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{',*
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THEARTOFWOODWORKING
HOMEWORI HOP
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MEASURINGND
MARKINGOOTS
.
Tapemeasure
. Steeluler
.
Try quare
.
Combinat ionquare
.
Carpenter 'square
.
Straightedge
.
Level
.
C ha l k
i ne
.
Slidinsevel
ry
:::'ff:::'a
.
Trammel
oints
o
Marking
auge
. Cuttingauge
.
Mortise
auge
.
Aw l
.
Dovetailquare
SAWS
.
Handsaws
rip,
rosscut,
backsaw,oping,ompass, _-
flush-cutter)
ref-
.
Miter box
['i'.'
''r]'ttP
with ntegral aw
.
Hacksaw
.
Ci rcu laraw
.
Saber aw
CUTTINGOOLS
. Chiselsparing,irmer,
butt,
mortise)
.
Sharpening
tone
o
Honing
u ide
.
Gouges
wood
arving
et )
.
Routerndbits
. U t i r i t y kn i f e
@
.
HODDYKNIIC
.
Single-edgeazor lade
.
Scissors
.
Wire utters
.
Tin nips
BASICW()ODWORKINGO()TS I{DACCESSORIES
BORINGOOLS
.
P ush r i l l
. Hand r i l l
.
Brace
.
Gimlet rscrew tarter
.
Electricri l l
cordless
and orded)
SUPPTIES
r
Nai ls
f
n ish ing,
common,ox,
ring-shank)
.
Brads
. Screwsflat,
round,
ndoval
head)
r
Sandpaper
.
Pumice
tone
.
Steelwool
.
Glues
woodworker's,
white, ontact ement,
epoxy,nstant)
.
Wood
putty
.
Maskingape
.
Penci ls ndmarkers
.
Woodin ishes nd
appropriateolvents
.
Householdi l
o
Penetrat ingil
.
Sponges
o
Reoq
SMOOTHINGOOTS
.
Hand
lanes
block,
jack,
ointer)
.
Scrapers
.
Fi les
f
at,half-round,
round,
riangular)
.
Rasps
patternmaker's)
.
Sandinglocks
flat
and ontoured)
:3:l l ' : : f f : ,#
.
Orbitalander
F'4 4
'sF
STRIKING
OOLS
.
Wooden
mallets
square
and ound eads)
.
Rubber
al let
.
Claw ammer
r
Nai l
ets
.
Uti l i ty ar
r
Tackhammer
v\
-Y
FlNlSHlNc00LS
1+
.
Foam
rushes
.
Lint-freeloths
.
HVLP
prayer
.
Paint craper
.
Moldingcraper
.
Putty nife
FASTEI{INGOOLS
.
Screwdrivers
offset,
stubby,abinetmaker's
n
flat-, hi l l ips-
nd quare-
t ipvariet ies)
o
Nutdrivers
r
Pl iers
standard
l ip-
joint
ype)
r
I n n o - n n q p n l i o r c
.
Locking
l iers
.
Channel-joint
l iers
.
Wrenches
adj
stable,
open-end)
:TT,fu
w
.
Tr igger
lamps
v
.
Quick-act ion
arc lamos
.
Bar
lamps
.
Pipe
lamps
.
Springlamps
o
Web lamps
.
Handscrews
WORKSHOPGUIDE
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THEARTOFWOODWORKING
HOMEWORI$HOP
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THE ART OF WOODVV'ORKING
HOMEWORI$HOP
TIME-LIFE
OOKS
ALEXANDRIA,
IRGINIA
ST.
REMYPRESS
MONTREAL.
EWYORK
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PUBLISHER
PRESIDENT
Series ditor
Series rt Director
SeniorEditors
Art
Directors
Designers
Researchditor
PictureEditor
Writers
Con r but ng Ilust hto s
Administrator
Production
Manager
System
Coordinator
Photographer
Kenneth
Winchester
PierreLdveill6
PierreHome-Douglas
FrancineLemieux
Marc
Cassini
Text)
HeatherMills
(Research)
Normand Boudreault,Luc
Germain,
Solange aberge
Jean-Guy
oiron, Michel
Gigudre
Iim
McRae
Christopher
Jackson
Andrew
Jones,
Rob
Lutes
GillesBeauchemin, ollandBergera,
Jean-Pierre
ourgeois,
Michel Blais,
Nicole Chartier,
Ronald
Durepos,
Philippe Gauvreau,
G€rard
Mariscalchi,
Jacques
errault,
RobertPaquet,
Iames
Thdrien
Natalie
Watanabe
MichelleTurbide
Iean-LucRov
RobertChariier
THECONSULTANTS
Jon
Arno is a consultant,
abinetmaker nd
freelance riter who
lives n Tioy, Michigan.
He
alsoconducts eminars
n wood dentifica-
tion
and earlyAmerican urniture design.
GilesMiller-Mead taught advanced
abinet-
rnaking
at
Montreal
echnical chools or
more
than ten
years.
A native
ofNew Zealand,he has
worked
asa restorer
f antique urniture.
foseph
Truini is
SeniorEditor of Hone
Mechanixmagazine.
former
Shopand Tools
Editor
of
Popular
Mechanics,e hasworked
as
a cabinetmaker, ome mprovement
contractor
andcarpenter.
Home Workshop
p.
cm.-(The Art
of
Woodworking)
Includes ndex.
ISBN0-8094-9920-7
(trade\
ISBN
0-8094-992-s
oib)
1.Woodshops.
2.
Woodwork--Equipment
nd supplies.
I. Time-Life
Books. II. Series
TTI52.H6 1993
684' 08-dc20
92-682r
CIP
For nformation
about any Time-Life
book,
please
all l-800-621-7026,
r
write:
Reader nformation
Time-Life
CustomerService
P.O.BoxC-32068
Richmond,Virginia
2326t-2068
@1993 ime-Life
Books nc.
All rights reserved.
No part
of this book may
be
reproduced
n
any orm
or by any electronic
or
mechanical
means, ncluding nformation
storage nd
retrievaldevices r systems, ithout prior
written permissionrom thepublisher,except
that briefpassages ay
be
quoted
or reviews.
First
printing.
Printed n
U.S.A.
Published
imultaneouslyn Canada.
TIME-LIFE s
a trademarkof Time Warner
Inc. U.S.A.
THE ART
OF
WOODWORKING
was
produced
by
ST.
REMY
PRESS
Time-Life Books s
a division of Time-Life nc.,
a wholly owned
subsidiary f
THE TIME
INC. BOOK COMPANY
TIME-LIFEBOOKS
President
Vice-President
Editor-in-Chief
Director
of
Editorial
Resources
Marketing
Director
EditorialDirector
Consulting ditor
Production
Manager
lohn
D. Hall
NancyK.
Jones
Thomas
H. Flaherty
EliseD. futter-Clough
ReginaHall
LeeHassig
John
R. Sullivan
MarleneZack
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CONTENTS
6
INTRODUCTION
Accident
prevention
Working
with safe
inishes
6
Firesafety
17
Electrical
afety
18
Personal
afety
gear
First aid
TAYOUT
Workshop
planning
2
Planning
or stationary
ools
36
Shop
organization
Electrical
ower
3
Lishtins
44
FlSors,
"a[s,
and
ceilings
45
Heating
and
ventilation
46 WORKBENCH
48
Anatomv
of a
workbench
50
Building
he base
53
Building
he
top
56
Vises
and accessories
62
Benchdogs
and
hold downs
68 SHOP
ACCESSORIES
70 A storeof shopaccessories
72
Air compressors
74
Portable
generators
76
Bench
grinders
78
Dust collection
85
Portable
dust collection
88
STORAGE
90
Storing
wood
94 Storing oolsandsupplies
IIO WORKSURFACES
LL2
Work tables
118 Sawhorses
I25 Work
supports
I29 Extension
ables
I34
Tool stands
and tables
I4O GLOSSARY
I42
INDEX
I44
ACKNOWTEDGMENTS
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INTRODUCTION
Peter
Axtell
talksabout
planning
his
DREAIVI
WORKSHOP
f
startedwoodworking
round1974nEngland,
where was
playing
ockmusic
I andneeded hobby
o helpmeunwind rom
herigorsof the oad.My
shopat
the
imewas
ust
big enoughor a workbench,
radialarmsaw
and
not
muchelse.
I remember
onstantlybumping
hings
nto
the ow ceiling.
Whenmywifeand moved ack oAmericawasoffered ob n a ocalwood-
shop
un
by a friend
of
mine. t
was here hat
begano acquire feel or how
a shopshould
e
aid
out.After a fewyears
ith
my
friend left
andsetup my
ownshop n
our three-car aruge.I
oon
earned
hatworked
ndwhatdidn'g
When t
cameime o
plan
a
shop
rom
scratch,I ought
ut
mylocalwoodwqrft-
ing
organization, hich urned
out to bea fountain
of
nformation.
studi/d ots
of shopsn my area nd
asked
undreds
f
questions
boutwhat
people
iked
and
what heywanted
o changen their ownshops.
I saw ne
place
n
particular
hat
seemedhebest orjry needs nd
settled n hat
asmy model.My
budgetallowedme 1,500
qlrgtt.feet,
o hat wasone imit set.
Light-both
natural ndartificial-was
a maiorconsideration.
placed
mybuilding
and
plannedthe
indowso
take
maximum
dvantage
fthe abundant unlightn
northernCalifornia.was lsodeterminedo have wood loor. quicklyoundout
thata hardwoodloorwould
be oo expensive
o used%-inch ongue-and-groove
plywood
ndepory
paint,
whichhave eldup very
wellover he astnineyears.
I figured
out he loor
plan
on graph
paper
andcut out
scale rawings f all my
machines
swell asareasor
plywood
torage, ffice
space, nda spray ooth. t
is mportant
o allowenough
pace round
our
machines,
o spent onsiderable
time movings
hingsaround
and estingdifferent
cenarios.
The
crawl pace
nder
myshop
hasextra
learanceecausechose
o
run
my
dustcollection
ipe
under he loor,whichhas
allowedme o keep
hewhole eiling
space lear nd
airy.Oneof thebest nvestments
madewas n
super-insulating
thewhole
shop-floors,walls, nd
ceiling,whichhasmadet
easiero keep
he
placewarm n winterandcool n summer.
I
put
a
ot
of thought
and
esearch
nto my
shopand here srt'tmuch
would
change xceptor one
hing: wish hadbuilt t
bigger. ut hat s
a common om-
plaint.
t seemshatyou
cannever aveoo much
space.
Peter
xtellbuilik
ine urniture
at
his
shopn SonomaCounty,alifornin.
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a -- - - -- -
o cnotrsrrxT'cAf€
cttEz'tAllpsE
- - { - F
INTRODUCTION
Martha Collins
discusses
SHOPSTORAGE
I
make
ewelry
rom exotic
woodand
dy.d ulne.r.
Some
ieces ave smany
I as800bits
of wood
n them,combining
he colors
and extures
f various
rarewoodswith
brightly
huedveneers.
eingable o
find someoffbeat
crew
or
fastener
hen need
t,
or
knowing
where o retrieve
hat wonderful mall
chunk
of rosewood
hat
've
been
aving
or 10
years
srlt a
uxury; t's a
necessity.
Throughheyears, haveearnedhat he strenghof a workshop epends n
proPer
rganization
nd
storage.
I have
our distinct
storage
areas"
n my shop. he
nfeed ndoutfeedables
f
my adialarmsaw
oldscrap
oodand
essrequentlysedools
My
ewelry
torage
bench
oldsall he
machined nd
milledexotic
woods nddyed
eneers.
he4-by-
8 outfeed
ableon the
ablesaw
ouses varietyof
items:work
n
progress,
xotic
lumber, urniture
pads,
nd eftovers
rom he
ewelry-making
rocess.
Themost
mportantstorage rea
s n the
mainworkbench
nd ool chest rea.
This s heheart f
myshop.
keepwerything
romscrewsndscrewdrivers
o
planes
andhinges
n cabinetslose
o thebench.
ll of the
hand
and
power
ools
hat use
regularly
rekept
n my mainchest,
hich s eatured
n the
photograph.
Thechest
s6 eet
ighand4 eetwide.
n theupper ection,
storewerything
rom
hammersndonesetof chiselsn theeft-hand oor o files, crewdrivers,ndplanes
in the ight-hand
ection.
he ivedrawers
n
the
center re
illedwith wrenches
nd
bitsof all
kindrspurs,
twists, nd
Forstners.assembled
hedrawers
ith dovetail
joints,
a satisfring
ffort hat
onlyadds
o the
pleasure
f
putting
hings
away.
The eft-hand
oor
n
the
bottomsection
f thechest
oldsall my
measuring
and
marking ools;
he
ight-hand oor
houses setof
pliers
along
with
my hand-
saws.
hecubbyholes
rehome o
my
portable
ower
ools-circular
saws, aber
saws,
outer, ander,
ordlessrills,
pneumatic
ools,
ndsoon.
The
ools
n my chest
ave hanged ver
he
years. ifteen
ears
go
hadonly
one
cordlesd,rill;
now
havehree.But
my
chest
as een ble o
adapt ndaccom-
modate
ll the
new ools-each
with its ownspecific
lace.
Martha Collins
esigns
nd makes
ine
ewelry
and
furninne
in
her worhshop
earSequim,
Washington.
Her husband,uthier
RichardSchneider,
orlcs
n
an adjoiningshop.
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INTRODUCTION
Leonard
Leeon
THE\ALUEOF
AWORKBENCH
worlshop
canbeanywhere
oucan
it
a solid
surface.
retired
arverriend
built
a superb
orlshop
n the
inendoset f
hisaparhnent.
eonly
had o
gpel
the closet
oo5
pull
out a stool,
and
go o work.
Everything
e needed
as itted
into a space
fless
han
0
square
eet.
I built thesmall herry enchn thephotographo fit an awkward lcoven
Leonard
ee s the
president
f Veritas
Tools nd
LeeValley
Toolsn
Ottawa,
Canada,
manufacturers
nd
retailers f
ine
woodworking
hand
tools.
He is also
he
publisher
and executive
ditor
ofWoodcuts,
a magazine
hat
ocuses
n the history
and techniques
f woodworking.
my office hat
measures
nly
23 by 37
nches. or
years hadbeen
using
my
deskas
a makeshift
workbench
nd
was
rustrated y
both the
ack of any
decent
lamping
ystem nd
enough
lear
work surface.
he desk
s oftenas
cluttered
s hebookcase
n thebackground.
With the
workbench
n
place,
can
now clamp
wood or testing
aws, hisels,
bits,
andsoon,
without
knocking
coffee up
o the
loor or spilling
papers
very-
where.
hebench
s also
ust
he
right h.tght
for usingan
nspection
microscope,
an
nvaluableool
for analyzngfailures
ndsuccesses
n the
world of sharp
edges.
Thebench
occupies
n otherwise
nusable
pace
ext o a doorway.
ince
he
floor space
ext o
it canbe used
only
or foot traffic,
he bench
only adds
9
the
usibility
of my office;
t does
ot detract
nything.
ncidentally
he bench
waspulledout of thealcoveor thisphoto.
More mportant
han
ts utility,
my bench
addsa
wonderfully
elaxing nd
humanizing
lement.
ike
many
people, tire
quickly
of administrative
etail.
With a workbench
andy, can
get
up
from my desk,
wanderover
o the bench
and
inkerwith
tools
or
a
while.
t is ike a
mini-vacation
n the
middleof theday.
Thehumanizing
art
comes
rom surrounding
ourself ith things
ou ike.
I like everything
boutwoodworking.
My office
s filled with
old toolsas
well as
books bout
hiir
historyand
use.
To adda workbench
o the
general
lutter
s
just
another
ayer o
the cocoon.
heworld
ools
muchbetter
whenviewed
rom
an
officewith
a workbench
n
it.
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or most
woodworkers,hehome
sa
peacefirl
efuge, here
gives
hapeo creative
deas.t is
he
placewhere
ccidents
ayoccur,
verynature f theactivity.
ikelihood f mishap anbe
few
simple
recautions.
an nformedwoodworker
s a safe
he owner's
manu-
supplied
with all
your
ools.
Before
ob,
make ure
ou
know
how
safety ccessories
hat are
o
protectyou from injury
workingwith a ool.
Most
accidents
re he esultof care-
r
inattention-failure o usea
uardwhencuttinga boardon a
saw,aceointingstockwith bare
rather
han
with a
push
block),
SAFETY
Personal afety
ear
s one nsurance
againstnjury. Here,a
woodworkerouts
a
groove
n a dra"wer
ront,
wearing afe-
ty gJasses,dustmaslgand earmuffs.
effects f somewoodspecies. afety
goggles,
ubber
gloves,
nda
rubber
apron re
good
tandard ttire or any
finishing
ob,
especially
f
you
are
spraying
inish
or
mixingandapply-
ing caustic hemicals.
Fire s another hop
hazard.
Smoke
detectorsre
an nvaluableefence,
ro-
vidingvaluableime or
you
o control
theblaze
page
6).Keep fire extin-
guisher atedABC n your shopand
knowhow o use
t.
Oneof the
eading
causesffire
s mproperwiring.
hether
you
arebuildinga shop
rom scratch r
revamping n existing pace,
lectrical
safety hould ea
priority
(page
7).
No shop hould ewithout he
per-
sonal afetyearllustratednpage 8.
You aneasilymakeome afetydevices,
routerwithoutsafety
oggles.efero thesafetyips
page
4 or ways f avoiding ome f
themorecommon
n the
shop.
Although hebig
stationary achines
eceive ostof
attentionromsafety-conscious
oodworkers,here
re
potential
ourcesfdanger
hat, hough
ess
pparent,
be gnored.
Many inishing
products, articularly
olvents,anbe oxic,although
heireffects
onlybecome
pparent fter
ears
f
prolonged
xpo-
ure.Certain pecies
f woodcancause llergic r
toxic
eactionsn some eople. age 5presentsnformation n
hoosing afe
inishing
roducts
ndon he
possible
ealth
such
s
push
ticks,
ush
blocls,and
eatherboards
page
0).
But
do
not
become
omplacentbout hesecurity
heywill
provide.
ll
thesafety
quipmentn theworldcannot
make
shopaccidentfree. afety
s foremost matterof attitude-a
confidence
n
using he
machinesombined ith a healthy
respector he
power
heseools
wield.
Evenwith the besteffortsat
prevention,
ccidentstill
occur.
Bitsmaybreak, oards plit,shavings
ly
andall oo
often
ind
a
victim.Being
repared
nd aking
prompt
action
canhelpminimize urtherdamage.
ake irst-aid ourse,
keep well-stockedirst-aid it on hand n theshop page3)
andbe eadyo administer
medical idwhennecessary.
Thereare manysafety
deviceshat can minimize the
risk of using
power
took.
The
ablesan
in this
photo
features
a
plnstic
shield
hat covershe
blade; hesplitter
and theanti-kickback
anl protect
gainst indingand
kickback.A hold-downdevice
resses
he workpiece
lat
on the able
and
against he
ence.
A
push
stick
allows he woodnorker o
eed
he
stock nto the blndewhile keeping
ingers
well anay
rom
the cutting edge.
t 3
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ACCIDENTPREVENTION
GENERAL
r Make ureworkshopightingnd enti-
lation readequate.
r
Keep hildren,nlookers,nd
pets
way
from
he
work
rea.
.
Concentraten he
ob;
do not ush r
take hortcuts. ever ork
when
ou
are
tired, tressed,r have een rinking
alcoholrusingmedicationshat nduce
qrowstness.
.
Finda comfortabletance: void ver-
reaching.
r Keep ourwork rea lean nd idy;
clutter an ead
o
accidents.
HAND OOTS
o
Use heappropriateool or he
ob;
do not ry o make tooldosomething
forwhich t wasnotdesigned.
r
When
ossible,
utawayrom
our-
self atherhan oward
our
ody.
.
Keepools lean ndsharp.
SAFETYIPS
POWEROOTS
oWear ppropriateafety ear: afety
glasses
r ace hield ndhearing
rotec-
tion.
f
there
s no
dust ollectionystem,
wear dustmask. orallergenicoods,
such sebony, se
respirator.
.
Read
our
wner's anualarefully
before peratingny ool.
.
Tieback onghairandavoidoose-fit-
tingclothing. emoveings ndother
jewelry
hatcancatch
n moving
arts.
.
Unplug toolbefore
erforming
etup
or nstalation perations.
r
Whenever
ossible,
lamp ownhe
workpiece,eaving othhandsree o
perform
noperation.
.
Keep
our
ands ellawayroma turn-
ingblade rbit.
.
Turn ff a tool f it oroducesn unfa-
miliar ibration
rnoise: avehe ool
servicedeforeesumingperations.
o
Do
notusea ool f any
part
of
it
is
worn r damaged.
FINISHING
. Donoteai,drink, rsmoke hen sing
finishing
roducts.
r
Avoid
xposureo organicolventsf
you
are
pregnant
r breast-feeding.
.
Install t east
ne moke etectorn
theceiling f
your
hop bove
otential
firehazards;
eep ully hargedBC
fire
extinguisherearby.
r
Never tore olventsr chemicalsn
unmarked
ontainers.hemicalolutions
should lways estoredn dark
lass
ars
to shieldhem rom ight,
hichmay
changeheir omposition.
o
Store
inishing
roducts
n a locked
cabi et.
oTo
revent
ye
njury, ear
afety
og-
gles,
nd on ubber
loves
hen orking
with
austicr oxic inishing
roducts.
.
Donot
lush
used olventsownhe
drain. onsulthe
Yellow
ageso ind
outwho andleshemical
isoosal
n
your
rea, rcheck ith
our
ocalire
deoartment.
"fl|"ff'lll""1{l"lll"'llll'1lll'lII
ill lll'llll'll|llll ltilll lll rllllIl
1HO?
TI?
Disabling
powertool
To
prevent
unaulhorized se
of a
?ow-
er ool,
olip
he boll of a
mini-Vadlock
throuqhoneof the tinee
n
he
power
keye
out of vhe
way n
a cupboard r
draw-
er thal
can
be
locked.
cordpluq.The ockwillmake t im?o6-
sible o
plu6
n
rhe rool.lf
ou
are
ueinq keyedlock, lorelhe
t
t4
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WORKING
WITH
SAFE
FINISHES
I
lthougha numberof
high-quality
inishes ave ecome
ecently,
olvent-based
inish-
products
are still
widely used,and
uperior or someapplica-
Thuswoodworkers
must earn o
hemselvesgainst he
health
ssociated
ith organicsolvents.
solvents
anhavea numberof
effects. hort-term
se an esult
anging
rom headachesnd
o skin and eye rritation.
With
oLvENTs
extended se,manysolvents re
known
to damage
he centralnervoussystem
or
respiratoryract.
Some
glycol
ethers
aresuspectedfcausing
irth defects,
while othersolvents,likemethylenehlo-
ride,have een inkedwith cardiac rrest.
Solvents
an be absorbednto the
bloodstream
n a numberof ways: fter
being
nhaled, r ingested longwith
food
eft n
the shop,absorbed
hrough
the skin,or swallowed
henvapors
et-
tle n saliva. ostsolvent-based
inish-
esareunlikely o cause
armwhen
used
occasionally,nd areonly
poisonous
f
swallowed.
ut you
still
need
o be aware
of the combination ndconcentration
of organic olventsn a
particular
inish
if you
plan
to use he
product
n large
quantities
r overan extended
eriod
of
time.Thechart below
ists
he solvents
containedn a varietyof finishing
prod-
uctsand assesseshe relative oxicityof
each
ne.
Besure o choosehe safest
product
or
the
ob
at
hand.
FINISHINGRODUCT
Woodiller
paste
nd iquid)
Stains
aniline,
iping, GR,
el
nd
laz-
ing
tains;
olor
igments)
Shellacs
white
nd range)
Lacquers
spray
ndbrush, andingealers)
Lacquerhinner
Rubbingils
Danish
il,
antiqueil )
Dryingils
boiled
inseedil,
polymerized
ung il)
Varnishes
tung
ilvarnish,par arnish,arnishtain)
Polyurethanes
poly
arnish,
rethanetains)
Laco er/varn
sh emovers
Waxes
paste
ax,urniture ax)
SOLVENT
Petroleumaphtha,*ineralpirits,*cetone,**ethyl thyl etone,** ethyl
isopropanol,
*
isobutyletone***
Ethanol,*ineralpirits,*oluene,***
ylene,*** ethanol,***
lycol
thers***
Ethanol,*ethanol***
Acetone,**ethylthyl etone,**sopropanol,**ethanol,***ylene,***
lycol
thers***
Acetone,**ethylthyl etone,**sopropanol,**
lycol
thers,***oluene***
VM&P
aphtha,*
urpentine,**oluene***
Mineralpirits,*urpentine**
Mineralpirits,*
M&P aphtha*
Mineralpirits,*oluene***
Acetone,**ylene,*** ethanol,***
ethylsobutyletone,***
oluene***
Petroleumaphtha,*urpentine**
*
Safest
roduct
*
Mildly azardous
roduct
**
Producto beavoidedf
possible
As
anyone
hohas ufferedhrough
anallergic r
rritatingeactiono
wood ustwill estify, orking ith
certa in oods anoose erious
health isks, hedust
rommany
species,ikeblack herry, ouglas-
fir,
and
pine,
s known
o
causeespi-
ratory
ilmentsuch
s hinitis
or
nasalnf lammat ion)ndasthma.
Other
oods,ncluding
ak,
sh, nd
birch, an rritateheskinandeyes.
Toxtc
00Ds
Some pecies,
ike
ebony, outh
American ahogany,ndWestern
red edar,ontainoxic hemicals
thatcan
be
nhaled,ngested,r
absorbedhrough utsandscratch-
es.Althoughhechemicalsre
pre-
sent n minute
uantit ies,
heymay
cause
roblems
angingromhead-
acheso inegular eartbeat.
Protect
ourself
romdirect xposure
to
wood
ust
bykeeping
our
hop
clean nd
wel l ent i la ted. ear
dustmaskorcut t ing perat ions.
When andlingspecies hich ou
know rsuspect ay rigger naller-
gic
eaction,pread barrierream
on
your
kin
r
wear
rotectiveear,
including
loves,
afety
lasses,
nd
long
leevesnd
pants.
Refer
o the
back ndpaperora chart isting
variety f oxicwoods nd heir
pos-
sible ealth ffects.
1 5
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FIRE
SAFETY
/a onsiderinshe
number
f
lamma-
\-, Ut.
ut.ri"ul,
nd
potentialgnition
sources
n
a
woodworking
hop,
irepre-
vention hould eoneofyour
oremost
safety oncerns. awdust, ood,paint,
and
hinners end o accumulatelften
theyare
near
ools
hatproduce parks
and
heat. he
combinat ionanorove
volat i le:Whenvaporizedn
a imal l
enough oncentraiion f air,a small
quantity
of lacquerhinner, or exam-
ple,
canbe
gnited
by
a spark rom a ool
andcause
ife-threatening
xplosion.
The irst step n fire safetys preven-
tion.
All finishing roducts nd
solvents,
for
example,hould estored way
rom
heat
sources
n
airtight
glass
r
metal
containers,referablyn a ireproofcab-
inet
(page
9).Hang ags oaked ith
flammable hemicalso dry outdoors,
or soak hem n waterandstore hem n
sealed
metalcontainers.Whenworkine
with inishing roducts,eepwindowi
openand he shopwell
ventilated.
Be
prepared
o dealwitha fireeffec-
tively. nstalla smokedetector n the
shop eiling r a
wall,
and
keep
nABC
fire
extinguisher
earby.Design
fire
evacuation
lan
hat
maps
out two
pos-
sibleescape
outes
rom each oom of
thebuilding n which heshop s ocat-
ed. fthe fire nvolves n electric
ool,a
power ord,or an
electricalutlet, hut
offthe
power.
Call he
ire
department
immediately,nform
themof thenature
of the
ire,
and ry to extinguishheblaze
yourself.
ut f the lames annot econ-
tained, r the ire s
coming
rom nside
a wall
or ceiling, vacuatehebuilding.
PREPARINGGAINSTIRE
Installingsmokeetector
Openhecover f hedetector,old hebase n he
cei l ingrwal l , ndmarkhe crew oles. ore hole
fora screw nchort eachmark. ao heanchorsnto
the
holes nd, oldinghedetectorn
posit ion,
r ive
a screwntoeach nchoro securehebase
right).
Install battery ndclosehedetectorover.
est
he
device nce very onth. irst,
ress
he estbutton.
Then, low uta l i t match rcandle elow vent,
letting
mokenter
t. Replacehebatteryf healarm
does ot oundorboth ests-or f it emits chirping
sound,
ndicat ing
hebattery
sweak.
Controllingire
Toext inguishsmal l , ontainedre, se nABC-rat-
eddry-chemicalreext inguisher,hichseffect ive
againstll hreemajor lassesf ires: urning ood
r
other ombustibles
Class
),oil-
or
grease-fed
lames
(Class
),
and lectricallazes
Class
).Position
our-
self safe istanceromhe irewith our acko he
nearest
xi t .
Holding
heext inguisherpr ight ,
ul l
he
lock
in
outof hehandle
insef)and
im henozzlet
thebase f he lames.queezehehandlend pray
rna
quick,
ide{o-sideotion
/eff)
ntil he
re s
out.
Watchor
f
lashback,"r ekindl ing,
nd e
prepared
tospray gain.
f
the i re preads,eavehebui lding.
Dispose
f burned asteollowingheadvice f he re
department.f ter se, aveheext inguisher
rofes-
sionallyecharged;eplacet if it is non-rechargeable.
T6
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ELECTRICAL AFETY
lectricity
lays
major ole n the
modernwoodworkinghop,
ow-
machinesnd ools,
ighting ix-
nd amps, ndheating ystems.
ocommonplacehat t isall
easy
o forgets
potential
or danger.
electricalhock,
ven ne hatcan
elt,canbedeadly.
or his ea-
on, heelectricalystem
s
strictly
eg-
lated ycodes ndstandards
esigned
o
protect
ou rom ireandshock.
Livingsafely
with
electricity
lso
equires
ollowing
asic
recautions
designedo
preventmishaps.nspect
lugs
or cracks nd
power
ords
or
frayrng, nd eplacenywornor dam-
aged artbefore singa tool.Never
replaceblown use
with
one
of ahigh-
eramperage.o
not
plug
a hree-prong
plug
nto a wo-slot utlet y
remov-
ing he
grounding rong
roma hree-
prongplug.
nstead,eplaceheoutlet
ithaGFCI
WA.
Before ndertaking
repair,
hut
off
theoower t heserviceanel.
owork
on
hesystem, ear ubber
loves
nd,
here
ossible,
se nlyonehand,
eep-
ingyour ree and ehind
our
back.
MINIMUM IRE AUGE
(|REXTENSION
ORDS
PLUGGING
N
SAFELY
Using FGIutlets
TheU.S.National lectricalodeequireshatany
new
utlet
n
a
garage
or unfinishedasementust e
protected
ya
ground-fault
ircuit
nter-
rupter
GFCI).
GFCI
rotects
circuit-and
ou-by
monitoring
he
low f
electricityassinghrought and rippingnstantlyhent detects leako
ground.
f
you
need
o
replacenoutletn
your
hop,nstall GFCI,uch s
theone hown bove,ollowingthe
anufacturer's
irections,r
have
quali-
f ied
electrician
o hework. estheoutlet nce very
onth
y
pushing
he
TEST
utton;
heRESETutton hould
op
ut. f it does ot,haveheoutlet
serviced.
o eactivateheoutlet,
ress
heRESETutton.
AMPERAGI
RATII{G F OOL
o-2.0
18
2,1-3.4
18
3.5-5.0 18
5.1-7 .0 18
7. I -12,0
18
1 2 . 1 -1 6 . 0
1 6
MINIMUMAUGE
(lR
DIFFERE}ITENGTHORDS
25' 50'
18
1 8
1 8
1 6
T4
I 2
Choosing
wirewith
he
proper auge
Using nextensionordwith he
wrong
auge
an
cause dropn ine oltage,esultingn oss fpow-
er.excessive
eat. nd oolburnout. efero he
chart t eft o determineheminimum ire
auge
for he ool nd ask t
hand.f, or nstance,
our
toolhas 7
amp
motor nd
youlre
using
75{oot
extensionord,heminimum
auge
houlde
14.
Choosenly ound-jacketedxtensionordsisted
byUnderwritersaboratory
UL).
75 '
1 8
1 8
1 6
t4
T 2
1 0
t 7
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PERSONAL
AFETYGEAR
-f
h.
personal
afetyquipmenthown
I
below an
go
a ongway oward
shieldingyourommostdangersn the
workshop.
utcarrying n nventory
of safety ears notenough;he tems
must
be
properly
sedo
protect
ou
from njury.
Theneedor
sometemsmaynot
be
readily
pparent,lthoughhedangers
are ery eal. ew
woodworkerseedo
be
reminded
f thecutting
power
f a
spinning aw lade r
ointer
utterhead.
Less
ellknown re he ong-term
ffects
ofbeing xposedo hesound enerated
by
power
ools.
The
charton thenext
page
ists
a
variety
f
power
ools long
with
theirapproximateoiseevelsn
decibels.
he
chartalso ndicates
he
Iongest
ecommendedime
that an
unprotected
erson
canbe exposedo
various
evels
efore
iskingpermanent
hearing oss.
Remember,oo, hat even hort-term
exposureo somenoise,while t may
not lead
o hearing oss,
can dull the
sensesnd cause woodworker's
lert-
ness o flag-a
setup
or
an accident.
A PAI{OPIYFSAFETYOUIPMENT
5afety
gogglee
Flexible,
molded
plaati"
f,:
6o6qleo
protect
eyee.
lli
Typewith perforated vani \
holeaehielda
aqainat
impact
injury and sawduat; type with
baffled vents
protecto
a7ainot
ahemi al apl ehea: nonvent d
qoq7lea
lbo available.
