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Journal of the International Churchill Society

WINSTON CHURCHILL BY ROBERT CORKE AUTUMN 1986 NUMBER 53

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Quarterly Journal of the International Churchill Society Established 1968 Number 53 Autumn 1986

THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY

A non-profit association of scholars, historians, philatelists, collectors andbibliophiles, the Society was founded in 1968 to promote interest in andknowledge of the life and thought of Sir Winston Churchill, and to preservehis memory. ICS is certified as a tax-free charity under Section 501(c) (3) ofthe US Internal Revenue Code, is Affiliate #49 of the American PhilatelicSociety, and is a study unit of the American Topical Association. Finest Hoursubscriptions are included in a membership fee, which offers several levels ofsupport in four different currencies. Membership applications and changes ofaddress welcomed at the business office listed on page 3. Editorial cor-respondence: PO Box 385, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA. Permission to mailat non-profit rates granted by the United States Postal Service. Produced byDragonwyck Publishing Inc. Copyright 1986. All rights reserved.

PATRON OF THE SOCIETY

The Lady Soames, DBE

HONORARY MEMBERS

The Marquess of BathWinston S. Churchill, MPSir John Colville, CB, CVOMartin Gilbert, MAGrace Hamblin, OBEThe Duke of Marlborough, DL, JPSir John Martin, KCMG, CB, CVOAnthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFCThe Rt Hon The Lord Soames, GCMG, GCVO, CH, CBEThe Rt Hon The Earl of Stockton, OMThe Hon Caspar W. Weinberger

In Memoriam:Randolph S. Churchill, 1911-1968The Baroness Clementine Spencer-Churchill of Chartwell, 1885-1977The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 1900-1979Dalton Newfield, 1918-1982Oscar Nemon, 1906-1985Governor the Hon. W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Australia: Peter M. JenkinsCanada: Arthur Cload, Ronald W. Downey, John Plumpton,

W.J. Sterling Sunley, George E. TempleNew Zealand: R. Barry CollinsUnited Kingdom: Peter Coombs, Geoffrey J. WheelerUnited States: W. Glen Browne, Derek Brownleader, Sue M. Hefner,

Richard M. Langworth, George A. Lewis, David Marcus

COVER: OFFER TO ICS MEMBERS ONLY

Richard Haslam-Hopwood, who commissioned this work, has kindly

made prints available (25x18", print size 16x13") at a special price to

ICS members, half of which will be donated to the Society's 1986

Fund Appeal: 100 UK, $150 USA, $200 Canada/Australia secures

your copy. Send cheques to your local national business office (see

page opposite). Robert D. Corke holds an Honours Degree from

Kingston Art College and is recognised as one of Europe's best il-

lustrators. His work shows Sir Winston in a typical pose, but com-

prises an entirely fresh and original study.

Produced by Dragonwyck Publishing Inc. \

FINEST HOUR

Editor: Richard M. LangworthPost Office Box 385, Contoocook, New Hampshire 03229 USA

Senior Editor: John G. Plumpton130 Collingsbrook Blvd, Agincourt, Ontario, Canada M1W 1M7

Bibliographic Editor (Works by Churchill): Ronald I. Cohen5 Murray Avenue, Westmount, Quebec, Canada H3Y 2X9

Bibliographic Editor (Works about Churchill): H. Ashley Redburn7 Auriol Drive, Bedhampton, Havant, Hants. PO9 3LR, England

Cuttings Editor: John Frost8 Monks Ave, New Barnet, Herts., EN5 1D8, England

Contributors:George Richard, 7 Channel Hwy, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7006Stanley E. Smith, 155 Monument St., Concord, Mass. 01742 USASidney Altneu, 2851 NE 183rd St., N. Miami Beach, Fla. 33160 USA

Composition by C&R Composition, Pittsfield, New HampshirePrinting by Hazen Printing Co., Penacook, New Hampshire

