Volcanoes 2
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Volcanoes 2
Cyamaba Volcano, Ecuador
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Learning Goals Learn about the role of plate tectonics in causing volcanoes and
learn what causes eruptions to be gentle or highly explosive.
Identify the main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cones.
Learn about other forms of volcanic activity such as geysers, hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and geothermal energy.
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Vocabulary Terms caldera cinder cone volcano crater geothermal energy hydrothermal vent lava magma
magma chamber Ring of Fire rock cycle shield volcano stratovolcano vent
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Volcanoes The eruption of Mount St.
Helens in 1980 reduced the height of this mountain from 2,932 meters (9,677 feet) to 2,535 meters (8,364 feet).
Early in the morning of May 18, 1980, an earthquake triggered a landslide that caused the bulge to eject magma, water, and gases.
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Lava Tubes, Santa Cruz Island Galapagos, Ecuador
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Lava Tubes, Santa Cruz Island Galapagos, Ecuador
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Lava Tubes, Isabella Island Galapagos, Ecuador
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Volcanoes Solid rock melts and becomes magma under certain
conditions that lower the melting point of the material.
At subduction zones, water is the key for solid rock to melt and become magma.
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Volcanoes
Most volcanic activity is found at the edges of tectonic plates, namely at divergent and convergent plate boundaries, but does not occur at transform plate boundaries.
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Volcanoes
High viscosity lava is associated with stratovolcanoes (also called composite volcanoes).
These volcanoes range in height from 500 to 10,000 meters high.
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Cotapoxi Volcano Summit, Ecuador
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Cotapoxi Volcano, Ecuador
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Laguna Cuicocha, Ecuador
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Crater of the Extinct Volcano Puluahua, Ecuador
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Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador
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Volcanoes
Low viscosity, fast-flowing lava is associated with shield volcanoes.
Because this lava easily flows down hill, shield volcanoes are gently sloped and flattened.
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Wolf Island, Galapagos, Ecuador
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Bartolome Island and Pinnacle Rock, Ecuador
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Sunken Crater Bartolome Island, Ecuador
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Volcanoes
Cinder cone volcanoes are steep stacks of loose pyroclasts (clumps and particles of lava).
Cinder cones are rarely higher than 300 meters.
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Birth of Paricutin Volcano, Mexico 1943
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Paricutin Volcano, Mexico
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Paricutin Volcano, Mexico
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Paricutin Volcano, Mexico 2000
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Volcanoes Lava viscosity also determines how explosive an
eruption will be. Explosive eruptions occur when the lava has a lot of
water and dissolved gases. Gentle eruptions are associated with fast-flowing lava
from oceanic crust.
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Volcanoes Volcanoes also form when an oceanic plate slides under
another oceanic plate.
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Hydrothermal Vents Hydrothermal vents are deep sea, chimney-like
structures that occur along midocean ridges.
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Volcanoes Some gemstones are also associated with volcanic activity. For example, diamonds form at high temperatures deep
underground when carbon crystallizes inside rocks called kimberlites.
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Volcanoes Geothermal energy is the
useful product of volcanic activity.
When steam from magma collects below ground, it can be tapped just like water in a well.
The pressurized steam can be used to generate electricity.
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Volcanoes Volcanic activity results
in the formation of two kinds of igneous rocks:— extrusive— intrusive
A batholith is a large underground rock that formed when a mass of magma cooled underground.
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Volcanoes
Key Question:
Why do some volcanoes erupt explosively?