D R .MAHAJAN

SECOND B PHARM

FENNEL FRUIT

SYNONYMS- FENNEL FRUIT, FRUCTUS FOENICULUM.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

it consist dried ripe fruits of plant foeniculumvulgare miller,

FAMILY -umbellifeare

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE

it is indigenous to Mediterranean countries. in INDIA it is cultivated in

GUJARAT

, PUNJAB,

MAHARASHTRA,

RAJASTHAN,

UP,

WEST BENGAL

CULTIVATION AND CULLECTION

it is cultivated by dibbling method.(making small holes in the

ground for seeds or plants)

good quality germination seeds sown just before spring.

4 to 5 seed put in hole at a time at distance of 25 cm in between them.

well drain calcareous soil ( alkaline)in sunny condition is best for cultivation.

90% fennel production in Gujarat

crop kept free from weeds( undesirable plants) and suitable fertilizers provided. when fruit are ripe crop is harvested, sun dried.Fruits are separated from plant by thrashing

Macroscopic charecterstics-

1-colour- green to yellowish brown

.2-Odour- sweet aromatic.

3-Taste- strongly aromatic.

4-Size- 5to10*2to4mm

5-Shape- straight or slightly curved

Cremocarp fruit (Umbelliferae that consists of two indehiscent

oneseeded mericarps which split apart at maturity ).

-fruit have straight prominent,yellowcolour 5 primary ridges, (continuous elevated crest for some distance)

Stylopod at top (An expansion at the base of the style)

Orthospermous fruit (Having the seeds straight)

T S shows 2 commissural vittae,4 dorsal vittae

MICROSCOPIC CHARECTERS

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS;-

3TO7% VOLATILE OIL-FENCHON 20 % (KETONE)COLOURLESS PUNGENT LIQUID, AROMATIC ODOUR.

ANETHOLE 50% ( PHENOLIC ETHER)-SWEET ODOUR AND TASTE

20%PROTIEN20%FIXED OIL

USES-CARMINATIVE (agent that prevents or relieves flatulence

(gas in the gastrointestinal tract)

-STIMULANT

-EXPECTORENT (help loosen the mucus)

-FLAVOURING AGENT

ADULTERANTS

EXHAUSTED FENNEL FRUITS-CONTAIN LESS VOLATILE OIL

SUCH FRUITS DO NOT CONTAIN FENCHONE

SYNONYM-CORIANDER FRUIT

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

fully dried ripe fruits of plant coriandrum sativum linn

family- umbelliferae

should contain not less than 0.3 volatile oil

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURSE

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND INDIA.

IN INDIA IT IS CULTIVATED IN

ANDHRA PRADESH,

MAHARASHTRA,

WEST BENGAL,

UP,

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

CULTIVATION AND CULLECTION

KHARIF ( mansoon), AND RABI (winter)CROP,

LIGHT TO BLACK SOIL,

SOWN BY DRILLING METHOD,

HARVESTED AFTER 100 DAYS OF GROWTH

RAJASTHAN 70 % PRODUCTION

Macroscopic charecterstics-

10 primary ridges

and 8 secondary ridges are straight

endospermic (tissue which surrounds the developing embryo of

a seed and provides food for its growth Origin of endosperm )

Wight of 100 fruit appx 1 gm

MICROSCOPIC CHARECTERS

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS;-

0.3 TO 1 % VOLATILE OIL

90% D-LINALOOL( CORIANROL)

CORIANDRYL ACETATEL- BORNIOL

PINENE

13% FIXED OIL

20% PROTIEN

SUBSTITUTES

BOMBAY CORIANDER FRUITS-

CONTAIN LESS VOLATILE OIL AND ELLIPSOIDEL SHAPE

SYNONYM- CASSIA BARK, CHINESE CINNAMON

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

fully dried stem bark of plant cinnamomum cassia blume

family- LAURACEAE

should contain not less than 1% volatile oil

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE

NATIVE OF CHINA

also found in myanmar and shrilanka

Macroscopic charecterstics-

MICROSCOPIC CHARECTERS

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

1 TO 2% VOLATILE OIL( CASSIA OIL)- BROWN COLUR

85% CINNAMIC ALDEHYDE,

EUGENOL

, CINNAMIL ACETATE

MUCILAGE,

STARCH,

CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS,

TANNINS

SYNONYM- CLOVE BUD, CARYOPHYLLIUM

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried flower buds of Eugenia Caryophyllus

family- MYRTACEAE

should contain not less than 15% (V/W)volatile oil

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE

INDIGENOUS TO AMBOYNA AND MOLUCCA ISLANDS( PACIFIC OCEN)

CULTIVATED IN INDIA-

NILGIRIHILLS

TENKASHI HILLS

KANYAKUMARI DISTRIC TAMILNADU

KERALA

Cultivation and collection

-propagated by seed germination,

Seed sown from august to October in nursery bed at distance of 10 cm

-After 4 to 5 weeks of germination they transplanted to pot an grow for 1 year

-then transfer to field and shade provided in initial growth period

-fertilizers given in two dose ,first in may/june, second in october

-Product start from 7,8 years of growth, best yield obtained after 15 to 20 years of growth.