FEATURES

"Winnie:" The Making of a Musical 6

The Story Thus Far

by John G. Plumpton

Churchill and the Baltic g

Part I, 1918-1931: "Very Lively and Truculent"

by Richard M. Langworth

Churchill Collector's Handbook ctrSection 3: Society Membership November 1986

Books: Their Finest Hour Revised and Unrevised 14

The Neilson Critique The Smith Response

by Stanley E. Smith

Churchill in Stamps: Part 11 18

With Fisher at the Admiralty

by Richard M. Langworth

Collecting Locals and Labels 20

A Churchill Collector Looks at an Inexpensive Sidelight

by W. Glen Browne

DEPARTMENTS

Thoughts and Adventures/3 International Datelines/4 Despatch Box/5

Riddles, Mysteries, Enigmas/5 Classified/5 Reviewing Churchill/16

Inside the Journals/17 Coming Events/17 Action this Day/22 ISC

Stores/23 Immortal Words/24

^7 Copyright 1986 Finest Hour

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OVER THE TOP!WESTTIELD. NJ. AUGUST 25 George Lewiswrites: "We are over $18,000. Con-

gratulations. Have a good trip toEngland. I'm going on holiday!"We did it! Over 25% of the US

membership have now contributed toour 1986 fund appeal, and our mailingto 30,000 potential new members ofthe Society will have been in the postseveral weeks when you read this. Theaverage contribution of $ 150 was overtwice what we expected. We can'tthank you enough for your faithfulsupport. You may be sure we will doour best to make it count.

TAX-FREE IN CANADA

WILLOWDALE. ONTARIO, SEPTEMBER 2 I C S -Canada director George Templereports that the Society has receivedapproval from Ottawa as a certifiedCanadian charitable organisation, andall donations over and about the basic$20 subscription rate are tax-deduct-ible from 8 May 1986.

Canadian members will be hearingmore about the 1986 Fund Drive andrelated developments in a specialletter later this autumn.

LORDBOOTHBY 1900-1986LONDON. JULY 16 Lord Boothby, an

outspoken Conservative who hadbeen private secretary to WinstonChurchill (1926-29), and who hadserved as many years in Parliamentas WSC, died after a heart attack,aged 86. Born in Edinburgh, RobertJohn Graham Boothby representedEast Aberdeenshire, Scotland from1924 to 1958, when he was created aLife Peer.

Boothby was one of WSC's few sup-porters in the fight to rearm Britainduring the 1930s, but criticized Chur-chill in his memoirs, "Recollections ofa Rebel" (1976). In 1940-41 he servedas Minister of Food.

ERRATAIn issue #52 we wrongly elevated LordShinwell to Marquess-or-above byusing his first name in his title. Weliked him best as just "MannyShinwell," anyway. He was a great ex-ample of the basic civility, back-stage,between political opponents, thatseems to have generally vanishednow. Also in issue #52, page 11 cap-tion, we blamed CBS Television formisrepresenting George Will with thewrong Churchill cartoon. It was ABC,not CBS. Hard to tell them apart. . .

TORONTO AWARDS DINNERTORONTO. ONTARIO, JUNE 24The First An-nual Churchill Awards Dinner was

held tonight at the Royal CanadianMilitary Institute, through the kind-ness of Robert S. Gillan, who arrangedthe club facilities.

After an enjoyable dinner, the FirstAnnual Award to "the most dis-tinguished student of British History"in any year of University study waspresented to John Logan of YorkUniversity by Chapter president PatCassels. Douglas McLeod then sharedsome personal' remembrances fromhis association with Inspector TommyThompson, Sir Winston's longtimebodyguard.

Among those in attendance were

Mrs. Mary Alexander, Mr. GarnetBarber, Mrs. Pat Cassels, Mr. & Mrs.David Currie, Mr. & Mrs. Robert S.Gillan, Mr. Glynne Jenkins, Mr. JohnLogan, Miss Lisa Logan, Mr. DouglasJ. McLeod, Mr. Murray W. Milne, Mr.Edward R. Moorhouse, Mr. WilliamSempie, Mrs. Betty Shand, Mr. GeorgeE. Temple, Mr. Bernard Webber, Mr.Ian G. Weir.

Commencing 1987, the TorontoChapter will honour a student fromthe University of Toronto as well asYork University.

Toronto area members are cordiallyinvited to future events, for which see"Coming Events" this issue.

Pat Cassels, Pres.

"THE FIRTH OF FORTH" PRINTSNEWPORT. RHODE ISLAND, AUGUST 15 T h e

America's Cup Gallery has beenauthorized to offer limited editionprints of Sir Winston's only knownnaval painting, "Firth of Forth,"lithographed from the original ownedby Edwina Sandys. Depicting WorldWar I warships, this work is alive withcolor and impressionistic drama typically Churchill, but a unique sub-

ject. The prints measure 2214 x24".For further information contact theGallery at 411 Thames St., NewportRI 02840 USA.

ANOTHER WINSTONMARLOW. BUCKS. ENGLAND, JUNE 1 M r .

