareness on the interdependence on the outbreak of the virus and ecological imbalance. We are looking for like-minded organisations who could contribute to our initiative.

-Naresh ChaudharyCountry Head

Earthworm Foundation India

Reaping the benefits of agroforestry

Community engagement underway.

Shanker Yadav enjoys the benefits of agrofarming.

To increase the forest cover and enhance the agroforestry management in the region, farmers have started collaborating with different organisations. Shanker Yadav is one such farmer who hails from Waryam Khera village of Fazilka district, Punjab. A medium-scaled farmer, Shanker owns 12 acres of land and has been associated with the organisation for a decade. In the beginning, Earthworm foundation planted 10 trees at his farm, in the next few years the collaboration extended, and he obtained more than 200 saplings including plants like Sheesham, Jamun and Neem.

“I am a well-informed farmer now, agro-farming has worked well for me,” Shanker chuckled while explaining the process.

“During the last ten years, our collaboration has transformed the way I practised agriculture. The saplings they planted were commercially viable and it increased my sources of income and increased my financial independence. The process started when the team from the foundation visited me, they explained how agroforestry was beneficial for me. After I joined the initiative, they took the soil and water sample from my field. They were back with the findings and they also introduced me to experts who explained to me the complete process, right from what trees they will be planting. Post plantation they were always available to assist me whenever it was required. Moreover, I was able to switch my cropping pattern that was based on traditional agriculture to forestry management and I was able to gain additional Rs 90,000 by harvesting the trees.”

Praising the Earthworm’s agro farming model

in the region Dr K.S. Bangarwa, Emeritus Professor from the department of forestry, CCS, Hisar, Haryana ICAR said, “Earthworm’s Change the Climate programme is being implemented for the benefit of the farmers and the communities as a whole. Such programs are the need of the time to address the problems of Climate Change. Their efforts are appreciable as their work ultimately benefits and protects the earth and its resources for the next generation.”


Community initiatives for agrobiodiversity conservation and climate-resilient agriculture I

ncreasing vagaries of nature caused by global warming, fast eroding natural resources and the growing number of small and marginal farmers, have dealt a cruel blow to the

livelihood of rural communities, particularly to the nutritional security of women and children. To promote sustainable development in vulnerable regions affected by climate change, BAIF launched location-specific biodiversity conservation and climate-resilient agriculture, involving local communities rich in traditional wisdom. The strategy was to conserve soil, water and forest resources to enrich soil productivity and preserve crop and livestock biodiversity by in-situ and ex-situ conservation. The aim was to introduce promising traditional crop diversities under climate-resilient agriculture with newly released hardy and short duration crop varieties, while empowering small farmers, particularly women, to develop an efficient value chain. Women being the major stakeholder in drought-prone and tribal regions, their empowerment was ensured through the formation of Self Help Groups, training in climate-resilient agricultural production, adoption of improved tillage operations, farm tools and equipment to reduce physical labour, conservation of native genotypes of important crops and

BAIF Development Research Foundation, with its legacy in grassroots development spanning more than 50 years, has brightened the lives of 5 million families from 1,00,000 villages in 12 states in India

selection of promising and hardy landraces for large scale cultivation.

In Maharashtra under the genetic conservation initiative of BAIF, 350 landraces of rice, millets, sorghum, maize, hyacinth bean and cowpea crops, were collected for in-situ conservation. The local communities formed seed savers’ groups which selected more promising genotypes, produced 13.2 tons of paddy seeds of worthy landraces and distributed them among other farmers through six community seed banks to expand the area under native varieties. Farmers have sold 3.5 tons of traditional races of rice under the brand, ‘Farming Monk’. A central community seed bank at Jawhar in Thane district and BAIF’s seed bank at Central Research Station at Urulikanchan near Pune, preserved 588 and 473 accessions of rice, finger millet, little millet, maize, and sorghum respectively in cold storage for ex-situ conservation. A total of 75 landraces of these crops have been deposited with National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) for IC numbers. More than two lakh grafts of 262 candidate races of Mahua, Hirda and Behda have been planted on BAIF’s campuses, community and private lands for conservation. As mixed farming can

An exposure visit of seed savers’ groups to in-situ conservation sites.


boost the income of marginal farmers, conservation of hardy native breeds of Dangi, Lalkandhari and Gaolao cattle, Sangamneri and Berari breeds of goat and Satpudi breed of poultry was organised in 142 villages of nine districts involving local communities.

Under the Climate Smart village development initiative, 11,250 families from 75 villages of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, adopted climate-resilient technologies to enhance their crop yield by 69% and income by 96%, while reducing CO2 emission by 55%. 800 families in Uttarakhand cultivated vegetables in polyhouses. 2,200 families established orchards with hardy fruit crops and short duration pulse varieties on 900 ha in desert regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat. 287 families collected 8.6 million litres of rainwater in tankas and 126 farmers used gravity-based drip irrigation to earn a net annual income of Rs. 1.50 lakhs/ha. Cultivation of improved varieties of vegetables with organic inputs fetched Rs. 62,750/ha for 110 farmers in Kutch and Rs. 78,070/ha for 22 farmers in Barmer. Rooftop rainwater harvesting structure with tank benefitted 215 families. Fodder-based cropping systems generated an average income of Rs. 62,075/ha. Cactus cultivation for fodder was adopted by 400 farmers.

A gender-sensitive approach to enrol women from marginalised families in Self Help Groups, engagement of champion women farmers and cadre of women community resource persons for handholding, mixed farming approach, formation of a safety net through weather-based crop advisories and crop insurance and involvement of public and private players, further enhanced the crop production and income.