-Cloves are handpicked or collected by beating with bamboos

-- collection starts when clove starts changing color from green to slightly pink

-- cloves dried in sun until crimson or brownish black in color

Macroscopic charecterstics-

1-colour- crimson red TO dark BROWN

.2-Odour- slightly aromatic.

3-Taste- pungent and aromatic then numbness

4-Size- 10 to 17.5 mm in lenghth, 4 mm width, 2 mm thick

5-Shape- hypanthium surrounded by 4 thick sepals, and dome shaped corolla, corolla consist unexpanded petals, stamens, style

Chemical constituents

15 to 20% volatile oil-

90% eugenol, eugenol acetate ,caryophyllenes

-10 to 13% tannin (gallotannic acid),

-resin

Chemical test

T S of clove + strong potassium hydroxide solution= needel shaped crystals of potassium eugenate

USES-

-dental analgesic,

carminative,

stimulant,

flavouring agent,

aromatic,

antiseptic

ADULTERANTS

MOTHER CLOVES- ripe fruits of clove with seed ,contains more starch

BLOWN CLOVES- expanded flowers from which both corollae and stamens have been detached

CLOVE STALK- slender stems of the inflorescence

EXHAUSTED CLOVES- cloves which have been deprived of their volatile oil by distillation, are darker, yield no oil when indented with the nail and float in water.

CINNAMON

cinnamonSYNONYM- kalmi-Dalchini,ceylon cinnamon

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried inner bark of shoots of coppiced tree

of Cinnamomum zeylanicum nees

family- LAURACEAE

should contain not less than 1% volatile oil

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE

it is native of sri Lanka and malabar coast of india

.also found in jamaica and brazil.

Maximum production in world is from sri lanka

Cultivation ,collection , preparation

Propogated by seed

Needs sandy or siliconous soil with humus (dark organic material in soils, produced by the decomposition of vegetable or animal matter and essential to the fertility of the earth.)

Annual rainfall of 200-250cm is ideal with sheltered area.

Seed sown in nursery bed in june /july, takes 20 days for germination of seeds .seedling allowed to grow for 10-12 months in shade.

seedlings transplanted in rainy season at about distance of 2 meters in beetween plants .

Adequate fertilizers are provided and plant kept free from weed.

Trees are coppiced ( young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level. In subsequent growth years, many new shoots will emerge to induce formation of shoots.)

Bark is peel off in rainy season from shoot by giving longitudinal incisions.

Bark strips are bundle,wrapped in coir matting and allowed to ferment for 24 Hours.

Fermentation looses outer cork and cortex so it can be removed by scrapping.

during drying bark contract and converted to quill

Smallers quills inserted in to larger quills to form compound quill.

fresh quills are rolled and slightly pressed to avoid swelling and splitting in to pieces

Finally drug is dried in shade over mats.

Macroscopic characteristics1-colour- outer surface dull yellowish-brown, inner surface dark yellowish brown

2-Odour- fragrant

3-Taste- aromatic and sweet followed by worm sensation

4-Size- length 1 meter,diameter 1 cm,thickness 0.5 mm

5-Shape- compound quill

6- fracture splintery(a small, thin, sharp piece of wood,, split or broken off from the main body.

wavy longitudinal striation on both surfaces , bark is free from cork

Microscopic characters

It is inner bark hence cork and primary cortex are absent.