Faae
shield
Clear
plaatic
ahield
pro-
tecta
a4ainat.
lyinq
debria
and eplaahea; eaturea
adjuetable head
4ear
Work
gloves
For
handlinq ouqh
lumben
ypically fea-
turee leatheror thick
fabrio
palmo
and
finqer-
tipe with elaaticized
or
knitted wrists
for
one-time-uoe
protec-
tion aqainet inhaiation
of
duat
or
miaX
featurea
a
cotton
or
fiber
shield with
an adjuotable head
atrap
and a metal noee
olip
Rubberglovea
Houaehold
ubber
gloveo
or dieposable
vinyl
qloveo
protect
aqainot mild
chemicals
or finishea;neoprene ub-
ber
alovea
shield akin
from
cauetic finiahinq
Producto
Ear muffs
Cuahionedmuffa with
adiuetable
plaatic
head
eirap
protbct hearinq
againot hi1h
intenaity
noiae
rom power
oola
Dua
-
aa tri dg e re s
pi
rato r
Frotecta
aqainet fumeawhenworkin4
with chemicala
or aprayinqa finiah.
lnterchanqeable
iltera
and chemical
cartridqee ehield
aqainat opecific haz-
ards;
filter
prevents
nhalation
of dust.
Cartridqea
purify
air and
expel
oxina
th rough exhalation
valve
Ear plugs with neakband
Reuaableduat mask
Features
a neoprene ubber
or aoft
plaatii
frame with
an adjubtable head etrap
and
a
replaceable
otton
fiber
or
7auzefiltec
protecte
againet duet
and
misL
Detachable oam-rubberpluqa
compreooed
and inaerted into ear
canals
provide
hearinq
protection
from
high-inteneity
power ool
noiae;plaatic neckband its
around neck
2afetyglaeeee
j
I
?;f:lT,if'tr:;i::fT:f
leneeeproteot
eyeb
rom
flyinq
wood
chipo
and other debris:
t.ypically eature aide
ahielda
t 8
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SAFETY
MACHII{EOUND
EVELS
1%-Hf outer
1 1 5
112
I09
2-HF circulareaw
l-HP router
%.-HP adial arm
%-HP
oi
%-HF
outer
%-HPband
2-HF
ahaper
2-HP table aaw
%-HFdrill preao
*
Higheet
decibel
rating
while
cutting
hardwood
Occupational
afety a
n
d
Healih Adminiat.rat'ion
(OAHA)
atandarda
for
permiaoible
n
oiae exp eu
e
witho
ut
h
ea
i n4
p
otec'tio
n
Sound evel
in
decibela
Maximum
oafe expooure
per day
(hr)
EVELS
R(IDUCEDYPOWER
(|(ILS
rill
press
s unlikelyo damage
our
earing-unless
ou
un
he
machinellda y
long-unprotectedxposureo thenoise roducedya 1 %-horsepowerouter anbedangerousfter nly
he bove
hart howspproximate
oiseevels
roduced
ya varietyf
power
ools.
eepn
mind hat ools ithdull uttersrblades
enerate
ore oisehan hose
ithwell-sharpenedutting dges.
RESPIRATOR
hecking
or
air
eaks
respirator
s
only s
good
s tsseal gainst
our
ace.No
eal, o
protection.
o
est
our
espirator,
lace
t over
ou r
ace, ettinghe opstrap verhecrown
f
your
ead. djust
side traps
ora snugit.
To
est he
espirator,overhe
utlet alve ith our and ndbreatheutgently
right).There
hould e
no
air
eakageroundhe acepiece.
f
air
eaks ut
f he espirator,
eadjusthestrapsora tighter
it. Replace
he acepiecehen ecessary
ollowinghemanufacturer's
instructions,r eplacehe
espirator.se heappropriateil-
ers
or he
ob
at hand.
lf
you
have beard,
se full-face
mask
ith orced-airentiation.)
,.+s\N\\
,$ ;
{
f
\ /
I 9
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SAFETY
A VARIETY
)F
PUSH
TICKDESIGNS
12"
-
12"
'
PUSH
TICKS
Push ticksor eeding
tock cross
stationary
ool ables anbe
pur-
chasedeady-made,
ut heyare
easyo maken theshop sing%-
inch
plywood
craps nda band
aw
orsaber aw. he ariations
hown
aboveanserve s ough
uides,
ut
noone hapes deal
orevery itua-
tion.Design
push
tick hat scom-
fortable
o
hold
andsuitedo he
machine
ndooerationt hand. he
long
ase f a rectangular
ush
tick
(above,
eft)or shoe-shaped
odel
(above,
ight)allows
ou
o apply
firm
downward
ressure
na work-
piece. i ther esign i l lef fect ively
keep
our
ands
wayrom
a blade
or cutterwhile
ushing
arrow
tock
across saw able.
For
most utson
a table aw, esign
a
push
tickwith
a
45'
angle etween
the handle
nd he base
above,
en-
fer.).
push
tick eaturing
smaller
angle, i th
hehandleloser
o he
table,works etterorripping ood
ona radial rm
saw.Whateveresign
you
choose,henotch n he bottom
edgemustbedeep nough
o support
theworkpiece,ut
shal lownough
not o contacthemachineable. ou
canalso hamfer
heedges f he
handleor
a more omfortable
rip.
Keep
our ush
ticks lose t hand,
ready
o feed tockwhen ecessary.
Touse
push
t ick na radial
rm
saw
below),
et t against
he rail-
ing
endof heworkpiece
nd eed
it into
heblade; t he
sameime,
apply ome ide ressureo keep
thestocklush gainst
he ence.
Whenhecut s
completed,etract
the
push
t ick areful lyo
prevent
i t f rom
atchingn he
blade.
20
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SAFETY
PUSHBTOCK
LOCKOR
ACEOINTING
ide ase f
he
push
lock
s deal
orsurfacinghe
f a board
na
ointer.
lthough
push
locks
orsuch
obs
re vailable
ou
aneasi ly
ashion
your
wn.
Refero the
llustration
or
suggested
imensions,
ut ai lor
he
design
o suit
our
wn eeds.
Cut he
pieces
o size,
hen
lue
he
lip o he
underside
f hebase,
lush
withone
nd.Screwhe
handleo
he
top,
positioning
t so he
back seven
with heend
of hebase.
r ivehe
screwsrom he
undersidef he
base;
besure
o countersink
he
astenerso
avoid
marringhe
workpiece
hen
ou
feed t acrosshe
ointer
nives.
ore
hole
earhe rontend
of he base
o
you
an
hanghe
push
lock n he
wal lwhen
t isnot n use.
Touse he
push
lock, et
hework-
piece
n he
ointer 's
nfeedable
few nches
rom
he
knives,ut t ing
itsedge
gainsthe
ence. hen
ay
the
push
lock
quarelyn op
of he
stock, entered
etween
ts
sides,
ith
the
ipoverhe
rai l ingnd f he
workpiece.ith
our
eading
and
on he
ront ndof he
stock nd
our
thumb
racedgainst
he
push
lock,
slowly
eed heworkpiece
crosshe
knives
/efil. For
tockhinner
ha n
3/a
inch, se nly
he
push
lock.)
pply
downward
ressure
o keephestock
flaton he ables
nd ateral
ressure
to keep
t butted gainst
he ence.
2 I
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SAFETY
FEATHERBOARDS
Featherboards,
lso nown
s in-
gerboards,
reused
o keep tock
pressed
nugly gainst
he ence
r
table
f a stationary
ool. hey
lso
serve santi-kickback
evices,
ince
the ingers
l low workpiece
o
moven
only nedirection-toward
the
blade rbit.Two
asic esigns
are
hown tright.
hemiter-slot
featherboard
s
attached
o a bar
that sclampedn hemiter lot f
a woodworking
achine
able. he
standard
eatherboard
sclamped
directlyo he
able r ence.
To
make ither
ype, ut
a %-inch-
thick oard
to 4 inches ide
nd
long
nough
osuit he
ob
at hand.
Cuta 30"-
o 45o-miter
t heend
of he
board,hen
mark
parallel
ine
about inchesrom
hemitered
nd.
Cuta series
f X-inch-wide
lotso
themarkedine bout
l
inch oart,
creatingrow
f
pliable
ingers.
or
the
miter-slotype,
outa slot
down
themiddle
f heboard ide
nough
for
a machine
crew;
lso uta wood
bar he ength
ndwidth
f he
able's
miter
lot,Bore hole
or he
screw
throughhebar, ountersinkingt so
the
screw ead
anbe ecessed
n
FEATHERB()ARDS
9tandard
featherboard
theunderside
f
hebar.
A
carriage
bolt
r
lat-head
achine
crew
ill
work
well.) o
setup he eatherboard,
slip hescrew
hrough
hebar, it
the
bar n he
ablemiter
lot, nd
use
washerndwing ut o astenhe
featherboard
ightly
o hebar
o ts
f ngers old
heworkpiece
gainst
the ence.
lamp
hemiter
ar n
place
t he ront
r
back f he
able.
For
hestandardeatherboard,
ut
a notch
utof one
edgeo
accom-
modate
support
oard. o
use he
device
n he
able aw
/eftl,
lamp
one eatherboard
o he ence
bove
theblade,
nd
lace
second
ne
halfway
etween
heblade
nd he
front f he able. lamp support
board
erpendicular
o he eather-
boardor
extra
ressure
o
prevent
i t f rom
reeping
utof
place.
or
thecut
shown,eed
heworkpiece
into
he
blade ntil
our
railing
in-
gers
each
he eatherboards.
hen,
with
hesaw
till
unning,
oveo
the
back f
he able nd
pul l
he
workpiece
ast
heblade.
r, use
a
push
tick
o complete
hecut.
22
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FIRSTAID
ost
woodworking
accidents
rise
from the
mproperuse
of tools
guards,
nsafe
work
habits,
mishandling
azardous
aterials.
to setup properly or a
gatheringogetherhe
ools,equip-
materials
ou
need.Always
he appropriate
afety
ear.Work
ever urry hrough
a
ob.
Beespecially
arefrrl-or
stopworking-
ifyouare
atigued.
Accidents
anbefall ven
he
most
carefirl
oodworker.
oardsplit,
blades
nick,andiquids plash. anyinishing
products
ontain hemicals
hat
emit
ioxic umes,
ausingizziness
r
nau-
sea. eep
n mind he
potential azards
of anv ool
or material
ou
use. tore
first-aid it, stocked
ith hebasic up-
plies
hown
elow,
n
aneasily
ccessible
spot
n yourshop.n theevent
fanacci-
dent,
ouwill wantanyoneo
beableo
find t quicklyo administerirstaid.
Keep mergency
elephone
umbers
handy.
echniques
or handling ome
common
hopmishaps
reshown n
the
ollowing
ages.
FIRST.AIDUPPTIES
Tweezera
Rubbingalaohol
Alao known a
iaopropylalcohol:
aterilizea tweezero
and other
firat'
aid
equipment
Adheaive bandagea
)terile
4auze
dreeeinqo
with adheaive
atripa
for
protecting acratchea
or
minorcuta. Availablen a
widevariety of
sizes and
ahapes:
gquare,
ectan'
qutAr,
ouid, butterfty,
and
finaerbip
Oauze
roller bandage
Otedle roll oecurea
qauze
dreoa-
inga;
aotened with medical
tape
or aafety
pin,
or by knottinq.
Avail-
able
n lenqtha of 5
to 10
yardo
and widtha of 1 o 4 inchea
Medical tape
)ecurea
qauze
dreeein7a,
auze
roller bandaqes
or eyepada:
hypo-
aller4enic
or aenaitive
akin.
Avail'
able
n
lenqthaof 2 % o
10
yarda
and in widths of
%to 5
inches
Extract eplintera
or other
emall
objecto
lod7ed n
akin. Made of
etainlese steel in a variety of
ohapee
and aizea;
lat-tipped
type 41/z
nchea on7
e
common
Ipeaaa eyrup
For inducin7
vomitinq
in a
poiaoningvictim.
Caution:Administer
only
f
advieed
by a
phyeician
or
poiaon
control center
Triangular bandage
Multipurpoee
cotton banda7e
can be
folded to make alin4,pad,
or bandaqe;
meaeurea 5
incheaacroeo baoeand
36 to 40
incheaalonaeach
aide
Eye
irrigator
Filled with water and
ueed o fluah foreiqn
particleo
from eye
Hydrogen
peroxide
For cleaninq
wounds
before applyinq
adheoive
banda7ee,1auze
reaa'
inga,or
qauze
roiler
bandaqea; ommonly
available
n 3%
aolution
Gauze
dreeaing
)terile
pad
for
coverin7
a
wound; ecured
with medical
tape or
qauze
oller bandaqe.
Available
n aizes of 2-by-2,
3-W-3
and
4-by-4 inchea
r\r\
\ \ \ )
Eye
pada
\-'l
)terile
pado
taped
over eyee
to protect
them and
pre-
vent
movement:aelf-aane-
oive
patchea
alao available
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SAFETY
PROVIDING
INORIRST
ID
Clearing
pailicle
rom heeye
Hold
our
affected ye penwith
he orefinger
nd humb
f
onehand.
Slowlyotate
our
eye, f necessary,
o helpexpose
the
particle.
ently ipe
wayhe
particle
sing
he wisted
endof a tissuemoistened
ithwater
above,
eft).
Or, ill an
eye rrigator
ith
coolwater nd
use t to flushout
he
particle.
Lean orward ithbotheyes losed ndpresshe rim of the
irrigator
gainstheaffected
ye, nd
ilt back
our
head.Open
your
yes
above,
ight)
andblink
everalimes
o flushout
he
particle.
f
you
annotemove
he
particle,
eekmedical
elp
immediately.
aution: onot
emove
particle
hat s
on he
cornea,s
embedded,rhas
dhered
o heeye.
/ /
J
Flushing
chemical
iom he
eye
Holding
heeyelids f the
affected ye
apart,lush
heeye horoughly
orat east
15 minutes
nder
gentle
lowof
cool
waterrom
a faucet
right)
r
pitcher;
il t
your
eado one ide
o
prevent
he
chem-
ical
rom eing ashed
nto he
uninjured
eye. f
you
areoutdoors,lush
heeye
using
garden
ose.
ently over oth
eyes itheyepads rsterile auze ress-
ings
nd eekmedical
elp mmediately.
24
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SAFETY
uta splinter
he
skin round
hesol inter
i th
water.
A
metal plinter,
ven
you
are
able o
removet, may
equire
or etanus;eekmedicalelp,)
o
emovehesplinter,
terilize
needle
ith
ubbinglcohol.
ase
end
of hesplinter
ut romunder
he
heneedle,
hen
ull
t out
with
right).
Clean
he skinagain
oap nd
water.f thesplinter
annot
e
emoved.eek
medicalttention.
Treatingcut
Wraphewound
n a clean loth nd
apply irect ressureith our ando
stop ny
bleeding;eephe
wound levat-
ed. f thecloth
ecomeslood-soaked,
wrap notherloth
vert. lf bleeding
er-
sists r he
wounds deep r
gaping,
eek
medicalelp.Otherwise,
ashhewound
withsoap ndwater,hen
bandaget;
or
a narrow,
hallow ound,
rawtsedges
closed
with
a
butterfly andage
left).
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SAFETY
CONTROTLING
LEEDING
Applying
irect
ressure
ostop
leeding
Tohelp
top
rofuse
r rapid
leeding,
pply irect
ressure
o
thewound
ith
a
gauze
ressing
ra clean
loth nd, f
possi-
ble, levatehe njuryabove,eft).DiecIpressurehould top
the low f blood
ndal lowt
to c lot . f
thedressing
ecomes
blood-soaked,
ddanother
verhe irst
ne; void
i f t inghe
dressingo nspect
hewound.
t wi l l
beeasier
o maintain
steady
ressure
f
you
wrap
hewound
itha roller
andage
(above,ight)oradded irectpressure.f youcannot top
thebleeding,
al l ormedical
elp.
4 = ,
@ \
HANDTING
SH(ICKICTIM
Treating
shock ictim
Some
egreefshock-ei ther
mmediate
r
delayed-accompanies
ny njury.
hock
anbe
provoked
y oss
f blood,
ain,
ran
al lergic
reaction.
igns f shocknclude
nxiety
rconfu-
sion; old rclammykin;weak,regular reath.
ingor
pulse;
nd oss
f consciousness.
f
you
suspect
n njury ictim
ssuffering
rom
hock,
immediately
all or
emergencyelp.
f thevictim
is
conscious,
lace
imonhis
back i th
is eet
propped
p
8 to 12 nches
bovehe evel
f his
head
right).
oosenhevictim's
lothing
round
theneck,
hest, ndwaist.
eep
hevictim arm
with blanket,
utavoid
verheating.
onot
give
thevictim
nything
o eatordrink.
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SAFETY
VICTIMOF
ELECTRICALHOCK
victimrom
ive urrent
person
ho ontacts
live urrent
ay
nly
mild ingl ing
ensat ion.
owever,hevict im's us-
nvoluntar i ly
round
he
onot ouch
hevict im r
he
ource.
nstead,mmediately
ow f e lectr ic i ty
n hecircui t
t
a wal l witch
r heservice
anel.
f
e lectr ic i ty
annote
hut f f
mmedi-
drywood
mplement,uch
s
andle,o knock
he ict imree
electrical
ource
right).
all or
e lpmmedia te ly ,
hen heck
vict im'sreathing
nd
ulse.
f here
nobreathing,
ive
mouth-to-mouth
esus-
f heres
no
pulse,
ive
ardiopul-
esuscitatton
CPR)
nly f
you
re
ed.
f he ic t im
s
breath ing
nd
neck r
backnjury,
lace
im n
ecovery
osit ion
below).
t l t he
d ack
aceodraw
is ongue
rom is hroat
nd eepheair-
eephe
v ic t im a lm n t i l
27
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t"tr,,,
{ -
r.
" \
. . \
; r f ,
''a*6*"'n'
\
,9
. G
i
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s they
gain
experience
and accumulate
ools.
ine
for
place
o
heir skills.
n
their
he workshop s an
with a sub-
workbench and an
of stationarv
machines
portable
ools.
The eality
woodworkers,
ow-
s much more modest.
neverseems
have nough
ight,
power,
r
Fewhomes
ave
pace
pecif-
esigned sa
workshop
As a result, ettingup a
demands reativity
and lexibility; he taskoften
onverting
n arcaoriginally
ntended or someoth-
purpose.With careful
lanning
and
orethought, owever,
might appear nsuitable anbe urned
nto an
lace
o work.
Althoughsize
s
often he
irst consideration,everal ther
maybe
more mportant.For example, ituating
n a spareoomon the
main loor of a homemay
provide
argeworkingarea, ut noiseand dust
rom toolswould
ther
members
f
the amily.To suit
needs ithout ntruding oo
muchon the
people
with,woodworkersommonlylocateomeshopsn
SHOPIAOI-]T
Even n spacious hops, ools occasionally
eed o be
movedaround;
in
small
shopl reassigning
floor
space
may
be a
part
of
every
project.
A wheeledbasecan
make a 10-
inch tablesaw,
ike the one
pictured
here,easy o
reposition.
thebasement r a
garage. ach
has ts
pros
and cons.
A
base-
ment ii apt to be damp and
mayneed o have ts wiring and
heatingupgraded; ccessan
behamperedynarrowdoors,
tight stairways,
nd ow ceil-
ings;and
ventilationmay
be
inadequateor finishing asks.
A
garage,
n the otherhand,
s
apt o be cold; t may equire
wiring andheating. hewood-
workermayendup
ostling
or
space
ith
a caror two.
Still,
with a bit of
planning
and the
proper
ayout, even
theseocations anbe turned
to your advantage: basement
can eheatednd
powered ore asilyhana garage. n he
other
and,
garage
as arger oor hrough
hich o move
lumber
ndsheet
aterialsike
plpvood,
tsair
s ess umid,
and hedinof
power
ools nd umes f inishingan e
so-
lated rom iving
spaces.
This hapter utlinesome asic
rinciples
o followwhen
designingnew hop r upgradingn
existingne.Topics
include
lannng
pages
0and3l);allowingdequatepace
or
tools
pages
2-40);
nd
providing
or necessities
ikeheat,
light,
andelectrical
ower
pages
1-45).y isting
our
objec-
tives ndclosely xamining
ourwork,
you
canapply hese
principleso create ayouthatsuits ourownneeds.
hourspent
lanning
shop ayout
ays
dividendsater
on.
Tb
determine
hebestway o arrangehe ools
lanned
for
theshop,e woodworker
laces
verhead-viewilhouettes
of the oolson a scale
rawingof thespace.
29
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WORKSHOP
LANNING
I
t
is ar
easiero shuffle
aper
utouts
I of vour ools n a emplatehan
t is
o
draga able aw alfwayicrossheshop.
Time spent
planning
he ayoutof your
shopwill bemore han amply ewarded
in reducedrustration nd ncreasedffi-
ciency
whenyou go o work.
Designing
shop
nvolves
uggling
many nterdependentariables,rom
localhumidity
and he
qpe
of
work you
do to the heightof the ceiling nd he
costof
wiring. To help
sort
hem
out,
ask
ourselfa
etofquestions,
ike hose
in
the checklist n
page
31, o
help
determinehe kind of shoo
most
suit-
able or yourneeds nd emind ouof
factors that may affect its design.
Remember,oo, a basic
rinciple
or
T()OIPLACEMENTNDWORK LOW
anyshop,
llustrated
elow,hat he
um-
bershould akea
relatively
traight
ath
as t is
processed-almost
s hough he
shoowere nassemblvine.
A multipurpose statio ary
power
tool can help
you
make
the most
of
a
cramped
work-
space.
he machine
at
right
is
an all-in-one tablesew,drill
press,
isk sander, nd lathe.
Acces
ory
attachments
also
allow it to
serve
as a
band
saw,
igsaw,
and
ointer.
Refer o the llustratednventory
f
stationary achinesnd ables
tarting
on
page
2asa
guide
o space
nd
ight-
ingrequirements.hebestway
o design
Designingshop round
thewoodworking
rocess
Formax imum
ff
c iency ,
ayOuthe
too ls
n
your
hop o hat he umber
follows
f aily direct outerom ough
stocko nishedieces.he iagramt
lef t l lustrates
logical ork ow or
a
medium-sizeorkshop.t
heupper
lef t -handorners he
entrance
here
lumbers
storedn
acks.
o he ights
thestock
reparation
rea, evoted
o he
table aw
or
adralrm aw),
ointer,
nd
p laner ;
t h is ta t ion ,umbers
cut o
roughength nd urfaced.heheart
f
thenextwork rea, ear
hebottomight-
hand ornerf
hedrawing,s hework-
bench. adiatingutwardrom hebench
are heshop's ther tationaryools-in
this ase, drill
press,
athe,outer
able
(or
haper),nd and
aw. ool abinet
isnearby.oving
lockwise,he nalwork
areasset
aside
or
assemblynd nish-
ing. his
tationeatures ableor
gluing
up
pieces
nd helvesordryingnd
tor-
ing. he pray oothsclose
y,but
solat-
ed rom heshop ywalls
n h ree ides.
Lumber
gtoraqe
Dandsaw
lxH
€_-J
Wi,ft
Izil,",t
30
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SHOP
LAYOUT
ayout s o experiment
ith
arrang-
photocopies
f
scale rawings f
page
5)
on a sheet fgraph
emember
hata ool should e
o hatan accessoor svis-
from it. In addition,a
workpiece
back rom the tool should
not
able o strikesomeoneworking at
Consider edicating
paces
or
spe-
A finishingarea
ooth requires
riority n
plan-
because
f ight, emperature,nd
needs.
Depending
n
the extentof
your
shop
ocalzoning ndbuildingcodes,
ou
need o obtainpermits; onsult
building
nspection
ffice.
illl llt|ltlll
jrllll lll lllllj lll lrllll lll lll llj lll lll
ll1
1HO?
Tt?
Atable eawon
wheels
Decause
I is Lhe arqeot,nd
he
viesl
w
oo
workin No l
in manyohopo, Iable
oaw
uoually
taye
pul,
which
an
be
a
drawbackin
a emall
ohopwhere pace e
at,a
premium.
y mounting
il
on
wheels, owever,
ou
can
eaeily hifl
your
6aw
out of
the
waywhen t is not in uee.lf
your
sawdid
nol
come
witha wheeled aee,
measure
lhe baseof
the moNor
oueinq
nd
have melalworkin4hop
build
rollinq aoe o
your
epecificaf,ions,
ormaximuftlrlafitau-
verability,
he baseehould avehree
wheels,ncludinq
ne haL
pivoNe.
eephe saw rom moving r tiVpingwhen
N e n
ueeby
wedqinqwo Irianqularwoodehimeunder he
wheels
l
lhe
front
of
the baee.
TOGATION
o
Which
vailable
reasn andaround
your
ome re ppropriateora shop?
o
How asys heaccesso these reas?
.
ls
heelectric
iring dequateor
pow-
ering
our
ools nd ighting?
.
Howwell re heareas eated,nsulat-
ed,and entilated?
r
Will hop oise isturb ther reas?
.
lf
the
ocationsa basement,i l l he
shop esharingpace itha urnace
room r
aundryoom?
.
l f the ocat ionsanoutbui ld ing
r
garage,
ow
much pace
s aken pby
cars, icycles,
awnmowers,nd oon?
.
Does
he
buildingr
garage
ave ny
heating,lectricity,r
plumbing?
o
How ecures he building r
garage
from heft?
A SHOP AYOUT HECKLIST
TYPE FWORK
.
Whatype f woodworking
rojects
il l
you
be
doing?
o
What
ize re
he materials
ou
will
needo movenand utof heshop?
'
Howmuch pace il l bedevotedo
storing
umber ndwork-in-progress?
r
What tationaryachines,
odableow-
er ools, ndhandools
ill
ou
eed?
.
Are here noughlectricalircuitso
supply
our ower
eeds?
o
Howmany
ightingixtures
oes
ou r
work eouire?
.
Howmany
workbenches,ssembly
tables, ndaccessories
ike ool abinets,
scrap ins, nd awhorsesill
you
need?
.
Will ocal easonalemperaturesnd
humidity
ffect
our
work?
.
Will
ou
edoing
ot
of
nishingork?
WORK ABITS
r
What
oomemperature
ill
you
need
to
work
omfortably?
.
What
ypeof
light
do
youprefer
forworking?
r
Wil l
ou
be
workingur ing ayl ight
hours,rwi l l
you
beusingheshop
at night?
o
Whichools o
you
expecto use
mostoften?
.
Will
ou
eworkinglonen he hop, r
will t beused yanother orker? ould
that
person
ave asy ccesso heshop?
o
Will
ou
need
o
ock heshop rkeep
it off-limitso childrenr
pets?
o
Howmany ours
er
daydo
you
expect
to spendn heshop?
r
ls he loor ing ade f a materialha t
iscomfortableo stand n
or ong
eri-
ods f ime?
31
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TABTE
sAw
PLANNING
FOR
STIIfIONARYTOOLS
LIOHTING
Naeda iqht from
above, to the laft
of
and behindblade
CLEARANCE
Needa enouqh
clear-
ancearound able for
lon6
boarde;keep ine
of
work
clear. Best loca-
tion ia
center of ahop
CLEARANCE
LIGHNNA
Neede iqht.
rom
aboveand to
the riqht
of
blade;
porLable
clamp-on i7ht
can be uaed
RADIAT
ARM AW
No
clearance
eeded
on
throat-
column aide; requirea4
feet of
clearanceon
other aidee or lonq
boarda.
Keep ine of work
alear.
Can be
poeitioned
aqainat
a
wallor in a
corner
LIOHTINO
Needa i7ht
from
aides,
front
and
above
ROUTER
TABTE
LIOHTING
Needa iqht
from front
and both
aides
CLEARANCE
CLEARANCE
Na clearanae need-
ed behind
ool;
qood
location a againat
wall.Allow
about 12
feet
of clearance
on either eide or
long
boarde
Relatively ortable.Allow
at
leaat
6 fert
of clearance
in front
and to the aides
when n
operation;needo
no
clearancebehind able.
Good ocation e
aqainet
wall: keep ine
of
work
clear so that
a
kiaked
back workpiecewould
not.atrike
another worker
32
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DRITL
PRESS
iqht
muat
focua
bit
clamp-on
Iiqht can
be uaed
CLEARANCE
No clearance
needed
behind
oob
qood
oca'
tion ia aqainetwall,
AIIow3
feet
of
clear-
ance on either
aide,
and enou4h learance
in front for wide
work
LIGHTINO
Needa
iqht
from lefL
and
rear
of
tool
CLEARANCE
Allow3 feet of clearance
n front
of
tablea and enouqh
learance n
both aidea
or long boarde;
keep
lineof
workclear.
Dest location
e
behindor to
[ef,
of
table eaw
SHOP
LAYOUT
SHAPER
LIGHTING
Needa
ight from
fronL and
aidea
CLEARANCE
Allow
at
leaat 6
feet
of alear-
ance
n front and
to the sides:
no
clearance
needed
behind ool.
Good
ocation
s aqainat
wall;
keep ineof
workclear ao that
a
workpiece
hat
ie
kicked
back
will
not atr ike another
worker
JOINTEUPTANER
LIOHTINO
Needa ightfrom
above
and
front
of tablea
CLEARANCE
Allow3 to
4 feet
of
clearance
on
aidea,
more or lonqboarde;
keep
ine
of
workclear. Good
location ta near
umberatoraqe
rack for eaey aurfacin4of
atock
TATHE
LIOHTING
)verhead
li4ht
muat
focua
directly on
work
CLEARANCE
Leave
feet of clearance
n front:
can
be
poaitioned
7ainet a wall
aince
work s containedbv
tool
JOINTER
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SHOP
LAYOUT
BENCH RINDER
Deet. ocation a near
lathe
aince he cutting
toola
ueed
with it require
frequenL i
ndinq. Need
clearance nd
li4ht
on
front
only;
porEable
clamp-on ight
can be aimed
directly
at
whee[
ASSEMBLYND
FINISHINGABTE
LIGHTING
Neede iqht from
above
and
aidea:nat-
ural i4ht preferable
CLEARANCE
Minimal
clearance
needed;
qood
oaa-
tion ie near window
STATIONARY
BEtTSANDER
scR0lt Aw
LIOHTINO
Neede
iqht from
front
and
left
of tool
CLEARANCE
Allow5 to 6 feet of clearance o
bhe aidea or lon4 work; eave
3 to 4
feet in front
of and
to
either side of
diak aander. Keep ine
of
work
clear
LIOHTINO
Li4ht needed
to the riqht.
of
blade;
portable
clamp-on
ight
can be
uoed to
ehinedirectly
on work
WORKBENCH
CLEARANCE
Needa 5 feet
of
clearance
at
front
and eidea;no
alear-
ance
needed
behind
tool.
Oood
ocation
ie a4ainot wall
LIGHTING
Needa i4ht
from
above,
parLicularly
over viaeo
CLEARANCE
Allow
3
feet
of clearance
around
viaea;
can be placed
a4ainet wall f neceoear,
34
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SHOP
LAYOUT
RAWINGSFSTATIOI{ARY
OOTS
a wodtshopn
papel
llustrationsbove re
overhead
iews f a dozenypical
tationaryools
rawn t a scale f
V+ nch
foot.To acilitatehe
askof arranging
our
ools n he
shop loor, ketch
our
workshoppace
n
similarlycaled
raph
aper.
hen
hotocopy
his
page,
utout he ools
ou
need, ndarrange
cutouts
n he
grid
o determine
hebest
ayoutor
your
hop.
Considerhe
space nd ight
equire-
ents f the ools
pages
2-34)
when ssigning
paceo each ne.
Also actor
n
your
hop's lectrical
ighting eeds
pages
1-43).
Use hesample
ayouts f a small-,
medium-, nd
arge-sizehop
beginning
n
page
6 as
guidelines
o
getyou
started.
35
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SHOP
ORGANIZATION
LAYOUT
F SMALLH()P
Laying
ut he hop
The l lustrat ion
elowhowsneway
f makingf f ic ientse
f
thespacen a smal l hop-in his ase, ne-halffa wo-car
garage.
he
hree tationaryachineshosen
re ssentialor
most
rojects:
he able aw,he
ointer,
nd heband aw. he
saw nd
ointer
re
mounted
ncasterso hey
anbemovedf
necessary.
i th hebench nd able
here
s
ample paceor
hand
ooland
portableower
ool
work.
he toragepace-
perforated
ardboardnd
helving-isocatedlong
he
walls;
a lumber ack s
positioned
earhe
garage
oor. ny xposed
atock atoraqe
thelvinq
e
Work
able
Ferforated
hard-
board wall
etoraqe
Dand aaw
e
Jointer
f raming
n he e i l ing
ou ld l so eusedo ho ld
tock . e fer
to hekey n hebottomight-handorner f he l lustrat ion
for he
ype nd
ocat ion
felectr ical
ut letsnd ight ixtures.
Note
hat heresanoverheadaster
wrtch
near
hebench's
ta i l i se)
hat ont ro lsl l h reemachines .
t ten t ions
a lso
paid
o eed irect ion
f eachmachine
represented
y he
arrowheadn hekey);he
accessoor o he
shop salways
in heuser 'sield
f
v is ion.
aut ion:f
your
hop harespace
withmotorized
quipment
ou
wil lnot
beableosprayinishes.
KEY
24O V
outlet
12OV
outlet
Incandescent iqht
fixtu re
F
uoreecent
iqht
firtu re
Overheadewitch for
power
oole
Direction of feed
11 '
r-)t
\ _ / 1 .
r c
scrap
I
bin
I
\ strort
d b d b
( a )
l l l l v
l l l l
)awhoreee
q_F _F
T
t t
| |
t,mu",
| |
racr
tJ
o
0
o
o
o
o
. .y':,"-n":
-?r:
36
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SHOP
LAYOUT
tlltlll
illlll
fi
lll lll
lll lll
lll lll
lll lli
lltlll
lll lll
lll
1HO?TI?
A s af e att'enti
o
n
g
et
t
e
lf the door
o t 'heehop
s
outside
yourf ie ld
fvie ionwhenyou
reaI
a
machine,lhere
e he
r iek hat '
oomeone
iqhl
enLer
he ehoV,t'ap
you
on he
ehoulder,
nd
etarLle
ou,
Io avoid ccident'caueinq
urprioee,
mounf,
liqhtbulb
I eye
evel
ea r
the
t
ooland
wireNhe wiLch
No
he
door
rameeo
haLthe
bulb
iqhto
whenlhe
oor
s oVened,Wirinq
ano|her
bulb o
the bell
ircuiL f
Nhe
relephoneansolvehe problem f
mis in oho e calle:
Ea h
t' im
th e
bell inio,rhe
bulb
will iqht.