Participatory seed selection for germplasm purification. Training of tribal youth in grafting of Mahua plants.

Sustainable livelihood in semi-arid region with drought-tolerant fruit crops.Promotion of Lalkandhari cattle at the local fair.



Regenerative agriculture is the direction for making farming a part of the solution, to ensure climate resilience, stable livelihoods and an ecologically sustainable future.

- Girish SohaniPresident

BAIF

COMMuNITy SEED BaNkS:kalsubai Seed Saver Group takes the lead

scale cultivation. Thus, Kalsubai Parisar Biyane Savnardhan Samajik Sanstha was registered in Akole, Ahmednagar district, with a membership of 2,000 women and 250 men, for the conservation of crop biodiversity. Starting with the collection of rice varieties, the work was extended to the collection of 114 accessions of 40 crops, maintained in 10 in-situ conservation centres spread over 94 ha land with proper documentation about landraces. The seed saver committee of 11 members, monitoring the conservation, engaged 615 members for seed production of selected landraces and produced 13 tons of seeds for distributing among other farmers, after checking the quality. Kalsubai Sanstha determines seed procurement and sale price based on the cost of production, cleaning, marketing, promotion and transportation expenses.

Kalsubai Sanstha organises annual seed exhibitions, wild food festivals, field visits to conservation centres and seed banks, and educates visitors about the importance of different varieties for climate-resilient food production. The work of their leader, Rahibai Popare, popularly known as “Seed Mother”, was recognised by the Government of India with the bestowing of “Padma Shri” on her this year.

Active participation of women seed savers in the local Mahua festival.

A village-level in-situ conservation centre.

Vegetable cultivation by a super champion woman farmer for nutritional security of the family.

With the introduction of high yielding varieties, traditional varieties of food were neglected. However, in the absence of recommended practices, these high yielding varieties became uneconomical. Hence, BAIF initiated collection of traditional genotypes of important crops, involving the local communities. Fortunately, women from tribal communities took the lead to undertake the collection and conservation of traditional varieties of different crops. In 2015, community seed banks were established with the support of Maharashtra Gene Bank Project for in-situ conservation, selection of worthy cultivars, seed production and distribution among other farmers for large


For the past few decades, most sections of the society in the country have progressed in terms of food security, nutrition, health care, agricultural

productivity and per capita income, but the tribal communities have not been able to reap the benefits at the same rate. Rather, it seems that their condition has worsened on many accounts like nutritional status, migration for earning livelihood, literacy and infant and maternal mortality in tribal regions. There are various reasons for the problems and backwardness that indigenous people are facing, but the major reason seems to be ‘the change in agricultural practices’ that tribal communities have gone through. The current agriculture policies in the country, focused on high yielding crops through application of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, has been a successful case which has helped India to obtain food sufficiency, better agricultural productivity and higher income for farmers; but it has largely affected the age-old traditional integrated farming practices which were prevalent in tribal regions in India. The traditional integrated farming has come under threat, which has led to increased

VAAGDHARA, a community-based organisation, working for true farming, true democracy and true childhood in tri-junction of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat with 1,00,000 tribal families, creating sustainable pathways for development

dependency on external forces for sustaining the lives of the tribal people. In order to combat the challenges faced by tribal, there is a need to revive these traditional practices along with rich tribal culture and bring them back in the lives of the communities. VAAGDHARA believes that Gandhian ideology of Swaraj or ‘Self–Rule’ holds the key for facing and countering the challenges being faced by the communities. The solutions to the sustained livelihood lie in the circular lifestyle in the tribal area where soil, seed, water, vegetation and livestock are the components which complement each other. For the past two decades, VAAGDHARA is consistently striving to improve the situation of food, nutrition and livelihood security of the indigenous communities by promoting Sustainable Integrated Farming System (SIFS) and Nutrition-Sensitive Farming Systems, contributing to the sustainable local food system. Tribal communities have been the pioneer of Gandhian Swaraj and they are able to find solutions to all such issues. The communities can achieve sovereignty by safeguarding their traditional practices in conjunction with the

Village women worshipping soil and taking a pledge to protect it.

Sovereignty of soil, seeds and upcoming generation leading to food & nutrition security


inherited tribal knowledge regaining their lost social, cultural and economic characteristics. Following this ideology, every year thousands of tribal farmers of Vagad region participate in ‘Tribal Colloquium’ or ‘Tribal Sovereignty Campaign’ which provides an opportunity to indigenous people for sharing their practices as well as raising their concerns with possible solutions and voice their opinions for holistic betterment. This year’s campaign for tribal sovereignty began with the celebration of World Children’s Day on 20th November 2020 and concluded with the celebration of the 7th World Soil Day on 5th December 2020 by the custodians of soil, the tribal of the Vagad region, with fervour and gaiety. VAAGDHARA’s journey on such colloquiums began five years back and is now a regular observance by the organisation. The colloquiums, so far, have observed the discussions by the indigenous communities on protecting their social and cultural values along with practices like rejuvenating traditional integrated farming, revival of traditional nutritious crops that provide indigenous foods to eliminate malnutrition and improve food and nutrition security among the community people, preserving traditional indigenous seeds, traditional treatment of incurable diseases using medicinal plants, climate-sensitive Nutrition-Sensitive Farming System to name a few. The indigenous people in these colloquiums raise their concerns along with the possible solutions which are recorded in the form of a charter of demands and presented to the policymakers at state and national level, advocating for bringing required changes in the policies which can help benefit the indigenous communities.

Tribal farmers participating in the tribal sovereignty conclave.