Contains sclerenchymatous pericycle

Stelar(central core of tissue in the stem or root of a vascular plant

, consisting of the xylem and phloem togetherwith supporti

ng tissues.) part contains phloem, phloem fibers, biseriate medullary rays and secretory cavities containing volatile oil.mucilage

starch grains is in cortical parenchyma

Medullary rays and calcium oxalate crystals present

Chemical constituents

0.5 to 1% volatile oil-60-70% cinnamaldehyde-

it gives flavour and odour to cinnamon

,5-10% eugenol, benzaldehyde , cuminaldehyde , other terpenes

1.2% tannins( phlobatannins)

Mucilage

Calcium oxalate

Starch,

Mannitol-sweet substance

Chemical test

drop of Cinnamon oil + drop of ferric chloride= pale green color

cinnamic aldehyde gives brown color, eugenol gives blue color so resulting formation of pale green color

uses

Carminative,

stomachic,

mild astringent,

flavoring agent,

stimulant,

antiseptic,

spice and condiment

Adulterant and substitute

Jungle cinnamon-wild growing trees, dark color, less aromatic and slightly bitter than cultivated trees.

Cinnamon chips-pieces of untrimmed bark, abundant cork cells.

Cultivated saigon cinnamon-bark of tree of cinnamomum loureirii( lauraceae)exported from port of saigon.

Java cinnamon-cinnamomum burmanii( lauraceae),less aromatic,double quill

Dill

Dill

SYNONYM- Dill fruits, anethum, european Dill

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried ripe fruits of AnethumGraveolens linn

family- umbelliferae

should contain not less than 2.5% volatile oil

COLLECTION

fruits are collected after full maturity, and dried.

fruits are sieved to remove excess of foreign organic matter

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS2.4 TO 4 % VOLATILE OIL,( COLORLESS LIQUID)-

carvone(43to 63%),

dihydrocarvone, d-limonene, phellandrene, other terpens

20% FIXED OIL,

20 % PROTIENS

USESAromatic,

stimulant,

carminative,

flavoring agent

For Gastric disturbances of infants,

for preparation of dill water, gripe water, (liquid given to infants with colic, gastrointestinal discomfort, teething

pain, reflux and other stomach ailments)

Substitution

it is substituted by indian Dill ( anethum sowa)shepu - marathi

volatile oil of indian dill contains dill-apiole( poisonous), used for veternary practices,

caraway

caraway

SYNONYM- carum,caraway seed

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried ripe fruits of Carm Carvi Linn

family- umbelliferae

should contain not less than 3.5% (V/W)volatile oiL

COLLECTION

entire plants are dried and fruits are thrashed out.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS2.5 TO 8 % VOLATILE OIL-45 TO 65% CARVONE,

LIMONENE, DIHYDRO-CARVONE, CARVACROL

,10% FIXED OIL

,15% PROTEIN,

RESIN

CARVACROL

CARVONE

USESAromatic,

stimulant,

Carminative

spice,

flavouring agent

Substitute

Caraway is costly so substituted by indian dill

jeera ( cuminum cyminum) is substitute for caraway,

jeera contains cuminic aldehyde and not carvone

Ajowan

AJOWAN

SYNONYM- BISHOP,S WEED

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried ripe fruits of Trychyspermum Ammi,sprague

family- umbelliferae

should contain not less than 1% (W/W)volatile oiL

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

2 TO 4 5 VOLATILE OIL,-

35 to 60% thymol,( flavour and taste)

50to55% p-cymene,

30 to 35% terpinene

21% FAT,

17% PROTIENS,

25% CARBOHYDRATES,

TANNINS

USESAntispasmodic, (relax the smooth muscles of the gut, helping to

prevent or relieve painful cramping spasms in the intestines)

stimulant,

carminative,

for sore throat and bronchitis

oil used as antiseptic,antifungal, insecticide, anthelmintic

CARDAMOM

SYNONYM- cardamon, cardamom fruits

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried ripe fruits of Elettaria Cardamomum,maton,var minuscula

family- zingiberaceae

SEED should contain not less than 4% volatile oiL

cardamom

COLLECTIONplant starts bearing from third year of planting

fruits are picked up just before ripening to prevent capsules from splitting on floor.

collected capsules are dried after harvesting.

during drying fruits shrink and shrink appearance seen in final product

. in sun drying color bleaches while in artificial drying green color is maintained.

fruit looses 70-80 weight during drying.

fruits are sieved to remove foreign matter. life of plant is 20 to 25 years

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTSSEED CONTAINS 2 TO 8 % VOLATILE oil-

cineole,

terpinyl acetate,

terpineol,

borneol,

terpinene,

1to 10 % FIXED OIL

,50% STARCH ,

PROTEINS

uses

Aromatic,

carminative,

stimulant,

flavoring agent

Long wild native cardamom-big cardamom ,is widely grown in

shri lanka its oil have different composition.( Elettaria Cardamom , var-major)

