Volcanoes. The Volcanic Setting Subduction zones Rift valleys Hot spots.
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Transcript of Volcanoes. The Volcanic Setting Subduction zones Rift valleys Hot spots.
Effusive• gentle flows• lots of lava
Explosive • viscous lava• trapped gases
shield volcanoes cinder cones plateau basalts
composite volcanoescalderas
Type of Eruption Landforms
Cinder coneBig Cinder Butte, Craters of the Moon, Idaho
- forms small hills, less than 450 m high
- black scoria rock with air bubbles
Shield volcanoMauna Loa, Hawaii
•
Low viscosity magmaGases readily escape from this magma
Effusive eruptions
Mount PinatuboJune, 1991
Carbon dioxide (CO2 : 250,000 ppm !)Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)Sulphur dioxide (SO2)Hydrofluoric acid (HF)Chlorine (Cl) compounds
Volcanic hazards and effects• hot ash (pyroclastics)• steam and gas explosions• lava flows• poisonous gases
(sulfuric acid; even CO2 ifat extreme concentrations)
• landslides• tree blowdowns• lahars (steam-melted ice and
snow cause flooding and large mudflows)
• increase in atmospheric dust (decreased global temperatures in short term – increase in long term?)
Volcanic Benefits
New fertile soils
- Hawaii, Philippines
Geothermal energy
- Iceland, Italy, New Zealand
New real estate
- Iceland, Japan, Hawaii
A terrane is a
a) region where a craton is exposed at the surface.
b) migrating crustal piece that becomes attached to plates.
c) nucleus or heartland region of continental crust.
d) chain of islands formed from hotspot volcanism.
e) downward-faulted block of crust.
A terrane is a
a) region where a craton is exposed at the surface.
b) migrating crustal piece that becomes attached to plates.
c) nucleus or heartland region of continental crust.
d) chain of islands formed from hotspot volcanism.
e) downward-faulted block of crust.
The deformation of rocks by compression, such as that occurring at convergent plate boundaries, is called _____.
a) thrusting
b) faulting
c) lithification
d) shearing
e) folding
The deformation of rocks by compression, such as that occurring at convergent plate boundaries, is called _____.
a) thrusting
b) faulting
c) lithification
d) shearing
e) folding
An anticline is the result of which type of crustal stress?
a) isostasy
b) tension
c) shear
d) subduction
e) compression
An anticline is the result of which type of crustal stress?
a) isostasy
b) tension
c) shear
d) subduction
e) compression
The Basin and Range Province of the United States consists of alternating horsts and grabens due to the presence of numerous _____ faults.
a) right-lateral
b) left-lateral
c) reverse
d) thrust
e) normal
The Basin and Range Province of the United States consists of alternating horsts and grabens due to the presence of numerous _____ faults.
a) right-lateral
b) left-lateral
c) reverse
d) thrust
e) normal
A non-volcanic mountain range is likely an expression of a(an)
a) oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision.
b) oceanic plate-continental plate collision.
c) oceanic plate-oceanic plate divergence.
d) continental plate-continental plate divergence.
e) continental plate-continental plate collision.
A non-volcanic mountain range is likely an expression of a(an)
a) oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision.
b) oceanic plate-continental plate collision.
c) oceanic plate-oceanic plate divergence.
d) continental plate-continental plate divergence.
e) continental plate-continentalplate collision.
The logarithmic scale of earthquake amplitude-magnitude measurement is called the _____ scale.
a) Mercalli
b) tectonic activity
c) Richter
d) Beaufort
e) Fujita
The logarithmic scale of earthquake amplitude-magnitude measurement is called the _____ scale.
a) Mercalli
b) tectonic activity
c) Richter
d) Beaufort
e) Fujita
The epicenter of an earthquake is defined as
a) the area at the surface that is directly above the focus.
b) the subsurface area where the motion of the seismic wave was initiated.
c) the sticking point along a fault that prevents movement.
d) an area that is tectonically quiet and overdue for an earthquake.
e) the area of greatest structural damage and loss of life.
The epicenter of an earthquake is defined as
a) the area at the surface that is directly above the focus.
b) the subsurface area where the motion of the seismic wave was initiated.
c) the sticking point along a fault that prevents movement.
d) an area that is tectonically quiet and overdue for an earthquake.
e) the area of greatest structural damage and loss of life.
Composite volcanoes
a) are effusively formed mountains.
b) are associated with flood basalts.
c) typically erupt from the ocean floor.
d) have gently sloping sides.
e) are explosively formed mountains.
Composite volcanoes
a) are effusively formed mountains.
b) are associated with flood basalts.
c) typically erupt from the ocean floor.
d) have gently sloping sides.
e) are explosively formed mountains.
All of the following are specific examples of explosive eruptions except _____.
a) White Island, New Zealand
b) Kīlaeua, HI
c) Mount St. Helens, WA
d) Mount Mayon, Philippines
e) Mount Pinatubo, Philippines