Being indigenous

A tribal community worshipping soil.

Dried indigenous vegetables and fruits being exhibited.

Agriculture and Tribal Sovereignty Campaign 2020 provided an opportunity for the tribal communities to raise their issues and concerns. The campaign brought together the tribal, development practitioners, academicians and policymakers under one roof to share experiences, practices and knowledge for the uplift of tribal communities. Discussions within the communities culled out various significant issues which need to be taken up and advocated with the government at the state level, national level as well as at international platforms. Need of community participation in Gram Panchayat meetings for desired development, establishment of seed banks to have access to quality indigenous seeds, planning for new veterinary centres, prohibiting illegal deforestations, and measures of small canal extensions in the villages where there is no reach of canal water were a few of the issues highlighted in the campaign which needed immediate attention by the policymakers. Communities in the conclave highlighted their traditional practices needed to be revived for ensuring their livelihood, food and nutrition security like growing traditional nutritious fruits and vegetables, practising Halma[1] and Haat; use of indigenous seeds identified during the conclave; reestablishing livestock as part of the livelihood and agriculture; use

local herbs in the treatment of ailments; rainwater conservation; use of modern techniques in balance with the traditional methods of farming etc. The 11-day-long campaign culminated with the celebration of the 7th World Soil Day on 5th December 2020 by the communities wherein more than one lakh Adivasi people across 1,000 villages worshipped the soil and seeds as well as pledged to keep it alive and protect its biodiversity, in line with this year’s theme for the day. A variety of 43 types of indigenous seeds like Safed Deshi Makka and Pohta Makka were displayed and worshipped by the communities. VAAGDHARA’s community radio ‘VAGAD Radio - 90.8’ broadcasted the event activities live to the communities helping lakhs of tribal people to get connected virtually. Mobile-based application ‘Vaagdhara Abhiyaan’ had been instrumental in delivering the message among the communities. The preloaded radio messages, audio and video clips using the application were played in all 1,000 villages to make the communities understand the significance of soil conservation.

A variety of local indigenous seeds and food items being displayed in the conclave.

[1] Halma is an age-old tradition in which all the people of a village come together at one platform to help each other in accomplishing a social development work related to agriculture, construction of ponds, wells, houses, etc., disaster management, and other activities for the benefits of the whole village.


The food and nutrition sovereignty was the heritage of tribal and forest areas. But certain external forces and policies pushed it towards dependency on markets. This is detrimental for their sovereignty, food and nutrition security. Following the Swaraj philosophy, the tribal communities are able to solve the problems by themselves at the community level and ensure sustainable livelihood, which we witnessed during the pandemic period.

Tribal communities are a source of inspiration having multiple solutions to the global challenges. What they need from the government is formulation of the policies keeping their needs in mind, which can protect their natural resources, promote indigenous practices and do not force industrialisation at the cost of agriculture.

- Jayesh JoshiSecretary and CEO

VAAGDHARA

- Sudeep Sharma Advocacy Leader

VAAGDHARA


Sustaining livelihoods with climate-smart organic cotton farming C

limate Change Adaptation of Women Smallholders and Cotton Producers (CCACP) or ‘Sufalam’ project, supported by Galeries Lafayette of

France, is a climate-smart organic cotton and livelihood project being implemented since 2018 in 10 villages of Jalgaon-Jamod Block in Buldana district of Maharashtra. Keeping CARE India’s goals of ending poverty and women’s empowerment, the project essentially works with 1,511 small and marginal women landholding households from mostly tribal communities. The overall strategy is to empower women farmers to adopt organic cultivation of cotton and engage in ethical and globally accepted organic production standards for higher market reach, including the export market and better prices. Cotton is a traditional crop in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra as it is suitable because of the soil and climate ecology. Today the cotton cultivators, particularly the small women and tribal landholders are exposed to multiple threats. Mostly mono-croppers, the small landholder cotton farmers are one of the most vulnerable farming communities in India due to the climate shift, water stress and market influences, leading

Through Climate Change Adaptation of Women Smallholders and Cotton Producers Project, CARE India is empowering women farmers from tribal communities

to low returns on investment, debt cycles, crop failures and so on.

CARE India started working on an empowerment model in network with local stakeholders like KVKs, Agriculture University at Akola and others; developed Package of Practices (PoP) for small and marginal women landholders. PoPs were adoptable through Farmer Field School (FFS) methodology where 111 demonstration farmers contributed around 5% of their land or 0.5 acres of land to learn, test and implement organic cotton cultivation practices. PoPs were based on less water-intensive models and developed farmers’ capacity to shift from high cost intensive inorganic cotton production to climate-resilient less cost-intensive cotton production. Till October 2020, the CCACP project was successful in empowering 1,511 women small and tribal cotton farmers and helping them emerge as climate-smart farmers. The women farmers have also emerged as entrepreneurs in agriculture input production, thus strengthening the local economy during COVID-19 pandemic through production and sale of organic or biopesticides and fertilizers to local farmers, since the pandemic had halted the local

Preparation of botanical extract for application in the organic cotton field.


economy and agriculture input flow. The project has in overall strengthened farmers’ platforms to influence the value chain for organic cotton farming. With the project closed to completing two years, the key achievements may be mapped as follows:

• At scale reach to 1,511 women small and tribal farmers in cotton and, also influencing other farmers in the area. The overall achievement is a reduction in the risk of crop loss and enhanced income

• One farmers’ group namely “SUFALAM” has

been registered under Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) and Agriculture Department (Govt. of Maharashtra) to take government agriculture scheme to the village level

• Promotion of Self-Help Groups (SHG) and Farmers’ Groups (FG) with the capacity to promote PoPs to demonstrate climate resilience in organic cotton cultivation. 53 SHGs with 539 members have achieved till October, a cumulative saving of Rs. 6,66,392/-

• Block Level Organic Cotton Committee (BLOCC) members have been trained on collective procurement of inputs and marketing of organic cotton with five Farmers Groups (FGs) empowered with diverse knowledge and skills to improve cotton farming environment e.g. prevention of child labour, women labour equal wages, price negotiation and fair prices for cotton, quality cotton packaging and delivery to market, reducing the processing of cotton and false weighing done by middlemen, etc

• Child labour eradication in the cotton cultivation, particularly as farm and cotton delivery labour, through awareness and empowerment and support diverse institutions at the community level like SHGs, schools, etc

Organic cotton seeds being sown by women farmers.



