Papermaking Science and Technologya book seriescovering the latesttechnology andfuture trends

Book 13

Second Edition

Totally updated version

Book editorsPirkko Oittinen, Ph.D., Professor and Hannu Saarelma, Ph.D., ProfessorDepartment of Media Technology, Helsinki University of Technology

PublisherPaper Engineers’ Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy

Paperi ja Puu Oy

Print Media – Principles, Processes and Quality

10

Table of ContentsPART 1 Technologies and production .........................................................................................11

1 New practices in journalistic work ................................................................................13

2 Principles of conventional printing ................................................................................40

3 Mechanisms of printing ..................................................................................................88

4 Principles of digital printing .........................................................................................147

5 Mechanisms of digital printing ....................................................................................173

6 Linking technologies .....................................................................................................211

PART 2 Quality and use .............................................................................................................235

7 Principles of Imaging ....................................................................................................237

8 Optical imaging in printing ...........................................................................................275

9 Instrumental measurement of print quality .................................................................317

10 Subjective quality of print.............................................................................................335

11 Tactile quality ................................................................................................................355

12 Media Experience ..........................................................................................................372

PART 3 Products, markets and future .......................................................................................411

13 Media use research .......................................................................................................413

14 Product sustainablity ....................................................................................................433

15 Media business .............................................................................................................449

16 Advertising models — an overview of the effects on consumers ..............................475

17 Media concepts as a tool for analysing changing media ............................................497

18 Tools for understanding the future of media ...............................................................531

Conversion factors ........................................................................................................551

Index ..............................................................................................................................553

11

PART 1

Technologies and production

1 New practices in journalistic work .....................................................................................13

2 Principles of conventional printing .....................................................................................40

3 Mechanisms of printing .......................................................................................................88

4 Principles of digital printing ..............................................................................................147

5 Mechanisms of digital printing .........................................................................................173

6 Linking technologies .........................................................................................................211

13

CHAPTER 1 New practices in journalistic work

Introduction1 ..........................................................................................................................14

Changing journalistic work2 .................................................................................................15

Emergence of a planning and editing way of working3 ......................................................20

Types of newspaper and their organisational principles3.1 ..........................................................20

Individual vs. planning and editing work process4 .............................................................22

Individual model4.1 .....................................................................................................................23

Planning and editing model of work4.2 .......................................................................................24

New visual order and central role of the art director5 .........................................................26

New editing practices6 ..........................................................................................................28

Cross media7 : Flash news or nurturing stories? .................................................................30

References ............................................................................................................................35

40

CHAPTER 2 Principles of conventional printing

Introduction1 ..........................................................................................................................42

Flexography2 .........................................................................................................................42

Anilox rollers2.1 ..........................................................................................................................43

Printing plates2.2 ........................................................................................................................43

Ink transfer2.3 ............................................................................................................................45

Printing press2.4 .........................................................................................................................46

Printing inks2.5 ...........................................................................................................................47

Applications2.6 ...........................................................................................................................48

Gravure3 .................................................................................................................................48

Doctor blade3.1 ..........................................................................................................................49

Gravure cylinder3.2 .....................................................................................................................49

Cylinder engraving3.3 .................................................................................................................50

Impression cylinder and electrostatic assist (ESA)3.4 ..................................................................51

Drying3.5 ....................................................................................................................................52

Ink transfer3.6 ............................................................................................................................52

Press design3.7 ..........................................................................................................................53

Printing inks3.8 ...........................................................................................................................54

Applications3.9 ...........................................................................................................................55

Offset4 ....................................................................................................................................55

Inking units4.1 ............................................................................................................................56

Dampening units4.2 ....................................................................................................................57

Printing plate4.3 s ........................................................................................................................58

Blankets4.4 ................................................................................................................................60

Ink transfer4.5 ............................................................................................................................60

Ink setting and drying4.6 ............................................................................................................62

Waterless offset4.7 .....................................................................................................................63

41

Principles of conventional printing

Press design4.8 ..........................................................................................................................63

Inks and dampening water4.9 .....................................................................................................64

Screen printing5 ....................................................................................................................65

Ink transfer and setting5.1 ..........................................................................................................66

Press design5.2 ..........................................................................................................................67

Printing ink5.3 ............................................................................................................................67

Applications5.4 ...........................................................................................................................67

Printing inks6 .........................................................................................................................68

