Volcanoes
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Transcript of Volcanoes
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Volcanoes5th Year Geography
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Molten magma forces its way through FISSURES and VENTS. At the surface it becomes LAVA
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Parts of a volcano
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Mount Etna, Italy
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2012 Higher Level Paper
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Violent!
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Type of Volcanoes
Active e.g. Mount Etna Dormant Volcanoes
e.g. Mount St Helen’s had not erupted in hundreds but in 1980…
Extinct Volcanoes e.g. Slieve Gullion, Co. Down
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Slieve Gullion, Co. Armagh – an Slieve Gullion, Co. Armagh – an extinct volcanoextinct volcano
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Products of Volcanoes Lava Pyroclasts and Pyroclastic Flows Poisonous gases Ash, Pumice and dust (tephra) Water Vapour Lahars (muddy flows)
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Lava
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Lava – Two Types
Acidic – produced at destructive plate boundaries. This lava is sticky and has a silica content of over 70%. Causes very destructive eruptions
Basic – produced at constructive plate boundaries and hotspots like Hawaii – the lava is runny and has a silica content of under 55%. Less violent eruptions.
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Pyroclasts and pyroclastic flows
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Poisonous Gases
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Ash, Pumice and Dust(Tephra)
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MatchupHotspots Volcanic bombsAcidic Rock full of gasHawaii Asleep VolcanoVent Sticky LavaBasic Mid plate volcanoesPumice Dead VolcanoPyroclasts Runny LavaActive A hotspot volcanoDormant Gap in the crustExtinct Erupting Volcano
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Water Vapour
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Lahars
Snow mixed with ash to form a “cement”
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External/Extrusive Volcanic Landforms
Plateaus. E.g. Antrim Plateau and Deccan Plateau
Volcanic Cones. E.g. Mount Etna Craters and Calderas Volcanic Plugs
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Volcanic Cones
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Dome Volcanoes
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Cinder Ash Cones
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Composite Volcanoes
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Volcanic Plug – core of an ancient volcano
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Caldera filled with water
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Santorini Caldera
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Intrusive Volcanic Landforms Formed underground by “failed” eruptions Exposed by erosion and weathering Useful measure of weathering/erosion in an
area Lead to the creation of Metamorphic rocks
(quartzite in Dublin/Wicklow)
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Veins… Similar formation to sills (magma flowing into
existing cracks) BUT – little or no pressure. Just filling existing
cracks, NOT pushing rock layers apart
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Sills, Dykes, Lopolith, Laccoliths Unlike Veins, all involve magma forcing apart
rock strata under pressure More likely to lead to metamorphic rock
formation (heat AND pressure) Dykes – NOT the same thing as volcano vent
(compare diag on P41 with PPT) Lopolith – Pushes down on layers Laccolith – Pushes up!
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Laccolith & Dike
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Laccolith in Montana, USA
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Dike
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Leinster Batholith (Dublin & Wicklow Mountains)
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Positive Effects of Volcanoes New Land Created Geothermal Energy Fertile Soil New Minerals (which can be mined) Tourism
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Surtsey – a new volcanic island
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Geothermal Energy
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Use of Geothermal in Iceland
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Fertile Soils – Mt. Vesuvius
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Tourism – Giants Causeway
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2011 Leaving Cert QuestionQ1. (B) Discuss the positive impacts of volcanic activity. [30m]
Marking SchemePositive impacts identified 2 + 2 marks Discussion 13 x SRPs Credit one named volcano or volcanic area from discussion SRPs All other positive impacts must be discussed for SRPs Credit relevant extra information on relevant labelled diagram(s) relating to positive impacts Give credit for 1 SRP for diagram without annotation
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Iceland Ash Cloud, 2011
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Negative Effects of Volcanoes Lava Flows & Lahars destroy land, infrastructure, cause
death Pyroclastic flows – searing hot causes widespread
destruction Poisonous gases Ice sheet melting (Jokulhlaups) Tsunamis (Japan) Volcanic Ash disruption (Iceland 2011)
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Predicting Volcanic Eruptions Ground Deformation Historical Records Gas Emissions Seismic Patterns
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Case Studies – Mount St. Helens and Montserrat
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Location of Mount Saint Helens
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Mount Saint Helens – before 1980
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Mount Saint Helens – after 1980
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2013 Higher Level Paper
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2009 Ordinary Level