The small and marginal farmers in India today face a huge crisis in sustaining agriculture as source of livelihood with frequent weather shocks and water stress, besides other challenges like access to inputs on time, market and fair prices. COVID-19 has sharply impacted the small and marginal landholders although there has been an agricultural productivity enhancement during the period. The focus in the post-COVID-19 period essentially has to be to strengthen small and marginal farmers’ institutions/ platforms, with better climate-resilient adoptive technologies

and in overall ensure that climate-smart agriculture supports higher income, market access and nutrition security.

- Manoj GopalakrishnaChief Executive Officer

CARE India Solutions for Sustainable Development (CISSD)

Fruit of ‘SuFalaM’Maya Bai Munim Singh Alashe, aged 42, is a woman farmer from Hanwatkhed village of Jalgaon (Jamod) block, Buldhana district, Maharashtra. Essentially a farming household, Maya Bai experienced low returns from cotton cultivation due to severe crop loss due to climate shift, water stress and low price for cotton produced by her and overall high input costs in inorganic cotton. Average loan size taken before each season was approximately INR 25,000. Post-loan repayment, she was hardly left with choices to manage her family well. When ‘Sufalam’ started, she was invited to participate in the project and pilot organic cotton growing techniques with Package of Practices from CARE India. The FFS sessions exposed her to all the sustainable methods of cotton production. When she first shared her learning with her husband Munim Alashe, he was hesitant to adopt the practices. Finally convinced seeing other farmers adopt the Package of Practices (PoPs), the couple started growing cotton using the PoPs on their 0.5 acre land. To their surprise, the cotton crop’s growth through the PoPs using traditional seed, IPM, organic manures etc was much better and resilient to climate shocks and water stress. The pest infestation in the field also reduced extensively. The couple slowly transited to organic cultivation of cotton adopting all PoPs promoted by the Sufalam project like IPM, biodynamic composting, botanical extracts and organic manure in their field, botanical extracts required only once in a crop cycle, etc. In 2019-2020 harvest, Maya Bai achieved very high crop produce which was much better in quality. She was also happy to save around

Jamunabai Deva Abaya of Charban village picking cotton from her organic cotton field.

A farmer applying organic fertilizer in his cotton field.

6,000 INR per acre on pesticides alone, thereby ensuring a higher return on investments. May Bai is planning to invest in better educational opportunities for their children and she along with her husband have become exponents of the PoPs promoted by CARE India and are motivating other farmers to adopt the PoPs.

CARE India, a Section 25 Company (member of CARE International confederation working to end poverty in 93

countries), is in India for 70 years; currently working in 16 states reaching out to 46 million people.


livelihood generation through women empowerment programmes I

n association with the Swedish Organization for Individual Relief (SOIR-IM), Mount Valley Development Association (MVDA) started the Farming Innovation for

Women Empowerment project in October 2017. The project is being implemented in 14 Gram Panchayats of three blocks i.e. Bhilangna, Jakhnidhar and Kirti Nagar of Tehri Grahwal, Uttarakhand, aiming socio-economic empowerment of women through climate-resilient livelihoods and improved access to government entitlements and services.

In the absence of livelihood, connectivity and other infrastructural facilities, migration has become a phenomenon in the area leaving behind women in the family to manage, and a major population is still engaged in agriculture and other aligned activities. Despite being known as the backbone of the hill economy, the socio-economic and political status of women is still low in the area. Consequently, with the notion to improve the status of women, the project was initiated and thereby contributing:

• To enhance the income of women by 30%

Mount Valley Development Association has been promoting agriculture and allied activities in Uttarakhand through various programmes aiming socio-economic empowerment of women

through conservation and rejuvenation of indigenous spices and condiments.

• To increase the access of rights holders, particularly women, to various government schemes and entitlements.

• To sensitize on the issues of gender discrimination by increasing women’s participation in village, block and district level meetings.

• To promote environment-friendly organic farming by highlighting the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers.

ImpactBased on the Self-Help Group model, the project has ensured financial security for nearly 300 women in the forms of savings and inter and intra loaning. These created groups are providing a platform where they are discussing women-centric issues like menstruation and menstrual hygiene management and contributing to create a safe space for discussion. For instance, avoiding public places during menstruation was a common practice in few of the intervention areas but after an open discussion, the practice is under the transitory phase. These groups are platforms

A village-level sensitisation meeting on menstruation and menstrual hygiene in progress.


for women to represent their issues and concerns. Furthermore, for the active political participation of women, these groups are creating an initial space to develop leadership skills as there are group representatives. Few of the representatives have also contested in PRI elections last year and at present are a part of the local governance. Under the intervention, the women farmers are opting scientific and organic farming techniques like line sowing, Package of Practices (PoP), shivansh fertilizer, amrit pani, etc.