Ink composition6.1 .....................................................................................................................68

Energy-curable inks6.2 ...............................................................................................................69

Drying mechanisms6.3 ...............................................................................................................70

Curing mechanisms6.3.1 ...................................................................................................71

Conventional vs. energy-curable inks6.4 .....................................................................................72

Printing papers7 ....................................................................................................................73

Wood-containing papers7.1 ........................................................................................................74

Newsprint7.1.1 ..................................................................................................................74

SC papers7.1.2 ..................................................................................................................75

LWC7.1.3 ...........................................................................................................................76

ULWC7.1.4 .........................................................................................................................76

MWC7.1.5 ..........................................................................................................................76

HWC7.1.6 ...........................................................................................................................77

MFC7.1.7 ...........................................................................................................................77

FCO7.1.8 ............................................................................................................................77

Woodfree fine papers7.2 .............................................................................................................77

Uncoated fine papers7.2.1 .................................................................................................77

Coated fine papers7.2.2 .....................................................................................................78

Special fine papers7.2.3 ....................................................................................................78

References ............................................................................................................................80

88

CHAPTER 3 Mechanisms of printing

Introduction1 ..........................................................................................................................90

Nip phenomena 2 ...................................................................................................................91

General considerations2.1 ...........................................................................................................91

Pressure in printing nips2.2 ........................................................................................................96

Rolling2.3 ...................................................................................................................................98

Ink transfer phenomena2.4 .......................................................................................................100

Paper in the press3 ..............................................................................................................102

Paper transport3.1 ....................................................................................................................102

Paper reels3.1.1 ...............................................................................................................102

Principles of paper transport3.1.2 ....................................................................................103

Colour register3.2 .....................................................................................................................106

Conditions for achieving colour register3.2.1 ....................................................................107

Register adjustment3.2.2 .................................................................................................110

Problems related to web passage3.3 ........................................................................................111

General3.3.1 ....................................................................................................................111

Web breaks3.3.2 ..............................................................................................................112

Infeed and outfeed disturbances3.3.3 ..............................................................................115

Linting3.3.4 ......................................................................................................................118

Other runnability problems3.3.5 .......................................................................................120

Mechanisms related to dampening water3.4 .............................................................................122

Print drying4 ........................................................................................................................128

Drying steps4.1 ........................................................................................................................128

Drying by evaporation4.2 ..........................................................................................................128

Drying conditions in heat-set offset printing4.2.1 .............................................................131

Drying conditions in gravure printing4.2.2 ........................................................................132

89

Mechanisms of printing

Post-treatment of ink solvents4.3 ..............................................................................................133

Adsorption4.3.1 ...............................................................................................................137

Incineration4.3.2 ..............................................................................................................138

Drying by polymerisation4.4 ......................................................................................................139

General principles4.4.1 ....................................................................................................139

Polymerisation by oxidation4.4.2 ......................................................................................141

UV drying4.4.3 .................................................................................................................141

IR drying4.4.4 ..................................................................................................................142

EB drying4.4.5 .................................................................................................................143

References ..........................................................................................................................145

147

CHAPTER 4 Principles of digital printing

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................148

Ink jet2 .................................................................................................................................153

Continuous ink jet2.1 ................................................................................................................154

Drop-on-demand ink jet2.2 .......................................................................................................156

Inks2.3 .....................................................................................................................................157

Ink setting and drying2.4 ..........................................................................................................159

Electrophotography3 ...........................................................................................................161

Principles3.1 .............................................................................................................................161

Fixing 3.2 ..................................................................................................................................165

Toners and papers3.3 ...............................................................................................................166

Sources of information3.4 .........................................................................................................168

References ..........................................................................................................................169

173

CHAPTER 5 Mechanisms of digital printing

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................174

Ink jet printing2 ...................................................................................................................174

Continuous stream printing2.1 ..................................................................................................174

Energy condition of droplet formation2.1.1 .......................................................................175

Kinetics of droplet formation2.1.2 ....................................................................................177

Satellite formation2.1.3 ....................................................................................................180

Charging and deflection of droplets2.1.4 ..........................................................................181

Drop on demand droplet formation 2.2 ......................................................................................182

Droplet formation 2.2.1 ....................................................................................................183

Meniscus movements2.2.2 ..............................................................................................185

Interactions of droplets with paper2.2.3 ...........................................................................186