Korarima cardamom- red brown in colour.seed do not show

presence of rouge, which is charecterstic of genine drug,

Orange seeds are mixed with fruit

Bengal cardamom-amomum aromaticum, found in bengal and

assam. Odoue is camphore like

Nutmeg

SYNONYM- Myristica, Nux moschataजफैल/जायफल, जायफळ

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried ripe kernels of fruit of MyristicaFragrans , houttFamily- zingiberaceae

SEED should contain not less than 5% (V/W)volatile oiL

NUTMEG

COLLECTIONfruits are produced thought year but maximum produce in December to may.

fruits are suitable to pick when husk or hull (outer shell or coating of a seed) of fully ripe nut splits.

red feathery arilus (mace) covering seed is detached from seed shell or hull by hands and flattened out in sun.

it takes 4 to 8 weeks to dry drug ,

it can also dried artificially.

shells are broken up and nutmegs are removed.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTSSEED CONTAINS 5 TO 16 % VOLATILE oil-

4 TO 8 % MYRISTICIN( METHOXY SAFFROLE),-poisonous and narcotic

ELIMICIN,

SAFFROLE,

GERANIOL,

D- CAMPHENE,

30% FAT- it also called nutmeg butter( banda soap)

, STARCH ,

PROTEINS

mace-arillus of seeds of myristica called mace , it arises in region of hilum,

(is a small scar marking its former place of attachment). mace is orange color modification of nutmeg seed.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENS OF MACE

MACE CONTAINS 20 % FIXED OIL ,25 % VOLATILE OIL.

it contain amylodextrin which gives red color with iodine

Mace

जावित्री, जायपत्री

USES-

AROMATIC,

STIMULANT,

CARMINATIVE,

FLAVOURING AGENT,

fat (nutmeg butter) is called banda soap used in soap industries,

nutmeg causes hallucinations (are sensations that appear real but are created by your mind. ). in large dose of 15 gram due to myristicin and elemicin

myristica malabarica -found in evergreen forest

of konkan, it have no odour

papua nutmeg( myristica argentea)- grow in new

guinea, it have disagreeable taste ( acride)

myristica beddomei -from kerala, karnataka

tamilnadu is substitute.

myristica attenuata -from gujrat and karnataka is

substitute

Eucalyptus oil

SYNONYM- dinkum oil, lemon gum tree

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

It is volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of

fresh leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus and other species of eucalyptus

Family- myrtaceaeOil should contain not less than 65% of cineole

COLLECTION AND PREPARATION

trees of 16 years old are selected for collection of leaves .

leaves are collected by felling the trees and gathering leaves and also from live trees.

leaves are dried in shade for 3 days and then distillated by steam distillation.

distillation unit have perforated bottom and made from copper.sufficient water is charged and steam under pressure is passed through it.it takes 6 hours for complete distillation.

eucalyptus oil produced is collected in receiver. crude oil is rectified (The re-distillation of essential oils to remove impurities and to increase the quality is called rectification. ) with sodium hydroxide. oil filtered and packed in containers.

Steam distillation

DESCRIPTIONcolor- colorless or pale yellow liquid

odour- aromatic and camphoraceous

taste- pungent and camphorous followed by

sensation of cold

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

OIL CONTAINS- leaves contains 0.8% volatile oil

80 %CINEOL E OR EUCALYPTOL,

PINENE,

CAMPHENE,

and trace amount of -phellandrene, citronellal, geranyl acetateL

cineol

usescounter-irritant,(An agent that induces

local inflammation to relieve inflammation in

underlying or adjacent tissues).antiseptic,expectorant,

by inhalation it relieve cough and chronic bronchitis

LEMON GRASS OIL

SYNONYM- indian melissa oil, east indian lemon-grass oil

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

It is volatile oil obtained by distillation of leaves

and aerial parts of plant of CymbopogonFlexuous or Cymbopogon CitrateFamily- GRAMINAE

oil should contain not less than 75% of aldehyde as citral.