Work on humanitarian groundCOVID-19 has been an unprecedented phenomenon which is affecting human life adversely. Initially, COVID-19 created a chaotic situation as no one was aware of the do’s and don’ts and precautionary measures. Community members were clueless and resourceless to protect themselves from the pandemic. To facilitate the community needs during the lockdown caused by the pandemic, 4,300 individuals were reached out for mobilization and nearly 80 wall paintings were painted at public places for sensitization. In addition to that, 3,604 masks and 703 PPE kits were distributed. As people were out of jobs and there was less source of income and means of nutrients, 376 women farmers received seeds of cash crop vegetables. The community members were also sensitized about government schemes and entitlements.

SustainabilityMVDA has always believed in the sustainable approach of development by keeping women in the centre. The Farming Innovation for Women Empowerment project has also found its sustainability in the ideology of the organisation. The project has established a seed bank for a sustainable availability of seeds for the promoted varieties and also aiming to set up a Farmer Field School (FFS) for constant learning in upcoming months. The project is also connecting women of multiple villages and bringing them under the one umbrella, Umang Swayat Sahakarita – a women-run cooperative for sustainable market linkages, which will ensure the livelihood of these women in the long run. The project is also initiating Village Climate Risk Management Committees at village panchayats for sustainability.

A demonstration of line sowing of seeds in progress.

Distribution of cash crop seeds among village women.



The pandemic has adversely affected the economically backward section of the society. Millions of people lost their livelihoods but it has also created an opportunity to make humankind realise the importance of locally available resources and compelled us to focus on that. The daily routine life has changed as online platforms have become new professional space and people have realised the importance of healthy habits and human relations. We believe that development must be sustainable for everyone and the indigenous knowledge and products play a significant

role in that. Hereby, with the same belief, we have worked with and for the community and would continue doing that always.

- Avtar Singh Negi Secretary

Mount Valley Development Association

SHarMIla DEVI, an ideal for othersIn Indian society, the woman has always been considered as the second wheel of the family. Sharmila Devi, an active farmer from Mathiyali village, lives with her maternal family. Despite her struggles in marital life, she took a strong decision related to livelihood years ago which changed her life in many ways. Since the livelihood project started in her village, she became a motivation for other groups’ members. Despite the difficulties, she has a smile on her face always which shows her positive attitude towards life.

Before the intervention, Sharmila Devi was struggling with wild animals who were ruining her crops every time and thus all the hard work done by her on the field was resulting in very less productivity. So when she learnt that spice cultivation requires less water and wild animals don’t eat some spices, she decided to grow those. It was a good decision that she took. This led to not only good harvest but it also gave a good return. Following this, she decided to cultivate spices and condiments like turmeric, ginger etc only. This year, she has earned around Rs 10,000 from agriculture.

Recently, she has also been selected under ATMA scheme as an active farmer and will be benefitted by Rs 10,000 which she can use for agricultural activities/machinery, etc. At the beginning of this year, her woman farmers’ group, established through the project, has reached out to NRLM for ginger seeds as it was not available due to COVID-19 situation.Sharmila Devi has been making a significant financial contribution to her family. Women like Sharmila Devi are examples and motivation for every other woman.

Sharmila Devi being felicitated on International Women’s Day. Distribution of PPE kits.


rural livelihoods through sustainable development U

nder the farmers’ promotion programme, the Environment Conservation Society (SwitchON Foundation) is working to promote a

total of five FPOs. Out of them, one is supported by NABARD and the rest by Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC). ECS was appointed as a Resource Institute under SFAC for promoting FPOs in West Bengal.

The concept of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) consists of a collective of producers, especially small and marginal farmers, to form an effective alliance to collectively address many challenges of agriculture such as improved access to investment, technology, inputs and markets. The primary objectives of the project are:

• Mobilising farmers in groups at the village level and building their associations (FPOs) at an appropriate federating point to plan and implement product specific cluster/ commercial crop cycles

• Strengthening farmers’ capacity through

SwitchON Foundation has been promoting FPOs with a focus to address the challenges being faced by small and marginal farmers

agricultural best practices for enhanced productivity

• Ensuring access to and usage of quality inputs and services for intensive agriculture enhancing cluster competitiveness

• Facilitate access to fair and remunerative markets, including linking producer groups to marketing opportunities by market aggregators

ECS is currently working on FPOs in four districts of West Bengal and it has reached out to over 5,500 small and marginal farmers. The projects are implemented initially for over a three-year period, and later the collaboration is extended as per requirement. ImplementationIn December 2017, ECS started mobilising activities to the farmers in groups at the village level and built their associations at an appropriate federating point. During the project period, village-level awareness programmes were conducted several times in all the project locations to impart the importance of formation

Strawberry plantation at Lowada Flower Farmers Producer Company Limited.


of FPO and Farmer Interest Groups (FIGs). Till date, 181 FIGs have been formed consisting of about 5,000 farmers, and have raised `15.78 lakh share money. Moreover, local resource persons have been trained by the scientists and experts of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agriculture Department and University faculty on various practices of productivity enhancement, farm, pest & disease management, etc. The project team and LRPs were involved to train FIGs on importance of formation of farmer group and FPOs. All the FPOs were registered under the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and rule 18 of the Companies (incorporation) Rules, 2014. The FPOs focus on organic grain production, vegetable and cashew production and horticulture. The FPO at Nadia district producing organic rice is the only one in Eastern India to be certified by the European Union and US Department of Agriculture. ECS took initiative on exploring market linkage with a cashew processing unit in Purba Medinipur district and flower markets of West Bengal. Demand analyses seed & fertilizer inputs have been done and linkage developed input availability for the FPO farmers. A total 13 plots have been identified and developed as demonstration plots for seed treatment of flowers, integrated fertilizer management, water management and value addition for cashew cultivation, transplanting method, vermicompost units and knowledge sharing sites. ImpactsFarmers in 80% groups are confident and keen to positively change their current condition and have developed plans to market access on the cluster-identified products. 75% project families reported over 50% increase in yields in pre-existing crops. 75% project families have diversified their cropping pattern to cluster-identified crop. High adoption rates of new practices is seen under this project, participating farmers have assured supply of quality inputs and services through a network of delivery mechanisms locally. Producers in these clusters have multiple options to market produce and enhance profitability. Nine government scheme linkages have been facilitated during the project, benefitting over 1,500 farmers.