John Evans, a member of the Society,appears as Sir Winston circa 1938-50on stage, television and at privatefunctions. John is available to ICSevents planners and other functions,and may be contacted at 1 HighfieldPark, Marlow, Bucks. SL7 2DD,telephone (062 84) 2914.

TO DAVID FROM WINSTONLONDON, AUGUST i An auction disposed

of a remarkable collection of Churchill

autograph letters, including one writ-ten from imprisonment in the BoerWar and several personal letters toLloyd George at unprecendentedprices. The WSC-DLG letters includedeverything from requests for ameeting to important letters on the1908 strike, 1909 budget estimates,the 1911 Agadir Crisis, a 7-page thesison wartime food supply, and a letterfrom the trenches on 10 April 1916.Advance estimates were as high as3500 for some letters, and we areadvised that realised prices werehigher than that. We would appreciatemore information, and hope that the

letters reached a responsible archive.

CHURCHILL'S BRITAIN 1987We have now confirmed the dates ofthe ICS tour of London and Scotland:we begin at noon on Thursday 3September at the Waldorf Hotel inLondon, and finish Monday morning14 September at Loch Lomond.(Coach runs to either Prestwick air-port or central London from the finishpoint are included.) Deposits of $200per person (refundable if cancelledbefore 31 May) may be sent payable toSpecialist Tours, PO Box 385, Con-

toocook, NH 03229 USA.Register now to avoid the rush. A

full itinerary is available and will alsoappear next issue. See page 17 formore details.

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aa>

HUNGARIAN RAP-SODYWhile in Budapest in June I stopped into

a Russian-run book/record shop and askedif they had any books by Churchill. Theysneered, gave me a dirty look, then prac-tically threw me out. Hungarian-run shops

were friendlier but with limited resources.I obtained the Soviet biography WinstonChurchill by Trukhanovsky for US$1.[Worth a ruble! Ed.]

Hungary is beautiful, with much farm-ing. The people hate the Russians, andtheir own government. Prices were verylow, 10-25% of US, food excellent, peoplecautious but friendly.

David Druckman, Chicago, III.

ROBERT HARDY'S CHURCHILLI would like to comment on the reviews

of the Hardy-Churchill performance inissue 52.

I cannot disagree with any of the factualassertions of the reviewers, but I think it

important to realize what Mr. Susskindhad in mind as the purpose of the produc-tion. At the press reception for the show, inanswer to a question as to his future plans,Susskind replied that he viewed the seriesas an educational tool for school systems.He feels that the only way to bring "dryhistory" to life is through the visualmedium and this was his primary goal.Eventually he wants to distribute these

shows to schools throughout the country.Each will be accompanied by a study guideand the show will be the catalyst for thestudent to delve into the personalities andhistory of the time.

Given this aim, I think he succeeded ad-mirably. Heaven knows how he is going tomake a dry character like Eisenhower in-teresting to a group of school children.

- Paul Biba. Bernardsville. NJ, USA

REPORT FROM RSATime has slipped by since I came here on

an agricultural exchange from Israel. Asyou have no doubt read, things are not tookosher here at the moment. However weare all fine, and I am extremely busy withmy work, hence my long silence.

I am happy to say I have found furtheradditions to my Churchill collection,which has improved with stamps, books,covers and pottery. Among the flat itemswas a S.A. Christmas card with Smuts and

his wife and a large "V", as well as acigarette card with military personnel andsimilar motif, copies of which I enclose.

Whilst in Cape Town I met another ICSmember, Paul Mills, at Clarke's Bookshop,who approached me as I browsed throughhis Churchill stock with an invitation to

join. It really is a small world.- Hillel Schnaps,

Port Elizabeth, South Africa

EPERNAY REMEMBERSI would like you to know that a copy of

your charming letter dated July 18th hasbeen addressed with favourable advice toour UK representatives. Today, I am happyto confirm that we will provide the cham-pagne at the party for former private officestaff at Chartwell.

I read with great interest the 50th issueof Finest Hour, for which I would ap-preciate receiving a subscription form.You will certainly enjoy going through ourChurchill magazine enclosed.

Remaining at your entire disposal forany further requirements and looking for-ward to welcoming you at Epernay nexttime you come over to France, I am, dearMr. Langworth,

Christian Pol-RogerDirecteur General

Pol Roger et Cie., Epernay, France

Our UK branch had hoped to hold a buf-fet at Chartwell for former members of SirWinston's staff, but other events andschedules conflicted. Mr. Christian Pol-Roger's very gracious offer to supply theappropriate champagne is deeply ap-

preciated, and he has been given a com-plimentary membership with our sincerebest wishes. Ed.