COLLECTION

harvesting time depends on planting time and growth.

in first year two cutting can performed.

plant should not be allowed to flower as it reduces yeild by 30%.

dry leaves can also be harvested for steam distillation.

steam distillation for fresh herb for 2.5 to 3 hours yeildlemongrass oil.

average yield is 0.2%

DESCRIPTIONcolour- yellowish brown liquid

odour- lemon like

taste-similar to lemon

solubility- soluble in 3 parts of 70% alcohol, chloroform, fixed oil, insoluble

in water.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-

citral (lemonal) is chief constituent,

others are citronelal,

geraniol,

nerol,

methylheptenol

USES-

flavouring agent,

in perfumery,

cosmetics,

citral is starting material for synthesisi of vit-A

CITRONELLA OIL

SYNONYM- citronella grass, java citronella, ceyloncitronella

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

it is volatile oil obtained by distillation of fresh leaves Cymbopogon Nardus, ceyloncitronella and Cymbopogon Winterianus, java citronellaFamily- GRAMINAE

COLLECTIONplant is ready for harvesting after about 4 to 8 months of planting and 4 cuttings are made in year. leaves are steam distillated to obtain volatile oil

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-

leaves contains 1 % volatile oil

citronellal,

geraniol

USES-

flavouring agent,

perfuming agent for soap,

in mosquito repellant cream

ORANGE PEEL OIL

SYNONYM- orange oil

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

It is volatile oil obtained from fresh peels of sweet orange Citrus Aurantium var sinensis

Family- RUTACEAE

COLLECTION-

orange peel is collected from ripe fruits by handcutting in the from of spiral band or four quarters.

peels can also be sliced by machine to obtain fine slices

.fresh peels are subjected to machine process for isolation of orange oil

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

-orange peels consist of about 2.5% essential oil.

90% alpha limonene,

decyl aldehyde,

linalool,

alpha -1- terpineol,

nonyl alcohol,

mithyl anthranilate

USES-

FLAVOURING AGENT,

PERFUMING AGENT,

official preparation is compound orange spirit.

Uses — A flavoring agent in elixirs and other preparations

Mentha oil

SYNONYM- peppermint oil, colpermin

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

It is volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of fresh flowering tops of plant Mentha Piperita Linn

Family- labiatae

Collection and preparation

Plant produces abundant runners.

Harvesting is done when crop reaches flowering stage.

plant continues to yield product for three successive years

.it is quickly dried in shade or by artificial heat at temperature not exceeding 40c,

Drying reduces time required for distillation.

drug is steam distillated in 3 to 4 hours.

description

colour- colourless to yellow

odour- charecterstic and pleasant

taste- pungent followed by cooling sensation

solubility- soluble in 3 parts of 70% alcohol,

chloroform, fixed oil, insoluble in water..

Chemical constituents

Hearb contens 0.5 to 1%( v/w)of oil

Peppermint oil contains

70% of l- menthol , boath free and ester form,

other are menthone,

menthofuran

,jasmon – responsible for pleasant flavor

,menthyl isovalerate, menthyl acetate, other terpene,

Uses-Carminative,

stimulant,

flavoring agent for pharmaceuticals and food products,

chewing gum, candies,

spasmolytic and smooth muscle relaxant,

nasal decongestant(relieve blocked nose)

, inhalation and topical use,

lozenges for antitussive effect

Allied drugJapanese peppermint from Mentha Arvensis DC varpiperascens,

it contains 85 % menthol.

it is cultivated in india , brazil.

Lavender oil

SYNONYM- common lavender

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

It is volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of fresh flowering tops of plant Lavandula Officinalis chaix

Family- Labiatae

description

colour- colourless or yellow liquid

odour- charecterstic pleasant

taste- pungent followed by cooling sensation

solubility- soluble in 4 parts of 70% alcoholic

carbon disulphide, slightly soluble in water.

Chemical constituents

Oil contains 30 to 40 % esters as linalyl acetate

, linalool,

pinene,

geraniol,

cineol

Uses-Aromatic

,carminative,

flavoring agent in cosmetic and perfumery.

musk

Musk is an thickened in consistency and dried testicular secretion from the preputialfollicles (exocrine glands that are located in the folds of skin in front of the genitals )of the male musk deer

SYNONYM- kasturi, moschus

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

It is dried secretion obtained from preputial follicels of musk-deer

Moschus Moschiferus

Family- Carvidae

Collection and preparation

This animal found in mountains of himalaya and china.

musk deer don’t have antlers.(extensions of the skull grown by members of the deer family.)

male deer have musk gland under tail between organs and umbelicus.

Musk sac is called pod is 3to 7 cm long and 3 to 5 cm broad, weighing 30 gm and contain about half its weight of musk.

Secretion of musk increases with age.

Animals are trapped or shot ,then musk sac cut out, trimmed and dried

antlers.

description

colour- dark brown or brownish red

odour- very strong and characteristic

taste- slightly bitter

Musk occurs in viscid mass( sticky) or coarse granular powder.