SustainabilityThe ECS motto is “Promoting rural livelihoods through sustainable development”. The organic production of rice in Nadia district epitomises the sustainable model of production as well as livelihood promotion. While the organic farming processes define a shift towards climate-smart agricultural practices adapted to the changing trends of demand and production practices, the FPOs promote long-term sustenance of agricultural livelihood in the rural agronomy. The farmer groups become self-reliant and self-sustaining in terms of input, production practices and business marketing of their produce.

A worker busy at a cashew processing unit.

A meeting of Bagnan Agro Producer Company Ltd in progress.

Strawberry produced by Lowada Flower Farmers Producer Company Limited.



The SwitchON Foundation’s role as a producer organisation promoting / resource institution in the FPO formation project has been acting as a bridge between the farmers and the external agencies, facilitating scheme linkage and promoting leadership towards a common vision. Once the pandemic began, the local SHG women were empowered by mask-making and marketing their products. We reached out to all our FPOs over a video conference to assess the issues faced due to the lockdown and offered to have their unsold produce transported and sold at the

markets. We also facilitated MSP procurement for farmers for their stored grain products.

- Vinay JajuManaging Director

SwitchON Foundation

Profiting more from cashew

Work in progress at a cashew nursery.

The farmers of West Medinipur, especially the small and marginal farmers of Garbeta I & II blocks, faced difficulties in growing cashew nuts as the cost of seedlings is very high in the market. Matangini Cashew Agro Producer Company Limited of West Medinipur, registered as a FPO in October 2018, has 832 members currently. Till now, the FPO is able to collect `5,59,000 share money from the business.

With the help of Deputy Director of Horticulture of West Medinipur and Department of Spices & Plantation Crops, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya at Jhargram, the FPO took an initiative to develop and maintain a cashew nursery in their block and sell the cashew seedlings. After grafting, the FPO is selling the seedlings among its members at Rs. 18/- per piece and also to other farmers at a higher rate.

For the business development, ECS consulted with Bengal Cashew Association, DBD Exports, Good Cow, Big-basket and Aditya Birla More. Also, to help the FPO with further business activity, market linkage was done with Good Cow Dairy for Maize and Bengal Cashew Association for Cashew. In the past two financial years, the FPO was able to achieve a business turnover of `22,39,570.

The Area Expansion of Cashew Plantation Scheme, supported by the Directorate of Cashew Research, Karnataka, has helped farmers to expand their production area. Other schemes like New Area Development (Plantation Crop and Orchard) by the Ministry of Integrated Development of Horticulture and Financial Support Scheme for Farm Mechanization by Department of Agriculture has benefited farmers.

A cashew processing unit has been set up by a farmer group under the FPO and is currently processing 50-60 kg cashew nuts every day. The processed product is marketed with higher profits. In collaboration with Symbiosis University, Pune, IIM Calcutta, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya- Jhargram and Mohanpur, market linkage and research on value addition to cashew nut was conducted. Currently, discussions with agri-based industries regarding utilisation of cashew apples to make juice and jams are ongoing to ensure a zero-waste production process. Local farmers will also be trained to do initial processing of cashew apples to reduce wastage by fermentation.

Matangini Cashew Agro Producer Company Ltd Area Expansion Programme by Directorate of Cashew Research Karnataka.

Members of Matangini Cashew Agro Producer Company Ltd.

(The Environment Conservation Society (SwitchON Foundation), established in 2008, has been working in the space

of renewable energy, sustainable agriculture and skilling. The endeavours aim at increasing access to sustainable

livelihood opportunities for underserved populations through advocacy, capacity building, training and incubating

innovative technology and business models.)


Bridging the communication gap

Building on its existing systems and partnerships in Andhra Pradesh, the Walmart Foundation-funded project started in 2019 has helped Digital

Green develop and pilot test a digital platform prototype called FarmStack. FarmStack builds on the ‘platform thinking approach’ and integrates localised and relevant information from multiple sources and disseminates it via mutually reinforcing analog and digital channels.

Two use cases (with cashew and chilli farmers) demonstrate the efficacy of the technology for improving the productivity of smallholder farmers and the efficiency of agriculture extension advisory provision. Through digital tools (e.g. videos and a mobile application), farmer producer groups receive and access locally relevant, geographically specific and dynamic content on essential information related to agriculture.

Digital Green’s goal is to increase the incomes of smallholder farmers. To effect this change, it is working to increase their yields by encouraging the adoption of better agronomic practices. From

Digital Green, a global development organisation, empowers smallholder farmers to lift themselves out of poverty by harnessing the collective power of technology and grassroots-level partnerships

its experience of working with farmers over the past 12 years, Digital Green understands that new information about agronomic practices needs to be reinforced in multiple ways before farmers feel confident to make the shift from their established methods and adopt new practices.