Send your queries to the editor. FinestHour, and we will ask our experts.

Q. I have been asked to find the precisecitation in the works of Sir Winston for aquotation allegedly ascribed to him. Thesense of the aphorism is that, while auto-mobiles are doubtless more practically effi-cient than horses, horses are intrinsicallymore beautiful. No standard collections ofquotes were of any help, so I turn to yourexpertise.

-Arno M. Klausmeier, MLS, LibrarianWisconsin Regional Planning Comsn.

A. The best-known remark of that sortwas made in WSC's speech at M.I.T. in

Boston, 31 March 1949:"Man has parted company with his

faithful friend the horse, and has sailedinto the azure on the wings of eagles eagles being represented by the infernal-ah INTERNAL - combustion engine -ah engine!"

Q. How was it that Lord Randolph Chur-chill was able to sit in the House of Com-mons? (This occurred when I read thatWaldorf Astor had to give up his Commonsseat on inheriting his Peerage.)

A. All Peers in their own right have seatsin the Lords (except those who only have

Irish Peerages). The eldest son, on suc-ceeding his father, must also become amember of the Lords unless hedisclaims his Peerage and becomes acommoner (like Wedgwood Benn; or

Hailsham and Home when they hoped tobe PM). Thus Marlborough's eldest son,the Marquess of Blandford, succeeded to

the title and was entitled to the seat in theLords.But Lord Randolph in fact all

younger sons of Peers are not Peers inthis sense: they are in effect commonersand can enter and stay in the House ofCommons.

Had Blandford died without issuebefore Randolph, Winston would havesucceeded to the title. He would then havebeen in Halifax's position re succeedingChamberlain in 1940. In the same senseWaldorf Astor had no option when his

father died they had made no ar-rangementsfor disclaiming in those days.

H. Ashley Redburn

Ad deadlines: Winter 1 Dec. Spring 1March, Summer 1 June. Autumn 1 Sept.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: New Houghton-Mifflin "Chartwell Edition" of the6-volume Second World War, quarter darkblue leather and tan cloth, gilt spines, col-or maps on eps, Chartwell painting tippedonto covers. A magnificent edition. Retailprice $295. Best offer or trade. DouglasMarden. Box 253. Rutland MA 01543

WANTED: Good VCR recordings of "Chur-chill/The Wilderness" years and recent

"Tour" program required. Poor ruralreception made bajd recordings. Blanktapes sent, or integrity of your copiesguaranteed. Brother Richard McGrath.Crosier Seminary. Onamia, Minn. 56359.

FOR SALE: Our 16-page catalogue of anti-quarian, out-of-print and new books by orabout Sir Winston Churchill will beavailable in mid-November. We stock alleditions from paperbacks to firsts; our goalis to make a Churchill library affordable byeveryone. Send for a copy if you are not onour mailing list. Churchillbooks. BurrageRd.. Contoocook. NH 03229 USA.

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"Winnie:"^e(^Making of a

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COMING SOON

"WINNIE"A MUSICAL

TRIBUTE TO

SIR WINSTONCHURCHILLBY ROBIN HARDY

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

MARLBOROUGH PRODUCTIONSVancouver, B.C.Toronto, Ont.New York, N.Y.Beverly Hills, Ca.London, Eng.

- J. Newton (604) 789-2792- I. Rotterman (416) 535-2293

- R. Hardy (212) 860-8439- L. MacConnell (213) 556-2824

- M. Blaber (44-1) 638-9545

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Ghurchill and the BalticTart I: 1918-1931

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"Here we stir the embers of the pastand light the beacons of the future.

Old Flags are raised anew;the passions of vanished generations awake;

beneath the shell-torn soil of the twentieth centurythe bones of long dead warriors and victims are exposed.

And the wail of lost causes sounds in the Wind."