Electrophotography 3 ..........................................................................................................188

Charging 3.1 .............................................................................................................................188

Exposure3.2 ..............................................................................................................................191

Electrical field3.3 ......................................................................................................................193

Toner development3.4 ..............................................................................................................196

Power balance in development3.4.1 .................................................................................196

Adhesion-controlled development3.4.2 ............................................................................197

Formation of toner amount on photoconductor3.4.3 .........................................................198

Transfer of toner to paper3.5 .....................................................................................................200

Fixing of toner3.6 ......................................................................................................................204

Fixing mechanisms3.6.1 ..................................................................................................204

References ..........................................................................................................................207

211

CHAPTER 6 Linking technologies

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................212

Technologies2 ......................................................................................................................213

Printed codes2.1 .......................................................................................................................213

1D and 2D codes2.1.1 .....................................................................................................213

Demands of printed codes2.1.2 ........................................................................................214

Printed code types2.1.3 ...................................................................................................215

Database code types2.1.4 ................................................................................................217

Index-based code types2.1.5 ...........................................................................................219

Codes printed with invisible inks2.1.6 ..............................................................................220

Applicability of different code types for linking applications2.1.7 ......................................220

Digital watermarking2.2 ............................................................................................................221

Principle of digital watermarking2.2.1 ..............................................................................221

Performance of digital watermarks2.2.2 ...........................................................................222

Linking application technologies2.2.3 ..............................................................................223

RFID2.3 .....................................................................................................................................226

Applications3 .......................................................................................................................227

Action-activating applications3.1 ..............................................................................................228

Applications providing additional information3.2 .......................................................................229

Paper-based user interface3.3 ..................................................................................................229

References ..........................................................................................................................232

235

PART 2

Quality and use

7 Principles of Imaging .........................................................................................................237

8 Optical imaging in printing ................................................................................................275

9 Instrumental measurement of print quality ......................................................................317

10 Subjective quality of print .................................................................................................335

11 Tactile quality .....................................................................................................................355

12 Media Experience ..............................................................................................................372

237

CHAPTER 7 Principles of Imaging

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................238

Definition of image signal2 .................................................................................................238

Monochromatic Image2.1 .........................................................................................................238

Colour image signal2.2 .............................................................................................................240

Image formation at micro and macro scale2.3 ..........................................................................244

No reference based image measures3 ...............................................................................245

Dynamic range3.1 .....................................................................................................................246

Colour gamut3.2 .......................................................................................................................247

Modulation and contrast3.3 ......................................................................................................249

Noise3.4 ...................................................................................................................................250

Signal to noise ratio SNR3.5 ......................................................................................................254

Information capacity3.6 ............................................................................................................257

Gloss3.7 ...................................................................................................................................260

Reference based image measures4 ....................................................................................263

Contrast and modulation transfer4.1 .........................................................................................263

Tone rendering4.2 .....................................................................................................................266

Rms difference4.3 ....................................................................................................................267

Colour rendering4.4 ..................................................................................................................268

Information transfer4.5 .............................................................................................................269

References ..........................................................................................................................273

275

CHAPTER 8 Optical imaging in printing

Optical phenomena1 ............................................................................................................276

Introduction1.1 .........................................................................................................................276

Surface reflection1.2 .................................................................................................................278

Internal reflection1.3 .................................................................................................................279

Solid prints1.3.1 ...............................................................................................................279

Halftone prints1.3.2 .........................................................................................................282

Print noise1.4 ...........................................................................................................................285

Optical behaviour of the substrate1.5 ........................................................................................287

Printed colour image2 .........................................................................................................290

Colorimetric colour2.1 ...............................................................................................................290

Principles of colour reproduction2.2 ..........................................................................................291

Colour image processing for printing2.3 ....................................................................................295

Colour profiling2.4 ....................................................................................................................298

Print information capacity3 .................................................................................................303

General3.1 ................................................................................................................................303

Information capacity3.2 ............................................................................................................305

Optical information capacity of paper3.3 ...................................................................................307

Colour information capacity of paper3.4 ....................................................................................311

References ..........................................................................................................................314

317

CHAPTER 9 Instrumental measurement of print quality

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................318

Scope of this chapter1.1 ...........................................................................................................318

Instrumental measurement of print quality2 ......................................................................319

Sample handling2.1 ..................................................................................................................319