For the first use case, it worked with cashew farmers of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The discussions with the farmers elicited overwhelming demand for information to improve yields and manage infections of cashew crops, so it focused on providing timely agronomic advisories that improve flowering by preventing flower drop and flower burn.

Digital Green worked with the local organisations who had experience working with Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs). Through them, it reached 10 FPOs and 7,000 cashew farmers.Although agronomy experts in Andhra Pradesh know that flower drop can occur in prolonged drought-like conditions or frequent fog, and that flower burn is an attack by a fungus that occurs

Collection of cashew seeds.


with frequent fog, there was no system for using weather data to formulate targeted advisories about either condition. Its work bridged this gap by integrating village-level weather data and forecasts with farm-specific data and soil information to contextualise and inform timely advisory messages. Messages reached farmers via two complementary channels — Digital Green’s video-enabled extension approach and interactive voice response (IVR) — so that farmers can take preventive measures to protect cashew trees. Delivery of critical weather-related information, like other dynamic content, was best suited for IVR, whereas video was more suited to static content. The prevalence of low literacy levels among the target population called for the use of non-text based information delivery channels.

Digital Green’s work helped bridge the communication gaps between horticulture experts from government agencies, FPO leaders and the NGOs that work with them and Digital Green considers it to be the first step toward coordinated delivery of extension advisory services. It expects and hopes that deepening information sharing and coordination between these groups and building capacity of field-level staff to cost-effectively deliver accurate agronomic recommendations to farmers at scale - via video and IVR - will improve the quality, relevance and timeliness of services available to farmers and improve the effectiveness of each of the organisations involved.

A well-fruited cashew tree.



Agri-food systems are highly decentralised and are likely to deconcentrate further as countries seek to boost the resilience of their national food security in the post-COVID era. In such a fractured environment, while technology can be helpful we need to be wary of the inequities that technology can exacerbate, particularly when powerful interests capture its value and data for themselves. Governments and the broader agricultural sector need to flip this and empower farmers to be able to control and share their own data in a unified way on their own terms for

better yields and profits.

- Rikin GandhiCo-Founder & Executive Director

Digital Green

New info rejuvenates kunjam’s cashew orchard

Kunjam Manganna Dora is a 67-year-old tribal farmer belonging to a remote tribal village of Vedurlakoda of Addateegala Mandal in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India. His village is far from the district headquarters and has limited access to transport, communication and even extension services. He owns 1.5 acres of cashew orchard with 105 plants that are roughly 35 years old.

“This cashew plantation is my family’s primary livelihood. Other than this, we manage to gather some forest produce and in the peak of summer, I look for work under MGNREGS,” shared Kunjam whose approximate annual household income amounts to a meagre USD 600.

He was one of 12 cashew farmers in his village who benefitted from the FarmStack project. “We have rarely seen any government officers in our small habitation. When they come, that is to distribute pensions and grains under the Public Distribution System. I am not aware of agriculture extension officers,” shared Kunjam. “I was happy to hear about these initiatives and

eager to participate and learn how to improve my cashew yield,” shared Kunjam, recalling how Digital Green and its local partners had organised a meeting with a group of 12 farmers and explained how farmers would be able to learn new information related to cashew cultivation and help undertake some activities such as soil sample collection, video dissemination, IVR calls and participate in Farmer Field Schools (FFS).

“We all participated in soil sample collection, which was a tedious but interesting process. We then enrolled for the video disseminations and so far, we have watched 12 different practices related to cashew crop. We also enrolled for IVR calls but we faced some constraints as we don’t have good mobile network but our extension agent recorded those calls and played the audio clips during our group meetings,” he shared.

“As for the adoptions, we wanted to test the practices promoted first,” shared Kunjam. To test these practices, he selected 20 plants that had given a comparatively lower yield in the last season or those that were not flowering and fruiting for the last 3 years to apply the organic concoctions. “I was surprised and happy to observe that there was early flowering, and more flowering, early fruit setting and much less T-mosquito infection in those plants,” he shared. “The dried plants also rejuvenated and I observed new tender leaves in them,” he added.Kunjam and his family were expecting a better yield as they were able to save the crop from flower dropping. His family was thrilled about the opportunity to learn about managing the cashew orchard through the medium of videos and would like to adopt these practices for the whole orchard in the next season.

(Case study collected in March 2020)

Kunjam Manganna Dora guarding his cashew orchard.

Kunjam Manganna Dora at his cashew orchard.


Serving with technology

In April 2015, TechnoServe launched the Sustainable Guar Initiative (SGI) in partnership with international chemical group Solvay, cosmetics and beauty products

company L’Oreal, Indian guar gum manufacturer Hichem, and consumer and chemical goods company Henkel. The programme aims to promote best cultivation practices and market linkages to fortify the guar value chain in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan, resulting in a significant, and sustainable, enhancement in farmer incomes.

Guar is a highly versatile, drought-resistant legume and has unique properties which make it a useful ingredient in food processing, cosmetics and other industries. Farmed extensively in the arid regions of Rajasthan, guar is an important local lifeline. In fact, the state produces 70% of the total output of the crop. However, the guar value chain is precarious and remains susceptible to income shocks from any fluctuation in international demand. TechnoServe is working to remedy this through appropriate interventions along the guar value chain.

SGI empowers farmers with the tools and knowledge to enable continuous, high-yield guar

To develop profitable markets for drought-resistant crops, TechnoServe partnered with Solvay, L’Oreal, and Henkel on the Sustainable Guar Initiative (SGI) – a programme that worked to increase the income of guar farmers in Rajasthan

production whilst also protecting local resources. The training module incorporates best practices in guar farming including seed selection and treatment, sowing, soil testing, and groundwater neutral farming techniques. The programme’s approach aims to maximize stakeholder involvement to include not just guar farming households, but also knowledge partners such as universities and research agencies, and corporate and business entities.