W.S.C., THE AFTERMATH, 1929

Winston S. Churchill played a varied and crucialrole in the bittersweet Baltic story. Ostensibly, afterWorld War I, he was opposed to small nationalmovements among the peoples of Europe. "What wasneeded," he wrote, "was federation and larger group-ings."3 But a far more important objective, in hisview, was to rid the world of Lenin, and he easilywarmed to what he called "the foul baboonery ofBolshevism."4 On 31 December 1918, Churchillurged Allied intervention upon the Imperial WarCabinet: "Bolshevism in Russia represents a merefraction of the population, and would be exposed and

swept away by a general election held under Alliedauspices."5

The Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, viewedChurchill's antipathies with a jaundiced eye.Winston, Lloyd George wrote, "had no doubt

a genuine distaste for Communism. He washorrified, as we all were, at the savage murder ofthe Czar, the Czarina and their helpless children.His ducal blood revolted against the wholesaleelimination of Grand Dukes in Russia. [I believed]that under the impulse of this brilliant Minister,we were gradually being drawn into war withRussia."6

Yet Great Britain had been the first nation to take apractical interest in the independence struggle of theBaltic peoples, which began in the wake of the Rus-sian collapse and revolution of 1917. Britishstatesmen had realized that Estonia, Latvia andLithuania had advanced sufficiently to form independ-ent nations, controlling their own destinies.7 Allthree Baltic States had declared independence by theend of 1918.

At the same time, if the Bolsheviks were to be over-thrown, Britain looked to a Russian republic with itsprewar boundaries intact. Foreign secretary LordBalfour thus took a middle course, extendingdefacto,but not dejure, recognition to Estonia on 3 May 1918,and to Latvia on Armistice Day, 11 November.8

Independence and recognition were not, however,

won without bloodshed, nor without Allied militaryintervention. Churchill, writing later, gave a sym-pathetic view toward the struggles of the small coun-tries. "Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

found themselves in a peculiarly unhappy posi-tion. They were close neighbours on the East toPetrograd and Kronstadt, the nurseries ofBolshevism; on the West to the birthplace andstamping-ground of those Prussian landownerswho had proved themselves to be the most rigidelement in the German system and one of themost formidable. During the winter of 1918 andthe early summer of 1919 the Baltic States weresubjected alternately to the rigours of Prussian

and Bolshevik domination . . . In these circum-stances it is not surprising that the independ-ence of Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania existedfor the time being only in the aspirations of theirinhabitants and the sympathies of allied andassociated Powers."9

In order to support the three republics, or at leastkeep them out of Lenin's bloody grasp, the Allies usedGerman troops as a surrogate army. Under the termsof the Armistice, the Germans were to withdrawgradually, leaving the republics to set up their govern-ments. Britain also lent sea power through operation"Red Trek," a naval squadron under Rear-AdmiralAlexander Sinclair. In December 1918, Sinclairsallied into Estonian and Latvian ports, sending introops and supplies, and promising to attack theBolsheviks "as far as my guns can reach."8 Latvianprime minister Karlis Ulmanis, a patriot returnedfrom exile (he had studied agriculture in the UnitedStates), sent the first of many appeals for support toLondon on 3 December.10

For much of 1919 this strange alliance of cir-cumstance continued, the British with the Germans,aligned with native Baits against the Russians. As thelatter retreated, the surrogate German armies turnedon the Baits, hoping to establish regional supremacyfor the German-Bait barons who had largely run thesecountries in Czarist days. This resulted in the onlyBritish-German military engagement afterArmisticeDay. On 20 October, for example, German fire killedand wounded 13 sailors aboard the British cruiser

Dragon at Riga.11

Throughout 1919 Churchill, as Secretary of Statefor War, was torn between his own impulse to throttleBolshevism and an almost unanimous view to thecontrary by his fellow cabinet ministers. Lloyd Georgeand the rest highly doubted that the White Russians,under Denikin and Kolchak, could successfully oustLenin; Churchill argued for heightened financial andmaterial support. Seizing every anti-Bolshevik cause

to support his view, he took the position of all-out aidto the larval Baltic states, speaking forcefully for theirnational freedom:

The Estonians, to some extent supplied withBritish arms, have made a very stout fight andhave really shown the weakness of the Bolshe-vists for quite small forces have driven themback.12

When our pacifists or Bolshevist featherheadsin this country raise their shrill voices in hys-terical glee at every Bolshevist victory, let themremember that but for the armies of Koltchakand Denikin the whole weight of Bolshevist

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aggression would be thrust upon these smallstates.13

These small States have stood. They are intacttoday. They have maintained their existenceprecariously. Quivering and shaking, but stillstanding, they have held back not only theBolshevik armies but the more devastatingBolshevik propaganda which, applied to peoplein the depths of misery, just recovering from

the convulsions of the War, without any of theresources of a civilised State, offers everytemptation to internal disorder and anarchy.14