I
\._.2
A SHOP
OLTY
Towheelworkpiecesr arge rojects
around
heshop,
se he
shop-built
dol lv hown
elow.
tart
with he
base
ndcorner
locks,
ut t ing
them rom3/q-inchlywoodo a size
that
sui ts
our
eeds, crew
he
corner
locks
n
place,
hen
asten
a caster
nto
eachblock
abovd.
Tobui ld
heshelved
ect ion,
ut
theskir ts
nd he
eight
ieces
or
the
egs
rom1-by-3
tock;he
shelf
from%-inch lywood;nd he oP
from
%-inch
lywood.
he egs hould
be
ong nough
or he op
o sit
at
a comfortable
eight. crew
he eg
pieces
ogether,
hen
at tach
he
skirtso
he egs'
nsideaces.
asten
theshelf nd
he op
o heskir ts.
Secure
he
egs o he
base i th
angle
rackets.
37
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SHOP AYOUT
SAVING PACE
Settingpa
shopn he
attic
Attic
hops
ave everal
trikes
gainst
them: hey reoften ninsulatednd
their oors
re ot
designed
o support
heavy
eight .n
addit ion,
eadroom
s
limited
ndaccess
an
presentroblems,
espec ia l l yf
you
rework ing
i th
ong
planks
r ull
sheets
f
plywood.
ut
or
a uthier,
arver,rwoodworker
ho pe-
cial izes
n smal l
rojects,
nat t ic
an
be
an deal
pot ora shop.
sshown
n
the l lustrat ion
t ef t ,
ai l ing
heetsf
sheathing-grade
lywood
o he
oists
ill
produce
floor
hat s
sufficiently
turdy
to hold pa workbenchnd ne f he
lighter
tationary
achines,ike
he
band
saw, he paces
etween
hestuds
nd
rafters
nd
down ear
heeaves-where
the oof
ndattic oor
meet-are
deal
forstor ing
umber,
ools, nd
uppl ies.
Positioning
tationary
achines
ina
confinedpace
lf
your
workshop
scramped
ou
may
have
o orego
n deal
lacement
f
stat ionary
achines
o al low
ou
o
make
hemost
f
your
imited
pace.
Consider
hedesignf
your
machines
and
he eed irect ion
ou
eed
o
use;
ou
may
eable o
place
wo
machines
lose
ogetherf
hey re
matched
roperly.
he igh
able f
a
band aw
nd he eed
irectionor-
mal ly
sed i th
hemachine,or
example,
akest
an dealmatch
rna
ight pace ith
ointer
right).
The
wocanbe
placed
lose
ogeth-
e rw h i l e
t i l l
p r o v i d i n g
d e q u a t e
spaceo operate
achmachine
t
separateimes.
38
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SHOP
LAYOUT
F
MEDIUM-SIZE
H()P
Setting pa
basementho p
hemedium-size
hop epresented
elow
sharesmany f the eatures f thesmal l
shop
page
6): he able
sawand
ointer-
olaner re
on casters:
master witch
thls
t ime
nearhedoor) ontrols
l l he
machines;
the machines
re
posi t ioned
o users
i l l
see
he door
near he bench;
erforated
hardboardndshelves
or storage
ine he
per imeter
f heshop
suppl ies
analso
be
stored nder
he stairs) ;
nd he umber
rack s
ocated ear he
mainaccess oor t
the ootof hestairs.With heextra pace,
this
shop as
oom ora lathe, dr i l l
press,
anda
dust ol lector.
work able
or
glue-
up and
nishing
s
posi t ioned
t a window
withan
exhaustan.
The ocal
oint
f th is
shop s he able
aw; t
is
equidistant
rom
the
stock
preparat ion
rea
n frontof i t ,
the
workbencho one
side, nd he
work
tab le eh rnd
t .
KEY
:l
24O
V
ouLlet
rl'
12O
V
outlet
A lncandeacenL
t4hL txl;ure
O FluoreecenL
tqhL ixt.ure
@
Overhead
wtLch
or
power
oolo
@ Dtrectton f
feed
20'
e
thelvee
e
Sawhoreea
o
Drill
prena
e
?erforated
hardboard
Duai;collector
ilt
Lathe
thelvea
Lumber ack
o
e
Eand saw
- :o:*".n*-
- -? ofr.Er
Jointer/
grrrl[)
39
Window
an
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SHOP
LAYOUT
LAYOUTFA LARGEH()P
Convertingtwo-car
arage
Sett ingpa shop
ith l l the eatureshownelow
al lsora
large pace,ikea two-cararage.his hop asmany f he
character ist icsf he mal lerhops
xaminedarl ier,i th ddi-
t ionalools nd onveniences
hatal lowt to handle wider
range f
projects.
t one orner
sa spaciousinishingoom,
part i t ioned
rom he est f heshop ndequipped
ithan
explosion-proof
an o exhaustumes. he hop
ncludesbath-
room i th s ink nd
toi let .naddit iono he
machinesea-
tured arlier,hishas
radial
rm
aw, haper,nd
planer.
he
shop oastshree eparate
ork urfaces:ne n he inishing
room, ne orglue-upearhedri l lpress,nd workbench
beside
he able aw. shop f his ize
ould eed
n
nde-
pendent
lectricalervice
anel
o
power
ll he ools.
okeep
the
wiring
ut
of heway, alf he loor scovereditha
raised
3/rinch
lywood
loor; sshown n
page
4,an understructure
of 1-by-2s
s aid n heconcreteloor n 12-inchentersnd
the
plywood
snai ledo heboards.
i res
re
un n
conduits
underhe
plywood
etweenhe1-by-2s.
Work
(-
v
Taorc
Explooion'
proof
fan
w -
T- F-t
Mobite
l-l -l
ctamp
I rl Fr I
rACK
flt--------t
u: ul
ork'
" I l l
u^"n
li I ll
l ' ' l l l
lH l l
IH
tr|
I ^
(]
FINI'HINOROOM
6'x|O'
$-;
AI9ED
lllll,*,"*-
FLOOR
o
0
0
o
o
o
e,
CONCRETE
FLOOR
Radial
Ferforated'
hardboard
Drill
Pree6
?lywood
stora4e
Sawhorees
ilil
Disk/belt
aander
o
Aeeembly
table
) -
v
zcraP
ptn
/-\ .----.....--..-.r
O
\_/ |
snetves
lpfl
trb*l
I U F \ I
-f--l \ Lu"h"O
\J-gtuor
KEY
24O V outlet
12OV outlet
In
ca
n
d
eacent I qht fixtu
re
F
uoreacent iqht fixbure
Eleatriaal ae vice oub-pa
nel
Direction of
feed
40
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ELE,CTRICAL
OWER
lectric
ower equirement
hould
e
;
considered
arly
n the
processf
a shop's
ayout.
Allow
for
Then,as
you add
new ools
and
fixtures, ouwill avoidheheadaches
nadequate
ystem:
epeated
rip-
of
circuitbreakers
r
blowing
of fus-
andoctopus
dapters
unneling
everal
cords
nto
oneoutlet.
If
you
plan
o
wire
your
shop
o
your
main
service
anel,
e
sure hat
electrical
upply
asenough
ddi-
power.You can
geta rough
dea
how
manyamperes
our shop
will
rom the system
y
totaling
he
f all he
ools
you
plan
o use
dividing he result n half. f your
s barely
able
to
handle the
eing'placed
n
it by
your
ou
probablywill
need o
our service
ntrance-in
oth-
words,
ncrease
henumber
of amps
service
anel an
draw
rom theutil-
f the shop
will be
some
rom the
main service
anel, t
good dea o
installa 50-amp
ub-
panel
dedicated
o the
shop.
Another
point to remember:
ny
woodworking
machinehat
drawsmore
hansixamps
should
be on a separate
dedicated)
ir-
cuit,unless
he ool's
motor
s
shielded.
Refero
the llustration
n
page 2 as
a
guide
o
planning he electrical
ayout
of
your
shop.
As
you
plan,
emember
that even
simple
electrical
obs,
ike
extending
circuit
or replacing
n out-
let, canbe
dangerous.
heycan
also
cause
fairamount
of damage-ranging
from burned-out
ool
motors o a
house
fire-if
theyarecarried
out
mproperly.
Unless ou
are
cualified
nd
comfort-
able
wiih the
idea
of
wiring
your shop
to theelectrical ystem,ave qualified
electrician
o
the
ob.
Theworkbench
s
a natural
work
surface
or
using
ortable
ower
tools.Mounting
power
tripon
one
ofthe egs
nd
pluggingt into
an outlet
liminates
he
need
or
a
separate xtension
ord
or
every
ool.
r
When
lanning
he
electrical
ayoutor
your
hop,make
ure hatoutlets
or
power
ools nd
ighting
ixtures re
on
seDarate
ircuits.
o
Unless
our
hop
as right
indows
or
your
ights re
equipped
ithbattery
backups,
nclude t
leastwoseparate
lighting
ircuits
n
your
lectrical
ayout.
In he
event ne
ircuit
sdisabled,he
lights
lugged
nto he
other ircuit
il l
stil l
work.
r
Place utlets
loseo
theeventual
oca-
tionof
he ools
heywill
power;
istrib-
uteoutlets
l laroundhe
shooo
allow
for uture
ool cquisitions.
.
Avoidocating
utlets
n he loor;
he y
willeventually
ecome
illed
with aw-
dust
ndbea
irehazard.
.
Avoid
lugging
ools
nto ne utlet
using noctopus
dapter;
his an
over-
load
our
lectrical
ystem,
nd s a sign
ETECTRICAT
AYOUT
IPS
that he
wiring f
your
hop
s nade-
quate.
Upgrade
hesystem
y nstalling
new utlets
ndwiring
hem o a sepa-
rate ircuit n he
service
anel.
o
Protect nynew utlet
n a
garage
r
basement
y
nstalling
ground-fault
circuit
ntenupter
GFCI).
.
Never ork
n hewiring
f heservice
panel;
ntrance
ires
may emain
ive
even
when
ower
s shutoff at
hemain
circuit
reaker
r
use
lock.
.
Make ertainhat
any ew
ircuitsr
serviceub-panels
nstalledn
your
ome
oroutbuilding
re
rounded
o he
main
service
anel.
ndividualutlets
ust
also e
grounded.
.
Donot ake
ff hecover
f heservice
oane
.
o
Never
ork n
your
wiring
n
damp
r
wet onditions.
.
Do
not ouch
metalaucet,
ipe,
appliance,
rother
bject
hen orking
on
your
iring.
.
Never plice
power
ord
r anexten-
sion ord,
r emovehe
grounding
rong
from hree-prong
lug.
.
Use nextension
ord o supply lec-
tricity
o anarea nly
emporarily-not
as
permanenl
rnng.
.
Neveruna oower
ord r an
exten-
sion ord nder rug,mat, rcarpet;
do not
astenhecord
usingacks,
ins,
orstaples.
.
Never
eplace
blownuse
withone f
higher mperage;
onotuse
penny,
washer,r
oilasa substitute
or
a
fuse.
o
lf a circuit
reakerrips
ra use lows
repeatedly,
heck
ora short ircuit,
nd
determine
hetherhecircuit
sover-
loaded.
4 I
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SHOPLAYOUT
ETECTRICAT
AYOUTOR
MEDIUM.SIZE
H(IP
24O V
outlet
12OV
outlet
In
ca
nd
eecent iqhti
nq firtu
re
F
uo eacent
qhtinq ixtu
e
Direction
of
feed
Wiring
heshop
The
llustration
t eft
shows
neelectri-
cal ayoutora medium-sizehop. he
shop as
ixseparate
lectrical
ircuits:
four or
ools
nd wo or
ighting.
he
basic
rinciple
o keepn
mind
s hatno
circuit
sing
2-gauge
ire
hould
arry
more
han
80
percent
f its
capacity;or
20-amp
ircuits,
hismeans
hecom-
bined
mperage
f the
ools
n hesame
circuit
lus
5
percent
f he ating
f
he
largest
otor
must
notexceed
6 amps.
n
thisshop,
he able
aw nd
ointer
re
orfseparate
40 V
circuits;
heir
power
cords resuspendedrom heceiling ith
twist-type
utlets,
hich
eep
he
plugs
in
place,
With
combined
oad
f 15
amps,
theband
aw nd
hedrill
press
re
on
thesame
20V
circuit;
he athe
s on
another.
dditional
utlets
n
he120V
circuits
an
beusedor
portable
ools. he
incandescent
nd luorescent
ighting
circuits
re eparate
o hat
f one ails
theother
will
stil lwork.
rh
v
0
o
t
o
KEY
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LIGHTING
f you ind
yourselfutting
ff ineor
cannot
roper ly
xamine
f in ish
ou ake
ourwork outside,
he
n your
workshop
mayneed n
t best, poorly it shopwill
on atigue;
tworst,
t
can
o sloppy,
mprecise
ork and
Fluorescent
ightsare he
most
pop-
of workshop
ighting
fixture.
cast
a relatively hadowless
ight,
ubes re
ong-lasting,nd
heyuse
o 30
percentess lectricity
ncandescent
ightsof the
same
any
woodworkers
ind that
much luorescent
ightcan
esultn
headaches,owever,ndpre-
warmth of
incandescentnd
ights,
At a minimum,
a shopbigger
han
120scuare
eet
needs wattsof
incan-
ight or
3/q,
walt of fluorescent
per
square
oot,As n the electri-
ayout
llustrated n
page
2,shop
shouldbe
circuits eparate
rom
your
ools.
deally,he
ight fixtures
will
bedivided
etweenvvo
eDarateircuits.
Asa
rule
of
humb, o
notexceed
600
watts n one
20-amp ircuit.
Also,dis-
tribute ighting ixtures round heshop;
mountinga single
ixture n the
middle
of the ceiling
will
make t difficult to
illu-
minate he
shadowy
reas t the
edges
ofthe shoo.
If
possible,make he
mostof natural
Iight; heres
no
better
ubstitute,
spe-
cially
or hand-tool
work and
inishing.
Trying o evaluate
laning, anding, nd
finishing
obs
underartificial
ight can
be
frustrating.
Both
fluorescent nd
incandescent
ight end o distort
or dis-
guise he surfaceextureof naturaland
finished
wood surfaces.
atural
ight,
particularlyrom the
north,hasa soft,
non-glare
uality.f
your
shop
asa
win-
dow
hat
faces orth,
place our work-
bench
nder
t.
Keep n mind that
upgrading
he
lighting
n your shop
neednot entail
purchasing expensive
ixtures and
rewiring he system. imply
aintinga
concrete
loor a
ight
color
or covering
the ceiling
with white
ileswill allow
these urfaces
o reflect
ight, ather han
absorbt.
IllIlltlll illII ill illlll lll llllll ]I1llllll lll llllll lll
1HO?
Tt?
A clamp-onampcanshed ll the ight
you
need
o worksafely t
a tool.
Mountedon a drill
press,
his amp's
flexible
eck ims
a 4)-wattbulb
directly
t themachine's
ork able.
A benah'dog
1,,, , , \
lamo oupport
l'lllt'+qil'\'-.
" l - - -A " . a \
r
Fora movable
ource f
, /
-
- t \
- '
: - - : \
liqhl aI
your
workbench,
/ \
."r:r' i
a i tach
A desklamp
No
{- ' -
* --" ' " '
oneof
the bench
oqe.Dore
a
holeNhe ame iameNer
as
the ehafLof
Lhe amp
into the headof
a
w
ood
en
.d
o,q
+:==::::=--::R-::::-..--=.:
(pa4e62).The
--
-------=:* :
li,ahr,anLhen
-:]
b:e
oeitioned
*.
al any
of
the
-
*-<<*.*t3-
ja-.
_;
doqholeo
lonq
-__--
the bench.
43
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FLOORS,
WALLS, ND
CEILINGS
Q
i":.
most workshops
re set
up
\,,
In
basementsr garages,
oncrete
floors
area common eature.Yet or
anyonewho has o
spend
much
ime
standing n concrete r sweepingt
clean, he
material
can
prove
both
uncomfortable nd nconvenient.he
hard
surfaces
particularly
ough
on
tools hat aredroppedaccidentally.
Simply
painting
a
concrete
loor
with
a
paint
made
pecificallyor the
pulpose
will keep
down the dust and make
he
surface asiero clean.Adhesive inyl
floor tile canbe aid
down aswell.Yet
manywoodworkers
refer
he comfort
of a raisedwooden loor.A simole loor
can
be constructed
rom
sheeis f %-
inch
plyruood
aid
atopa
grid
of 1-by-
2s
on 12-inch enters. ot
only
s
this
qpe
of flooreasier n the eet,
ut
wiring
for stationary
ower
ools
canbe
rout-
edunderneath
he
aised
urfacen %-
inch
olastic r steel onduit.
Unlike hewalls f mosthomes,
hose
ofseparate orkshopseldom
re
nsu-
Iated.
f you ive n
a
northern
limate,
you can ncrease
he hermalefficiency
of your shop
by coveringts wallswith
wood
paneling
r sheetmaterial, nd
filling the gap n between tudswith
insulation.
ood
paneling
n particular
createswarm,comfortable
tmosphere.
Interior
wall coveringwill
makeyour
shop
quieter
oo,
since he wallswill
absorb
omeof the din of
vour Dower
tools. u a bonus, oucanconceal iring
behind he walls.Make
sure he base-
mentwallsdo not eak
before overing
themwith nsulation
nd
paneling.
To hide
he exposed
oists,
ducts,
and wiringabove our head, onsider
installing
ceiling. suspended
ile ceil-
ing, n
which he iles
sit
n
a
framework
of supports anging rom
the
oists,
s
one
popular
option.
n
a arge hop,a
dropped
eiling uch s hiswill
also
elp
retainheat.
Acoustical eiling
ilesare
an
nexpensive
lternative;
he tiles are
attachedo
furring strips hat arenailed
to the
oists.
tanding n one
place
for
hours
on
a concrete
floor
can
strain
your
feet
and legs.An old
piece
of carpetor a
commercialanti-fatiguemat pro-
videsa cushion
hat can be easily
movedabout
theshop.
lll1jll lt illll1lli lllirllullllll llllIIlll lll ll1iullt
9HO7
Tt?
Making
he transition to a raieed loor
lf
parl
of
your
ehophaoa raised loor,you
an make smoolh
lransilion rom
Nhe ower oncrete loorwith
eeveral eveled
2-by-6o aid
end-No-end.ut
a
rabbeNn
oneedqe
of each
2-W-6lo
accommodatehe
plywood
loor
and he 1-by-2
qrid
undernealh, hen evelhe
oppoeite dqe,orminq ram?
lo f
acilitate
movinq
t ems romone loor o the oLher. ailor
screw
he
plywoodto
he 2-by-Oe.
\
*ri.
44
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HEATING
AND
VENTILATION
eating
sa necessiry
or most hops
I in North America. ome
wood-
t;
gluingand in-
particular equire steady
eating our shopalso
t more comfortable
nd safe;
fingers nvite accidents.
If
your
shop
s somedistance
rom
home's urnace,
separate
eating
ill be
needed.Many
wood-
swear
y wood
heaq t
has
he
enefit f
consuming crap
ieces.
his means
requently
eeding he
ndcleaninghe
chimney;
nsur-
against
ire canalsobe
a
Electric aseboard
nits are
convenient,ut cancontributeo
bills and
frequentlyare
ith sawdust.
Portable erosene
nd
propane
urn-
should
be avoided
n the shop, ince
an
oDen
lameand emit toxic
exhaust. oil-type
electric
eaters re
alsoa fire hazard.
Whichever
heating system
you
choose,
eep he area
round t
free
of
sawdust ndplacet awayrom the in-
ishingand
wood storage
reas. nd
remember, nysystem
ill be
mproved
by
goodventilation.
Consider
our need o control
humid-
ity. In
shops
n
humid climates, oo
much
moisturemeans
n nvestment
in a dehumidifier
o keep
wood dry
and
ools rom
rusting.Shops
n more
arid climates
ace he opposite
ilem-
ma and
may equirea
humidifier.
Finally, very hop
equires dequate
ventilation.Airbornesawdust nd oxic
finishing
vaporsmaynot be as
visiblea
danger
skickback n
a tablesawbut
the hreat
hey
pose s
ust
as eal.
While
fire
or explosions
ue o
high concen-
trations f sawdust
r
finishing apors
are
are,heycanbedevastating.
good
ventilation ystem
hangeshe air often
enough o
maintainsafe evels f air-
bornedustand
umes. t should nclude
dustcollection quipment t each ta-
tionary
power
ool that
produces
aw-
dust
(page
7B), and a
general
exhaust
setup
below)
o remove he dust
and
fumes hat
remain.
Whilewindow
ans
or
bathroom-tlpe
ventmodels re
ine or general xhaust
purposes, finishing ooth or spray
room
requiressomethingdifferent:
An explosion-proof
ube-axialan
s
recommended.
ansare atedby the
amount
of air that hey
move,measured
in cubic eetperminute cfm).Divide
thecubic
olume fyour shop
its
ength
times tswidth imes
tsheight) y 6 to
find the
ratingneededo changehe air
10 imes
perhour-the minimum ev-
el or safe entilation.
SHOP
Installing
general
xhaustetup
lf
your
hop oes
othave indowsr
doorso
provideroper
ross-ventilation,
insta l lnexhaustetup
ocleanheair .
The ystemhown t
eft sa simple ne,
consist ing
fanair ntaketone nd f
theshop onnected
o heoutdoorsr
your
ome'si r
ducts, nd nexplosion-
proof
anmounted
n
he
wal lat he
oooosite
nd. he
ntakescoveredith
a urnace
ra i r -cond i t ion ing
l te r o
cleanhe
ncomingir. he xhaust
an
is
placed
igherhan
he ntake,ausing
theair hat iseso be
drawn utof he
shop. or est esults,rientheexhaust
setup long
he ongestxis f
your
hop.
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8/10/2019 Vol.05 - Home Workshop
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heworkbench
s
thecorner-
stone
f thewoodshop,
ith
history
lmost
sold as
wood-
tself.Examplesf
primi-
workbenches
ave eenound
morehan2,000ears.
n ancient
Rome
hebasic
esign, evising
ith simplestops hat
hem o
secure
ieces
f
Until that ime,
craftsmen
orcedo
hold
heir
work,cut-
or
shaping
t
with one
hand
chopping
r
planing
with he
urthermprovementsame
WORKBENCH
The
makers f
thisworkbenchapitalized
on the classic
inesof a centuries-old esign,
creating scaled-downench
hat doubles
asa living room able.
nd
viseswereonlyadded enturies
ater.
With each
efinementhe workbench asassumed n
ndispensableole n theworkshop.t is ittlesur-
hatmany all heworkbench
hemostmportantoola
an
own.
A goodworkbenchoes ot ake nactive
ole n thewood-
rocess-it
does
ot cutwoodor shape
t-but the
nd ts accoutrements
erform
nother ssential
ask:
our
hands nd
position
heworkso
you
cancut,
nd inishefficiently.
n the
past,
venhemost-
aveallen hortof he
deal.With tsmassive,in-
op, heRoubo
Bench f the
18th
Century
was
hroughout
urope,
et
t hadno tail
vise
or bench
o holdaworkpiece;
nstead,
he
askwas one ya sys-
of ron holdfastsndanoptionalegvise.Onehundred
ater,
he
American hakers
mproved
n
theRoubo.
Their
bench
was arge ffair hat
sported
aminatedop,a system
ofbench ogholes,
nL-shapedtail
vise,and a
legvise.The
Shaker
benchwas
not
too different
rom
themodern abinetmaker'sench
pictured
n
page
6.
Thedesign fthe
workbenchas
changed
ittle
since
heearly19th
Century; nly
ts
accessoriesnd
mannerof assembly
ave
been
altered.n fact, ome laim hat he
only true
innovation as been
inventor on
Hickman'sbiquitous
Workmaterv. eveloped
n
the
1960s,he
Workmatervevolutionizedheway
many
eople
Iookatworksurfaces,ecause
t
provided
ome f heclamp-
ingabilities f a sandard orkbench ith a collapsible,ortable
design.
Although
he
Workmaterruas ounda
nichen worlshops
around he
world,manywoodworkers-both mateur nd
professional-still
pt
or nothingesshana solidmaple r
beech ench. ften hey hoose
o
build
heirown,believing
that hecare ndattention
aid
n
crafting uch
benchwill
be
reflectedn their ater
work.The
chapter
hat ollows
shows
ow
o
assemblemodern abinetmaker's
orkbench,
andhow o
nstall
he
vises ndaccessorieseededo turn an
ordinarybenchnto a
more lexible ork
station.
Thedesign f heworkbenchhown n he
ollowing
ages,
andmany f hedrawingsnd echniques,re asednaplan
thatappeared
n Wodsmithmagazine.
its origins ooted n an era without
ools,hestandard
abinetmaker's
now ncorporates
ises esigned
usewith both
power
and
hand ools.
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ANTATOMY
F
AWORKBENCH
T
h. workbench hownat right is
I
patterned
afteratraditionalcabi-
netmaker'sench,and s crafted rom
solid
maple. hebendrncorporateswo
vises onsideredo be standard quip-
ment a ace iseon he
ront, eft-hand
endof thebench, nda tail visewith
a slidingdog block mountedon the
opposite
nd.
You
anbuildsuc,h
workbenchrom
aht suppliedwith
aterialsnd nstruc-
tions.Youcanbuythe
lans
or abench
and
order
hematerials
ourself.
r,
you
can
ollowthe nstructions
resented
n
this
chapter
nd constructa bench o
suityourneeds.Whicheverouteyou
take, workbench
s
assembled
n
three
distinct
hases:
hebase
page
0);the
top
(page
3);andthedampingacces
sories-vises
page
6),benchdogs,nd
hold-downs
page62).
The
op surface f
most
benches
s
generallybetriveen
3and36
nchahigh.
The height hat s best or
you
canbe
determined y
measuringhe distance
betweenhe
loor
and he
nside
fyour
wristwhileyoustand
pright
with
your
armsatyoursides.
Finish ur
workbenchith wocoats
of a
penetrating
il-basedproduct,uch
as ung oil. Not only do these
roducts
penetrate
he surface nd
protect
he
woo4
but the
inish
canbe
efurbished
simplyby scrubbing
t with
steel
wool
and
ecoating.
Faae viee
Alao knownaa front
vioe;
aw
aecures work
a4ainot bench
Eottom ed6e ia
"relieved"
with
a
recesa for
better
aontact
with floory
ordinar-
ily
attached
to the le4 with
mortiae-and
tenon
iointa
Bench
dog
hole
Holda a bench doq
for
oecurinqwork
on benchtop
Arm
Supporta top; top
edqe of
arm atface-viae end reliev
in
aame manner as feet.
Uauallyattached to le6a
Wmortiae-and-tenon iointa
5tretcher
Frovideaaf,eralatability
to
bench;
ttached
to the leg6
in oneof aeveralwayo
paqea
50 and 51)
Attaching he endcapsof a worl&ench o the
apronscalls
or
a strongand attradive
oinery
methodThe
ingu
joint
(also
nownas hebox
joint)
and he
dovetail
oint
shownatw are
traditional avorita.
48
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WORKBENCH
aminal;ed
rom
a
hard
woodauchae maple r
hat makeup
top
be
aelected,
repared,
nd
up carefully o provtde
e
-f
ctly
flat Eu f a ce
Tool
ray
)
/ , ,
Aenah
dog
Uaed
with tarl or
face vise o
clampeLock;
made
of
metal or
wood.
Teneionoprinq keepadoq
aL deeired
heiqht;afLer uae,
dog o pueheddownbelow ur-
face
of
benchtop
Theworkbench t left
improved
hestandard
design y ncorporat-
ing a tilting toolchest
under he op.
Sliding dog bloak
ConnecLed
o Lhe ail vieeecrew,
Lhts
movable lock ontatnaa
bench
dog that. eecuree
work
on
the benchtop
tes
-\
End cap
L l e n a r a t e
n i e r e r n t t -
era end
grain
of top
piece
and eupporte
tatl vtseacrew
Moveeelidin7do1 blockLo
adjueL
clamptn4 apaciLx
to
len7th
of
work
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BUILDINGTHE BASE
"f
h. base f a workbench ypically
J-
consists f
two rectangularrames
connected y a
pair
ofstretchers.
he
frames
areessentially
dentical,
ach
with
a foot,an arm,and wo egs. hearm of
the eft-hand rame s sometimes bout
3 nchesonger han heotherarm o
pro-
videadditional
upport
or the ace ise.
For
a bench
ike
he one shownon
pages
8 and,49,use maple
l%
inch-
es hick aftersurfacing). he eet,arms
and legsare made rom two boards
apiece ace-gluedogether, nd then
reducedo the
proper
hickness
n
the
jointer
and
planer.
f you wish
o build
the base
with mortise-and-tenons,
ut
four-shouldered
enons t heendofthe
legsand rout matchingmortises n the
feetand arms.Tenons realsocut at
the endsof the
stretchers
ith mortises
required n the legs.The illustration
REINF(|RCING
N(ICKD(IWN(|INERY
Usingruss
ods
Insteadf usingmort ise-and-tenon
joints
o bui ld hebase, se ut t
oints
reinforcedy russ ods, sshown t
r ight . vai lablen ki ts, he ods anbe
loosenedr ightenedfter ssembly
to compensate
orwoodmovement
s
a
resu l t
f changesn humid i t y .out
grooves
or he ods nto heedges f
thestretchersnd he nside dges f
the egs;hedepth ndwidth f he
channelshou ldoua lhe od 's iame-
ter.
Test-assemble
he base nd
mark
the
groove
ocat ions
n he egs nd
arms. hen ore hole t eachmark,
mak inghed iameterqua lo hat f
the ods; ountersinkheholes
o
you
candrivehenuts ushwith hewood
surface.ssemblehebase, t t inghe
rods nto
he
grooves
nd
holes,
nd
t ighteningheconnect ionsi thwashers
and
nuts.
overhe
grooves
ith ol id
woodnlayf
you
wish o concealhe ods.
below hows knockdown lternative
to
assembling
he
base
ith mortise-
and-tenons.
The
oints
etrveenhestretchersnd
the egs eedo besolid, etsufficient-
ly flexibleo be aken part hould ou
want o move
hebench.Consequently,
knockdownhardware
esignedor the
purpose
s
oftenused o
oin
thestretch-
ers o the
egs.The pages
hat follow
detailsomeothermethodsof reinforc-
ine knockdown onnections.
Bun
oints
connectinghe egs
of a workbencho thestretch-
erscanbe
einforced
ith
hardwood nockdow
inings.
The
fittings
are
nserted
nto
mortises
ut
nto
theends
of thestretchers; atching
machine oltsand nutsare
thenused o securehe
oint.
@ 8
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WORKBENCH
machineolts nd
wood locks
heconnection
etweenhe
stretchers,
lue
a wood lock
same
hicknesss
hestock o
edge f the stretchers.heblocks
he contact
reabetween
stretchers
nd he
egs.Once
he
s dry,cut a tenon
t heendof
each
nda matching
ortisen he
Fit he
pieces
ogether
ndbore wo
or machine
olts hrough
he eg
enonn he
blocks;ountersink
holes.Make heconnection
astby
bolts nto he
holes, lipping
washersnd
ighteninghe
nuts
right).
Usingagscrews
nddowels
Another
ay
o
stren$hen mortise-and-
tenon
oint
betweenhe
stretchersnd
legs
s
shown
t left.Cuta
1-inch-diame-
ter hardwood
owelo a
length
qual
to the hickness
f the stretcher.
hen
bore 1-inch-diameterole hroughhe
stretcher
boullVz
nchesrom ts end.
Alsobore hole
or
a
lagscrewhrough
the
eg, toppinghedrillwhen he
bit
reacheshe
hole n hestretcher:oun-
tersinkhe
hole o he screw ead
will
sit lushwith hesurface.
it hestretcher
tenonnto he eg
mortise,ap hedowel
into
place
n hestretcher,nd
drive he
screw. hoose
screwthat
s ongenough
to bite hrough
hedowe,.
5 1
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WORKBENCH
PREPARINGHEFEET
Relieving
he eet
Once
ou
re at isfedwith
he t of he
parts
f hebase, isassemblehestretch-
ers
nd
egs
nd elievehe eet n
he
oin-
ter.
nstall
clamp n he
ointer's
nfeed
tableo hold
he
guard
utof heway
ur-
ing
heoperation.etboth
he
nfeed
nd
outfeedablesora %o-inch
epth fcut,
and lamp top
lockso both ableso
guide
hebeginningndendof he
cut.
To
make
he irst
pass,
ower
he
oot
onto he
knives,eepingt f lush
gainsthe ence
and hestopblock
n he
nfeed
able. eed
the ootacross
he
knives
/efil
until t con-
tacts hestopblock n heoutfeedable.
Keep
oth
hands
ellabovehe
cutterhead.
Make
smany
asses
snecessary
o com-
plete
he ecess,owering
he ables%o nch
at a ime, nd eadjusting
hestop locks
asnecessary.
Installingdjustableevelers
To evel workbench
nanunevenhop
f oor,nstal l
djustableevelersn he
feet .Eacheveler
onsistsf a T-nut
anda threaded
ortion
itha
plastic
ip
0nsel.
Borewoholesnto
he bottom f
the ootnear ach
nd.
Make
hehole's
diameteroualo hat
of he
T-nut
nd
its en$h
lightly
onger
han he hreaded
section.ao
he
T-nuts
nto heholes nd
screw n
the
evelers
right).
Once
he
bench
s
assembled,djusthe evelers
unt i l hebenchtoos evel.
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BUILDINGTHETOP
neof he
most
mportant
eatures
of a
workbench
s a
perfectlylat
At one ime,
a benchtop
ould
be
solid
maple r
beech oards
ideand2 incheshick.But
lanks redifficult
o come
andbenchtop
labs
rebuilt
up
rom
ayers
f
ply,vood and-
etween
trips
of
hardwood,
lywood trips heathed
owever,
dge
luing
wood
boards
ogether
utcher-
s
hownbelow
s he ime-
method.