Chemical constituents

Musk on steam distillation yeild 1.4% of dark brown volatile oil.

chief constituent of oil ismuskone- cyclic ketone,

other are steroidal hormones,

mucopyridine, peptides fat, wax , cholesterin, resin, albuminoids.

UsesIt retains odour for very long time and even if diluted to 3000 times ,hence it is used in perfumery.

powerful stimulant in treatment of hysteria (

Hysteris-unmanageable emotional excesses. The fear can be centered on a body part, or most commonly, on an imagined problem with that body part.

Adulterants

pods are skillfully opened, musk is removed and replaced by some worthless substitute.

palmrosa

SYNONYM- rosha oil, geranium oil, motia-variety

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

It is volatile oil obtained from leaves and tops of Cymbopogon Martini

stapf

Family- Graminae

Collection It is perennial (living for several

years) and sweet sentedgrass,first crop is harvested when grass flowers and distilated

description

colour- colourless to light brown

odour- aromatic resembling to rose

taste- slight

Soluble in 90 alcohol, insoluble in water.

Chemical constituents

Grass contains 1.25 to 1.5 % oil.

oil contains 85 to 95 % geraniol

, citronellal dipentene,

linalool,

Uses

Perfumery,

cosmetic,

soaps,

rheumatism,(

skin diseases,

insect repellents

affecting the joints and connective tissue)

vaj

vaj

SYNONYM- acorus,bach,calamus,sweet flag, ghodavaj

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

These are dried rhizomes of the plant

Acorus Calamus Linn

Family- AraceaeIt should contain not less than 1.5% volatile oil

Chemical constituentsIt contain 1.5 to 3.5% volatile oil,

Asaraldehyde

,asarone,

eugenol

Starch,

resin,

tannin

Bitter principle acorine

Uses-Calamus used as- Carminative, bitter stimulant,

vermifuge( expel worms or other animal parasites from the intestines,)

Volatile oil used in- perfumery,

insect repellant,

flavouring agent,

asarone is sedative and tranquilliser

jatmansi

jatmansiSYNONYM- nard, indian spik nard

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

dried rhizomes of the plant

Nardostacys Jatmansi

Family- Valerianaceae

Collection

Rhizomes are collected from wild grown plants only

Chemical constituents

1 to 2 % volatile oil,

resin,

starch,

jatmansic acid,

jatmansone,

nardostachone

Chemical test

80% alcoholic extract shows bluish-white fluorescence under ultraviolet

Uses-Sedative,

Antispasmotic

,diuretic

,emmenagouge,(which stimulate blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus; some stimulate menstruation)

stomachic.(one that serves to tone the stomach, improving its function and increasing appetite.)

oil have- antiarrhythmic activity, flavouring agent, hair tonic as it promot hair growth and imparts blackness to hairs

FIBERSThese are elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends.

cell wall of fibers contains cellulose and may or may not contain lignin.

fibers are obtained from natural source- like plants, ( polysaccharides)Animals( proteinous), minerals.

Synthetic fibers are made by using chemicals

fibers are used for making surgical dressing

cotton

cotton

SYNONYM- cotton wool, raw cotton, purified cotton, absorbent cotton, surgical cotton

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

Epidermal trichomes or hairs of seeds of cultivated species of Gossypium

Family- malvaceae

purified or absorbent cotton is free from fatty matter and adhering impurities. it is bleached and sterilised

Geographical source-

Commercially produced in USA,Egypt, india.CULTIVATED IN AFRICA AND INDIA

Preparation of absorbent cotton-

Each capsule of cotton contains seeds.

Seeds covered with hairs called bolls.

bolls are collected, dried, sended to ginning press where trichomes are separated from seeds.

long and short hairs are separated from each other.

Short hairs are called linters and used for manufacturing of absorbent cotton.

long hairs used for manufacturing cloths.

raw cotton contains impurities like wax, fat, coloring matter, vegetable debris.

For removing wax, fatty matter and coloring matter cotton is treated with soda ash ( sodium carbonate)solution under pressure for 10 to 15 hours.

then it is washed with bleaching agent, then washed with water ,

dried and store as flat sheets'

Finally packed in wrappers and sterilized by gamma radiation.

discription

Colour- white ( due to bleaching)

odour- odourless

Taste- tastless

Size-2.5 to 4.5 cm in length and 25 to 35 microne diameter

Histological charecters-

trichomes are unicellular, flattened and ribbonlike with slightly thickened and rounded apex.

They are tubuler and hollow.

Chemical constituents

Raw cotton contains -

90% celluse.

7 to 8 % moisture, wax, fat.

purified cotton contains -entirely cellulose , 6 to 7 % moisture.