Measuring geometry2.2 ............................................................................................................319

Light sources and illuminants2.3 ...............................................................................................320

Different detection systems2.4 ..................................................................................................321

Some limitations of instrumental measurements2.5 ..................................................................321

Print quality measurements3 ..............................................................................................321

Colour3.1 ..................................................................................................................................321

Print density3.2 .........................................................................................................................323

Print gloss3.3 ............................................................................................................................325

Image sharpness and details3.4 ................................................................................................326

Unevenness3.5 .........................................................................................................................329

Print defects and printing method-specific quality parameters3.6 .............................................331

References ..........................................................................................................................333

335

CHAPTER 10 Subjective quality of print

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................336

Visual perception2 ...............................................................................................................336

Human visual system2.1 ...........................................................................................................336

High-level vision2.2 and cognition .............................................................................................337

Subjective image quality3 ...................................................................................................338

Quality as a subjective experience3.1 .......................................................................................339

Definition of quality3.2 ..............................................................................................................340

Types of subjective evaluation3.3 ..............................................................................................341

Natural test images3.4 ..............................................................................................................341

Bottom-up: Human visual system-based image quality models4 .....................................341

Top-down: Understanding high-level 5 quality experience ................................................342

Subjective print quality5.1 .........................................................................................................344

Testing subjective print quality6 .........................................................................................345

Observers6.1 ............................................................................................................................345

Test samples6.2 ........................................................................................................................346

Methods6.3 ..............................................................................................................................347

Pair-wise comparison6.3.1 ...............................................................................................347

Rank order6.3.2 ...............................................................................................................348

Category scaling6.3.3 and graphical rating scales ............................................................348

Multidimensional scaling (MDS)6.3.4 ...............................................................................349

Qualitative methodology6.3.5 ...........................................................................................349

Selecting a proper method6.4 ...................................................................................................350

References ..........................................................................................................................353

355

CHAPTER 11 Tactile quality

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................356

Sense of touch2 ...................................................................................................................357

Mechanoreception2.1 ...............................................................................................................357

Measuring tactile properties3 .............................................................................................359

Untrained evaluation panels3.1 .................................................................................................360

Pleasantness of touch3.1.1 ..............................................................................................360

Sensory evaluation with a large panel of experts3.1.2 ......................................................360

Trained evaluation panels3.2 .....................................................................................................361

Handfeel spectrum descriptive analysis method3.2.1 .......................................................361

KCL touch and feel method3.2.2 ......................................................................................363

Instrumental evaluation3.3 ........................................................................................................365

Kawabata evaluation system3.3.1 ....................................................................................365

Tactile properties of paper 4 ...............................................................................................366

Summary5 ............................................................................................................................369

References ..........................................................................................................................370

372

CHAPTER 12 Media Experience

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................374

Concepts of experience2 .....................................................................................................375

Frameworks and models of experience2.1 ................................................................................375

A 2.1.1 framework of experience ......................................................................................375

A 2.1.2 process model of experience .................................................................................376

A 2.1.3 product design-centric model of experience ..........................................................378

Types of experience2.2 .............................................................................................................380

Experience, 2.2.1 an experience, and experience as story .................................................380

Co-experience2.2.2 ..........................................................................................................381

Forms of experience3 ..........................................................................................................382

Presence3.1 ..............................................................................................................................382

Flow3.2 ....................................................................................................................................383

Media enjoyment3.3 and entertainment ....................................................................................384

Media experience4 ...............................................................................................................385

Qualities of print and hybrid media4.1 .......................................................................................386

Content quality4.1.1 .........................................................................................................386

Presentation quality4.1.2 .................................................................................................387

Quality of use4.1.3 ...........................................................................................................388

Media qualities and experience4.2 ............................................................................................389

Print media experience4.3 ........................................................................................................390

Hybrid media experience4.4 ......................................................................................................391

Measurement5 of media experiences .................................................................................393

Observational measures5.1 .......................................................................................................393

Eye-tracking5.1.1 ............................................................................................................393

Psychophysiological measures5.1.2 .................................................................................395

Behavioural logs5.1.3 .......................................................................................................399

373

Media Experience

Self-report measurements5.2 ...................................................................................................400

Questionnaires5.2.1 .........................................................................................................400

Surveys5.2.2 ....................................................................................................................401