Cut
rom %
stock,
heboards
re
irst, hen
he
slab
s
length.To minimizewarping,
he
pieceso hat
heend
grain
lsomake
urehe
acegran
of all
heboards
uns
n the same
irec-
are bolted
to the
slab and
joined
to
tion.
Thiswill
make
t
easier
o
plane
he
the aprons
by
means of dovetail
or
top surface
f the
slab mooth.
finger
oints.
After
gluing
p
heslab,
reparehe
dogblocks. heyaregluedup from
a
ength f%
stock
ndoneof%
stock
with hebench
oles
adoed ut
of the
thicker
oard.
he
sliding og
block
for the ail
vise s sawn
ff before
he
front
rail and
ixedblock
are
glued
together
page
a).
Next,
heslab,
ixed
dogblock,
nd
ear ail are
glued p
(page
5);
hardwood
eysand
ply-
wood
splines
reused
o strengthen
theconnections.
After hesliding
ogblock,
ool
ray,
andaprons renstalled,he inalstep
involves
ttaching
heend
capso the
top.
Two onnections
re
used:
hecaps
Once
he op
of a bench
s nstalled
on thebase, straightedgeeldon
edge
crosshe
surface an
beused
to check
t
for Jlatness.
ANATOMY
lF
A BENCHT(|P
9lidin4
do7
block
Front
rail
End cap
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WORKBENCH
PREPARING
HE
IXED (|G
TOCK
Gutting
hebench og oles
Bench
ogs re abricated
rom
woboards,
so t ssimpleocut hedog olesn he
thicker
iece
efore
lue-up.
wo
teps
are nvolved.
irst , ut
a row f
evenly
spaced
adoeside
nougho
accept
thedogs;
nglehe
ixed-block
adoes
sl ight ly
owardhe
ai lv ise,
nd hesl id-
ing-block
adoeswayrom
he ailvise
so hat
hedogs ill
grip
hework
irmly
when lamping
ressure
sappl ied.
ext ,
c lamp
heboard
o a work
urface
nd
use
chiselo notch
he
opof each
dado
o accept
hedogheads
lefl.fhat
way,hedogs anbepushedownlush
with he
bench urface
henhey
renot
in use.
Now he
wo
parts
anbe
glued
up
o
orm
he inished
locks.
tsench
oq hole
@tsenchdo4
A
JIGFOR RIttIl{G
BENCH OG
OTES
lf
youplan
o use ound
ench
dogs,
ou
canuse heshop-made
jig
shown
elowo
boreheirholes
after
ouglue
up
he bench
op.
The
ig
should e
about 0 nches
long;
he ip s
cut rom
a
l-by-2
Kound
bench
dog
and he baserom
a 1-by-4,
fter
screwing
hem ogether,
ore
uide
ho les
bout inches
par t nd
3 inches
rom
he ip,Theholes
should ccommodate
hedogs
ou
wi l l
use.
Touse
he
ig,
clampt
to he ight
endof he
dogblock
o he ip s
against
he rontedge
nd he ight-
hand
uide
ole s
overhe
position
of
he
irst
og ole.
sing
he
guide
holes, orehe rst woholesn
thebench. or
ach ubsequent
ole,
remove
heclamp nd
lide
he
ig
to he eft
until he ight-hand
uide
hole s
al igned i th
he ast
hole
bored. l ipa
bench og
hrough
theholes,
lamphe
ig
andbore
the eft-hand
ole
right).
Repeat
he
process
ntil
ou
re inished
oring
al l heholes,
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WORKBENCH
HE
ENCHTOP
' l
Gluing
p he op
I
First ,
lue
p he
op lab.
efore
lu-
up he
benchtop,
out
rooves
nboth
f he
dog
locksnd
ront
ai l , n
ace
f he
ront pron
nd
back
ai l ,
long
heedges
nd
nds f
he op
ut
matching
eys nd
pl ines.
efer
drawing
n
page
3
or he
size
placement
f he
grooves,
eys,nd
f
you
wanto
ncorporate
ool
n
your
ench,
ut
r/z-inch
rabbets
into hebottom
dgesf
heback
ailand
pron;
atern he
assembly
rocess
ou
ill
t
a
piece
f
r/z-inch
lywood
o
orm
he ray.
et side
hesl id ing
og
lock
(with
he
hardwood
eys
lued
n
place)
and
ront nd
back prons,
pread
lue
onall
mating
urfaces,
ndclamp
right),
alternating
he
bar r
p ipe
lamps
n h e
tooand
bottom
f he
work.
r)
Attachinghe
end aps
L
m" end aps an
eapp l red
h i le
the ai l
isesbeing
nstal led
page
7).
Whenhat
sdone,
nvert
he
benchtop
and
out T-shaped
ecessteach nd,
centeredetween
heedges.
ut wo
ec -
tangular
ttingsrom crap
ardwoodo
that
hey
it in hebase feach
ecess.
Notch ne ide feach
ittingoaccept
a 7e- inch
ut, nd
lace
it t ing nd
ut
ineach
ecess.et he
end aps
n
oosi-
t ion
and
markwherehey ontact
he
recesses.
t
each
mark ore
holeora
%- inch o l t , ounterbor ing
o he
bo l t
headsre lush.
out
groove
n
each
end ap
o accepthe
p lywood
pl ine ,
and
outa
r/z-inch
rabbet n hebottom
insidedge f hebackai l o accepthe
tool ray.
nsta l lhe a i l
vise n he
ight-
hand nd
cap
page
/).
Spread
lue
n
the ontacting
urfaces,
i t
he
end aps
(\efl,
and olt hem
n
place
inseil.
inally,
f i t
he
ront nd
ear pronsnd ool
ray
an0 ramp.
55
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VISES
AND
ACCESSORIES
\ /
ises
re he ools
hat ransform
V the
workbench
rom a
simple,lat
surfacento a versatile
ork
station. he
modern
woodworking
bench ncorpo-
rates vo lpes of vise:he ace ise hat
secures
ork to the ront
edge
fthe
bench, nd he
ail
vise
hatuses ood
or
metal
benchdogs
o secure ork
on the
top of the bench.The pages
hat follow
examineways
of installing
both the ail
vise
(page
7) and facevise
(page
58).
Face ises
made
entirely
of
wood
are
rare.
However, wooden
vise s
prefer-
able o a metal
ypebecause ooden
jaws
an
grip
work without
marring
ts
surface. good
compromise
an
be
reached
y buying
he
hardware
or
a
metalvise
andmounting
wooden
ace
blocks.You
canextend he
capacitv
f
ANATOMY
FA TAIIVISE
a
face
ise
by boringholes n
thebench-
top and
securing ork
between
bench
dog n
the
vise's
aws
and one nserted
in one
of theholes.
Thil
vises
areavailablen
two
types:
an
enclosed odel
hat ncorporates
slidingdog
block
(below
nd
page
57)
and one
that features
n L-shaped
block,as n thephotoat left.Someail
vises
xtend cross
he entire
end ofa
workbench
and have
wo
screws;
hese
areknown
as
endvises, nd
hey
extend
the
utility
ofan already ersatile
ool.
Some ail vises,
ike he
oneshown
at eft, ncorporaten L-shapedhoul-
derblock.
Theblock
llowswork
o be
clamped
etween
he ear
aw
of the
vise
nd he
endof the
bench.
Fixed
doq
block
Apron
Viee lanqe
Viae
ollar
56
-
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WORKBENCH
TAIL
ISE
Installing
he
ise ardware
To ns ta l l a i l
i se na bench
i th
og lock,
osi t ion
he
vise o l-
againsthe ight-handide nd ap
he
holeor he
vtse crew.
a support
oard n he
drill
press
nd
lampheend
ap n
opof
t .
dr i l l
ress
i th spade
its l ight ly
han he
vise crew
ndbore
hole
he end cap
near
ight),Screw
vise
ol laro he
end ap
o he wo
ine p.
Next,ecure
he l id ing
og
nd-up
nhandscrews
nd lamp
he
o a work
urface.
osi t ion
vise ange
n heblock
nd
mark
screw
o les .
ore
p i lo t
o le t
mark,
hen crew
he
langeo he
far
ight).
r)
Assembling
he ise
L
f ttthe lidingog
lock
n
he
bench
so he
hardwood
eysn heblock
un
in he
grooves
n hes ides
f he
a i l .
Threadhe
vise crewhrough
hevise
col lar ,
est- f i the
end ap n he
bench-
topand
ockhebal l
o int
n heend
f
thescrewnto hevise lange. et he
front pron
n
posit ion
gainsthedog
blocks
/eff)
nd est he
movementf
the ise y urning
he crew.
f he l id-
ing
lock
inds ,
emoveheend
ap,
apron,
nd l id ing
og lock , nd
ase
the
t
by
par ing
he
keys i tha chisel .
Once
ou
re a t is f
edwi th he
v ise ' s
movement,t tach
heaprons,
nd aps,
and
rays
ol lowinghe
procedures
ut-
l i n o d n n n e o p 5 5
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WORKBENCH
ANATOMY
FA FACE
ISE
fixea ,,',------l
doq block
Apron
Faceplate
Face
block
INSTALTING
FACE
ISE
1
Preparing
he ace
lock
I
Cutan 18-inch-long
/a-by-31/z
inch
hardwood
upport
lock nd
crewt in
place
nderhe ront
ef tcorner
f he
bench, f ter
or ing row
f c learance
ho lesor
hebench ogs .
ex t , u i ld
up he ace
lock y
gluing
wo
pieces
f
7ahardwoodogether;ut t to a finalsize
of
5-by-18nches.o
mark nd
borehe
holes
or hevise
crew nd
guide
ods,
mark
l ineacross
he ace
f he ace
block; ffset
he ine rom
he opedge
y
the hickness
f hebenchtop
lab
not
he
front
pron epth). ow
se hecarriage
as
a template: enter
ts opedge
n
the ine
anduse brad-point
it
o accu-
rately
mark he
posit ion
f he
hree
holes
right)
ndborehem.
58
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WORKBENCH
)
Preparing
hebench
heholes
ave een r i l led
he
ace lock,
ransferhetr
o he
workbench
pron. et he
ndbenchtopnsawhorses
use
ar lamps
o holdhe
blockn
gainsthe
apron;
rotect
he
wood
ads.
Make urehe
op
f he
blocks
ush i th hebench-
and tsend
s ush
ith heend ap.
arkhe
hole
ocationsn he
apron sing
brad-poinI
i I
( r ight) .
emove
he
ndborehe
ho leshrough
apron nd
bench og
lock,
Mountinghe
ise
Attachhevise ssembly-
he
ace-
plate, crew,ndguideods-to he ace
b lock .
urnhebenchtoppside
own,
p lace
he ise a r r iage
n hebench 's
underside,
nd
eed he ise crew nd
guide
odshroughhe
holesn heapron
and
nto hecarr iage.
ake
i lot
oles
on heunderside
f hebench
nd asten
thecarr iage
n
place.
ext ,
astenhe
guide
od ushings
o heapron:
emove
the
ise ssemb ly ,
t thebush ingsn
the
ods,emountheassembly,
nd
outlinehebushings'
ocation
n heapron.
Then emovehevise ssemblygain nd
securehebenchtop
o heapron
s ac-
ingup.With
router nd traightit,
cut
recesses
or hebushings
ith inheout-
lines
left).
Screwhe bushings
o the
recesses
n heaoron ndattach
hevise
to hebench.
owheworkbench
op s
readyo be
attachedo hebase.
ay he
topupside own
n he oor,
lace
he
base
n
posit ion,
nd
dr iveag crews
through
hearms
nto he op.
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WORKBENCH
JIGS ORRON.JAWEDENCH
ISES
Eaeia auxiliary aw
Tapered
vieejaw
V-grooveviae
aw
Fitting oodennserts
o metal
aws
lf
your
enchsequippedith
metal-
jawed
ise ike he
one hown t he op
of
page
1, i t t ingnterchangeable
ux-
i l iary
aws
an
xtendhevise'sersat i l -
ity.Thewooden
nsertshown bove ill
notonly
e
ess
amagingo workpieces
thanmetal
aws,
ut hey
analso e
custom-madeorspecial
obs.
achnsert
is made rom
/z-inch-thick
solid tock
witha rabbeted-by-1
lock
lued
t
each nd o hug
heends f hev ise
jaw.
A l though
pai r
s equ i red,
n ly
one
f each amples l lus t ra ted.
he
basic
aw (above,
eft)will
do most tan-
dard lamping
obs .The
apered
aw
(above,
enter)eatures
wedge-shaped
strip orholding
aperedtock fficiently.
TheV-groove
aw above,
ghf) ncludes
a stripwrth
groove
utdowntsmiddle
forsecuring
yl indr icalork.
plywood.
oin
he
\
fill illll}lll
ill illlll lllll}llt
lll litlll
lll ill llllll
tll
5HO?TI?
A
quiak-owitahvise
lf
you
are reluclanlto
boll
your
bench ioe
onlo
your
workbench,t lach i t
ineheadto
T-shaoed
base
made
of
5/+-inch
twopieceeofthebase
to7etherwith
a dado
ioint
and 5crew6.
ecure
Lheverlical
parl
of Nhe
base n
e iNherhe
a i lo r
faceviee
of the bench.
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WORKBENCH
ASLIDINGENCHTOP
lf
your
workbench"
is
a
standard
tablewitha bench ise
astenedo
one dge,he
ig
and ence hown
t
right an
end t some
ersatility.ut
theaux i l ia ry
ise
aws
rom
- inch
stock
nd he
pieces
f he
T-shaped
vise
ig
rom%-inch
ood. ouwill
needwo
pieces
or he
ig:
a op
an d
a ip.
Rout dado crossne uxiliary
jaw
o accommodate
he ipof he
vise
jig
andanothern he
undersidef
the ig op.Screwheauxiliaryaws
to he
vise
aws,
making cut
or he
vise crew
f necessary,hen
glue
and
screwhe
ip
o
he opof he
ig.
Cut hesl id ing
encerom
/z- inch-
th ickstock nd
cut wostopped
grooves
hrough
t for Yq-incharriage
bolts.
omounthe ence, ore
wo
holeshrough
he able
or
he
bolts,
feed hebolts
hroughheholes nd
the
grooves
nd
astenhemwith
washersnd
wing uts. ouse he
ig
and ence,l idehe
ip nto heauxi l -
iary
aw,
djusthesl id ing
enceo
holdheworkpiecenuglynd lamp
it in
place
y ighteninghevise
aw
andwing
u ts .
Auxiliary
viae
aw
PREVENTING
ISERACKING
Using
steppedlock
When ecur ing
workpiecetone nd
ofa ace
ise,
he
other nd f he ise
is i ke lyo rack-o r i l t oward
he
bench-andausehe
work
osl ip.
o
prevent
acking,se steppedardwood
b locko
keep
he
aws
quare .u ta
ser iesfsteps
none ace f heblock,
spacinghem tequal
ntervals,uch s
r/z
inch.Placeheblock
n heopen
end f hevise t hesameime
ou
re
secur ing
heworkpieceo hat he
ise
is
parallel
o
heedge f hebench
/eft).
6 l
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BENCH
DOGSAND
HOLD DOVNS
p
ench
dogs reas
mportantasvises
Ll in maximizinghe
flexibility nd
utility of a
well-designed orkbench.
setof bench
dogsworks ike a second
pairof hands o secure orkpiecesor
planing,
hiseling,
ortising, arving,
or other
woodworking asks.
Although he benchdog
ooks ike a
deceptively imple
peg, t incorporates
design
eatureshat enable
t
to
hold a
workpiece
irmly without slipping n
its hole.
One
eatureusually
s a thin
metal
spring
attachedo oneside
hat
presses
gainsthe
nsidewallof the dog
hole
n
the
workbench. ohelpstrength-
en the grip of benchdogs, he holes
arealsoangled oward he
viseat 4o.
Benchdogscan be either
round
or square.
Rounddogsareeasier
o
incoroorate
n a bench hat does
ot
yethJvedog
holes;t is simpler o bore
holes han to
make
square
og holes.
Since
ound dogs can
swivel, heir
notched, lat headsenable hem to
clamp stock
n
practically
any direc-
tion. Thiscanbea
disadvantage:ome
woodworkers
laim that round dogs
tend o slio n theirholesmore han
square
ogi,whichcannot
otate.
Bench ogs anbe
madeof either
metal
or
wood.Metaldogs
have weight,
strength, ndstiffiress
hatwooden nes
cannot
match.Yetwoodendogs
have
their advantages-as
nywoodworker
who hasnickeda
plane
blade
on a met-
al
dogwill attest.
Benchdogsarenot the only
method
ofsecuring tock; ench
ooks, arving
hooks,wedges,ndhold downsarealso
useful or
keeping
tock
n
place. he
following
pagesllustrate numberof
commercial
ndshop-madeptions
o
keepworkpieces
ut while you work.
This benchdog
features
a threadedscrew hat converts
it into a miniature tail
vise.
Used
n conjunction with
other benchdogs, t excek
at clamping small or irregu-
lar
work, like the
panel
shown above.
BENCH OGS
Makingwoodenench og
Bench ogs anbecraftedromhardwood
stock;heone hownt
eftuses nangled
woodenongue sa spring. ut he
dog o
f i t heholesn
your
orkbench,hen his-
el outa dado
rom hemiddle f hedog.
Saw short
erf nto
he
ower orner f
thedado, ngl inghe
cutso he ongue
wil lextendeyondheedge f hedado,
Cut he onguerom ardwood,
akingt
about
s ong s hedado, swide s he
dog, nd
s h ick s heker f . luehe
tonguen he
kerf.
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WORKBENCH
Makingspring-loaded
enchog
A woodenench og an
bemadeo it snugly
byequipping
t witha metal pring ut
rom
anoldband aw r
hacksawlade. ut
our
dog o size,
hen hisel uta smal l
ecessor
thespring.
hewidth nddepth f he
ecess
should oualhe
width nd hicknessf he
spring, ut ts
ength hould eslightlyhorter
than hatof hespr ing.
resshespr ing
nto
the
ecess;hemetal
will bow utward,old-
ing hedog
irmlyn tshole.
SHOP-MADE
DGEOGS
Edge ogs ike hose
hown t right
are
deal orsecur ing
workpiece
alongheedge f
your
ench. hey
feature rou nd owel t oneend
thatdrops
ntoa bench og
hole
andangled
eads
hat
buttupagainst
theedge f h ebench
ndhold
thework.
Startby cutting he
dogs rom
hardwoodtock.Both
eft-handnd
right-hand
ogs reneeded,
i th
theheads ngled
n opposingirec-
tions.Bore
t/z-inch-diameter
hole
through
heends, nddrive
3-inch
length
f
dowel
n
each
ole. hen
inserthe
doweln a bench og
hole
ndangle
hedog o
t
extends
beyondheedge
f he able.
Mark
a 90' notch
or hehead
erpen-
dicularo heedge f he
bench nd
cut t out.Tohold he
edge og n
p lace
hen lamping
ressure
s
appl ied,
aw %-inch-sl iceff he
bottom
f the dog,except
or
he
head. his
rovides
ip hatwillbutt
againsthe edge f
the bench
/eff).
Touse heedge
ogs,
lace
he
lef t -handog na hole n he xed
dog lock
nd he ight-hand
ne n
thesl id ing
og lock f he a i l
v ise.
Tightenhe
vise ntil heworkpiece
is held
n
he
notches
below).
3/+"x21/+"x8"
63
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WORKBENCH
Making ndsetting pcarving ogs
Using standardench ogasa model,
you
can ashion
pair
of customizedogs
thatwillgripa carved r urnedwork-
piece,
rsecurerregular-sizedork, uch
as
mitered olding. o
makehese
accessories,ut bevels n either ideof
the head f a standard ench ogand
drive small crew r nail nto hecen-
ter of the head; nipoff the astener's
head
o
form
a sharp
oint.
To
use he
devices,
lace
nedog
n
a dog
hole
of
thebench'sixed ogblock nd heother
in he ailvise ra sliding og lock ole
(above).
ightenhevise crew ntil
the
points
ontacthe ends f thework-
piece
ndhold t securely.
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WORKBENCH
NDBENCHTOPS
Using
hold-downlamp
Commercia l
o ld-downlampsanbeused
lone rwithbench ogso
secure
workpiece
n
place
nywherena
workbench.he ype hown
eaturesnadjustable
holding olt
which its n a counterbored
ole hroughhebenchtop
insef).
ouse
theclamp,aisehebolthead nd lidet hroughhenotch t hebase f heclamp.
Set theworkp ieceunder thec lamp
awandt igh tenthescrew
above) .ln the i l lust ra-
tion,
wood
ad
sbeing sedo
apply qual
ressure
o both
iiles f a doorrame.)
To emoveheclamprom hebench,
lide t off hebolt
head
nd
et hebolt rop
belowhe
surfacef he op.
Makingnd sing emporary
enchto p
A clamped-onench top ut
rom
7a-
inch
plywood
illsecure
workpiece
o
thebenchtop
ithouthehelp fbench
dogs. ut he
bench top o size,hen
mark uta r iangularedge,ypical ly
incheshorterhan hestoo. ut
out he
wedgend et
t
aside.
ouse hebench
stop, lampt o hebenchtopnd l ide
the
workpiecento henotch, utti ng ne
side gainsthe
straightdge f henoich.
Securehe
piece
ith hewedge,apping
it t ightly
n
place
itha mallet
/eff).
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WORKBENCH
Installingwedge top
A wedge
top analsobe used o secure
stock
n a benchtop
left).The
top on-
sists f a
fixed ail
anda movableail
thataresecured ydowelsestingna
doubleowof holes orednto
he
work-
bench. ogether ith
a triangular
edge,
the ails eep workpiecerom
moving.
Cut he ails nd hewedgerom%-inch
plywood.
You
anchoosehicker tock
for he ails, ependingn he hickness
of
your
workpiece.)ore
wo
L/z-inch-
diameter
olesn
each ail, hen
lue
2-inch-longoweln each ole.Bore
two ows f %-inch-diameterolesn the
workbenchor he dowels. o use he
stop,
place
he
ixed ail
at oneendof
the
ow
of
holes
nd hemovableail he
appropriateistance way o hewedge,
when
ositioned
etweenhe ails,will
keep heworkpieceteady.
Making bench ook
The hop-built
ig
shown t rightwill
ensure
that
hecrosscuts
ou
make
n he
work-
bench ill besquare.
se
/a-inch
lywood
for he base ndstripsof 2-by-2 tock or
the ips.Makehe base t least s ong
as hewidth f
your
workpiecendwide
enougho supportt. Screwhe ips o
the
guide,
t tachingne
o each
ace.
To use he
ig,
but tone
ip
againsthe
edge f the bench nd
press
he
work-
piece
irmly
againstheother. lign he
cuttinginewith heedge f he base nd
makehe cut(inset).
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WORKBENCH
l ip-upto p
top hown t
right
ro-
ay o make
uick u ided
na
workbench.ut he
wo
f hestop romhardwood.crew
pieces
o heendof he
benchtop;n
bench
hown,he
nner dge f he
iece
s ined p
with
he
edge
he ool ray o
provide
convenient
ine
or
squaring
pa crosscut.
hestat ionary
iece
n
place
ith
nd he lip-up
iece
ithone
t can
pivot.
When ot
n use,he
iece
hould
ieonedge top
stationary
iece.
ouse hestop,
l ip
p
he
pivotingiece,
utt heworkpiece
t, andmake our rosscut.
Makingnd sing miter enchook
Customize
standardench
ooko
make
5"angle i ter uts yaddrng
kerfsoone f he
ios.Build bench
hook
page
6), hen
usea backsaw
to cut wokerfs
n
he
ipat opposing
45'angles ndoneat 90"
(/eff).
se
the
miter ench ook s
you
would
a standardench
ook,in ing p he
cut t ing
ine
n
heworkp iece
i th
thedesirederf.
67
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* \ .
t
{ :
r
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SHOPACCE,SSOruES
ii-r- r:ne3'jr
,-n3
:,jrl?tt
I'l
'ill
- I
L uur-'r''Lrrlq
rrLdur
rr@ rLu
Lv urL
:i
lWw'jffi
;ilH:.t.:i:,::ii::?,
youwill
find severi
work safer
n
or safety
nd
*ore smoothly
hin
with
Most f the
wood hips
nd
sawdust
enerated
shortness
f breath,
nddizziness.
abrush.Butwiththeadventofsuch
bythisl0-inchtablesawarecapturedbya
Recent tudies
ave hown
hat
tools
as
pneumatic ailers, om-
portable
ust
ollection
ystem. fien
eglected
long-term
nhalation fwood
dust
pr.rrotr r. foundmore requent- in thepast,ust ollectionas ecomecentral is at east contributingactorn
iy,
u.n
in small
home
workshops.
tort"i,
of many
afety-conscious
oodworkers
cancers
f the ongue,
onsils'
ung,
Air-powered
ools
are discussid
in
planningthelayoutf heir hops.
*9
b.fnt'
starting
npage72.
When
ou
ad{
1o
he equation
Geniratorsltoo,
re
indinga
place,
specially
mong
hose
the
ire riskand he
hazard f
a dust-covered.lhop
loor, here
woodworkers
ho ake
heir rait
away
romhomeand
pow- arecompelling
easons
or installing ome
ind of
dust
col-
er
ines. heyare
explored
npageTl'.
-
lection ystem
n
yo_urhop.
ages8 o 87.
rovide ou
with
Grinders,
f course,
an peed
oolsharpening.
ore
mpor-
information
ou
will
needo setup_
nd-maintain
oth
central
tantly, s
ou
will see
n
page
6, heycanpermit
ou
o
mod- and
portable
ystems.
emember.that
esigning
central ys-
ifi'toolsand
eclaim ariraged
utting
dges.
temrequires
arefrrlattentionlo
{etail
an{Precisealculation
'
Airbornedust
once
wasionsidered
nunavoidable
onse-
ofyourspecific
equirements.
obesafe, heckyour
lans
nd
quence fworking
with
wood.But he
ncreased
mphasis
n
figureswith
anengineer
efore
nstallinghe
system.
shingwork-to
applylacquer
and
-72:i*.ii;*''{
r"-rqrffi
of ailments,
inclt'ding dermatitis,
Hooked
up to a compressor,
his
air-powered
ander
is
compact nough
hold
n one
hand.
et t smooths
wood
as
ficiently
asan
electric ander.
69
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A
STORE
OF
SHOPACCESSORIES
High-volume, ow-preaeure(HVLP)epray syltem
Planers
ancreate
substantial
mound
of sawdustn
shortorder.
A
portable
ust
collector ill
keep
most
of thedust
from
this
and
other
power
ools
offthe
shop
Jloor
and out
of theair.
For
applyingataina
and finishee.
FeaLuree
electric
tur-
bine hat
aupplieaaraeamount of air at lownreaartreuppliea ar4e
amount
of air
at low preaeure
ir
hoge o
aprav aun:comoared io conven-
hrouqh
air hoae o
epray
7un;
compared
o ionven-
tional,
compressed-air
ype eyateme,
HVLF
allowa
ional,
compressed-air
ype eyateme,
HVLF
allowa
hiqher
percenta1e of fi niah
to contact
workpiece
Multitester
Aleo
known
a volt-ohmmeter,
or
VOM.
satte
ry-
p
owe
ed
to
ol
uaed n troubleahootina
nd
repairing
electric
deviceZ:
mea-
eures reeiatance
and AC
or DC
voltaqe
in
a circuit
Air
compreaoor
Suppliea
atream
of
high
preeeure
air
throuqh hoae
o power
a variety
of
air-operated
toola, auch
aa aandere,
epray
qune,
and drilla;
coneumer-
4rade
modele
anqe froml/a
to 5
nor9ePower
nd
can
qenerate
uP o
2OO
pounda p€r oquare
nch
(pei)
of
air
preeaure
and O.3
to 15
cubic feet
of air per minute (cfm).
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
Generator
Typic lly
g
a aoli
n
e' powered,
eatu ri n
q
uo to four 12O-and 24O-volt out-
leta. Motors on
congumer'qrade
qeneratoro ranqe batween
3 and
B
horaapower
and produce
5OO to
4OOO
watto of
output;
moet modela
weiqh
leaathanlSO
poundo
and can
befit-
ted
with
wheela or eaay
portabili$
thop
vacuum
Cleana
p duat
and
liq-
uid apills;hoae can be
attached
to individual
tools to collect
duat as
it
ia produced.
Typically
featurea
1%- o
2%-inch'
diameter
collection
hoae
and
5- to
1O'qallon ank;
some
modelecan double
aa
portable
blower
grlnder
wheel
left)
6quarea,
aharpena,
and
bladeaand
bits; cloth
wheel
ri4ht)
and cleana.
Features
a
1/+-
tol/z'
electric
moton
eye ahielda,
tool
resta, and
wheel
uarda
most
modela,Benchtop
ueually
bolted
to
work aurface
Wheeldreeeer
Used
to true or
reehapabench
4rinderwheel.
gtar-wheel
dresaer
(above) ueea
uP to
four
ota
r-
ohaped
wheela; iamond-point
dreaser
(below)
iatureal/+'carat
diamond
aet
in
bronze
ip and
metal shaft
7T
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AIR
COMPRESSORS
A
n
air compressor
anbe ittedwith
A
a
arse
umber
f tools nd
attach-
ments,
iaking it
a convenient
hop
accessory.n some
hops, compressor
can represent n alternativeo some
electric
ools.Forothers,t
canbea valu-
able
upplement.
Air-powered
oolswork
best t a
specific
ressure
ndicated
n the
owner's
manual
for
the
particular
tool.
Before tarting
a
ob,
the
com-
pressor's
ir
regulator
houldbe
adjusted
o the
proper
settingfor
the ask
t hand.
Pneumatic
rills,grinders,
anders,
andwrenches
erform
at east s
effec-
tively
as heir lectric-powered
oun-
terparts.
Some
ools, ike sprayers,
nailers, ndabrasiveleaners, reclear-
ly superior
o the alternatives.
Compressorsnd
the tools
they
drive
are nherently
imple:The
air
is
drawn n,
pressurized
y a diaphragm
or one or more
pistons,
and
usually
storedn a
ank.When
he riggeron
an
air-driven
ool s
pressed,
he air
travels
through
a hose o
power
he ool.
Because
hey
containno heavy
lec-
tric motor, most
air tools
are
ighter,
cheaper, nd
easiero repair
han their
cousins. hey
cannot
overheat, nd here
is no
danger felectrical
hock.
Compressed-airower
does
have
some
drawbacks,
hiefly he
costof the
compressortself
andmaintenance.
ir
drills and he ike
must
be oileddaily.
Andyouwill invest everal undreddol-
lars n
a compressor
hat s
capable f
driving
ypical
shop ools.
Some ir-powered
ools equire
siz-
able olume
of air,usually
measuredn
cubic eet
per
minute
cfm);
others eed
a minimum
level
of air
pressure
n
pounds
per
squarench
(psi).
When
choosing compressor,
onsider
he
cfrn
or
psi
requirements
f the air-powered
toolsyou
plan
o use
and buy
a com-
pressor
ith
slightlymorepower.
You
never know
when you
will
want to
expand our
tool nventory.
AIR-POWERED
OOTS
ND CCESSORIES
Jitterbug
sander
)rbital eander
capable
of
pro-
ducina 25OO atrokes
oer
minute:
weigho eas
than 5
pounda.Keauirea .5 cfm at'9O
pai; muat
be uaed with
tank-
mounted
compreeaor
with
at leaat
3
horaepower
3/a-inch
drill that
turna bita
at 25OO
rpm; wei4he
only
2 %pounde.Kequirea5
cfm at
90 pei; muet
be
ueedwith tank-mounted
compresoor
with
at leaat
'l
horeepower
Drill
9pray
gun
Heavy-duty
aprayer
with
adjuatable
luid
and air
controle.
Kequiree5.5
cfm
at
40
pai;
can be uaed with
any compreoaor
with more
than t horeepower
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
o
Read
our
wner's
anual
arefully
before
perating
compressorr any
air-poweredool.
r
Donot eset ny witches
rvalves
n
thecompressor;
hey
have een
reset
at safe
evels t he
actory.
.
Checkhe
hoses,
lugs,
ires,
ipes,
and ubes
f thecompressor,
nd
he
tool
air nlets efore
ach se.
Donot
use hecompressor
r ool
f any
part
isworn r
damaged.
o
Wear afety
lasses
nd
hearing
ro-
tection
hen sing
ir-poweredools.
.
Do
notexceedhe
pressure
ating
of anair oolor accessory.
C(|MPRESSOR
AFETY
IPS
.
Always
lug
a compressor
ntoa
grounded
utlet
f theappropriate
amperage.
r
Relieve
ressure
lowly hen epres-
surizinghe
ank.
o
Donot
press
he rigger f
anair ool
when onnecting
t to an
airhose.
r
Donot emove
he belt
guard
f a belt-
driven omoressor
hen he
machine
is operating.
.
Turn he
compressorff
f it
produces
anunfamiliar
oise rvibration,
ro -
ducesnsufficient
ir
pressure,
rcon-
sumes
xcessiveil;
havehe
machine
servicedeforeesumingperations.
.
Allowhe
compressoro
coolbefore
performing
ny
maintenance;ear
gloves
o disconnectny
parts
hatare
still
hot.
r
Turn hecompressor
ff before
ovingt.
o
Donot ouchhe
compressor
hile
using
t
or
mmediatelyfter;he
machine
canbecome
ery ot.
r
Drain nymoisture
rom he ank
after
each se
o
prevent
ust; ank
pressure
should eno
higherhan10
psi
when
draining
t.
.
Replacehe ank
f it has ny
in
holes,ust pots, r
weak
pots
atwelds.
Brad ffniahing
nailer
Nail
qun
for drivinq
3/u-
to
1%-inch
No.1B inishin7
naila:
wei1ha
eas han 3
pounda.
Narrow
nose eets
naile with'
out.
marrinq
workpiece:
ma4a-
zine
holds
up
to
11O
aila.