Chemical tests-

1] soak cotton fibers in iodine water and dry. add few ml 80% sulphuric acid. trichomes becomes purplish blue or bluish green.

2] ammonical copper oxide [ cuoxam reagent] dissolovesraw cotton with formation of baloons, while absorbent cotton dissolves completely with uniform swelling.

3]cotton is insoluble in dil. Sodium hydroxide and dilhydrochloric acid. It is soluble in 66% sulphuric acid.

Uses-

Filtering medium,

surgical dressing,

insulating material.

Absorbent cotton absorbs blood, mucus , pus and prevents wound from infection.

silk

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

Fibers obtained from cocoon of Bombyx Mori and other species of bombyx and antheraea species

family- Bombycidae

Preparation of silk-Silk worm larvae produce silk fibroin fibers from glands in their mouth.

fibroin [ insoluble protein created by larvae of Bombyx mori] unite with gum like secretion known as sericin {protien} and forms cocoon.

these cocoon not allowed to grow further in to insect , but are heated to 60 to 80 % oc by steam

.exposed cocoons are put into hot water to dissolve gum to separate fibers.

discription

Colour- yellow

odour- odourless

Taste- tastless

Size- 1200 meterin length and 5 to 25 microne diameter

Solubility-

Insoluble in water and alcohol. Soluble in cuoxamsolution, sulphuric acid 66 % , con hydrochloric acid

Chemical constituents-

Protien fibroin.

Fibroin on hydrolysis yields amino acidesglycine, alanine

Uses-

Sutures,ligatures [ any material, such as thread or wire, used for tying a vessel or to constrict a part] and sieves are prepared from silk.

wool

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-

Fibers obtained from fleece of sheep Ovis Aries family- Bovidae

fleece[The coat of wool of a sheep or similar animal]

Preparation-

Hairs forming flees of sheep are removed .

They are processed to remove wool fat and dirt.

Bleached and wash again then dried.

Description-

hairs are smooth elastic, lustrus, curly,hygroscopic, slippery to touch.

hairs have tendancy to cling together.

Wool is insoluble in 66 % sulphuric acide, con hydrochloric acide , cuoxam solution.

Chemical constituents-

Wool contains sulphur containing protienknown as keratin.

Keratin contains sulphure containing amino acid cystine.

Chemical test-

In solution of caustic.

soda when lead acetate is added black ppt obtained due to high sulphure content.

Uses-

Filtering and straining medium.

Manufacturing of dressings like dometteand crepe bandages.

domette

Nylon [ polyamide]

It is polymer of adipic acide and hexamethylene diamine.

fibers are highly lustrous to dull, white colored

.fibers melt in flame with formation of bead

.it is soluble in 5 m HCL, 90% formic acide, 90% phenol and insoluble in acetone

Uses-

For filter cloths, sieves and non – absorbable sutures.

Nylon Woven Screen Mesh

Glass wool-

these are mineral fibers consist of sand (silica), mixed with oxides of aluminium, calcium, boron, and magnesium

.they are unaffected by all chemical reagents used for identification of fibers

. They melt at high temperature and form transparent bead.

Used for filters fabric .

Asbestos-

it is hydrated aluminium silicate.

Highly refractive and do not fuse when heated.

Used for filtering medium and for bacterial filters

polyster

polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain.

Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate)), commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers

Polyester is also wrinkle resistant and is used very often in everyday clothing

Its hydrophobic property makes it ideal for garments and jackets that are to be used in wet or damp environments--coating the fabric with a water-resistant finish intensifies this effect.

Drugs of mineral origin

Inorganic substances found as mineral deposits of different types in various layers of soil.

they are further purified for pharmaceutical use.

TALC

TALC

Synonym- french chalk

Source- it is obtained from mineral known as steatite or soapstone.[type of metamorphic rock- formed by transformation of existing rock.]Geographical source- produced in large quantity in Italy, France and USA

Collection and preparation-

Soapstone or steatite is obtained in the form of large lumps with foliate features[ planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock ]

.it is separated and finely powdered in machine and shifted to get fine grade of talc

. Talc is purified by boiling with dilute HCL and then washed with water until neutral and dried at110;c

Charecterstics-

Colour- white

Odour-odourless

Taste- tastless.

It gives slip feeling when rubbed on skin

It is insoluble in water, acids, alkalies. Neutral to limus

Chemical constituents-

It mostly contains

Hydrated aluminium silicate.[H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2] known as talcum powder

Unpurified mineral contains- mineral oxides and trace of aluminium oxide

Uses-

Filtration and purification aid

.lubricant in tablet.

