Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth - Chapter...
Transcript of Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth - Chapter...
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Do First
Actions: Turn in Volcano vs Earthquake Webquest
Questions:
1. What type of plate interaction(s) forms volcanos?
2. What type of plate interaction(s) does not form volcanos?
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Agenda
• Test is Thursday: Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanos
• Volcano Notes
• Volcano Video
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What is a volcano?
• A volcano is a rupture on the crust that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface
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Where do Volcanos occur?
•Volcanos mostly occur at convergent and divergent plate boundaries
•Plate motion causes mantle rocks to melt to form magma
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What causes volcanoes?
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Where do Volcanos occur?
•Convergent boundaries produce volcanic arcs•At Ocean – ocean convergent boundaries rising
magma can form volcanic arcs in an ocean (Aleutian Islands).•At Ocean – continental boundaries rising magma
can form continental volcanic arcs (Andes Mountains).•75% of volcanos occur in the “Ring of Fire”
•Divergent boundaries produce the greatest volume of volcanic rock along the oceanic ridge system
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Where do Volcanos occur?
•The remaining volcanos occur within a plate and not at a boundary which is called intraplate volcanism• The regions are known as “hot spots”• Volcanos occur here because a mass of hotter than
normal mantle material called a mantle plume rises toward the surface.• The Pacific plate moves over a hot spot, producing the
Hawaiian Islands.
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Mantle Convection Models
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Hot Spots
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Types of Eruptions
•Violent (Explosive)•Destroy the volcano•Viscous (thick) lava traps the gases until large
pressures build up & the system explodes•Pyroclastic flow (ash, rock fragments) flow out of
vent
•Non-violent (Calm or Quiet)•Build up the volcano•Fluid lava flows easily allows gases to bubble away
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Types of Lava
•Lava is what magma is referred to once it reaches the surface
•Viscous Lava (Thick)• Cool temperature • Composition: silica-rich (granitic)
•Fluid Lava (Thin)• Higher temperatures • Composition: Low silica (basaltic)
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Other Ejected Materials
•Dissolved gases• Mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide• If gases escape easily then eruption is less explosive
• Pyroclastic Materials• particles produced in volcanic eruptions• Range in size from very fine duct and volcanic ash (less
than 2 millimeters) to pieces that weigh several tons
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PompeiiAfter the 79 C.E. eruption
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Parts of a Volcano
• A volcano is a mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastic material.
• A crater is the depression at the summit of a volcano or that which is produced by a meteorite impact.
• A conduit, or pipe, carries gas-rich magma to the surface.
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Types of Volcanos
Shield volcanoCinder cone volcano
Composite volcano
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Types of Volcanos
•The three main volcanic types are shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and composite cones.
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Types of Volcanos
•Shield Volcanoes• Shield volcanoes are broad, gently sloping volcanoes built
from fluid lavas.
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Types of Volcanos
•Cinder Cones• Cinder cones are small volcanoes built primarily of pyroclastic material
ejected from a single vent
• Steep slope angle
• Rather small in size
• Frequently occur in groups
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Types of Volcanos
•Composite Cones• Composite cones are volcanoes composed of both lava flows and
pyroclastic material.
• Large size
• Alternating layers of lavas and pyroclastics
• Most violent type of activity
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Types of Volcanos
•Volcanos can also be defined by when they are expected to erupt•Active: has erupted in the last 10,000 years•Dormant: hasn’t erupted in the last 10,000 years
but it expected to erupt again•Extinct: hasn’t erupted in the last 10,000 years
and is not expected to erupt again
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Mount St. Helens Before and After the May 18, 1980, Eruption
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK--hvgP2uY
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DYL
• 1. What are the three types of volcanos?
• 2. What is a hot spot?