Requireo
2b
cfm
at 90
paito
drive 10 naileper minute; muet
be used
with compreaaor
with
at
leaetl/z
horaepower
Router
%-inchdirect-drive
router that
turns
bits
at 2O,OOO
pm; wei1ha
uat
over
1pound.
Featuree neoprene
ubber
qrip
to
reduce vibration, Requiree
90
poi;
will unction with
most
compreoaore
j:i,2";:#:fi;"",.
ww
resgor
Or Connect?
two len4thaof com'
preeeor
hooe oqether
Quiak
coupler
Uaed with
hoae connectora
to
attach air
tools to compreeeor
hose
or
to
join
lenqthaof com-
preooorhoee oqether;
auto'
matically ahuta off air
when
uncoupled
rom
compreeeor
73
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PORTABLE
ENERATORS
,|
heaverageome
nd
shopssowell
I equippedwith
lectricixtures,
ut-
lets,
andextension
ordshat t is
easy
to take or granted
heessentialole
hat
electricitylaysn our ives. etapow-
er outage an
quickly
emindyou
of
that ole.At
such ime,
a
portable
C
generator
ecomes
n
ndispensable
accessoryor your
home, our
shop,
r
in
a
remote
abinwhere ower
ines
o
not reach.
AC,
or alternating
urrent)
enera-
tors ypically
eature gasoline
otor
that
drivesan alternator.
Models
are
availablewith
otors
angingrom
3 to
8horsepower,roducing 00 o 4000
wattsof
power.
There
areseveralactors
o consider
when
electing
generator,
nd
hechart
on
page
5canhelpgurde ou.
Thegen-
eratormust
produce
nough
ower
o
startand un the oolsandanyother
electrical
evices
ouplug
nto t. The
wattageatings
isted
on thechart
are
typical.You
should efer
o the
actual
rating
of
your
ool,
which s
usually
printed
on the
oolbody. fnot, you
cancalculate
he rating
by multiplying
the
ool'samperageating
by thevolt-
age.
For
example,
3-amp ool
oper-
atingon 120 olts
wouldhave
wattage
rating
f 360.)
Thewattageatingof a generator
refers
o ts
continuousunningwattage.
Although
all models
eature
surge
r
maximum
ating
asmuch
as25
percent
higher
han
the running
value,
you
should ely
on he unning
wattage
at-
ingwhen hoosing generator.gen-
erator
with more
power
hanyou
need
will
run more
smoothly
or longer
stretchesnd equire
ess
maintenance.
Mostgenerators
reequipped
ith
one o four
120-volt
utlets.Many
mod-
elsalso
ave 240-volt
utlet
anda12-
volt
DC
output or charging
atteries.
Make
urehatanygeneratoryoubuy
is equipped
ith an
effective uffler.
Alsocheck
hesize
f the uel
ank.The
generatorhould eable o run for at
least
0minutes
n a frrll ank.
Portable enerators
re
a handy
source
f elec-
tricity
during
power
out-
ages r in locations
here
a conventional
lectrical
supply
s unavailable.
Ratedat
3500watts,
his
model
s able o drive
vir-
tually
any electric
work-
shop oolor appliance.
74
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
TYPICAT
OWEROOL
ATTAGEATINGS
Choosing
generator
ith
a suitable aftage
ating
All
electric
ools equire
ore
ower
o
start p han
orcontinuous
unning.he
chart t leftgivesypical owerequire-
mentsora
numberf ools.Whenelect-
inga
generator,
ake uretswattage
at-
ing s higherhan he
start-up attage
of
your
most
owerful
ool.
Adda safety
margin f
about 0
percent
o hecom-
binedunning
attagef a l l ools
ou
wil l
p lug
nto hedevicend
peratet
thesame
ime.
Tool
Aircompressor%-hp)
Table aw
10")
Saber aw
Circular
aw
7%")
Circular
aw
6%")
Belt ander
Bench
rinder
't-hp)
Orbital ander
Router
Electricrill
%" )
Electr icr i l l %")
Power
lane
Electric
rill
%" )
Random-orbitander
HVLP pray
ystem
Watts
Start-up)
4000
4000
2500
2500
2200
1500
1500
900
900
800
600
600
500
500
400
Watts
Running)
2000
1500
1200
1200
1000
600
r200
360
700
600
350
450
250
360
240
.
Read
our
wner's
anual arefully
before peratinggeneratot.
o
Neveruna
generator
ndoors;
ike
any
internalombustion
ngine,t
produces
carbon
onoxideumeshat
aredeadly
ina confined
pace.
.
Donot ill the
generator's
uel ank
whilehemotors
unningrhot.
r
Add uel o he uel ank
at east 0
eet
from
our
work rea
ndany ourcesf
heat r
lames. onot ill the ank
ight o
thebrim;
he uel an xpand
hd verflow.
.
Donot moke
hileill inghe
uel ank.
o
Clean pany
as
roilspills
mmedi-
ately,
iping p hearea
witha clean
cloth,
rsoakingt up
withanabsorbent
materialuch
scat itter r
vermiculite;
avoid sing
awdust,
hichscom-
bustible. lace
uel-soakedagsn sealed
metal ontainers
nddispose
f hem ol-
lowingocal nvironmental
egulations.
r
Donot emove nysafety
uards,
ov-
ers, r screens
rom he
generator
hile
the
machinesoperating.
GENERATOR
AFETY
IPS
e
Keep
as
nd
ilonly ncontainers
designedpecificallyor uelstorage
and
learly arked
UEL. eephe
containers
wayromsourcesf
heat
and
lames.
r
Checkheengine
il evel achime
you
efuelhe
generator.
.
Checkhe
generator's
uel
ines nd
connectionsegularly;
f
you
notice ny
leakage,urn
hemachineffand
have
it serviced
eforeesumingperations.
o
Never se
generator
itha
aulty
or damaged
xhaustystem
. Groundhegeneratorollowinghe
manufacturer's
nstructions;his
will
divert ny tray
urrentroma shott ir-
cuit o
ground,
educinghe
iskof elec-
trical
hock.
.
Do
not
connect
240-voltool
orappli-
ance
o a 120-volt
eceptacle.
.
Donotoverloadhe
generator
y
plug-
ging
n
power
ools r
appliancesith
higher attageatingshan hat
of he
generar0r.
.
Never
ire he
generator
o heelectri-
calsystemfyour ome rshopn an
attempto
provideower
uring nout-
age.
his
practice,
nown s
backfeed-
ing," sunlav'rfulnsome reas,
s t
poses
risk o anyone
orkingn he
electricalystem.
.
Keep
our
ands nd ace wayrom
carburetor
heneverheaircleaner
as
been
emoved;sudden
ackfire--or
explosionf
uel nanengineylinder-
can ause
eriousurns.
.
Donot ouch he
generator
ngine r
exhaust
iping
hilehemachine
s un-
ning r mmediatelyfter urning
t off;
these arts anbecomeery ot.Allow
the
generator
o coolbefore
erforming
anymatnlenance.
r
Turn he
generator
ff
before
erforming
anymaintenancen
t; also isconnect
thespark
lug
wire nd hebatteryo
pre-
vent ccidentaltartup f
hemotor.
r
Generator
se s
regulatedy ederal
and tate egislation
n some reas;on-
tact heappropriate
uthorities
n
your
communityorany pplicable
aws.
7 \
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BENCH
GRINDERS
f,
rom dressing
ndshapingmetalto
I
squaring ndsharpening
its,
plane
irons,
and chiselblades,
he bench
grinder s
an nvaluableworlshop
main-
tenance ool. Grindersare classified
accordingo
their
wheel
diameter. he
5-
to 7-inch
benchtopmodels,with
%- o
%-horsepowermotors,are
he
most
popular
home
workshop
izes.
hey
can
be
mounted
on a work
surface r fas-
tened o
a seoaratetand.
Grindingwheels ome n manygrits
and
compositions. edium
36- and
60-grit aluminum
oxide
wheels
will
handle
most tasksadequately,
ut
you
may
need a finer wheel,with either
100or 120 grit, for
delicate
harp-
ening
obs.
Buffing
wheelsor
polish-
ing metal,
and wire wheels or remov-
ing rust
and cleaningmetal,
are also
worth owning.
Most grinders
operate t one speed,
or allow
a choiceof two speeds-typi-
DRESSING
GRINDERHEEL
Truinghewheel
To
ruea
grinder
heel
nd quarets
edges, sea star-wheel
resserra dia-
mond-pointresser.
or hestar-wheel
dresser,ove
he
grinder's
ool est
way
from
hewheel.With
he
guard
n
posi-
t ion, witch n he
grinder
ndbutt he
tip of hedresser
gainsthewheel. hen,
with
our
ndexinger
estinggainst
he
tool est,move
hedresseride-to-side
across
hewheel
right).
or
hediamond-
point
resser,old
hedevice etween
the ndexinger nd humb fone and,
set t on he ool est ,
ndadvancet
toward
he
wheel
nt i l
our
ndexinger
contacts
he ool est
inset).
lidehe ip
of
hedressercross
he
wheel,
ressing
l ight ly
hi le eeping
our
nger n
he
tool est. or
ither resser,ontinue
ntil
theedges
f hewheel re quare
nd
you
have xoosedresh
brasive.
cally 950 nd
3600
pm.
Some ewer
models
ffer
ariable
peeds,
particu-
larly
aluable
ption or
polishing
nd
A grinder
s thebest ool
for
restoring
the
correct evel ngle
on a nicked r
out-of-squarehisel
lade.The ip of
theblademust
contacthe
grinder
wheel t
an angleof 25" to
30".
cleaning, nd or grinding
with
speeds
low enough
o maintain
he temperof
a steel
ool.
No grinder
should
be usedwithout
loweringheguardmountedabove ach
wheel; he
tool should
also come
equippedwith
adjustableool rests
nd
wheel
overs heathing 5percent
o 80
percent
of the wheels.More
expensive
grinders
mayhave
other eatures,
uchas
sparkarresters,
water ray or
cooling
tool
tips,and exhaust
utlets.
Check
your grinder
wheels egu-
larly
for fractures
and, as the wheel
wears, djust he
distance etween
he
tool restand hegrindingwheel o aboutr/tinch.
A grinding
wheelwill
eventual-
ly become
ull and clogged
with metal
particles,
nd ts
edgesmay
go
out-of-
square. s shown
below,a wheel
dress-
er s a special
ool that s used
o true
the working ace
of a grinding
wheel
and
square
ts
edges.
76
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
U^
GOUGE.SHARPENINGIG
The
ig
shown t
right
guarantees
that
he ip of a
gouge
i l lcontact
thewheel
f
your
rinder
t hecor-
rectangleo
restorehe
bevel n he
cut t ing
dge.
he imensions
n
the
l lustrat ioni l laccommodate
mosr
ouges.
Cut he base
nd he
guide
ro m
%-inch
lywood.
crewhe
guide
together
nd
astent to the
base
withscrewsountersunk
romunder-
neath.
ake ure he
openingre-
ated y he
guide
s arge
nougho
allowhearm
o slidehrough
reely.
Cut hearm
rom1-by-2 tock
and
he ool upport
rom%-inch
plywood.
crewhe wo
parts
f the
tool
supportogether,
hen asten
thebottom
o hearm,
lushwith
one nd.
For
he
V block, ut
a small
wood locko
size nd aw 90"
wedgeutof one ide.
Glueheblock
to
he ool uppo rt.
Touse he
ig,
secure
t to a work
surfaceo he
arm ines p
direct ly
underhe
gr inding
heel. eat
he
gouge
andle
n heV block nd
lide
the
arm o hebeveled
dge f he
gouge
its laton he
grinding
heel.
Clamp
hearm n
place.
hen, i th
the
gouge
lear
f hewheel,witch
on he
grinder
nd epositionhe ool
in he
ig .
Ho ld inghe
gouge
i th
bothhands,
otatet fromside-to-
side
o hebeveleddge
uns cross
the
wheel
left).
Check
hecutting
edge
eriodically
nd top
rinding
whenhebevel
orms.
Tool9upport
(back) '1"x2"x2 '1"
(bot tom)%"x1%"x2 ' /o"
Ouide
( r o p ) % " x 1 % " x 9 "
(a tdee) ' h "x1u /a "x9"
77
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DUST
COLLECTION
A
dust ollectionystem as
neaim:
A
to capturemosiof hewood
dust
created t eachofyour woodworking
machines nd
prevent
t from
ending p
on the shop loor,or, worseyet, n the
air.There
rea series fvariablesn
every
system hat must be coordinated
o
ensure strong nough low
ofair: the
power
f thecollector;theocation
nd
requirements
f the
machines
n the
shop;and he ype,size, nd ayout
of
the duct work.
Thedesign fa
central ystem egins
with a simple
bird's-eye
iew
sketch
f
your shop, ike
the one shownbelow,
arranging
hemachines ndcollectorn
theirpreferred
ocations. hen,
raw n
a
main ine
running rom
the collector
through he
shop.Sketchn branch ines
as needed
o accommodate ach
machine nd
anyobstructions-joists,
beams, r fixtures-that mayrequire
specialouting.For he
bestair
flow,
keep
he main ine and
branch inesas
shortand
straight s
possible,
ndposi-
tion
the
machines
hat
produce
he
most
dust
closesto the coilector. oumay
chooseo run ducting
along he ceil-
ing of the shop,or, to increasehe
efficiency
f the system, t machine-
tableheight
along he walls.
Since
n most
homeshops
nly one
woodworking
achine ill
be
produc-
ing
dustat a time,4-
or 5-inch-diame-
ter duct s sufficient or
both the main
and
branch
ines.
Thereare
several uit-
able
ypesofduct availableor
dustcol-
lection
systems.he
best hoices metal
duct designedpecificallyor
dustcol-
lection.However,many
woodworkers
opt for
plastic
pipe,
ypicallyPVC
or
ABS. t is
easiero seal ndassemble
and
disassembleor
cleaning),ess xpen-
sive, nd more eadily
available.
Because
lastic
s
an
nsulator,
ow-
ever, tatic
build-up nside he
pipe
can
reach angerousevels
uring se-pos-
siblyhigh
nougho gnite
hedust
pass-
ing through t. To prevent
his, ground
all
plastic
ucts y running
a bare opper
ground
wire rom
each ool, nside
he
duct,
o an electrical round.
As a safety
precaution, ave he system hecked
by an electrician.
mooth-wallubber
hoseand lexible lastic
ose, requent-
ly used
as branchducts o
connect
machines
o themain ine,
areotherduct
options or thehome
shop.Mostof these
producs
also equire
lectrical
rounding.
A
centraldust collection
system
requires
selection
ffittings o route
and
oin
lenghsof
ductanddusthoods.
The nventory
on page
9
llustrates
he
elements
f
a
qpical
dustcollection
ys-
tem. f you run
themain ine
along he
ceiling, ou
cansecuret in place
with
wire
strapsnailed
o furring
strips
mounted
etweenhe
oists.
Fittings irectly
ffect he efficiency
of thesystem,
ochoosehem
carefully.
As a rule,gentle
urves re
better han
sharp urns,souseY fittings
nstead f
DESIGNING
SHOP
Laying uta
shop
F()REFFICIENTUST
C()LTECTION
Thediagram
t
right
llustraies ypical ome
hop
layout.he
power
ools nddust
ollectionystem
have
een rrangedormaximum
ust ollection
ff
-
c iency. i th heexcept ion
f he able aw,
l l he
machinesre ituated
n he
perimeter
f hework
rea.
The uctingor
hecentral ust ollection
ystemuns
closeo hewal ls.
espiteequir ingrelat ively
ong
mainine,
h is es ignl lowsor
shor t ranchines
andminimal i rect ional
hanges-bothf f ic ient
arrangements.he
paceaken pby
hedust ol lec-
t ion ystemsminimizedyplacinghe ol lectorut
of hewayn
a cornerf heshop. he
planer,roba-
bly he heaviestust
producer,
s
positioned
losest
to he
collectoro reducetrain
n hesvstem.
78
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
or branch
onnections,herever
blast
ate
hould
e ocated
each ranch utlet
o seal ucts hen
arenotbeing sed,hereby
ncreas-
flow to the machine
n
use.
hether ommercially
ade
r
hould e
positioned
s lose
possible
o thesource
f thedust.
Youhave choice f
methodsor
uctwork.
any
ducts
nd
canbe
riction it andsecured
ose lamps. uct ape
canalso ffectively
oin
plastic ipe,
ut
it is
unsightly
ndwill decay ver ime.
A high-qualityiliconeealant
s
proba-
blyabetter hoice
or a
permanent
ys-
tem.Toensure mooth ir
flow metal
ducts hould e
oined
with rivets,ather
thanscrewsr bolts.
Once
ou
have ompletedhe
ayout
ofyoursystem
ndselectedhe ypeof
duct
youwill
use,
t is ime o calculate
your
dustcollection
eeds
ndselect
collector.
his nvolvesetermininghe
requirements f the
heaviest
ust col-
lection askvour svstem
must handle.
This usually'willbi the sum of system
losses nd he air volumedemanded y
the machine
most
distant
from the
collector.
Purchase
collector
with
slightlymore capacity. ystem
osses
are caused y such
nefficiencies
s
bends
n the ine,corrugated ucting,
leaks,
and
hoods without flanges.
Use hecharts nd
nformation
n
page
80 o sizeand select collector.
ETEMENTS
lF
A DUST OTTECTIONYSTEM
Reduaer
Metal duct
)tanda rd duat aollection
pipe;
available
n wide anqe
'of
diametera
Connecta
duct of different
diametere; alao used to
increaeeauction
in oyatem or
ioin
a branah
ine to hood
Corrugated
fl exible hoae
Kibbed
plaatic
hose uaed
or ahort
runs or to connect machinea ,o
main duct: smooth-aided
rubber
Elaet'
gate
?ipe fittin7 with
alidin7
qate
which
ia openedor cloaed
to direat.duat col-
lection air
flow to
a
partiaular
machine
Splice
For oinin6 two
len4tha
of
duct
Hood
Duat-
c
apt u in4 devicepoai'
tioned cloee o aource and
connected o branch
ine
or
plaatic
varietiea
aloo available
ffi
\--J
_
I'
Hoee alamp
9lotted
metal
band
T
aonneator
and
acrew
ueed
o
Connecte wo ducte
join
two len4the of
at 90" anqle
duct or hoae
PVC
pipe
Plastic
pipe
for emall ehop
duat, collection
system6;
available n different diame-
tere and wall hiakneasea
Elbow Y conneator
Att,achee o duc-t'
Joina
two ducte at
to chan1edirec-
3Ooor 45" an6le
tion of
line
Adaptere
Joina
non-atandard
hose
and duat
to atandard dust
colleotion
hoae:also uaed
to abtach collection
hoae
to facto
ry-
neta
ll
ed
po
te
on etationarv
maohines
Floor aweep
Attached to branch duct of central
eyetem to
vacuum
duat off ahop
loor
79
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SHOPACCESSORIES
CATCUTATINGUST
(|LTECTI(|N
EEDS
Determiningtatic
ressure
oss
Dust ollectorsre atedby heirability
o
(1)
EOU|VAIEI{TENGTHFSYSTEMIEMENTS
move certain umber fcubic eetof air
per
Duct rFifting Equivalentengh,n Feet
minute
cfm)
gainstspecifc stat ic
res-
sure. hemost mportantariableo keepn
Smooth-wall
ipe
Actualength
mindwhen hoosingdust ollectoror
your
Corrugated
ipe
r hose
1.5
x actualen$h
shopsstatic
ressure
oss, hich sa mea-
Unflangeduct, ose, r hood onnections
10
sure f he riction irencounters
s t
passes
90" sharp lbow
20
throughduct.
he onger
heductingnd he
more umeroushesystemosses,he
greater
90ocurved lbow
10
thestatic
Dressure
oss. odetermine
he
90" hose end
10
size f collector
ou
need,
alculatehestatic
45' curved lbow
5
pressure
ossor
he
heaviest
ollectionask
45" hose
end
5
in
heshop.
n
hediagramn
page
8, t is
the ointer. he ol lowingalculat ionsre Sideeg f90"T 20
basedn t. For
our
wn hop,
ou
mayneed
Side egof 45" Y
5
to do hecalculat ionsora fewmachines-
those
arthestrom
hecollectorndat he
endof branchines-and hoose collector
based n hehighestesult
ou
btain.
(2)
AIREXHAUST0LUMEE0UIREMENTS
OR ACHINES
Startwithchart1
(right,
op) o calculate
Machine
Cubic
eet
er
Minute
CFM)
theequivalentength f heductingunning
to he
machine.n
ourexample,here re
Jointer
-r2' )
300
45
straighteetof smooth -inch-diameter
Disc ander
up
o 12") 300
ductand wo90'curved lbows.he quiv-
Vertical
elt ander
up
o 6") 350
alentengthherefores:45 feet+ 20 feet
=
Band aw up o 2" blade) 400
65 feet.Then se hart2
middle)
o deter-
mrneneexnausreourremenrsncTm Trne
Table aw
up
o 16") 300
machine;or he
ointer,
t is
300
cfm.
Radial rm aw
350
Finally,
se hart
(bottom)to
etermine
Planer
up
o
20")
400
static
ressure
ossordust ollectiont he
machine.hooserom itherhe hird r ourth
Shaper
%"
spindle)
300
column f hechart
ependingn
whether
Shaper
1"
pindle) 500
themachines
oined
o a main- l ine
uct
Lathe
500
(3500
eet
per
minute
fair
velocity,
r pm)
Floor weep
350
ora branchine
4000
pm). n hisexample,
Drill
press
3OO
a 300-cfmmachineonnectedo a 4- inch-
diameter ain inehas static ressureoss Jigsaw 300
of .05 nches
er
oot. hushestatic
res-
sure ossor
his
ointer
s:
65
feet .05
inches/foot3.25 nches. dd wo nches
for
unmeasuredossesikeair eaks nd he
(3)
STATIC
RESSURE(ISS ER
00T FDUCTT3500Al{D
1000
PM
value iseso 5.25 nches.
he hop n
page
CFM
Duct
diameter 3500 pm 4000 pm
78 would eed col lectori tha 300
cfm
rating t 5.25 nches f static
ressure.
300
4' '05 n/ft '07 n/ft
system 0
percent
arger ould
llow
or
350
4u '05
n/ft .07 n/ft
future xpansion.
400
4'
,05 n/ft .06 n/ft
500
5u .04 n/ft
.06 n/ft
80
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
COLTECTORS
llltlll lll
lt1ll lll
lll lll ll ll
IllJlll lll lil
lll lll lil llJ
1HO?
TI?
Electrioal ewee?6
lor riqht-angle
ointo
lf
you
uee?VC
ipe
or
your
duet collec-
Lion6yoNem,
ubstit'uhe O" electrical
ewee?o
far
riqht) for convenlional
0"
elbowe near iqht) to reducericLion
and
ncrease
he efficiencyf
your
oye-
tem.
Available
l
elecNrical
upply oue'
ee,Nhese
it t in4e
eaNure 24-inch
radius urve,
which
e much
qent' ler
than Ihe 5-
to |O-inch adius urve
f
etandard lbowe,
Choosingetweeningle-
and wo-stage
ollectors
Two asicypes
f dust o l lectors
re
availableor
home orkshops:tngle-nd
two-stageachines.
nsingle-stageol -
leclors
above,
eff), ebris-
nddust-
laden i r sdrawnhrough
n mpel le r ,
where yclone
ct ion eposits
eavy
dust nd ebris
nto hewasteontain-
erbelow hilehe
ighterust iseso
the
dust ag. ing le-s tage
o l lec to rs
are e la t i ve lyoud nd hedust nd
debr isend
o wear u t hebag nd
impel ler
u ickly.
n wo-stageol lectors
(above,
ight),Ihe
mpellers ocated
abovehe n le t uct
o heheavier
pa r t i c les
rop n to he
waste onta in-
er before
nyair
passes
hrough
he
impe l le rnd
ag . h is
s
qu ie ter ,
nd
reduces
ear n he mpellernd ust
bag. wo-stageollectors
re omewhat
more i f fcul t o clean.
8 1
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
DUST
HOODS
Connecting
dust ollectionystemo ools ith ust
orts
Use
commercialdapteroat tach col lect ionoseo a
machineust ort . he dapterhould esizedo r ict ion-
f i t w i th
he o l lec t ionose tone nd nd l io verhe
Hooking
planer
p o he ystem
A hoodike heone hown t r ight an
becustom-bui l to caoture ost f
he
dust
enerated
y
your laner.
ake
he
hoodrom
alvanized
heet
etal ,
ut-
ting
he
pieces
ith
insnips. eaveabs
where
he
pieces
verlapo hey anbe
pop
ivetedogether.akelanges
n
thesideso moroveheseal nda hole
in hebackor hedust
ol lect ionose;
you
wil l
also eedo create ipalong
the op o
connecto he
edge
f he
planer 's
hip ischargehute. se n
adaptero
o in
hehoodo hehose,
insedingne nd n
he
holen
he
hood
and heother nd n
he
hose;e in-
force heconnectionith
a
hose
lamo.
Fasten
he
ip
of hehoodo he
planer
with
heet
metal
crews.
dust
port
at
heother, sshown n heband aw
above,
eft).
For he adial rm aw, hose lamps usedor einforce-
menl
(above,
ight).
Adapter
CollecLion
hoae
82
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
fitlllllll lt llllll lll lll lll llllll iIllll llllll lll ]I1lll
1HO?
TI?
Adapt nq st andard
sheet'
metal ducts as dust,hoode
Commercialheet-met
l duc|'scan
bemodified
Lo eerve e eff icient
hoode
or
your
ohop'e
duet,
ollecLion
yofem.Someexamplea re
shownhere.Uee
Lin snios 'o cuNNhe ucL
'o
a eh ape haN
ouit6 he tool aI
hand.The
ducN
shoulAi1; nuqly roundhe chipdiocharqeVort
or
dusN poutof
the machine.crew
L n
Vlace
Connectingcollection
hoodoa routerable
A hood ttached
o he ence f a router
table i l lco l lect ost f hedust
ro-
duced
y he ool.Cut he
hoodrom
l/z-inch
lywood,
izingt so hesides
hug heoutside
dges f he ence's
support rackets.
hebottom dge f
thebacklangehould
est n he able;
the op
lange hou ldi ton
he op
edge f he
ence. eforessemblinghe
pieces
f he
hood, uta holehrough
theback or hecol lect ion
ose. lso
bore olesorscrewshroughhesides
and
crew ngleronso he
back o
that
heirnsidedgesre lush
with
he
opening
or hehose. crewhe
hood
together,hen
it
the
col lect ionose
in heback. se
hose lampo secure
thehoseo heangle
rons nd
position
thehood n he
ence
bove).
crewhe
sides
f hehoodo he
ence
rackets.
wibheheet
melal screwe.
B3
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
Setting
pa shop-madeandingtation
To educe
heamount
f dust
enerated
by
power
anding,ui ld
portable
tal l
that
its
ona a ble r
workbench.ut he
back,op,andsidesrom%-or%-inch
plywood.
aperhe opedgesf hesides
to
create comfortable,penworking
space,
ike
heone hown
bove. utan
outletn heback f hestationora dust
collectionose rbranchuct.
ssemble
thestation ith crews.
osition
hesand-
ingstation ecurelyn
your
work
urface;
at tachhecol lectoroseo heout let .
Turn
n he
col lectorefore
ou
begin
a sandingperat ion.
1HO?
TI?
Shop-madeblaot
gate
To aohion
an
inexpeneivelael
qabe
or a
Vlael ic ucl , sawhalfwayhrouqh he Vipe.
Cut a
4aIe
from
plywood
r hardboardo
fii
in
he kerf . )aw
a eemicirc len onehalfof
llll l|tlll l11]il
llrlll iilll1llrlll ll}|lllll lr lll ll ril
the
qate
he sameeizeas lhe
ineide
diamet
r
of
Nhe
iVe;
he olher hal t
shouldorolrude rom the kefr
Lo orm a handle. oeeal he
slol when he machine
e n
use,cuLa eleeve
rom
lhe
eamesizeof
pipe
wi lh
a d iaqona l l iL o a l low
iL o elideoverNhekefr.
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SHOPACCESSORIES
CONTROLLING
IRBORNE
UST
setting p
positive-pressure
entilation
Tomaintain
lear i r n
a shop hen
ou
are
enerating
great eal fairborneust
orchemicalumes,
etup
a
positive-pres-
sure entilation
PPV)
ystem.
pen ll
he
windows
n he
shop nd
position
an
out-
side he
door sshown
t
right
o hat
he
airflowt
produces
ill
envelophe
door-
way. he
tream
f airwill ollow
he
path
of least esistance-through
hedoor
nd
shop,
ndout hewindows,
learing
ir-
borne
ust nd umes
uickly.
PV
as
someimitations,
owever.
he
ystem ill
only unction
roperly
f thewindow
pen-
ings re argenougho handlesufficient
volume
f
air.Also,he est
f
your
ome
must ewell
ealed
ff rom he
shoo.
more
ermanent
lternative
o PPV
anbe
fashioned
ymounting
nexplosion-proof
exhaust
an n
a shop indow.
etup o
pul l
airout
of he oom,
he anwi l lcre-
atenegat ive
ressure,
xpel l ing
umes
and
dust n argerolumes
han s
possi-
blewith
PPV.
filllll lt'llt
lt'lll-llll
II
ltt'IxlIt
lt l|l'lllt
ll
il'fiI'l||l
1HO?TI?
Vaauum
areeningamp
For
cleaninq
ust off Xheohop
loor, uild
a wedqe-
a L ^ a ^ - ) z r q a ^ q i a ^ - ^ * ^ t - ^ ^ 1 / ^ i - - r ^ 1 . , , , , ^ ^ - J
ehaped
creenin7
amV roml/z-inch
lywood.
Oefore eeemblinqhe piecee,ut an
inlet
porl
in he
backto fit
a dust
collection
ose
and ive rowe
of 2-in
h diameLerh
oles
lhrouqh
he Iop.When
dust
andchiVo
re6we\
u?
onbo he ramp,
maller
parliclee
will
all hrouqh
lhe holee
nd
conNinuen
Io the
colleclor.Larger
efuse
will emain
on bhe ramo
or
eaey
diopoeal.
86
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SHOP
ACCESSORIES
l|Il
lll lll
lll ll lli
lll lll
lll lll
lll lll lll
lll lll
ltllll
]l}
1HO?
Tt?
?anty
hoee ahop
vacuum
tlt'er
Uoedpanty
hoee an
oerve o
an
inexpeneivelt'ernaLive
o replace-
able
shop
vacuum ust'
ilNero.
it
the waieL
andaround
he
loam
filf,ersleeve n
Lhe undereide
f
lhe molor
houein4 f
the
vacuum
and
knot
he lege. lide
the
ret'ain-
inq inqaround
he
panty
hose 'o
aecure
N n
place.
Filteringhop
ir
Another
uick
nd
easy ethod
f td-
ding he
hop fairborne
ust ses
ur -
naceilter
n heback
f a
podable
oom
fan
above).
henhe
an s urned n,
suct ion
i l l
holdhe i l ter
n
place
nd
draw
ust utof
heair .
The ustwi l l
remain
n he ilter,
hich an hen
e
brushedff
outsider
vacuumed.
87
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STORAGE,
n'd'ub'laccumula'fesliffi#
frfi*[T"i ,{if.#
stonishing
ate: umber
saws,
aw
lades,
rills
planes,lamps,
hisels,
ilt
conveniently
vailable
henneed-
Flammable
roductslikelacquers,
hellacs,
market, ut
you
can
build
a tool
ed-and
out
of the
waywhen
ot.
and
paint
hinners
equire
ltecial
ttention.
cabinet
ustomized
o-
ourneeds
Add o these
he
umber craps,
Storiig
hese
tems
n a-doubfe-lined,
xplosion-
easily nd
nexpensively
p^qT:
? )
locks,
inges,
crews,
ails,
pire
priof
steet
abinet
sone
ensible
olution.
Thedesignshown
n
page
8
fills
pars,'andontainers
aHill of
in
two needs
n one:
a storage
abinet
isher-all sureo be nvaluableome ay erysoon-andyou that oldsdownandservessa-sturdyorksurface.ardware
mayhave
he
makings f
a monumental
toiage
roblem.
-
canbe
sorted
n drawers,
ubdivided
nto separate
ompart-
Adequate
orkh6p
storage
hould
accomilish
wo
goalg:
mentsor,
for
greateri:t lt
y, n
glass
ontainers.
or
ools
fooh
and
materialsliould
bi
kept
within
eaiy
each feach
likeclamps
hatare
used ll
over he
shop, onsider
wheeled
operation,
ndthe
torage
evices
houldencroachaslittleas
ack(page
05)..
pbssiblenwork
space.
io
matterwhat
our
particular eeds,
No matter
what
devices
nd echniques
. u choose,
ou
youshould
inda
number
f storage
deas
hit conserve
pace
may
ind that
proper
torage
ot only
providesmorespace
in thischapter.
-
andconrrenience,
ut
conveys
sensef
order
and.
urpose
tn evaluating
ourownstorage
ptions
egin
y aklg
two
that
ryill
make
ourshop
aneven
more
pleasant
nd
produc-
inventories:
ni'of
your
oolsand
materials nd
he other
of
tive
place
o
work.
h * d * d p o * . ' t o o l s t h a t m u s t b e c o m m e r c i a l s t o r a g e d e v i c e s ' o n t h e
. l
Whatever
tssize, tool
chest
anserve
sa cabinetmak-
er's
callingcard.
This
portablecarver's
hest eeps
ools
organized"
afe
rom
damage,
nd within
easy
each.
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STORINGWOOD
p
roperly
storedumber
and
plyr,vood
I.
are ot
onlykeptout
fthewaybut
straight
and dry,
oo.
For
most
shops,
this nvolves
toring umber
n racls
that
hold the wood off the floor. Wood
shrinksand
expands ccording
o the
amount
of humidity
to which it is
exposed.
wet floor
canwarp umber
and
delaminate
ome
plywoods.
The
lumber
acks eatured
n this
section re
easyand inexpensive
o
build;
you
should
be able o find
a suitable
esign
and
adapt t to
your
needs.