Media diaries5.2.3 ...........................................................................................................403

Epilogue6 ..............................................................................................................................404

Challenges in measurement6.1 .................................................................................................404

Theoretical challenges6.2 .........................................................................................................405

Challenges in product design and development6.3 ....................................................................405

References ..........................................................................................................................406

411

PART 3

Products, markets and future

13 Media use research ...........................................................................................................413

14 Product sustainablity .........................................................................................................433

15 Media business models .....................................................................................................449

16 Advertising models — an overview of the effects on consumers ..................................475

17 Media concepts as a tool for analysing changing media ................................................497

18 Tools for understanding the future of media ....................................................................531

413

CHAPTER 13 Media use research

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................414

The media: technological and social dimensions2 ............................................................416

How to study media use? 3 .................................................................................................419

Structural tradition and measuring media use3.1 ......................................................................420

Behavioural tradition and models of media use3.2 ....................................................................421

Cultural tradition and meanings3.3 ...........................................................................................424

Why should media use interest papermakers?4 ................................................................427

References ..........................................................................................................................430

449

CHAPTER 15 Media business models

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................450

Driving forces for media development2 ..............................................................................456

The publisher2.1 .......................................................................................................................456

The receiver 2.2 ........................................................................................................................457

Content and service3 ...........................................................................................................459

Economy4 .............................................................................................................................461

Incomes4.1 ...............................................................................................................................461

Expenses4.2 .............................................................................................................................464

Business activity5 ................................................................................................................465

Value chain and core business6 .........................................................................................467

Hybrid media and other printed functionality7 ..................................................................470

References ..........................................................................................................................473

475

CHAPTER 16 Advertising models — an overview of the effects on consumers

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................476

Advertising effects2 — Economic models of advertising ..................................................477

Macro-economic impacts of advertising2.1 ...............................................................................477

Defining the 2.2 optimal level of advertising ...............................................................................479

Advertising effects — Management models of advertising3 ............................................480

Consumer-oriented research on advertising4 ....................................................................481

Persuasion5 — How to change consumer attitudes? ........................................................482

Type of appeal5.1 .....................................................................................................................482

Framing effects5.2 ....................................................................................................................484

Multi-attribute attitude models5.3 .............................................................................................484

Interpretation — For what purpose do consumers use advertising ?6 ............................486

Cultural interpretation of advertising content7 ..................................................................487

Long-term changes in advertising 8 ...................................................................................487

Conclusions9 ........................................................................................................................488

References ..........................................................................................................................491

497

CHAPTER 17 Media concepts as a tool for analysing changing media

Introduction: New techno-economic paradigm and media1 .............................................498

Media concept2 ..................................................................................................................500

First component: purposes, values and needs of publishers, audiences and journalists2.1 ........503

Second component: Architecture of the whole and its parts2.2 ..................................................504

Third Component: Daily work practice2.3 ..................................................................................505

Building blocks of a media concept3 ..................................................................................506

Strategy and business models3.1 .............................................................................................506

Design and innovation research3.2 ...........................................................................................509

Organisational learning3.3 ........................................................................................................511

Media Concept Laboratory 4 ...............................................................................................513

Media Concept Laboratory in The Paper4.1 ...............................................................................514

Implied reader as a tool for the newsroom5 ......................................................................519

The slippery concept of audience5.1 .........................................................................................519

Constructing the implied reader5.2 ...........................................................................................521

Discussion6 ..........................................................................................................................523

References ..........................................................................................................................525

531

CHAPTER 18 Tools for understanding the future of media

Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................532

Media revolution1.1 ..................................................................................................................532

General trends 1.1.1 ........................................................................................................532

Main trends in the media 1.1.2 .........................................................................................533

Futuristic framework 1.2 ...........................................................................................................534

Futures of media branch through an illustrative case study2 ...........................................536

A multinational company’s called MEDIBIG scenario-based strategy process2.1 ........................536

Background2.1.1 .............................................................................................................536

State of the art “Who and where are we?”2.1.2 ................................................................537

Issue scenarios for the future “What are the possible worlds?”2.1.3 .................................539

Action scenario alternatives “Where can we go and how?”2.1.4 .......................................545

Vision based selection of scenario “Where do we decide to go?”2.1.5 ..............................548

Conclusion: From seeing the future to creating the future3 ..............................................548

References ..........................................................................................................................550