As the markets for guar grow internationally, players across the value chain must collectively strive to meet the quantitative and qualitative demand arising from a diverse range of industries. SGI has been working to create a guar market system that is flexible, resilient and responsive. On one hand, the programme has set up 10 demo farms to help farmers witness for themselves the effectiveness of adopting improved farming practices. On the other hand, the programme team has undertaken several traceability initiatives to integrate farmers directly into the supply chain of institutional buyers. This has been facilitated by setting up a local Farmer Producer Company (FPC)—Marudhara Guar Agro Producer Company Limited—which has allowed buyers to significantly

Guar farmer Kelavati Devi, 38, bags the guar beans after threshing the crop in her shared field in Rajera village, Bikaner, Rajasthan.


scale up their procurement of guar from programme farmers.

In addition to developing the market for guar, an integral component of SGI is spearheading social initiatives that improve the lives of people and strengthen rural ecosystems. They include training women on setting up and maintaining organic kitchen gardens in their backyard, spreading awareness about hygiene and sanitation, and preventing societal ills like child labour.

Set up in 2015, the programme is currently in

the sixth year of its implementation. Till date, it has successfully reached out to more than 7,000 guar farmers (including more than 1,500 female farmers) in its target area of implementation, the district of Bikaner in Rajasthan. From 2015-2020, SGI has facilitated the procurement of over 3,500 MT of guar (cluster bean) from 1,250 farmers and sold it to private sector partners like L’oreal, Henkel, Solvay and Hichem. This has resulted in an 80.9 per cent increase in guar farming households revenues.

Traders bid for guar harvests from piles that farmers bring in to be auctioned off in Bikaner, Rajasthan.

A group of women who are a part of TechnoServe’s kitchen garden programme gather for a training in a house in Bamanwali village, Bikaner, Rajasthan.

Guar farmer Sugnaram, aged 27, poses for a portrait with a recent harvest of guar in his field in Sarera village, Bikaner, Rajasthan.



India’s farming households comprise more than 50% of the country’s population and have faced severe demand and supply-side disruptions due to COVID-19 such as loss of labour, lack of access to input-output markets and information channels, supply chain and logistical disruptions. These challenges have already caused massive dents in farmers’ incomes and are likely to hinder their ability to fund the next sowing season. In the desert region of Bikaner in Rajasthan, our Sustainable Guar Initiative, in partnership with Solvay, L’Oreal, Henkel, and HiChem has

been able to come up with innovative ways to continue to deliver essential training and support to our guar farmers, ensuring that their livelihoods are protected in the medium to long-term in the aftermath of COVID related disruptions.

-Punit GuptaCountry Director India

TechnoServe

Guaranteed guar harvest for Bhawarlal

Sunayana Ingle, an associate at Technoserve, provides field training to a group of women who are a part of TechnoServe’s kitchen garden programme, in a kitchen garden in Bamanwali, Rajasthan.

In India’s arid and semi-arid regions, rainfall is unpredictable. Heavy rains bring the potential for flash floods, but too little rain can lead to drought. For farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture, even a short drought can devastate crops, leaving farmers without a reliable source of income. To develop profitable markets for drought-resistant crops, TechnoServe partnered with Solvay, L’Oreal, and Henkel on the Sustainable Guar Initiative (SGI) – a programme that worked to increase the income of guar farmers like Bhawarlal Sharma.

After struggling to find crops that would grow in his village of Bamanwali in Rajasthan state, Bhawarlal joined SGI in 2015 and agreed to dedicate one acre of his land to set up a demonstration plot for sustainable guar farming. Although Bhawarlal had cultivated some guar prior to joining SGI, he was not convinced of the crop’s benefits until he attended the training.

But after the first season, Bhanwarlal had seen the results for himself. “The demo farm allowed me to learn scientifically improved agricultural practices to enhance the yield of guar,” he said. In the first season, Bhawarlal harvested 107 kg of guar from his demonstration plot, whereas the average production on regular farms was 44 kg per acre. After seeing this, he immediately decided to increase the amount of land dedicated to guar cultivation to 10 acres.

It has been four years since that first harvest. Today, in 2020, Bhanwarlal continues to cultivate guar on his 15-acre land. He remains extremely optimistic about his future prospects. “Earlier, when there was a flood or no rainfall, we took home nothing from the field. Adoption of climate-smart agriculture has ensured that we will take something back, even if it rains only once in a season. I have also subscribed to TechnoServe’s weekly messaging services and receive regular updates on guar prices. This has helped me stay updated on market trends and reap maximum benefits from my crops,” says Bhanwarlal happily.

(TechnoServe is a global nonprofit working in 30 countries to deliver business solutions to poverty. Harnessing the power of the private sector, it links men and women in the developing world to information, capital, and markets.)


Disclaimer: The content in The Good Sight is for information purpose only. The Good Sight assumes no liability or responsibility for any inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information, nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors/organisations and do not necessarily reflect the position of The Good Sight.

Image by John Dortmunder from Pixabay.

C #83 Aliganj, Lucknow - 226024, Uttar Pradesh

[email protected], 0522-2974696, 9631014408, 8658112065

@thegoodsight @thegoodsight

TheGood Sight

Volume 2 / Issue 6 Good Sight

Documents

Transcript of Volume 2 / Issue 6 Good Sight