Ifyou
have
he space, ou
cansetup
an end-loadinglumber
acklike
heone
shownon
page
1.Sucha systems rel-
atively asy
o construct
ut
you
will need
a wall
wice he engh
of
your
umber
o
allow or oading
ndunloading.f
space
in your
shop s
at a
premium,
consider
front-loading
ack
ike
he oneshown
below. f versatility
s needed,
xamine
A LUMBER
ACK
Storing
lanks
nd
oards
The torageack t right eaturesertical
supportscrewed
o wall tuds.
ut rom
2-by-4
tock,
hesupports
uttresshop-
made
ood
rackets,hich
old p he
lumber.ou
wi l lneed
ne upport
teach
end
f he ack , i t h
nadd i t iona l
ne
every
2 inches
longhewall.After
olt-
ing
hesupports
o he
studs,
repare
he
bracketsy
cuttinghe
sidesrom%-inch
plywood
nd hemiddle
helf
iece
rom
2-by-4
tock % nches
horter
han he
brackets.
ngle
he opedge
f hesides
byabout 'so he
bracketsi l l
i l tup
slightly
inset)and
prevent
he umber
from al l ing
f f he
rack.
crewhemid-
dle hel f
iece
o
thesides,hen
crew
thebracket
o the
verticalupports.
the ack
on
page
2,which
allows ou
o
storeboards
oth horizontally
ndver-
tically. void
usingZ-shaped
rackets;
theywaste
oo much
space.
The ypicalshopcanstockhundreds
of
pounds
f lumbet
so
t is
crucial
o
anchoryour rack
firmly-to
at
least
every econd
wall stud
or floor
oist.
Make
he most
of spaces
hat
you
would not
ordinarily
consider
s
prime
storage reas.If our
ceilings
unfin-
ished, ail
urring strips
across
he
oists
for handy
shelving
o store
short stock
and
dowels.
Everytem n a workshop emands
itsown storage
method.The
dowel
rack
at left,
built
rom
3/t-inch
ply-
wood, -by-4
tock
nd6-inch-diam-
eter
cardboardubes,
orts
ffirent
sizes
f dowels hile
aking
up a min-
imum of
floor
space.
o
o
o
o
o
o
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STORAGE
A
TUMBER-AND.PTYWOOD
ACK
Designed
o accommodate
ot h
boards
nd
plywoodanels,
he ack
shown
ests n he
shop loor
nd
at taches
o
oists
n hecei l ing.
Lumbers
oadednto he
ai ls
from
heend,while
lywood
an
be
stacked
n he rough
t he
ront
and
held
n
place
y he
hingedar.
Refero the
cutting
ist orsuggest-
eddimensions.
Tobuildhe ack,irst ut he ails
and tiles
rom -by-4
tock,he n
notchhem
ogether
rnsef):
tarting
24 nches
rom hebottom
ndof he
stiles,uta
seriesf3%-inch-wide,
1%-inch-deep
adoes
very
4 nch-
es.Cut
abbetst both
nds f
each
rail o match
hedadoes
n hestiles.
Screw
he ails
nd tilesogether,
then
bolt he op
ends f he
stiles
to every
hird
oist,
makinghem
8
inchespart. ncehegrid s ixedo
the
ceiling
oists,
crew
hecrossbars
to
he ront tiles,
enteringhem
between
he ails.
Assemble
he
plywood
rough
ith
screws efore
astening
t to he bot-
tom
of he
ront tiles.
inally,ttach
thehinged
ar o he
roughip
with
a butt
hinge, nd ut wo
notches
n
the reeend
of hebar
ora looped
cord o hold he
barupright.
CUTflNO LI5T
Rails
(9): 1
1/2"
x 31/2" 36"
?tilea
(6):
'l
1/2"
x 31/2"
x
96"
Croeebars
(2)t
3,/+"
x 3t/2"
x 1OB"
Trough
-
back
1"x B" x
1OB"
-
bottomt
1"
x
10" x 1OB"
-
lip:
1"
x 3"
x 1OB"
Hinged bar:
3/c"
x 3
1/2"
x 65"
9 l
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STORAGE
ADJUSTABTE
UMBERACKS
Building
nadjustable
ipe
ack
The ack
hown bove, ade
f4-by-4 tock
nd teel
ipe,
s
at tachedo wal l
tuds. he teel
ipes
hould e oughly
4
inches
ong nd
%
inch
n diameter.hey
anbe nserted
nto
anyof he holes
r i l lednto hevert ical
upports
rcross-
pieces,
llowingumber
o be
piled
n he
pipes
r
stackedn
endbetween
hem.Begin y
cuttingheuprights
o ength nd
mark ach
oint
n hemwhere
ou
want
o locate cross-
piece. utdadoesn hesides f heuprightso accommodate
thecrosspieces
inset),
aking
ure l l
hecrosspieces
n
the
same orizontalow
willbeat he
sameevel. ore
oles
in to
heupr ights
nd rossp iecesor
he
p ipes ;
r i l l he
holes
inches eep
nd6 inches
part , ngl ing
hem y
about ' so he
pipes
i l l i l t upsl ight ly.
ol t he
uprights
to hestuds,
hen ut hecrosspieces
o length
nd ap
them n between
heupr ights
i th mal le t .
i x hem n
place ithglue r bydriv ingnscrewstanangle.
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STORAGE
i l i l l i l t i l i t t l i l t r r l i i i t i i i l l i t r l i l i l l l i l i l l l l i l l
l i r
l l l
ili i$ llt ii.l ul
i$ iil d.u
$ {iJ t$ tti
{ti l$ i$
iti i$ i.U
1HO?
TI?
Anahoring umber
raaka
n
aonarete
einceordinary
woodor
eheet
melal ecrewe o
noN
hold
well n concrele,
ou
will
need,
,ifferenf'
aetenere
Nhan
ou
woulduee
or wood. ead, nchore
top)com-
bined
ith aqbolloare
deal
or
anchorin7
'o
concrel'e.
lneertednto a hole rilledn 'heconcreLe,he nchor
Settingpadjustable
umberhelves
A commercia lumbertorage
ystem
like heone
hown boveonsists
f
metal trapping
ndbracketshat
t
into
olesn hestrapping.
he ack
issimi laro he
woodenne n
page
90,butbecause
t ismetal,h is
ack
can ypical ly
upport
eavieroads.
Bolt hestrapping
irect lyo he
wal l
studs, r o
verticalupportsastened
to non-exposedtuds.
Make ure he
s t rapsre l igneda te ra l l yo a l low
you
o
position
ach
ow
f
bracketst
the
same eight. or
most pplications,
attachhebrackets
o hestrapping
about 4 o 36
inchespart
ertically.
exVands
e Nhe oll
o driven
in lo t ,
qr ippinqtrhe
ideeof
the
hole iqhNly.
nother
oVtion
e
he
eell-LaVpin4
on -
crele
ocrew
bottom),lle
eer-
rated hreade
hold
fasL n concreNe.
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STORING
TOOLS
AND
SUPPLIES
Shelvesrean deal oolstorage
ption.
This
shop-built
unit
eatures
rooves
nd cleats ustom-cuto hang
a
panoply
of
took
n
full
viewoyera workbench.
((
[
place
or
everything
nd every-
A
thing n its
place."
hat ime-
worn
adages especially
ppropriateor
the homeworkshop.From
shelves
nd
racks o tool chests nd partitioned
drawers,many
devices ill
eliminate
clutter
whilekeeping
oolsand supplies
easilyaccessible. few methods
are
shown n the followingpages.
For certain
ools,
particularly
tems
that arevaluable
r dangerous
nough o
be out of the reach
of children,wall-
mounted
boxesike
hose hown
below
are deal.For
a
more
raditional
system
ofenclosed
torage,
ou
can
build a ool
cabinet
or cupboard n the shop
(page
96).Butnot every
torage evice eeds
to beelaborate.s
shown n
page
0l,
suspending
tool from a fastener
ri-
ven nto
a
wall
canwork
just
ine.
WALL
TORAGE
Installing
ortable
abinets
The
box t right anbehung
ecure-
ly
ona shopwallandeasilymoved
f
necessary.uild t from
Z-inch
ly-
wood itha hinged
op.
Tohang
he
cabinetn
he
wal l ,
uta 45' angle
bevel own
he
middle
f a 1-by-6,
then rosscuthe wo
pieces
lightly
less
han hewidth f
hebox. crew
one f he
oieces
o
he
wall
sa bat-
ten,with hebevel
oint ing
pand
fac inghewal l ;
nchor smany
of
he
asteners
s
oossible
n wal l
studs. crewheother
ieceo the
back f heboxwith ts
atedge
butting gainsthe ipand hebevel
point ing
own
nd acingheback.
The
wo
pieces
nter lockhen
he
box s hung
n hewal l
inset).
SIDEVIEW
Wall
tsalten
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STORAGE
Adaptingrawersohold malltems
Theaddit ion
f some implerays
anmake rawers
uch
more f f ic ient
toragenits, specia l ly
orsmal ltems
ike
screwsnd
washers,hich anbeeasily
ost. he
ar
organizer
shown bove eeps ifferent-sized
ars
n
order.
he helf ais-
es
hesmaller
ars
o
makehemmore ccessib le.
egin y
col lect ing
he
ars:
ind omeargernes
early
he
same
height s hedrawernd ome
mallernes bout
al f hat
height.
akehedividery r imming
piece
f 7z- inch
ly-
woodo
t insidehedrawer.
ay
ut
he
ars
n he
plywood
andmarkheiroositions.
se hole aw o cut
holesor he
jars
l ight ly
argerhan heir ctual iameters.
o ldhedivider
and heshelf
n
place
itha
pair
f
plywood
upports
above).
Anotherseful
rawerrganizers heslidingray
inseil.
he
tray sa basic ox hat
its nsidehedrawer.hedividersre
notchedogethernd hen ecured
ith inishing
ails. ttach
a
pair
f slides
o hedrawerideso support
he ray.
95
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STORAGE
A TOOI-UPBOARD
The upboard
boveeatureswin
doors
orstoringmall,
ight oolsike
chisels
nd crewdrivers,s
well sa
large
main ompartment
or
bigger
tools. ut hecomponentsrom
32-
inch
lywood
r
umbero heappro-
priaie
ize, epending
n henumber
of
ools
ou
wn;hecupboard
hown
above
s48 inc hes ouare
nd5
incheseep
ith3-inch-deepoors.
Next, ssemblehe
cupboardsing
the
oinery
ethodf
your
hoice.
through
ovetai l
o int
sone f he
strongest
ndmost
isually
leasing
opt ions.
ut
you
ould hoose
methodssimple
scounterbored
screwsoncealednder
ood
lugs,
asshown
bove.
Tohelp
ou
nstal lheshelves,
lay hecupboard
n tsback nd
olacehe oolso be
storedn heir
designatedpots.
ositionheshelves
accordingly
nd crewhem
n
place.
Tokeep uppliesrom ol l ing
f fa
shelf r he
bottom f hedoors,
g lue
ledge long
he
ront
dge.
l f
you
want o
subd iv ideshe l f
screw
-by-1 leats cross
t or
insta l l er t ica l iv idersetween
theshe lves .
Equip ne rboth oors
ith lot-
tedshelves
o hold oolsike hisels
andscrewdrivers.
ore series f
holes l ight lymal ler
han he ool
handles,hen aw
kerf rom he
edge
f heshelf o he
hole o
enab le
ou
o s l ip
n
heb lade.
Screwhe
shelveso hedoor.
Hanghedoors
n hecupboard
w i thbut tor
p iano
inges. se
three ut th inges
er
oor.
Mount
the
cupboardo he
wall
bove
ou r
workbench,f desired,yscrewing
it
to he
wall tuds.
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STORAGE
A FOLD-DOWNORKBENCH
AND OOL
ABINET
ldealor
small
workshops,
he
storage
cabinethown elow ndopposite
ea-
tures door hatservesouble-dutys
a sturdy ork urfacehat oldsupout
of hewaywhen t is notneeded.
Mountedna framehat sanchored
to
wal l tuds,heunit sbui l twi th n
adjustable
helf nda
perforated
hardboard
ack
ororganizing
nd
hangingools swellasa work able
supportedy oldingegs. hecabinet-
bench an be made ntirely f %-inch
plywood,
xceptor he egsand eg ail,
whicharecut f rom 2-by-4
stock; he
1-by-3rame;
he
1-by-4
ingebrace
assembly;nd he hardboardack.
Frame
Fiano
hinge
o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o a
o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o
11
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o o o " " " : :
CUTTING I9T
Frame
-
Raile
2):3,/+"x
1/2" 48"
-
Stilee
(2):3/+"x
1/2" 24"
Cabinet
-
Back:1/a" 24" x 48"
-
Top:3,/+"10"x 48"
-
Eottom:3,/+" 10"x 48"
-
1ides
(2):3,/+"
10"x 221,/2"
-
Divider:3,/q"10"x 221,/2"
-
thelf
3/+"
x
10"
x 3O1/2"
Workbenah
-
Top:3,/+" 23
1,/+"
x 48"
-
Eenchtop ail:3/+" 4" x 48"
-
Bencht'op tileo:
(2):3/+"
4" x 221/2"
-
Hinge
brace ails
(2):3/+"
31/2" 461/2"
-
Hinge
bracestilea
(2):3,/+"
31/2" 16"
-
Lege
2):
1
1/2"
x
31/2" 34"
-
Leg ail: 1
1/2"
x
3
1/2"
x 461/2"
9B
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STORAGE
Build
heunit n hree
teps, tart-
ingwith he
rame,hen
makinghe
cabinetect ion,
nd
inal ly ut t ing
and ttaching
heworkable
nd egs.
Referringo thecutting
ist
orsug-
gested
imensions,
ut
abbetsn he
frame
ai ls nd t i les,
hen
lue
nd
screwhem
ogether.
exi, crewhe
frameo hestuds
n
your
hop. e
sure
o
position
he
rame o
hat he
work urface
illbeata comfortable
height,ypicallybout
6 inches ff
the
loor.Now uild he
cabinetec-
tion,
uttinghe
parts
o size. efore
assembling
he
pieces,
orewo
paral-
lel ows f
holes n he
nsideace f
one ide
anel
nd heopposing
ace
of hedivider. ril l
heholes t
-inch
intervalsbout
inchesn
rom he
edges
f he
panels.
y nsertingom-
mercia l ly
vai lablehelf
upportsn
theholes,he
height f he
shelf an
be
adjustedo
suit
our art icu lar
needs. ith heexception
f he
shelf,
screw
he
parts
ogether,
hen ut he
hardboard
o size nd
nai l t to he
cabinet .
it heunit
gainsthe
rame
anduse
crewso attach
hecabinet
to he
rame.
Saw he
parts
f heworkbench
o
size,hen crewhe
hinge race
ails
and tiles
nd hebenchtop
ailand
stiles
o heunderside
f hebench-
top
(above,
ight). Altach he
bench-
too o hebottomf hecabinetection
with
piano
inge, akingure
he
twoedges
re
perfectly
ligned.
With heworkbench
olded own
and
held
aral le l
o he
loor,mea-
sure hed is tance
rom he
h inge
bracea i l o
he loor nd u t
he
legs o f i t .
At tachhe egs o the
rai lwithhinges,hen
crewevelers
to hebottom
f he egs nd
adjust
them snecessary
o evelhe
bench-
top.Add olding
etal raceo each
leg
oradded upport,
crewinghe
f lat
end
of hebrace
o thehinge
brace t i le
nd heother
nd o he
outsidedge
f he eg.
Also
ut
a
leg ail o t between
he egs nd
screw
t in
p lace .
ina l l y ,ns ta l l
haspock, crewing
ne
part
o he
topof he
cabinet nd he
other
art
to he benchtop
ai l .
99
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STORAGE
STORINGAWS
NDBLADES
Buildinghandsaw
torageack
Thehandsaw
torageack hown
t
eft
savespace ystoringaws pright.he
handlesit on
oiecesf
wood
hesame
shape
s he
holen
hehandle.he locks
aremountedo a holder
hatsl idesn
grooves
ut
n
he opandbottom f he
box.Cut he
parts
f hebox o size,hen
equip
our
able awwith
%-inch ado
blade. o
accommodateheoutsideaw
holders,
ut %-inch-deep
rooves
%
inches
rom ach ndof he op
andbot-
tom.Saw nother
roove
n
each
iece
centeredetween
he
irst
wo
or
he hird
saw older. crewhe opandbottomo
the ides,
hen ack hebackn
place.
Trace
heout l inef heholen
each aw
handle
na block fwood nd
utout he
piece.
lue nd crewt
o hesaw old-
er, hen crew
pivotingiece
f woodo
the ooof
heblockoservesa urnbuck-
le
hat
willkeep
hesaw n
place
hent
is being tored. se
saber aw ra band
saw o cuthandlesn
he
holders
o make
it easiero
slidehesawsn andoutof he
box. lacehem t staggeredeightso
they onot nterfereith
ach ther. he
dimensionshown illmake box
hat
canhold aw hree aws.f
you
want
o
storemore
aws,implymakehe opand
bottom ider
nd pace dditional
grooves
%
nches part.
Baak
1/+"
x 9" x 29
3/+u
5aw
holder
1/+"x10"x291/2"
3 /+ "x8 "x29 "
Turnbuakle
/
.J- /
re
I00
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STORAGE
A HANDSAW
OTDER
Build
wall-mounted
ackor
hand-
saws
witha
fewwood
craps,
ow-
eling, nd
ome
ubber
ose. ut
the base
rom
/z-inch
lywood
and he
dividersrom
4-by-4
tock;
the
dividershould
e
10 nches
long.
uta aper
t he
endof each
4-by-4,
sshown
t right.
crew
2-by4alongone
dge f he
base,
thenscrew
hedividers
n
place,
leaving Vz-inch
ap
between
them.
he toppers
re
ut rom
4-
inch
engths f
l/z-inch
dowel
nd
slightly
arger
ubber ose;
se
hose ith
idgesather
hansmooth
garden
ose.
lipa
saw nto he
rack
rombelow,
hen ug
down
n
the
handle.he
topper
ill
pinch
the blade
n
place.
Markhe
dow-
el's
position
nd crew
t to the
base.
fiIlllj
ll ll
ll]lll
lll lll
lll lll lll
lll
lll
)HO?
TI?
Hangingportable
?ower
oole
from the
wall
A eim?le
uV aoily
verlooked
olution
o
t'he
problem
f elorinq
Nools
where
hey can
be
eeen e Nohangbhem rom Nhe hopwall.
Drive
nail,ecrew,
r
lhreadedeye
hook
into he
wall,makinq
ure
N s
anchored
'o
a elud.
Loopa
lenqlhof
nylon
opearound
Nhe ool
handle,lhen
an6
'he ope rom
Ihe
faslener,
Leave'he
ope
hanqinq
rom
Lhe
wallwhen
ou
are uoinq
'he ool
ae a
reminder o
elurn
t to it 'e iqhtful
place
when
ou
are
iniehed.
Illl
ttlllt
ltlt
1 0 1
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STORAGE
0rganizing
ircularaw lades
Keepour ircularaw ladesis ible
and
protected
n a custom-made
tor-
age
ox ike heone
bove.ui ldhe
box rom
/z-inch
lywood,
uttingt
a few nchesarger
han
our
argest
blade ndwide
nough
o
hold
ll
your
blades. ake
hedivrders
utof
t/q-
inch
lywood;
rst
ut
ectangles
inch ess
han he
size f hesides,
then awhemn ha l f
iagona l l y .
Screwhe rame
ogether,
hen
lue
and ai l hediv iderso hebottom
andback. eavel/q
nch
betweenhe
dividers.o
keephe
bladesrom olling
outof hebox, ut
a battenrom crap
stock
nd ai l t
o hediv idersear
thebottom
f hebox.
llltllrll ltllltll1llllt lll lllllt llljlt lllllt lllltl
lll
9HO7
Tt?
A
aircular aw
blade
aarrier
To
avoid
damaqin4
our
circular
eawblades,
r
nickin4
our-
eelfwhen he
blades re
beinq tored
or Nranoporl-
ed,use
a commercial
lade
carrier. hemodel
hown
accommodahee
p o 10
bladee,
rotecNinq
he
cuN-
t inq
edqee
wiNh
plaoLic
r im
whi leeavinq
hebladee
vieible.When
Norinq everal
bladesal
once,oeparate
Nhemwilh
cardboard ?acere
lo
prevenl
he
Neeth rom
makinq
onlacN.
r02
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STORAGE
OOLSRGANIZED
Adding
ool-trayividers
To
protect
ooledges
n storagerawers,
aw
2-by-4o a
length
qualo hespace
etween
hedrawerides.
hen ut
dadoescross
ne ide f
heboardo
hold he ools-in
his
case,
arrow
adoeso accommodate
ile blades
above).
Storing
andools
The ool
ray hown bove
eeps ifferent
ools part nd
sim-
ilar nesogether,
elping
o
protect
hem
whilemaking
need-
ed
tem asyo
ocate.he ray
as headditional
dvantagef
being
uspended
rom verhead
oists
o hat
t
akes
pno
valu-
able
work pace. tart
yboltingwo
2-by-4so
oists,
pacing
them o accommodate
he
ray.Cutoff he
bottom nds f
he
Z-by-4st a
convenient
eight. ext, uild
he ray, utting
thesides
rom%-inch tock,
nd hebottom nd
hedividers
from +-inchlywood.utdadoesor hedividersccordingo
how
ou
wish o
group
our
ools,hen
crewhesides
ogether
and o he
bottom. lue
hedividers
n hedadoesnd
crew
thesideso
he2-by-4s.
crewheback o
wall tuds, r,
using
ead nchors,
o a concrete
all. f
youplan
o nstall
the
ray tanangle,
sshown,
rivehescrews
hrough ood
wedges
laced
etween
he ray nd
hewall.
103
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STORAGE
Using Lazy
usan{ypetorage
upboard
l f
your
workshop
as
n unusedorner
-an
area
nder counter,
orexam-
ple,
nstal l
commercial
azy
usan-
type
upboardo
storeworkshop
ools
andsupplies.he
esignf he
device
makes
ny tem n he
rays asilycces-
sible. he
model hown
boveeatures
a carousel
i th wo
rayshat evolve
around metal haft.
sing%-inch
ly-
wood,
uild
cabinetike heone
hown
above
o house
hecarouselnd
upport
themetal haft
t both he
ooandbot-
tom.Assemble
hecarousel
ollowing
he
man facturer's
nstructions.
flIl ll1
llj lll
u lll lll
lll iIjiIl
illllj lll
ll jll
jll lll llr
1HO?Tt?
Amagnetictool
mck
KeepmelalNoolo
or4anized
nd
accessible
n a
commercial
aqnel-
ic
Nool ack.The
model hown ea-
Eures
a
heavy-duLy
barmaqneNlhaLwi l l
holA
ny ron-based
ool
eecurely-from
screwdrivers,
chieels,
nd
hammero
o Lry equaree
nd ocieeors.
o
mount ,he ack,
crew
NhemaqneN
o a wood
etrip and
anchorLheotrip
Nowall
e|uds
above
our
workbehch,
t04
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STORAGE
A MOBITELAMPACK
Clamos
anbea
nuisanceo
store.
The heer
umber
ccumulated
n
most hoos-and
heir
awkward
size
ndshape--can
tretch
ven
he
most
rganizedtorage
ystem
o he
l imit . hemobi lelampack hown
belowtores
wide
arietyfclamps.
With asters
ounted
nderhe
base,
he
ack anbe
ol ledo any
part
f heshop
here
lamps re
needed,
hen tored
gatnst
hewall,
Refero thecuttingist orsuggest-
eddimensions.
Start
ycutting
he ails, t iles,
nd
crosspieces
o size
rom2-by-4 tock.
Then
oin
he
pieces
ogethersing
lap
oints
nd
notches.
o
prepare
he
rails
or he
oinery,
out nd
abbets
that
wi l l t in to he
notchesnd
dadoesut
nto hestiles.
he abbets
shou ld e
1 /znches
ide nd
4
inch eep.
ext, otchhe op
endof
each
t i le n hree
ides sshown,
then outback-to-backadoesea r
thebot tom
ndand
midd le f he
st i les; ake
hedadoes
% inches
wideand
3/q
inchdeep. lso
ut a
nolch t/z nches
ide nd7q
nch
deeo
rom hebottom
feach tile.
When
ou
ssemble
he ai ls nd
stiles, lignhe
wohalvesf each
ai l
face-to-facendassemble
ith he
stile.Screw
he
pieces
ogether,ri-
ving he
astenershrough
he
oints,
To
oin
hecrosspieces
o he
ack,
cut3%-inch-wide
adoes
n
he
mid-
dleof each nd
crewhem
n
place.
Themiddlerosspieces
i l l
est n
the
medianai l .
he
op
pieces
i l l
rest n he
outsidehoulders
f he
notchedopof
each tile.
F in ishhe
ack ycut t inghe
four
pieces
or he
skir t rom
2-by-
4 stock
nd he base
rom
/rinch
plywood.
aw
wonotches
n he
base
nd kir t
o accommodate
he
str les,
abbet
heends f he
skir i
p ieces,
nd crewhem
ogethero
form
a
box.Use
crewso attach
theskir t o
hebase.
inal ly,t tach
casterso he
undersidef he
skir t
at
each orner f he
ack nd
asien
thebase
o hestiles
ndbottom
rai l , r iv ing
hescrews
romunder-
neathhe
base.
CUTTINO
LIST
-Raile
(top,
bottom, and
median)
(6): t
3/+"
x 31/'2"
231/2"
-gtilee
(2):
1
/
"
x
3
/
"
x
44
/
"
-Croaspiecea
(3):11,/2" 3t/2"
x 23t/z
-Eaeai/+"
x 23
1/2"
x 23'/2"
-1kirt
piecea
(4):1/2" x
3t/2"
x 23
i/2"
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STORAGE
A
SHETFOR TAMPS
Built
rom
/z-inch
lywood,
he
shelf
hown t right eatures
series f notches
orsupporting
barand
pipe
lamps long shop
wal l .
Cut heshelf
bout 0
inches
ide nd
as ong s
you
needor henumber
f clamps
you
wish
o store. ut henotch-
es
at 3- inchntervalsi th
a
saber
aw ndmake
hemwide
enoughor heclamp ars r
pipes;
7+nches
sabout ight
for most
lamos, hen
crew
shelf
bracketso the
underside
of
heshelf , enter ing
hem
betweenhe notches. asten
he
shelf o a backing
oard f Vz-
inch
plywood,
henanchor
he
board
o hewall tuds.
llll Il lt'filt
Il ll'ffi
Il ll
lll llt it'IllilIt
ilt
lll ltt
lll
)HO? TI?
?toring
alampe n
a oan
Atraeh
canfilhedwith
a ehoo-
made
id
eeryelas a
conveniertl
way o sLore
small
bar or pipe
clampe.Cul a oiece f 1/z-inchlv-
wooA nto
a ciicle oliqhtly
emaiti,
lhan the
diameLer
f he can'o im.
Then
cribe
a series
of concenlric
circles
on rhe
plywoodo
help
you
locale he holes
or
the clamp
bare,
1Vacetrhe
ircles
boutb inchee
apart
and markpoinLe
very inch-
ee alonq
hem,Bore
a f-inch-
iame-
ter hole
hrouqheach
p
oint, it,
he
piece f
plywood
n he
can and
drop
the clamos
hrouah he holes.
106
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STORAGE
WALI
RACKSOR LAMPS
Makingndnstallinghe acks
Shopwalls
makedeal torage
reasor
bar
and
pipe
lamps.
orbar lamps
(above,
eft),nail wo
cleats crosshe
wall tuds.
ositionhe
upper leat-
made f
plywood-high
nough
o keep
theclamps ff
he loor;make
he ower
one rom wo
2-by-4s ailedogether
o
that he lamps
ill i lt towardhe
wall.
For
pipe
clamps
above,
ight),nail
cleats f
3/q-inch
lywood
o the studs
andscrew
room
rippers
o hecleats.
Positionhecleab n hewall o heclamps
will est bout
inchoff he loor.
Then
cut
hebaserom
1-by-4 tock,
and
bore
a rowof holes
nto t at hesame
interval s
he
grippers.
astenhe
base longhe
loor o he
holesine
upwith heclamps.
t07
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STORAGE
STORING
MALL
TEMS
Mountinglassarsunder shelf
Screws,
ails, ndbolts
anbestored
in
a
varietyf containers,
ncluding
tennis
all anisters,
ason
ars,
r
pill
bottles.
ountinghecontainers
under shelf
above)
ill keep he
items ut
n
he
ooenwithout lutter-
inga work urface.
astenhe con-
tainer
id o heshelf.hen
crewhe
container
o he id.
108
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STORAGE
A SCRAPBOX
Use scrapbox
o keep
rom
lut-
teringheshop
loorwithcut-offs,
shavings,nd
other efuse.
he
design hown t
eftcanbe built
quickly
rom%-inch
lywood;
ast-
ers llowheunit
o be
olled here
it is needed nd
moved utof he
waywhen t is
not.
Saw
hesides
andbottom
o a size ppropriate
o
your
eeds,hencut
ourcorner
blocks
rom2-by-2 tock.Screw
the oursidesogether,rivinghe
screwsnto hecorner
locks.
urn
thebox ver
ndnail hebottom
o
thecorner locks
ndsides.
dd
a
liparound
he op o hidehe
ply-
wood dges.
inally,
crew
asters
to
each ottom orner
nd
a
pull
handle
t
oneend.
f'{'
Some
torage evices,
articularly
those
esigned
or
small
tems, re
lessrouble
o buy han o build.
Thesystem hown
at left
eatures
open
lastic
bins
hat canbe ined
up or
stacked. hebins
aresus-
pended
from
plastic
trips hat
are
screwedo the
wall.
109
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-itffi
f"
n{;i4
w
.:.|::
' 1
l
a
r
<at
.
.
lre
s
+.""{hi*.
v'
H
b+
' - -*}*
q
3
.f,
,
_'
ffiSdg**ffft
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WORKSreS
t
is
a ruism
hatno worlshop
s
arge
nough;
t is equally
verhas
ables, enches,
awhorses,
props
o support
work
progress.he raditionalwork-
owever seful r
necessary
supage
6),is nlythe
eginning.
uses,
t is
too
high, oo
too mmobileo be
helpfuL
When t is ime o markthe
le-
a
oint
or assemblehe
pieces
f a chair,
solidwork
ike the ibrary-style
able
page
13, an erve
s he
enter f
your
shop,
he
ocus f many per-
hisdesigneatures spa-
work surface
and sturdy
heonlvdrawback
size: ne
wouldneed
fairly arge hop o accommodate
Fora smaller hopwith cramped
uarters,
onsid-
olding able eatured n
page
15.
Offering
lmost s
surface rea s
he ibrary-style ersion,
t canbe old-
out of thewayagainst
hewallwhen
t is not needed. he
able llustrated n
page
l7 offers
et
another
onflict etween
pace ndconve-
oth
heneed or a substantial
orking ur-
andease f storage.
esting n sawhorses,his
plywood
abletop anbesetupwhenever lat surfaces equired,
bedismantled
nd
put
awaywhen
ourprojectmoves
n
hase.
Better
control
produca
better esults,
Securedo aband
smr's riginal able,
shop-made xtensionable ceeps large
hardboard heetleveluringa
curved ut.
With its myriaduses,he saw-
horses also heworkhorse f the
shop.
A
sawhorse
an serve sa set
of
legs or
a
fold-downwork able
(page
16) r a simple
rop
or
saw-
ing stock.With a fewnotchesut
into
their
crosspieces,orses an
form
part
of the
rame or a
shop-
made
lue ack
page
a).Clamped
to a2-bv-4 ttachedo a
commer-
cialroller,a sawhorseecomes
custom-built
ollerstand.
Outfeedables
nd ollerstands
that hold unwieldy
anels
r long
planks
ignificantlyxpandhe
ver-
satility f tools ike able aws, and
saws, nd
drill
presses.
etup at
thesameevelasa machine'sable,
or
fractionallybelowt, these
rops
canbeaswelcome sa secondet
of hands, nhancing
tool'scapacityo handle
argework-
pieces
fficiently ndsafely.
Worksurfacesaneven e
iggedo compensateor a ack
of firll-size
tationary achines.
he
stand hown
n
page
34
is
designed
o et youmounta benchtopool at a comfortable
workingheight.
The
hree-in-one
ool able eatured n
page
136
can
ransform
router,
aber aw
andelectric rill into
mini-stationaryools.
Given
need nda ew
pieces
fwood,werywoodworker
ill
deviseomewaytomprove isor her ools. heexampleshat
followaremere uggestions,
or t is mposibleto
imitthe mag-
inationwhen he
need
rises
or mprovingheworlshop.
The door of this storage abinet
olds
down
rom
a shop
wall
to become sturdywork surface.
Supported y solid
lumber egs,t
is an ideal work table
or
light-duty opera-
tionssuchas
gluingup and assemblingmall
carcases.
For detailson how to built
this unit, see
age
98.
l 1 l
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WORKTABLES
{", '
or manyightwoodworking
hores,
l"
frour narkins
ut
oints
o asseln-
blingpieces
f
furniture,
simplework
table its
hebill aswellasa traditional
woodworker'sench. hissectionea-
tures everalable
esigns.ll arequick,
easy,nd nexpensive
o build.The able
shown pposites
sufficientlyarge nd
sturdyornlost
obsi
fspacesat
a
pre-
mium,
a
good
compromise ould
be
oneof the old-up ersions
hown n
pages
15and 16.You
canalso onserve
space
y
ncorporating
torage
helves,
drawers,r cabinetsn your
design. or
assemblingarcasesnd
other
pieces
f
furniture.
ou
mav ind
he ow-to-the-
ground
able
n
page
4 handier han
a standard-heightork
surface.
Whichever
esign ou
choose, e
careful f thenailsor
screwsouuse o
construct able-particularly
when as-
tening he abletop
o the frame.Thke
the ime o countersink
r counterbore
screw
eads
ndsetnail heads
elow
thesurfaceo
prevent
he
asteners
rom
marring ourwork.
Alnrostas strongasa traditional
workbench,his commercial
work table s
a
versatile
workhorse, specially hen
paired
with a woodworker's ise.The cabinetand
drawers
rovide
storage pace, nd can
be
ocked
o secLtrealuoble ools.