In preparation of dusting powder and for coating, dusting pills

naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder.

DIATOMITE

naturally occurring, so is the skeletal remains of single celled plants called diatoms, hence the name diatomite.

These microscopic algae have the capability of extracting silica from water to produce their skeletal structure.

When diatoms die their skeletal remains sink to the bottom of lakes and oceans and form a diatomite deposit.

diatomite

Synonym-diatomaceous earth, kieselguhr

Source-it consist of silica material with organic matter of fossil diatoms of

family Bacillariaceae, it is subdivision of algae

Geographical source-

Large amount in california,

virginia,

germany,

denmark,

algeria

, north america

Collection and preparation-

Diatomite deposite have developed over time due to faster growth and later death of diatoms

.it accumulates as huge siliceous skeletons of fossilediatoms at the bottom of sea or in fresh water lake

.it is present as large blocks.

These blocks are dried after collection.

These blocks then crushed in mills and shifted through machines to obtain fine powder.

It purified by dil HCL , washed till neutral and dried

Charecterstics-

Colour-buff to grayish brown

Odour- odorlessNontoxicconsistency of powdered chalk or flourIt becomes white after treatment with acid.

Soluble in most of acids.it is highly absorbent

Chemical constituents-

75 to 92% silica,

1 to 6 % aluminium oxide.

Purified kieselguhr contains- only silicon oxide

Uses-

Filtration aid,

for clarification and decolourisation of syrups, oils, fats.

.adsorbent in chromatography,

manufacture of tooth powder, talcum powder, nail polish, pills, soaps.

BENTONITE

Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate group of minerals that typically form in microscopic crystals, forming a clay

Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate[ silicate minerals ]impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite.

BENTONITE

Synonym-bentonitum,soap clay, wilkinite

Source-it is deposit of mineral which resembles clay.

Geographical source-italy, canada, south africa. Best variety obtain in usanear fort benton hence its name

Collection and preparation-

mineral collected from mines,

dried by steam and powdered by machine,

shifted to obtain fine powder bentonite.

Charecterstics-

colour- buff to greyish green

Insoluble in water but absorbs about six times its weight of water,

swells to about 12 to 15 times its volume.

Its aqueous dispersion is alkaline to litmus.

It stains deep red with safranin

Chemical constituents-

It is mineral of aluminium and silicon oxide montmorillonite

Uses-

Used for preparation of gel used for preparation of emulsion, ointment, creams.

Used in lipsticks

KAOLIN

kaolin

is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.

It is a layered silicate mineral,Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.

Synonym- Heavy or light kaolin, China clay, bolus alba, porcelain clay, white bole, argilla

(hydrated aluminum silicate)

The name is derived from Chinese Kao-Ling , a village from which it was mined for centuries.

It is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay), produced by the chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals like feldspar[ group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals]

is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china and porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, and many other

uses

filtering agent to clarify liquids.

internally to control diarrhea. Kaolin has also been used topically as an emollient and drying agent.

About 20 million tonnes of feldspar were produced in 2010, mostly by three countries: Italy (4.7 Mt), Turkey (4.5 Mt), and China

gelatin

GELATIN

Gelatin is a mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals

pharmaceutical grades of gelatin are generally sourced from beef bones.

Gelatin forms a viscous solution when dissolved in hot water, which sets to a gel on cooling. Gelatin added directly to cold water does not dissolve well. Gelatin is also soluble in most polar solvents.

manufacturing processes

-Pretreatments to make the raw materials ready for the main extraction step and to remove impurities which may have negative effects on physio chemical properties of the final gelatin product,

-The main extraction step, which is usually done with hot water or dilute acid solutions as a multi-stage extraction to hydrolyze collagen into gelatin, and finally,

-The refining and recovering treatments including filtration, clarification, evaporation, sterilization, drying, rutting, grinding, and sifting to remove the water from the gelatin solution, to blend the gelatin extracted, and to obtain dried, blended and ground final product.

If gelatin is derived from bones, dilute acid solutions are used to remove calcium and other salts.

Hot water or several solvents may be used in order to reduce the fat content, which should not exceed 1% before the main extraction step.

Collagen hydrolysis is performed by one of three different methods: acid-, alkali-, and enzymatic hydrolysis.

gelatin is used primarily to make hard and soft gelatin capsules.

Other uses include manufacturing tablets, emulsions, suppositories and syrups

Uses-