Despite ts ightweight,
onlpoct esign, heBlack
d*
Decker Workntate'-
can support oads up to
550
pounds.
It oko
folds
virtually
Jlat or
easy torage.
A special
pivot
designallows the vise
aws
to be
tmgled,
for
sectn"ing orkpieces
ike the tapered
Iegshown n the
photo.
Thisparticular
Workmate'''
features
a storage ray and a top that
Jlips
up
for
vertical
clamping.The
WorkntatetM
asa long,
colorfulhistory. y 1968, he
prototype,
featuring
a
patented
folding
H-frante,
had been ejectedby
everymajor tool
manufacturer n Britain. Four
years ater,
he nventorof the Workmate'*,
Ron
Hickmon, persuaded
Black 6 Decker n
England
o mass
roduce
his nvention.
nter-
national distribution rightswere
negotiated
the
following
year.Popular
success
for
the
Worknnte'n' was
olntost nmrcdiate:World-
wide
sales f the tableare close o 20
milli on un ts-an d
coun in
g.
rt2
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WORK
SURFACES
A LIBRARY-TYPEORKABLE
The ll-purposeable
hown elows
bui l twitha combination
f umber
and
plywood.
efero hedimen-
sions
n he l lusirat ion
ora work
surfacehat
s 5 feet ong, feet
wide, nd feet igh.
Saw
he egs o length
rom4-by-
4
stock,hen
prepare
hem
or
he
rails:
ut
a two-shoulderedenon
t
the opend
of eachegwithshoul-
ders
/a
inchwide
inset).
ext, ut
the ails, tretchers,ndbraceso
lengthrom2-by-4s. aw
miters
t
both nds f hebraceso hat
on e
end i ts
ush gainsthe nside
edge f he
egs nd heother nd
butts gainsthebottom f
he ails.
Preparehe
ront, ack, nd ide
rails
or
assembly
ybevelingheir
ends nd utting
abbetso accom-
modatehe
eg
enons
insef).
crew
the
stretcherso the
ails, pread
glue
n hecontact ingurfaces
f
the egs nd ai ls,i t thepieces
together,nd crewhe
ailso he
legs. ext, ttachhe
braceso he
legs nd ailswithscrews.
Cut he abletoorom
Z-inch
plywood
nd
crewt to he ai ls.
Finally,uta
piece
f %-inch
ard-
board
o hesame imensionss
the opand
nail t to he
plywood
asa
replaceable
rotective
over.
Besureo set he
nailheads elow
thesurface.
Tabletop
% " x 3 6 " x 6 0 "
Brace
'l
%" 5%" 12"
Front rail
'l
%" 3%"x 60"
9ide
rail
11 /2 "x3%"x36"
Leo
3 %" x5 %" x3 6 "
1 1 3
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WORKSURFACES
Front and back
aila
11 /2 "x51 /2 "x29 "
. , /
% \
Erales
%
-
-
1
1/2"
x
31/2"
x
'16"
Side
rails
11/2"31/2" '19"
3 1 / 2 " x 3 1 / 2 " x 2 5 "
Building ow ssemblyable
For
perations
hatareawkwardo
perform
na standard-height
able,
use nassemblyable
ike
heone
shownt ef t . dealor
obs
ike
lu-
ingupcarcases,he able anbe
bui l t asi ly
n heshop i th smal l
amountfwood. efero hedimen-
sionsn he l lustrat ion
or
a
work
sur facehat sabout 2 nches
lowerhan s tandardab le . aw
the egs rom4-by-4 tock nd he
rai ls
ndbraces
rom -by-4s;ut
miters t heends f hebraceso
they ut tagainsthe egs nd i t
f lush ith he ooof he ails. crew
the
ai ls
o he
egs,hen astenhe
braceso the
egs nd ails
inset).
Next , aw he abletop
rom
%-inch
plywood;
t wi l loverhanghe ai ls y
about inches nal ls ides. crew
the op
o he ai ls, ountersinking
the
asteners.
uta
replaceableov-
er rom
/q-inch
hardboardnd
nail
i t o he abletop;et he
nai l eads
belowhesurfacef hecover.
I I4
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WORKSURFACES
ORKABLES
Making nd nstallingfold-downorkable
The able hown
bovencorporateslarge ndsturdy
ork ur-
face, utstillconserves
pace y olding p against
wallwhen
it is not n use. hedimensions
n he llustration
ield
work
surface
easuring0 by48
inches.
ut
hebracing,egs,ails,
and
stretchersrom2-by-4 tock ndscrewhe
bracing etween
thewallstuds
insef);
here hould eonebrace
or
every
air
of
studs longhe able's
ength. astenhe
ront egso theside
railsusing arriageolts
nd ocknuts;
lace
washersn both
sides f he egs. eavehebolts
ust
oose nougho allowhe
legso
pivot
whenhe able
s olded p.Tocompletehe rame,
attachhe ront
ails
o he
side ails. dda 45-inch-longop
rear ailand
asten
wo
7-inch-long tretchersetweenhe rear
railand he op ront ail o
provide
dded upport
or
he
op.
Next, crewhe op
o the ails, ountersinkinghe asteners.
Toallowhe able
o olddownwithout inding,crew himso
theends f he bottom ide
ails,henattachhe able o he
bracing ithbutt
hinges;
se
wohingesoreach utside race,
Finally,rive neye olt
nto
hebottom
ront ailanda catch
into hewall o securehe ablewhen
t is olded
p.
1 1 5
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WORKSURFACES
Suppoilingfold-down ork
urface nsawhorses
Rather
hanbuilding frameworkora fold-down ork ur-
face,
ou
canusea
panel
f %-inch
plywood
inged
o the
wall
andsupportedysawhorses.he urface
anbeof any
size.Begin ysettinghe
panel
n wo
sawhorses;needge
of he
panel
hould e
lush
gainsthewall.Mark
point
on he
panel
t
every
all
tud, hen nstall utthinges,
screwing
ne
eaf
of each ingeo a studand he
other
eaf
to
he
panel
t a
pencil
mark. osecurehe
panel
hent is
folded
p,screw notched
iece
f 2-by-4to
hestudclos-
est o hemiddle f he
panel
t a
height
hatwillallowhe
notched nd o slipover heedge f hepanel inset).
1 1 6
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WORK
SURFACES
Setting p
a temporary
olksurface
Consisting
f
wosawhorses,
ix
2-by-4s
anda plywoodanel,he unitshown
above
s nexpensive
nd
easyo
pu t
together,
et
t
provtdes
large ndsta-
ble
work
urfacehat
canbeset
upand
disassembled
uickly.
tart y
itt ing
the
sawhorses
ithcrosspieces
ut
rom
2-by-6
tock,hen
cut he
2-by-4so
thesame
ength
s he
panel.
n hree
of heboards,
uta
notch bout
inch-
es
rom ach
nd; he
notches
hould
beabout
inches eep
ndas
wideas
the hickness
f
hecrosspieces.
ut
matchingotchesn he opedges f
thecrosspieces.
enter
he unnotched
edge f the
notched
oards long
he
faceof the
other2-by-4s
ndscrew
them
ogether
o form hree
T-shaped
tabletop
upports.
he
awhorseup-
ports
an
beused
o holda
large heet
of
plywood
or
ripping, r
a
permanent
topcanbe
screwed
o the
2-by-4s.
rt7
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SAWHORSES
Q
awhorses
ave
ountlesssesn the
rJ woodworking
hop, rom table egs
to tool stands.Occasionallyt
seems
that heiroriginal
urpose-to
support
boards or sawing-is only an after-
thought. t is
easyo see
why
sawhorses
are
consideredo
versatile,or
heircom-
pact
design
makes
hemespeciallyse-
ful in
shops
with limited
floor space.
Some ommercial
models,
ike heonesn
the
photo
at right,canbeadjustedo dif-
ferent eights nd olded
p
or
easy tor-
age.Wth commercial
rackets
.below),
you
can slzesawnorseso sult
your
needs. he
shon-made
orses
eatured
on
page119
anbe disassemblednd
put
awayafteruse.
Differentoperationsequirediffer-
ent-sized awhorses.or
supporting
stock or handsawing
r
holding arge
workpieces
t a comfortable
eight,
smallhorsesbout
18 nches
iehare
ideal.Taller
awhorsesreneededif hey
are o beused o holdup a work
surface
MAKING
AWHORSES
Usingommercial
awhorserackets
A
pair
f metal
awhorserackets
an
help
ou
ransformcouple f 2-by-4s
and
1-by-3s
nto sturdy
awhorse,ike
theone hown t right.
awhe egs nd
crosspiecerom -by-4s,
hen uta bevel
at hebottom
f he
egs
o heywill
si t
f lat
on he loor. it
he
egs
nto hebot-
tomof he
brackets,nserthecrosspiece
and pread
he egs;hebracketsill
grip
the rossp iece
nd tab i l i ze
hehorse.
Screwhebracketso he egs nd ross-
piece.
or dded tabi l i ty,
ddbraces
anda stretcher.he
bracesre ut rom
1-by-3s
nd crewedo
he
egs,
making
surehat heends re lush
ith heout-
side aces f
he
egs.
or hestretcher,
cuta 1-by-3
o size nd crewt
between
thebraces.
or as
outfeed upportsor a table
saw
Theyshould
eabout% nch ower
han
the
saw able.
Whatever
he
dimensions
of
your
sawhorses,evermake
hem
taller
han heir ength, s heywill
tend
to beunstable.
This sawhorse
features
eg extensions
that can
be adjusted o
a variety
of
heights.
The egs etract
nto the
cross-
piece,
making he
unit compact
and
portable.
A
pair
of these lender
metal
horses an
supportone on
of material.
1 1 8
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WORKSURFACES
Buildingknock-downawhorse
With nly small
mount
f umber nd
plywood
nda
fewminutes'ime,
ou
can
make sturdy,
nock-downawhorse
like heone
hown bove.
ut he
egs
from +inch
lywood,
hen
aw 3-inch-
deep
otch
n hemiddle
f he opof
both
ieces.
ext, ut he
crosspiece
from
1-by-6 tock nd
saw
1%-inch-
deep lot8
inches
n romeither nd
o
fit into he
egs. nglehe
slots oughly
5o
rom he
vertical o he
egs pread
slightly utward.oradded tability,
screw
-inch-long
-by-2 leats
o the
crossoiece
n each
ideof heslots.
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WORK
SURFACES
Assembling
rame-and-foot
awhorse
Lightweight ,
om
act
ame-and-foot
sawhorsesike
heone hown
t eftcan
bebuilt rom -by-4
tock.
tart ycut-
t ing he egsoa sui tableeight ,hen
prepare
hem o
oin
o heother
arts
f
theunit:Cut
enons t hebottom
nds,
rout
hrough ort ises
alfway
p he
faces,nd
aw - inch-deep
otchesn
themiddle
f he opends.
ut he eet
to ength
nd, or
added tabi l i ty,
ut
recesses
long
heirbottom
dges,eav-
ing
2-inch
ad
teach nd.
Routmor-
tises
hroughhemiddle
f he eet or
the eg
enons. ext,
aw hestretcher
o
f i t between
he egs
nd ut enons
t
both nds. ut
hecrosspiece
nd aw
notch inchesrom
ither
nd hatwi l l
f it into
henotch t he
opof he egs.
To einforce
hemortise-and-tenon
oints,
saw
pair
f kerfsn
heendof
each
tenon ndmake edges
o t into
he
kerts
inset).
ap
hewedgesn
o expand
the enon hen
he
oint
sassembled.
I]lllI]llr
itllltllt
lll llt itl
?adding
awhorses
Toprevenla sawhorserom
marrinq
our
work,
over ls
croeeViece ilh
a ebrip
of old
carpeN.
old
he
caroet
over
theNopedqe
f lhe cross-
piece
nd ocrew t,to
th e
eidee. or
a smoolherour-
face,
usean
oldNowelr
blanket, ralherthan
i
. ^ r ^ ^ ^ - c
i
piece
f car?et.
WEDGED
MORTISE-
A1{D-TENON
JOINT
u
u
llillll
9HO?
illllllt
TI?
llll
l t l
ilt
llt
llil
ui
lll
r20
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WORK
SURFACES
Making
heavy-duty
awhorse
Reinforced
ya
stretcher,
races,
ndsimple
oinery,
he
sawhorse
hown
bove
ill
endure
or
years
s
a sturdy
ork
surface.
aw
he crosspiece
o
length
roma2-by-6
nd
cut
dadoes
n he
edges bout
inchesrom
either
nd o accom-
modate
he
egs. ngle
hedadoes
oughly
Oo
rom he
verti-
cal.
Next, aw
he2-by-4
egso
length
ndcut
1%-inch-deep
angled
otches
nto heir
outside
dgeso
househe
braces.
The op
of each race
hould
est bout
%
nches elowthe
tops
of the
egs.
Also ut bevels
t both
ends
f the
egs o
they
willsit
laton he
loor nd
ie lush
with hecrosspiece.
The tretcher
s a
2-by-4 ut
o the
sameength
s he cross-
piece;
ut
a notch
n each nd
o ineup
with he
brace,
eav-
inga lL/z-inch
houlder.
aw
he braces
rom
2-by-6 tock,
mrteringhe
ends o
be lush
with heoutside
aces
f he
legs nd awing
2-inch eep
otchn he
middle
f he op
edge
or hestretcher.
inally,
lue
up hesawhorse,
trength-
ening
he
oints
between
he egs,
rosspieces,
ndbraces
withscrews.
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WORK
SURFACES
Top
ailo
3 /o "x5% "x36 "
Corner half-lap
joint
(fl
W
half-lap
oint.
a
IW
a\)
3A"x5%"x54"
Hinged
cro66brace
3 /^ "x5% "x16 "
Building olding
awhorse
Made ntirelyrom1-by-6tock, ith
a hinged
rossbrace
nd op, his ight-
weight
awhorseolds
lat o
store asily
in
evenhemost
rampedorkshop.
ut
the egs nd ai ls
o ength.
hen, ut
notchesn
he
pieces
or
half-lap
oints.
Use type
half-laps
inset,
ottom)to
join
he egso he
bottomails,
nd or-
nerhalf-laps
inset,
op) o
oin
he op
rai ls
o he egs.
ssemble
nd
lue
he
two ections
f hehorse,
nd einforce
the
oints
i th crews.
henhe
glue
has
ured,
oin
he wo ect ions
t he
top ai ls
i th cont inuous
iano
inge.
Final ly,
ut he
crossbrace;
esuret
is ong
nough
owhenhehorseegs
spread,he
piano
inges
ecessed
between
he op ails.
aw hecross-
bracen half
nd onnect
he
pieces
with
piano
inge,
akingure
hat he
hinges nstalled
o hebrace ill
pivot
upwards.
hen,asten
he
crossbrace
o
both ide ai ls,
gain s ing
iano
inges.
1HO?TI?
Seouringworkpieaeo
edge-up
n sawhorses
Clamp
andscrewe
n lhe
croee-
piecee
f Iwo sawhoreee
o eup-
port
work
edqe-up
hen
bench
vise e
not,
vailable.
l]llll1ll]llllll llllltriull1iltit]lll ll1lll l11ltl ilJill
To
prevenl lhehand-
screwl rom pivoNinq,
aecure
achwithlwo
C clampe s shown.
Uoe
o
many
sawhorses
nd
handscrews
s
neededNo
de-
quabe,ly
u??ort
I
Tne
?ECe,
I
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WORK SURFACES
Notched
wood block
1 % " x 3 % " x 4 "
anel
upport
rame
arge
anels,
roper
upport
sneededo
keep
work
rom uckl ingnd
binding
n heblade
s he ut
s
stop hecutoff
rom
alling way s he
cut
s in-
oaccommodate
hese
umbersome
obs,
onstruct
hi s
upport
rame,
hich
s
easi ly
eld
n
place
ith
ood locks.
ut wo
4-foot nd
wo8-foot
engths
or heends
nd ides
f he rame.
utdadoes
ix
rom heends
f he4joot
ensthsnd
18 nches
rom
the
ends f he
S{oot engths
or hecross
alf-lap
oints
hat
hold he rameogether
sshown.
hen ut
wo4-inch-long
blocks
rom2-by-4
ndsaw
two-inch-deep
otch,
ide
enougho
it over
%-by-I%-incheep
otches
n hemiddle
of hecrosspieces
f
hesawhorses
ou
plan
o
use. crew
theblockso
hebottom f
heend
pieces
ndassemble
nd
glue
p he
rame. ecure
he rameo he
sawhorses
ymat-
ing henotches
n heblocks
i th hose
n hecrosspieces.
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WORKSURFACES
A VARIABLE.HEIGHT
ORKURFACE
Building
hebox
Constructingboxwith
different
idth,
lengh, nd eightimensionsill
pro-
vide
ou
with
a work urfacehatcanbe
used t
hree
evels.
he oosurfacef
thebox hown t right,orexample,
an
beeither 4,30,or36 nchesigh.
aw
all he
pieces
rom1-by-4 tock,making
eight oards
6
inches
ong, ight oards
23tla nchesong,
our hatare 0 inches
long,
nd
our
more 9tl+nchesong.
Using alf-lap
oints lnset)
ssemble
theboardsnto ix rames:womeasuring
30 by36 inches,womeasuring3Ll+
y
29tlqnches,nd
wo
more 3%
by36
inches.
ncehe ramesre ssembled,
cut
a
s/e-by-3/e-inch
abbet long ll our
edges feach f hesix rames.
se
lightweight
oodike
pine
o
make
he
box asily
ortable.
f
you
hooseo
reinforcehe
oinery
t hecornersith
screws,
esureo countersinkhe
screw
eads.
24"
I
I
t
?HO?
TI?
A ehop-made
glue
raak
A rack made rom two mef,-
al-bracket yp e
eawhoreee
Vrovideo
coinvenienN
ay
to
hold
barclampo or
qlu-
inq
up
panele.To
ui ldlhe
ji6,
replace
he crooepiece
of
your
sawhorseswilh
oubstitutea thal are at
leaetao lonqao he boards
t'o be
6lued
o6ether.
Notch
oneed6eof each
crooopiece
at,6-inch nlerv
lo,
m
Akinq
bhecuts wide
nouqhto
hold
a
bar
clampenu6ly
and deep nou7hlohold
the
barlevelwith
he top
of t'he croeepiece.
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WORK
SUPPORTS
upporling
ong
plank and
arge
an-
as hev
are
edacross saw
able
asoneof
the
mostcumbersome
n the
woodworking
hop,Outfeed
beattachedo mostsaws,ut
o takeup
a ot offloor
space.
side
supports
readded
o your
our shop
maybecome
n
ourse.
Commercial
ollerstands,
ike heone
n the
photoat right,
make et-
of shop
space;
heycan
alsobe
o
where heyare
needed
adjustedo
whatever
eight
s
suit-
The shop-made
tands
escribed
andorthe
following
age
hare
advantagesfthestore-boughtari-
with theadditional
enefit
f being
nd
nexpensive
o build.
They
also e dismantled
nd
stored
when
There re therwork-supportigs
thatmake
ifeeasier
n
he
shop.
he ise
extension
tand
hown n
page
27,
or
example,
olveshe
problem
f
keeping
long oards
dge-up
n abench
ise.
A commercialoller tand upports
board
eing ipped n
a radialarm
saw.Thestand
hould
ypically eset
l,/t-inch
below
he evelof
thesaw able
and
positionedwo
eet rom
itsedge.
SHOP.MADE
OLLERTANDS
Setting
pa temporarytand
With nly sawhorse,
woC
clamps,nd
a
commercia l
o l ler ,
ou
an
make sim-
ple
oller tand
ike heone hown
t eft.
Make T-shaped
astor he
ollerha t
is ong nougho
ho ldt a ta su i tab le
height. crew
he ollero
hehorizontal
part
f he
mast. dd braceo
heside
of hehorse
orclampinghe
mast
n
place:
uta I -by-4
o spanhe
egs
between
hesawhorse
racketnd he
original
race nd crew
t to he egs.
Cut 1-by-2
o spanhe wo
bracesnd
screw
t in
place
sa vert ical
u ide
or
the
mast. osecure
he oller tand
o
the
sawhorse,lamp
hemasto he
braces,
akinguret
s ush gainst
the
guide.
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WORK
SURFACES
Buildingn
adjustableoller tand
To
build he oller tand hown
t
right,
start yconstructinghe rame
or he
roller,
uttinghe our
pieces
rom
-by-4
stock. luehe rameogetherithbutt
joints,
ddingcrewso reinforce
hecon-
nect ions.
hen ore holen
he
middle
of
each ide f he rameor
a
t/t-inch-
diameterarriageolt.Locate
hehole
3 inchesrom hebottom
f h e rame.
Insertheboltsrom
he nside f he
frame
nd crewhe oller
o he oo.As
well
s hecommercialoller
hown,wo
variat ionshat
permit ou
o eed he
workpiecerom
ny irectionre hown
below. ut
he
emaining
ieces
f he
standrom1-by-6
tock,eferring
o he
dimensions
rovided,
hen out
r/q-inch-
wide lotdown
he
middle
f he wo
uprights;heslot
hould eabout 4
inchesong.
crewhecrosspiece
o he
uprights,l igning
he opof he
piece
with he
bottom f heslot.Fasten
he
uprights
nd ai ls
o he
eet.
o
guide
the
ol ler
rame, ai l1-by-1
leatso
he
uprightsboull/qnch
n rom
heedges.
Tosetup
hestand,
osi t ion
he
ol ler
f rame etweenheuprights,i t t inghe
carriage
oltsnto heslots.
lipwashers
on hebolts nd ighten
he
wing
uts o
set heheisht f
he
oller.
Plate-mounted
aaatere
/ ^ rnaan ie ra
3 / + " x 5 1 / z " x 1 9 "
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WORKSURFACES
XTENSIOI{
TAND
usinghestand
nown s
a bench lave,
viseextension
tand s used
o
he
ree ndof
a long oard lamped
n heshoulder
f a workbench,
efero
hedimensions
n he
llustration
a stand
hatworks
ellwith
mostworkbenches.
Tobuild
hestand,
ut he
uprighto ength
nd, tarting
nches
rom he bottom,
aw ngled
otchest2L/z-inch
nler-
along
ts ength.
ut he notches
bout
inch ongand
/z
inchwide.
Then aw he
eet o
length ndcut recesses
long
bottom
dges.oin
he eetwith
a crossap
oint:
Cuta
lap n he op
edge f one
ootand n he bottom
dge f he
other
oot.
Glue
he wo eet ogether. nceheadhesive
s dry,
screw
he uprighto the eet.Cut hesupport
iece
ndswivel
bars, nglinghe
opof hesupport
iece
bout
10"
(inset).
o
join
hesupport
iece
o he
swivel ars, ore olesor%-inch-
diameterowelshrough
he
piece
ndnearheends f he
bars, nd lip hedowels
nto heholes;
lue
hem n
place.
o
use
hestand,nserthedowel
t he opendof heswivel ars
in heappropriate
lot n heupright
or heheight
ou
need
and
prop our
workpiecen hesupport
iece.
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WORKSURFACES
CUTTING
ARGEANELS
lN
THEBAND
AW
Makingnd singhe
ig
Formakingircularutsoutof arge
anels
n heband aw, se
a
ig
ike heone hown bove. uildhe
ig
rom
/q-inch
lywood,
cuttinghe
pieces
o he opof he
ig
s evel ith hesaw able
when
he eetare crewedrclampedo a work able.Before
assemblinghe
ig,
drive IV+-inch-longcrew sa
pivot oint
throughhecenter f he op
piece
o he ip of hescrew
ro-
jects
rom hesurface yaboutVz nch
inset).
hen crewhe
topand eet o hesides f
he
ig,
andattachhe riangular-
shapedupport racketso he opandsides; esure o counter-
sink
he
asteners.efore
etting p he
ig,
markhecenter
nd
circumferencef hecircle n heworkpiece.hen
ut
rom
he
edge f he
piece
o hemarkedircumference
ndback o he
edge, reatingstarting
oint
or
hecircularut,Now etup he
jig:
Attacht
oa able nd
place
heworkpiecen he
ig
so
he
markedenter f
hecircle ontactshe
pivot oint.
Positionhe
table o heblade utts gainsthemarkedircle nd he
pivot
point
saligned ith hecenter f heblade
nd he
machine's
centerine.Cut hecircle y otatingheworkpiecento heblade.
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EXTENSION
ABLES
tationary
achines
ike
able
aws,
band
aws, nddrill
presses
ome
manufacturerquipped
ith
hatare
adequateor
most ou-
ut therearesome
ong
planls
or
pan-
on
the able aw,
erforming
ong
on
thebandsaw, ndsmoothing
ieces
itha sandingrum
on he
press-that
can
be awkward r
dangerouso
attemptwithout
hesize f the
machine'sable.
hesolution
reates
new
prob-
however,
ecausencreasing
he
f a stationary
achine i th a
per-
ancrowd venhe
The ollowing
agesllustrate vari-
or extendinghe
work
of woodworking
achines.
l-
easyo build
anduse, ach
ig
designed
o be emovedr
olded ut
way.
An extensionable
reatly impli-
fies
he
askof crosscuttingwide
panels
n
the able aw.Thiscom-
mercialmodel
more han doubles
thesaw able's urface rea. t also
features
a specially esigned
ip
fence
hat canbemoved o any
position
across
he able.
1HO?TI?
Double-duty
workNable
To
qet
maximum ee
rom
lhe
worktable
n
your
ohop,
bui ld
t oo he too
ie
althe
oameheiqht, r eli7hr,ly
ower
than lhe level f
your
able
oaw. lnaddit r ion o beinq
a
handyworkeufiace
tor light
obo,
he
lable can butt
againot
he
saw able to
eerve 5
an
outfeed
up'
port. l f neaee'
oary,modify
the able o
male liqhtly
with
you?
ea w
by cutlinq a
nolch in he
top to clear he
blade
uard
o ' oth er obsl,rucIi o
ns.
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WORKSURFACES
EXTENSIONABTES
Buildingnextensionable ora radial rm aw
Made ntirelyrom2-by-4 nd1-by-3 tock,
heextension
table hown bove anbeattachedo the
outfeed r
nfeed
ends f a radial
rmsaw able.Using -by-4s,ut he egs,
rails, nd
stretcherso suit hedimensionsf
your
aw,mak-
ing
he
ength
f the egs qual o thedistance etween
he
topof hesaw able nd heshop loor,ess
he hicknessf
thestretchers.ttachhe railstretchers
o hat heir opsare
flushwith he ail 's
opedges.
ttach
he egstretcherso
the egs,hen crewhe egs
o he
nside
dges f he ails.
Make ertain
heoutside
ail
stretchers butted gainsthe
topsof the
egs.
Cut he bracesrom1-by-3so reachrom
the bottom f thesecondailstretchero the nside dges f
the egs,Miter heends f the
braces ndscrewhem n
place.
o astenheextension
able o hesaw able hown,
cut wowood trips nd
screw neendof each
piece
o
the
underside
f he
nside
ailstretcher,et heextension
able
flush
againsthesaw able nd asten
heother ndof he
stripso theundersidef
he able, sing hims r spacers
asneeded.f
youprefer
o
span he able'sailswith ollers
(inset),
ather
han
wood
tretchers,ut he rail stretchers
longenough
o
fasten
hem o the bottom dge f the rails.
Then
crew ommercialollerso the opsof
thestretchers,
placing
hims nderhe ollers,f necessary,
o set hem ev-
el with he ooof hesaw able.
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WORK
SURFACES
table aw
witha fold-downutfeed
able
o
your
aw able
or
cutt ing
ong tock,he
ig
shown
bove wings own ut
of hewaywhen
it is not needed. tar tby cutt ing
he op,sides, ndsupport
brackets
rom%-inch
lywood,
iz ing he
pieces
o sui t
your
needs.
hen aw he braces ndcleat
rom1-by-2 tock, dding
n angled otchat
the bottom ndof both
braces. crewhe
ides o the op,countersinking
he asteners.
ext,
et
eadyo
ttachhe
igto
hesaw
housing. i rst , t tach n
angleron o
ach ideof both upport rackets.hen, ave helper old
he op
againsthesaw able,
making ure he wosurfacesre
level ;eave
sl ight
ap
betweenhe op
andsaw able o he
ig
wi l l o lddown
without
amming
gainsthe able.
Now eter-
mine he
position
f hesupport
racketsy butting ach
gainst
he
nsideace f a s ide
iece.
ark heholesn heangle
rons
on he
sawhousing. r i l la
hole ora machine crew t each
mark nd astenheangle
ronso thehousing. eposi t ion
he
jig
againsthe
saw ableandbore
holesora carriageolt hrough
thesides ndsuooort
rackets. se
washersnderhe nutsan d
boltheads, ndbetween
hesides ndbrackets.
t tachhe
braceso the sides
with bolts paced bout inches
ro m
the
bracket ol ts. eave l l he
bol ts oose nough
or
he
sides ndbraces
o
pivot.
hen,
oldinghe
ig
evel gain,
swinghe braces
owardhesaw
housing. ark he
points
wherehe braces
ontacthe housing ndscrew cleat
o
the housing o he
cleat 'sopsurface l igns
i th he wo
points.
oset he
ig
n
position,
est he braces n he cleat.
To old he abledown
insef),
aise he op slightly,move
the braces
ff hecleat ndswinghe
ig
down.
1 3 1
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WORK
SURFACES
Buildingnextension
ableora band aw
A na u x i l i a r y
a n d a w a b l e i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y
n c r e a s eh e
machine 'sersat i l i t y .he x tens ionab le hown boves
espec ia l l yandyorcut t ingong
r
w ide
ieces .
s ing a-
inch
lywood,
u t he
opof he
ig
o a su i tab leiameter .
Cutout hecenter nd
heedgeo i t he oparound
hesaw
table nd hroat
olumn.aw 1%-inch-wide
hanneletween
thecutoutso he opcanbe nstal ledi thoutemoving
he
blade. ext ,
repare
wo leats
hat
wi l l
beusedo at tachhe
saw ableo he
ig
op.For
hese,wo1-by-3should e
cuta
few nchesongerhan
hesaw able. hen
osit ion
ach ne
in
urnagainstheside
f hesaw able i th hreadedoles,
so hat heyare
3/q
inch
belowhe able urface, ith
at east
t /q
inch f
stock boveheholes.
Make
ure
our
machine
has hese oles; ost and aws avehem ormount ingn
accessoryip ence.)
ependingn he
posit ion
f he hread-
edholes nyour aw able, oumay aveo posrt ionhe op
of hecleatsloserhan
/t
inch
o hemachineabletop.n
that ase
ou
wil lhave
o
rout
rooves
or he
cleats n he
unders idef he op
o a l lowhe ab le topo
s i t
lush
i th
themachine's
able
inset ,
ef t ) .Mark
hehole ocat ions
on
hecleats, ore hole t each
pot, nd astenhecleats
to hesaw ablewith he
screws
rovided
or he ip ence.
Then
lace
he abletopn
hecleats nd crewt in
place
(inset,
ight); esure
o countersinkhescrews.he
opshould
sit evel ith he aw
able.
ou
may eedocut
clearanceotch-
esso hat
you
an
each
hemachinecrews
ncehe
ig
s
completed.o emove
he
ig,
oosen
nly hemachine
crews,
leavinghecleats t tachedo he oppermanent ly.
t32
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WORK SURFACES
Fitting drill
press
ithanextension
able
The mal l tab le
yp ica l
f most r i l l
p resses
i l lno tade-
quatelyupport anyarge orkpieces.customizedxten-
sion
able or he
oolwi l lenable
ou
o
keep workpiece
level
s
you
eed t in to n
accessory
ike sandingrum
(above).
tart ycutting
piece
f 7+-inch
lywood
nto
a
square
i thdimensions
hat u i t
our
eeds.
henmark
l inedownhe
middle f
he
piece
nd
drawwo irc les
en-
tered
n he ine.
ocatene
bout
inchesrom he
back
edge,
iz ing
t to i t snugly round
hedri l l
press
olumn.
Locate
hesecond
ole nderhe
chuck;
maketsdiameter
about
/z
inch
greater
han he
argestccessory
ou
plan
o
insertnto
hechuck.
ohelp
oupinpoint
hecenter
f hole,
insta l l b i t
n he huck
ndmeasure
hedistance
rom he
columno hebit .Prepareo nsta l l theigon hedr i l lpress
table
ycutting
wo ecesseslong
ts back dge,
eaving
rectangular
ear"
that
protrudes
ehindhe
back ole. hen
bore
hole hrough
heear ora Vq-inch-diameter
arriage
bolt .
Next, aw he
ig
n woalonghe
center l inend
ut
out he wo
ircles. ou
may eedo
make ther uts
o clear
protrusions
n
your
articular
rill
press.
n
themodel hown,
a
notch as
eededor he
able eight djustment
ack.
Finally,
crew butt
hingeo he
ront dge f he
ig
o
oin
the wo
halvesogether
inset).
he
arriage
olt
andwing
nutw i l l l amp
he ab le
n
p lace.
t33
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TOOL
STANDSAND
TABLES
standor table
can transforma
portable ower
ool into a reason-
able acsimile
f a
full-size
tationary
machine.
What
heyconceden power
to their arger ousins,ench-mounted
tools
compensateith portability,
ase
of
storage,nd owerprice.
There
are commercial
tands
or
benchtopools,
but
you
can
easily uild
a stand ike
he oneshown
below.Storase
shelves
nddrawers an
beaddedo cui-
tomize
hebasic
esign. here s
one
requirement,
owever:
nsure
hestand's
surface rea s large
enough or
your
needs
nd
hat
t
supports
he tool at a
comfortable
eight. he
extensionouter
table
shown
opposite ot only
converts
a router
nto
a
mini-shaper,
ut can
be
easilyemoved hen
t ii not
needed,
moreelaborate,ut versatile ption s
illustrated
n
page
36. he
hree-in-one
portable
power
tool table features
replaceable
nsertsor
a router,
nelectric
drill, and a saber
aw.
Because
f
its
central ole
n wood-
working,
he routermerits
a dedicated
table n
most
shops. he
shop-built
benchtop ersionllustrated
n
page
139
allows ou
to takeadvantage
f this
ool's
great
ersatility.
HeId
upsidedown in
q
commercial able,
a router
becomes
stationary tool.
Here, t is
cutting a
groove
for
a sliding dovetail
joint.
Many woodworkers
onsider he router
table to be the
singlemost
mportant accessoryou
can add
to
your
tool.
SUPPORTS()R
ORTABTEOWER
OOLS
Building
benchtop
ool tand
The tand
hown t right s
constructed
from -by-4
nd -by-4umber
nd
ply-
wood.
aw he egsrom -by-4s
nd he
rai lsrom
-by-4s,iz ing
he
pieces
o
suit
our
eeds. otch
he egs t he
op
and6 inches
ownrom he
op o i t
the ails,hen
utmatchingabbets
t he
ends fal l
he
ai ls
inset).
lue p he
legs nd ails,
dding
ountersunkcrews
to reinforce
he
oints.
ut he op rom
3/o-inch
lywood.
f
youplan
o
place
table aw n
hestand, aw
square
hole utof
hecenter f
the opasshowno allow
sawdust
o all hrough;
place
box nderneath
o
catch
he
waste.
inally,
screwhe op o
he
egs
and a i l s , ga in
oun-
tersinking
he
asteners.
When sing
tool n
thestand,
ecuret o he
topwith
crewsrclamps.
Top ail
134
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WORK SURFACES
Makingndmounting
removable
outerable
Attachedo a
workbenchr able,he
extensionable hown
above
ervessa compact
outerablehat an
bestored hen
it isnot
needed.izehe
parts
ccordingo
your
eeds.tart
bycut t inghe
op rom
/a - inch
lywood,
nd he
a i l s nd
braces
rom
-by-4tock. awhe
ai ls inchesongerhan
thewidth f he op o hey xtendnderhe opand an e
fastenedo heunderside
f hebench
sing uts nd
anger
bolts.
he ingedraces
hould e ong nough
o reachrom
theunderside
f he
ai ls
o
a eg ai l n hebench.
ut bevel
at he opend
of hebracesndan
angled otch t he
bottom
end. he outer
sat tachedo he op
with squareub-base
made f
/q-inch
clear
crylic. everal
teps renecessaryo
it
the
baseo he abletop
nd hen o he
outer. i rst ,
ay
he
square
ub-base
n
he
enterf he ab le , lamp
t n
p lace,
and
marktsedges
ith
penci l .
arkhe enter
f he ub-
base nd
r i l la
pi lot
ole ompletelythr oughhe
base nd he
tabletop.
emovehesub-basend urn
our
t tent iono
the abletop.se
our
outero
plow
7a-inch-deep
ecess
with inhe
penci l
ut l inef he ub-base.
hen, singhe
pi lot
hole s
a center nd
our
outer sa emplate,uta
round
holehrough
he abletophesize f
your
outer 'standard
base, he abletopsnow eady.n he ub-base,r i l l hole
in hecenterhat
ssl ight lyargerhan
our
argestouter i t ,
and crewhebaseo
he outer,s ing ountersunk
achine
screws.
ay hesub-base
n he able ecessnd crew
t
down, ountersinki ng
hewood crews.
l lsurfaceshould
be
lush. or fence, ut wo
pieces
f
3/rinch
lywood
nd
screwhem ogether
nanL shape. aw
notch utof he
fence'sottom
dgeo accommodate
our
argestt t , hen
screw n our ence upports
oraddedtabi l i ty.
t tach
clear
emicircular
last icuard
i th h ingeo al low
t
o
be
raisedutof he
way
inset) .
he encesclamped
n
place.
1 3 5
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WORK
SURFACES
PORTABTE
OWEROOI ABLE
Easy
nd
nexpensive
o
build,hever-
satile
able hown elow llows
ou
o
converthree ifferent
ortableower
tools nto tationarv
ools:heelectric
dr i l l , he outer,
nd hesaber aw.
The ableeatures
soacious
able-
top,
anadjustableence, storage
shelf ,
nda convenient lyocated
On/off
witch. he abletooncludes
a rectangular
utouto accept
cus-
tom-madensert
oreach f
he hree
power
ools.
Use
Z-inch
lywood
or
he able-
top,
heshelf,hecleats,
he
nserts
Eottom
rail
Le4
CUTflNG LIST
-
Tabletop:'1"
x 25" x 40"
-
Lega
4):
1%"
31/z x
30"
-
Suppott bracketa
(6):1/+
"
x 9" x 9"
-
Front
and back rails
(4):5/o"
2'/2"x 40"
-
1lde
raila (4):
5A"
x
2 %"x 25"
-
thelfr
"/o"
x 25" x
33"
-
Cleats
(2):
%" x 3" x
I
%"
-
Cleate
(2):
%"
x 5" x 16"
-
Inserte
(3):
3A"
x 121/2" 14%"
r36
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WORK
SURFACES
he ence; 4- inchlywoodor
support
rackets;
nd
ol id
um-
or he other
parts
2-by-4s
or
egs nd
1-by-3sor
he ai ls) .
o
hecutting
ist
orsuggested
Start
uilding
he
able y
prepar-
ing he
abletop
or he ool
nserts.
a
rectangular
ole ut
of tscenter
same
ize s
he
nserts.
hen
screwhecleatso theundersidef
the op,
orming
ledgeo
whichhe
inserts
anbe
astened
below).
Before ssembling
he
able,
outa %-
inch-deepado
cross
he able
bout
12
nches
rom he
eft-handnd
o
accommodate
miter
auge.
hen
screwhe
parts
f he
able
ogether.
Use
ap
oints
or he
op
ails
placed
flat), hen
crewhis
rame nto
he
topof he egs. crewhebottomails
(p laced
n
edge)o the
egs,
hen
attach
heshelf.
ou an
either oun-
tersink
he
astenersr counterbore
the
holes, nd hen
oncealhe
screw
heads
ithwood
lugs.
Next, aw
he hree
ool nserts,
iz -
ing hem
o
t
precisely
n
he
hole
n
the abletop,
repare
he
outer
nsert
as
you
wouldhe op
of he
emovable
t37
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WORKSURFACES
routerable hown n
page
35.To
mount he nsertn
the able, et
it in
place
n
he cleats nd
bore
a hole hrough
he
nsert
nd he
cleats t each orner;
he
holes
should ecountersunk.crewhe
inserto thecleats.
For he
electric
ril l nsert,
ore
a hole hrough
he center f the
insert
hat
s
slightly iderhan he
largest ccessory
ou
plan
o use.
Then crew commercialrillguide
to heundersidef he nsert o he
drillchuckwill
becenteredn he
hole.
You
may
eed
o drillholes
throughhebase f hedrill
guide
to
fasten
t in
place.)
hebit or
accessoryn hedrillchuck hould
protrude
rom he opof
he
nsert
without
hechuck eing is ible.
Place ooden ashers
nderhe
guide
ods f hedri l l
guide
o
adjust
heheight f hedrill, f nec-
essary
@bovel
For hesaber aw nsert,
osition
the ool's
ase
late
o heblade
will
be
n
hecenter. ake
plunge
cut o
pass
he bladehrough
he
insert,henscrew
he saw's ase
plate
o the nsert
left).
t
thereare
fewer
han
our
screw olesn the
base
late,
ril ladditionaloles.
Mounthedrillandsaber aw
insertso thecleats s
you
would
the outernsert.
Make
he
ence
hesame ay
ou
wouldor
he
outer
able n
page
135,
andattacht in thedesired
position
ithclamps,
138
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WORK SURFACES
benchtop
outerable
benchtoo
able hown
bove
sa ull-size
outerable
ith
eaturesf hemanufacturedersion,ncluding
pivotrng,uickly
djustable
ence. egin y
cut t inghe
op
%-inch
lywood,
ized
osuit
our
eeds;he
able
l lus-
measures
4 by36
inches.
he our op
ai ls hould
ext e
cut rom
1-by-2 tock
ndscrewed
n
place
counter-
llscrews,
ere nd
n uture teps),
nd he
entireop
ecovered
itha
piece
f
/q-inch
lastic
aminate,
t
heedges.
urn he
able ver o
you
an crew
round
he
nside dgesnd
ttachhe
egso he
rails nd
op.The
upports,
egs, nd
eet anbeconstructed
f%-inch
lywood;
he
inal imensions
i l lbedetermined
y
size f
your
able.
Make ure
he egs re
t east
ong
enougho urnishmpleoomoryourouter.opreparehe
abletop
or he outer,r i l l
a hole
bout
inchesrom he
front enter;
aket slightly
arger
han
our
argestouter it.
On he
underside
f he op,
enterhe
outer ver
hehole nd
trace
tsout l ine. se
he outer
o
plow
%-inchecess
ith in
theoutline
o accommodate
our
outer ase
late
or,
make n
acryl icub-base
nd
mountt as
hownn
page
37).
Markhe
locat ionf
hebase
late
crew
oles,r i l l
ounterbore
oles,
and
ou
wil lbe eadyo
astenhe
outern
place.
ext , on-
struct
he ence
about
inches
ongerhan he op)
outof wo
pieces
f 1-by-3
tock crewed
ogether
n he
ormof an L.
Throughhe
base f he
L, drilla
hole ora
t/q-inch
carrtage
bolt bout ix
nches
rom ne nd.
Now enterhe
ence
about inches
rom he
ear f he op,
markhe
posit ion
of hehole, nd r i l l or he arr iageolt , l ip bolt hrough
the
hole; singhat
asa
pivot ,
wing
he ight
ndof he
fenceorward.
henhe ence
eacheshe
hole
ou
ut or
the outer
it,markhe
hole's
osition
n he ence.
hat s
where
ou
wil l u ta clearance
otcho accommodate
our
largest
outeri t .Make
guard
hat
shingedo
twi l lswing
out
of heway
ike heone hown
n
page
36.Screw
our
routero he op
and ssemble
he ence y
nsertinghecar-
riage
olt rom he
bottom, sing
ashersnd
wing uts o
tighten
t.Adjusthe
enceorany
width fwork
y
ptvoting
it nto
lace
nd ecuringthe
ree nd
with Cclamp.
r39
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GLOSSARY
A.B-C
Bench
dog: A round
or squarepeg
of
metal
or wood
that fits into a hole
in
a workbench
to
grip
and hold
a
workpiece n place.
Bevel
cut:
A
cut at an angle rom
face
o face
along the length
or width
of a workpiece.
Box
oint:
Identical nterlocking
fingers
hat mesh
o
form
a corner
oint.
Butt
joinery:
A method
of
joining
wood in which
the end or
edgeof
one board s setsquarely gainst
the face
or edgeofanother.
Carcase:
A box-like
construction
that
constitutes he
body of a piece
of
furniture.
Cheek The face
of the
projecting
tenon in a mortise-and-tenon
oint.
Circuit:
Continuous path for
electri-
cal current;
from the main
service
panel n ahouseor garage, branch
circuit runs
to a series
of outlets,
wall
switches,and light fixtures,
and
returns
to the
panel.
Counterbore: To
drill a hole
that
permits
the head
of a screw
or bolt
to sit below
a wood surface
so t can
be concealed
y a wood plug.
Countersink:
To drill a hole
so that
the head
of a screw
or bolt will lie
flush with
or slightly
below the sur-
face
of a workpiece.
Crosscut A saw
cut across he
wood
grain
of a workpiece.
D-E-F
Dado:
A rectangular
channel
cut
into a workpiece.
Decibeh
The standard
measuring
unit
of sound ntensity;
he decibel
(db)
scaleextends rom
0 to
about
130,
with 0 representing
arely
perceptible oundsand 130delin-
eating he
average
ain
level.
Dedicated
circuifi An
electrical
cir-
cuit to which
only one
tool or fixture
is connected.
Dovetail
joinery:
A method
of
joining
wood at
corners
by
means
of interlocking pins
and
tails; he
name s derived
rom the
distinc-
tive shape
cut
into
the
endsof
the joining boards.
Dowek A
wood
pin
used o rein-
force
certain ypes
of wood
joints.
End
cap:A
piece
ofwood that
covers
eachend of the
top slab of
a work-
bench; bolted
to the slab
and
glued
to the aprons
by means
of dovetail
or finger
oints.
Facegluing:
Bonding
several
boards ogether ace-to-faceo
form
a thicker workpiece.
Face
ointing:
Using a
ointer
to
cut
shavings rom
the face
ofa
workpiece
until it is
flat and
square
with
the edge.
Face
iss A vise
hat holds
work
against
he
front
apron
of a work-
bench.
Featherboard:
A piece
ofwood
cut
with
thin fingers
or
"feathers"
at one
end;
used n
conjunctionwith
clamps
to hold a workpiece
secure
against
the fence
or table of a power
tool.
Fence:
An
adjustableguide
designed
to keep he edgeor faceof a work-
piece
a
fixed
distance
rom
the cut-
ting
edgeof a tool.
Furring
strip: A
thin
board that is
nailed
o a wall
or ceiling
o
provide
a
flat
or level
surface or
securing
drywall
or
paneling.
G-H-r-J
Ground-fault
circuit interrupter
(GFCI):
A tFpe
of electrical
outlet
that trips instantly when it detects
a
short-circuit leak
n current.
Hanger
bolt
A bolt with
no head;
one end
of the bolt has
screw
threads
while the
other end fea-
tures machine
hreads.
Inlay: A
decorative
strip
of metal,
hardwood,
or marquetry
that is glued
in
a
groove
cut
into
a workpiece.
Joist:A horizontal support for
a floor.
140
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GLOSSARY
L
A cut
made n wood bythe
of a sawblade.
A metal device hat
kerf slightly
open during
a
cut to
prevent
he
blade
rom
The tendency
of a work-
be thrown
back
n the direc-
the operator
of a
power tool.
fitting: A
piece
of
that accepts
a screw
or
allowing the
quick assembly
f
a workbench
oint
A typ" ofjoint
in which
or rabbets
overlap
wo
boards.
A type of
fitting that
nto a
hole in concrete
expands
o hold a screw
A vise hat secures
tock
left-hand eg of a work-
cut A cut that
anglesacross
faceof a workpiece.
A rectangular,
ound,
hole cut
into a
piece
Mortise-and-tenon:
A
joint
in
which a
projecting
enon
on one
board
fits into a mortise
on another.
Push block or stick A deviceused
to
feed a workpiece
nto the
blade,
cutterhead,
or
bit ofa tool to
protect
the
operator's
ingers.
Rabbet
A step-like
cut
in
the
edge
or end of
a workpiece;
usually
orms
part
of a
oint.
RaiL A board
running along
he
bottom edge
of a tabletop
o which
the legsofa table
can be attached.
Serviceentrance: A box contain-
ing circuit
breakers
or fuses,
rom
which
power s distributed
to
house
branch circuits.
Shoulder:
In a mortise-and-tenon
joint,
the
part of the tenon
that is
perpendicular
o the cheek.
Shouldervisq
A fixed type offace
vise with a
aw
that
moYes o clamp
a workpiece
against
he front apron
ofa workbench.
Sliding
dogbloclc
A wood block,
part
of the tail
vise of a
workbench,
that applies
he clamping
face o hold
a
workpiecebetween
he bench
dogs.
Static
pressurs A measureof
the
friction
encountered
by air as
t
moves
hrough a duct;
often
expressed
n inches
per foot.
Stretcher:
A board running between
the legsof
a workbench to
provide
additional support.
Stud:A verticalmember orming
walls and supporting
the framework
of
a building.
T.U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Tirilvise: A screw-type
ise on the
right-hand
end of a
workbench
incorporating
a slidingdog block
to securestock
on the top surface
ofthe bench.
Tenon:A
protrusion from the end
of a board that
fits into a mortise.
Truing:
Squaring
he end
of a blade
or the
working surfaceof a
grinder
wheel so hat
it conforms to
its orig-
inal shape.
Truss od:
A
type
of threaded
metal
rod
used
o reinforce
the legsand
stretchers
of a workbench.
Wheel dresser:
A star-wheel
or dia-
mond-point
deviceused
o true the
working surfaceof a grinding wheel
and expose
resh abrasive
articles.
t4r
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INDEX
Page eferencesn
ltalics ndicate
an llustration of
subject
matter.
Page eferences
n bold indicate
a Build It Yourself
project.
A B C
Air
compressors, 9, 70, 72, 73
Air-powered
ooIs, 68,72-73
Attics:
Workshop ayout,
38
Axtell, Peter,
6-7
Band
saws:
Curvedcuts
circle-cuttingsupport
igs,
128
Dust
collectionsystems, 2, 85
Extension ables,111,132
Workshop
IayouI-,
2,
38
Bar clamps:
Shop-made lue acks
Shop
Tip), 12a
Storage, 06, 107
storing clamps n a
garbage
an
(Shop
Tip), 106
Basements:
Workshop ayout,39
Bench dogs,
62-63
Carving dogs,64
Edgedogs,63
Holes,54,54
Bench
rinders,71,76
Gouge-sharpeing
jrgs,
77
Workshop
ayout, 34
Bench
slaves. 22
Black
&
DeckerWorkmater",47,
112
Build
It Yourself:
Benchgrinders
gouge-sharpening
igs,
77
Safety quipment
featherboards,
2
push
sticks,20-21
Shop ayout
shop dollies,
37
Storage
fold-down workbench
and tool
cabinet,98-99, 10
handsaw
olders,101
lumber-and-plywood
acks,91
mobile clamp racks,
105
scrapboxes, 09
shelvesor clamps,106
tool cabinets,95
tool cupboards,96
Workbenches
benchdog
holes,
54
edgedogs,
3
slidingbenchstops,
l
Work
surfaces
Iibrary-type
work tables,113
portable ower
ool tables, 36-138
Carving dogs,64
Circular saws:
BIades
circular sawblade
carriers
Shop
Tip),
102
storage, 02
Clamps:
Storage, O5,106, 07
Storinghandscrews
Shop
Tip), 107
Collins,Martha,
8-9
Compressed-airools.
See
ir-powered
tools
D E
Doors:
Opened-door ignals
safe
attention
getters
Shop
Tip),
37
Dowel racks,
90
Drill presses:
Extension
ables, 133
Workshop ayout,33
Drills:
Nr-powered,,72
See lso
Electric
drills
Dust collection
systems, 9, 70, 78-81
Dust
hoods,82-84
adaptingstandard heetmetal
ducts
asdusthoods
Shop
Tip),
83
Electrical weepsor right-angle
oints
(Shop
Tip), 81
Portable,85,87
shop acuums,
1,85, 7
Shop-made
last
gates
Shop
Tip),
84
Vacuum
screeningamps
ShopTip),
6
Electrical
ystems:
Electricalshock,27
Portablegenerators,
1, 74-75
Power
ordcovers
Shop
Tip),42
Power ool ratings,
75
Safetyprecautions,Z
Shop ayout,41-42,44
Electric
drills:
Tables, 36-138
Emergency rocedures:
Fire,16
See lsoFirst
aid; Safety
recautions
Extension
ords, 7
F G H I I
Fasteners:
Anchoring umber racks
n concrete
(Shop
Tip), 93
Storage,
08,109
Featherboards,
2
Finishes:
Safety
recautions,
4,15
Fire,13,16
Fire
extinguishers, 6
Fftstaid.23-27
Eyes,24
Shock,26
electrical,27
Wounds,25-26
Garages:
Workshop ayo:ut,
6,40
Generators,1,74-75
GIue
acks:
Shop-made lue
acks
Shop
Tip),
124
Ground-faultcircuit interrupters
(GFCIs) ,17
Handsaws:
Storage, 00,101
Hand
tools,
ront
endpaper
Safety
recautions,
14
Hearing
protection,
18, 9
Heating ystems,45
Hickman,
Ron,47,112
High-volume,
ow-pressure
HVLP)
,.
spray
systems, 0
J
gs:
Band
saws
circular
cuts, 128
Bench ogholes, 4
Benchgrinders
gouge-sharpening
igs,
77
Vises
stepped
locks o
prevent
racking,
6.1
Workbenches
benchstops, 1,65-67
carving
dogs,64
edgedogs,63
wooden
nserts or metal-jawed
vises,
60
Iointer/planers:
Workshop ayout,
33
Iointers:
Push
blocks.
2l
Workshop ayout,33, 38
K L M N O
Lathes:
Workshop ayout,
33
Lee, eonard,
0-ll
Lighting:
Bench-dogamp
support
Shop
Tip), a3
Shop
Layout,
43
Lumber:
Sizes, ack
endpaper
Lumber
racks,
94 9l
Adjustable,
92-9j
Anchoring umber racks n concrete
(Shop
Tip),
93
Multitesters,
T0
Nail guns:
Air-powered,73
Outfeed ables, 25, 29-
33
P Q R
Pipeclamps:
Storage, 06, 107
storing clamps n
a
garbage
an
(Shop
Tip),
106
Planers:
Dusthoods.
82
t42
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Storage
acks,91
Hanging
portable
power
ools
rom
the
wall
(Shop
Tip),
l0.l
Multipurpose,30
Safety
recautions,14
disabling
a
power
ool
(Shop
Tip), 14
featherboards,
2
noise
evels, 19
push
sticks,20-21
Wattage atings,75
Workshop
placement, 0
space nd
ight requirements, 2-34
See
lsoLir-powered ools
13, 18- 9
sticks,
20-21
arm
saws:
Dust hoods,82
Extension ables,130
Workshop
ayout,
2
8,19
stands,125-
26
Air-powered,73
Tables, 34, 36-
37,139
dust
hoods,
83
removable outer tables,
135
workshop layout, 32
Tables,36-f38
recautions,13
Anti-fatigue mats,44
Compressed
ir, 73
Door-openedsignals
safeattention-getters
Shop
Tip), 37
Electricalsystems, 2
Finishes, 4, 5
Flammable
roducts,
89
Generators,
5
Hand ools.14
Power ools,
14
disabling
a
power
ool
(Shop
Tip), 14
Protective lothing,
13, 18- 9
Tool storage,94
See lso
Toxic substances
Air-powered,68, 72
Sandingstations,
84
Storing
anding isks
Shop
Tip), 108
Workshop ayout, 34
18-120
FoIding,
122
Heavy-dfiy, 121
Padding awhorses
Shop
Tip),
120
Panel
support
frames,
123
Securing
workpieces dge-up
on
sawhorses
Shop
Tip), 122
Shop-made
lue acks
Shop
Tip), 124
Stacking
awhorses
Shop
Tip), lI9
Scrapboxes,
09
Scroll
saws:
Workshop
ayott,34
Shapers:
Workshop ayout, 33
Shopdollies,37
Shop
Tips:
Dust collection ystems,
1,83, 4,
86,87
Safety
recautions,
4
Storage
ystems, 3,
101,102,104,
106,
107,108
Workbenches,
0, 64
Workshop
ayout, 37,
42, 43,44
Work surfaces,
17,119, 20,722,
124,
12 9
Shop
acuums, 1,85
Panty-hose hop
vacuum ilters
(Shop
Tip),87
Smokedetectors,6
Solvents,
5
Spray
guns:
Ait-powered,72
Storage ystems,
-9, 89
Flammable
roducts,
89
Tool chests, 8
TooIs,94-95,96,
97, 103- 04
clamp acks, 05,
106
fold-down
workbenchand ool
cabinet,98-99,
110
handsaw
acks,104 101
hanging
portablepower ools rom
the
wall
(Shop
Tip), JOI
magnetic
ool racks
Shop
Tip), 104
SeealsoLtmberracks
Tables,ll,112
Assembly
nd inishing ables,34
Extension
tables, 129- 133
double-dutywork tables
Shop
Tip),129
Library-typework tables,
113
Low assemblyables,
114
Stow-away
ables,
11
5-
116
Temporary, 17
stabilizing
a temporary
work
surface
Shop
Tip), 117
See lsoWorkbenches
Tablesaws:
Extension ables,129
double-dutywork tables
Shop
Tip),
129
fold-down outfeed ables,
3-l
Safety
evices,
2
Wheelbases,29
tablesawon
wheels
Shop
Tip),
3i
Workshop ayout,29, 31, 32
Telephones:
Visual
ringing
signals,
7
Toxic
substances:
rlnrsnes. 5
Woods, backendpaper,
3, 15
Ventilation systems,
5
Positive-pressureentilation, 86
See
lsoDust collectionsystems
Vises:
Extensionslands,127
Workbenches, 6
facevises,56, 58-59,60, 61
quick-switchvises
Shop
Tip), 60
tail
vises, 6-57,60, 62
wooden
nserts or metal
aws,
60
W X Y Z
Wheel ressers,71,76
Wide
panels:
Circle-cuttingsupport
igs,
128
Support
rames,123
Tablesaws,129
Wood:
Toxic
effects,
ackendpaper,
3, 15
See
alsoLumber
Workbenches,
0-ll, 46-49
Bases, 0-52
Benchhooks,66, 67
Bench tops, 5-67
sliding benchstops,
61
Black&
DeckerWorkmater',4T,
112
Carvingscrews
Shop
Tip),64
Fold-downworkbenchand
ool
cabinet,98-99,
110
Hold-downs,65
Tops,43-55
Vises, 6
face
ises,
56,
58-59, 0,61
tail
vises, 6-57,60, 62
wooden nserts
or metal
aws,
60
Workshop
layo:ut,
4
See lsoBenchdogs
Workshop ayout,29-31
Dust collectionsystems,
8
Electrical ystems,
1-42,44
Floorc,44
Largespaces, 0
Lighting,
43
Medium-sizedspaces, 9,
42
Scale
rawings,28, 30, 36,39,
40, 42
tools,35
Smallspaces, 6-39
Workshops:
Ceilings,44
Floors,44
making he
transition o a raised
floor
(Shop
Tip),44
power
cord covers
Shop
Tip),42
Heatingsystems,
5
Planning,6
Ventilation systems, 5, 86
Walls,44
See lso
Dust
collection
systems;
Workshop ayout
Work surfaces:
Tool
stands,
34,135,136-138,139
Variable-height
work strfaces,1
24
S
eealsoT ables;Workbenches
r43
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Theeditorswish o thank he
following
SAFETY
Adjustable
lampCo.,Chicago,
L; Black
&
Decker/Elu owerTools,
Towson,MD; Delta nternational
Machinery/Porter
able,Guelph,Ont.;FisherHill Products,nc.,Fitzwilliam,NH; FreudWestmore ools,
Ltd.,
Mississauga,
nt.;
LeeValley
ToolsLtd.,Ottawa,Ont.;Sears, oebuck nd
Co.,Chicago,
L;
VermontAmerican
Corp.,
Lincolnton,NC
and
Louisville,
Y
SHOPLAYOUT
Black& DeckerPowerTools,Towson,MD; Delta nternational
Machinery/Porter able,
Guelph,Ont.;
HitachiPowerToolsU.S.A. td.,Norcross,
GA;
LeeValleyToolsLtd.,
Ottawa,Ont.;Sears, oebuck nd
Co.,
Chicago,L; Thoroughbred awhorsesndEquipment,Division
of the
vy
Group, nc.,Valparaiso,N
WORKBENCH
Adjustable
lampCo.,Chicago,
L; Black
&
Decker/Elu owerTools,Towson,
MD; Delta nternationalMachinery/Porter
Cable,Guelph,Ont.; FreudWestmore ools,Ltd.,Mississauga,nt.;
Great
Neck
Saw
Mfrs. nc.
(Buck
Bros.Division),
Millbury, MA; HitachiPowerTools
U.S.A.
td.,
Norcross,GA;TheWorkbenchBook
(Taunton
Press, 987)
y ScottLandis;
LeeValleyTools Ltd., Ottawa,Ont.; RecordTools nc., Pickering,Ont.; RobertLarsonCompann nc.,SanFrancisco, A;
SandvikSaws nd ToolsCo.,Scranton, A;
Sears,
oebuck nd
Co.,Chicago,
L; Thoroughbred
Sawhorses
and
Equipment,Division
of the ry Group, nc.,Valparaiso,N; VermontAmerican
Corp.,
Lincolnton,
NC
and
Louisville,
Y; Woodsmirh,2200 randAve.,DesMoines,1A50312
SHOPACCESSORIES
Campbell
Hausfeld,
arrison,OH; Delta nternationalMachinery/Porter
able,Guelph,Ont.;
Dewalt
ndustrial
Tool
Co.,
Hampstead, D;
Great
Neck
Saw
Mfrs. nc.
(Buck
Bros.Division),Millbury, MA; Ingersoll-Rand
Canadanc.,Rexdale, nt.; Sears, oebuck nd
Co.,Chicago,
L; Wagner
Spray echCorp.,Minneapolis,MN
STORAGE
Adjustable
lampCo.,Chicago,
L; AmericanTool
Cos.,
incoln,
NE; FreudWestmore ools,Ltd.,Mississauga,
nt.;
HitachiPowerTools
U.S.A.
td.,Norcross,
GA;
The
WorkshopBook
(Taunton
Press, 991)
y Scott
Landis;
Lee
Valley
ToolsLtd.,
Ottawa,Ont.;RobertSorby td.,Sheffield,
.K./Busy
eeMachineTools,
Concord,Ont.;
SandvikSaws ndToolsCo., Scranton,PA; Stanley ools, Division of the StanleyWorks, New Britain,CT;
VermontAmerican
Corp.,
Lincolnton,
NC and Louisville, Y
WORKSURFACES
Adjustable
lampCo.,Chicago,
L; Black
&
DeckerPower
Tools,Towson,MD; Delta nternationalMachinery/Porter
able,
Guelph,Ont.; FreudWestmore ools,Ltd.,Mississauga,
nt.;
HitachiPower
ToolsU.S.A. td.,Norcross,
GA;
The
WorkshopBook
(Taunton
Press, 991) y ScottLandis; eeValleyToolsLtd.,
Ottawa,Ont.;Record ools nc.,Pickering,
Ont.;
SandvikSaws nd
Tools
Co.,Scranton, A;Sears, oebuck ndCo.,Chicago,L;
Shopsmith,
nc.,
Montreal,
Que.;
Stanley
ools,
Divisionof the StanleyWorks,New Britain,
CT;
Thoroughbred
awhorsesnd Equipment,Division
of the
vy
Group, nc.,
Valparaiso,N; Tru-AlignManufacturingnc.,Tempe,AZ; VermontAmerican
Corp.,Lincolnton,NC
and
Louisville,
Y
The
ollowing
persons
lsoassistedn the
preparation
of this book:
Ren6
Bertrand,
lizabeth ameron,DonnaCurtis,LorraineDor€,
RdjeanGarand,GraphorConsultation,
Irene Huang,CarolynJackson, eonardLee,GeneviEve onette
PICTURE
CREDITS
Cover RobertChartier
6,7
Robert
Holmes
8,9 Raymond
Gendreau
10, l RonLevine
30 Courtesy hopsmith,nc.
47
CourtesySjcibergs f Sweden
49 CourtesyWoodcraft
SupplyCorp.
70 CourtesyMakitaCanada td.
89
Courtesy
ustrite
Manufacturing
Co.
l12 (upper)Courtesy hureManufacturing orp.
t44
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WORKSHOP
UIDE
Toxtc 00Ds
Protecting
ourself
romoxic pecies
The
dust
rommany
ood peciesan
pose
ealth
risks angingrom espiratoryilmentsoskinanc
eye rritations.ome
oodsontain
hemicalsha t
can auseoxic
ffects
page
0. The ha rt elow
l ists number
fspeciesnd heir
ossible
ealth
effects.
o educe irect xposure
o dust
rom
woodhat
may rigger nallergic
eaction,eep
our
shop lean nd
wel l enti lated,nd
wear dust
mask
forcutt ing,operations.
efore
andl inghe pecies,
spread barrier
ream n
your
kin rwear
rotective
gear,
ncludingong
ants
nd
leeves,
loves,
nd
^ ^ J ^ + . , ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
5drur .y
Brd55cs.
Arbor itae
Ash
Black herry
R S
Black oruce
R S
Boxwood
R S
California
edwood
R S T
Cashew
Chestnut
R S
Cocobolo
R S
Douglas-fir
R S
Ebony
R S T
Europeanarch
R S
EUrOpeanpruce
R S
lmbuia
R S
lroko
R S
Lacewood
R S
Mahogany,
frican
R S
Mahogany,outh
merican
R S T
0ak
R S
Pine
R S
Red edar
R S
Rosewood.razilian
Rosewood,ast ndian
Satinwood,
eylon
Silky ak R S
Teak
Walnut
R S
Wenge
R S
Westernedcedar
R S I
White edar
R
=
Respiratoryi lments
S
=
Skin ndeye
rritations
T
=
Toxic ffects
R S T
1{0M[{At
l{DACTUAT
SOFTWOOD
UMBERIZES
ilominal
(lnches)
Actual
(lnches)
Surfaced
ry Surfaced
reen
l-by-2
3h-by-It/z
25h2-by-IeA6
1-by-3
3/+-by-21/z
25/zz-by-2eA.o
1-by-4
3/q-by-3r/z
25/zz-by-3e/rc
1-by-6
3h-by-5t/z
25/zz-by-55/a
1-by-8
3h-by-7th 25Az-by-7Vz
1-by-10
3h-by-9|h
I-by-12
3h-by-Ilth
25/zz-by-I
Ir/z
2-by-2
I1/z-by-Ir/z Ts/rc-by-leAo
2-by-4
I1/z-by-31/z
Ie/rc-by-3e/rc
2-by-6
Ir/z-by-St/z
Iehe-by-55/a
2-by-8
Ir /z-by-7th
leAa-by-7 z
2-by-I0
lVz-by-91h
Ie/rc-by-9Vz
2-by-12
I1/z-by-IIth
Is/rc-by-IIVz
3-by-4
2t/z-by-3t/z
2sAo-by-3s/rc
4-by-4
3r/z-by'3r/z
3e/rc-by-3e/rc
4-by-6 3Vz-by-51/z
3eAe
by-55/a
STAI{DARD
HICKI{ESSES
FOR
URFACED
ARDWOOD
l{ominal
(rough)
Actual
(surfaced
wosides)
3An
3/:.a
v'
%'
%ott
,1.
slu
1 u
% r '%e
7Yo'
IrAe
T'''
I5lu
2',
l% r %
3'
23/o'
3%',
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