Lord Curzon, one of Churchill's few supporters,argued in August 1919 that the Baits "were too smalland too near Russia and Germany to maintainthemselves, and it was desirable therefore that theyshould have some sort of protection." But G.N.Barnes, a Labour minister-without-portfolio, replied"with his usual shrewdness and common sense"(Lloyd George15) that Britain "had fully dischargedher obligations to these peoples, we were always back-ing the wrong horse. The real governing force in

Russia was the Soviet Government"

16

Curzon became foreign minister on 23 October1919, a relief to Churchill, whose letters were strongand persuasive. "To what extent do you consideryourself responsible for the policy we are pursuing inthe Baltic States?," he wrote Curzon on 10September. "Secondly, can you give me any ideawhat that policy is? . . . Are you going to do anythingto prevent the Esthonians making peace with theBolsheviks?"16 Twelve days later Churchill added, "Icannot see why we shd refuse to give anycountenance to the claims of these states to a measureof independence, so long as we do not have toguarantee their defence."17

German General Count von der Goltz, commandingthe surrogate division who fought with and thenagainst the Baltic national forces, was forced by theBritish to disband his army and return to Germanythis same month. But the struggle for independencecontinued against the Red Army. Except in Estonia,where they fought with their backs to the sea andrelatively untroubled by the Germans, it was a bitterand costly war, one the infant Baltic republics werehardpressed to weather. Appeals from their heads ofstate were frequent and heart-rending. When KarlisUlmanis of Latvia addressed yet another of these toLloyd George it was sent to Churchill for routinereview. It occasioned perhaps the most heated debateever between Winston and his longtime Liberal col-league.

ABOVE RIGHT: Churchill in August 1919, on a visit of the ArmyCouncil to the Rhine, with Field Marshal Sir William Robertson.A good impression of the then-War Secretary who harangued hiscolleagues about Russia, RIGHT: Karlis Ulmanis, first prime ministerof Latvia, served his nation through 1940 when he was deportedby the Soviets. Contrary to his biography in the Churchill Com-panion Volumes, he died in exile in 1942. He had been arrested bythe invading Russians in June 1-940; they forced him to resign andto call for new elections at which only Communists could stand.Deported to Russia, he died at sea, on the Caspian.

10

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"I would advise the following reply to the PrimeMinister of Latvia," Churchill wrote the PM on 22September . . .

I assure Your Excellency that the freedom,safety and well-being of Latvia is a matter ofearnest concern to His Majesty's Government inconjunction with the other Great Powers. Theinfluence of His Majesty's Government will beconsistently used to secure each of these statesfull and free development under an auto-

nomous constitution in accordance with thewishes of their people . . .With regard to the Bolshevik danger which

Latvia has hitherto so manfully withstood, HMGadvise, and so far as they have a right to do so,urge, that concerted action should be takenbetween the Baltic States to maintain theirsecurity against this danger.18

Lloyd George viewed such a statement as the heightof folly: "You want their independence recognised inreturn for [their undertaking to] attack theBolsheviks. That would not satisfy them in the least."What they wanted, the PM went on, was complete in-dependence, plus British equipment and money.

Are you prepared to comply with these tworequests? There is no other member of the

Cabinet who would. Whether the Bolsheviks orthe anti-Bolsheviks get the upper hand, theywould not recognise the independence of theseStates as it would involve the permanent exclu-sion of Russia from the Baltic. Would you beprepared to make war with an Anti-Bolshevikregime? . . . do you wish this country tomaintain armies in the field of Estonians,

Church ill in 1922 (Eleanor Newfield Collection)

Latvians and Lithuanians to invade Russia?Unless you do it is idle to hurl vague reproachesat your colleagues.

You won't find another responsible person inthe whole land who will take your view, whywaste your energy and your usefulness in thisvain fretting? I think I have given you tangibleproof that I wish you well. It is for that reasonthat I write frankly to you."19

One can understand how it was so easy for the

Black Dog of depression to occupy WinstonChurchill's mind. "I find the suggestions of yr lettervy unkind & I think also unjust," he replied with ob-vious sadness. He had but tried, he continued,

to impress upon you the realisation I have of theintense and horrible situation in Russia & of itsprofound influence upon all our affairs. I mayget rid of my 'obsession' or you may get rid ofme; but you will not get rid of Russia . . . thewhole anti-Bolshevik front in the Baltic Statesis treated as if it were a matter of indifferenceto Britain.20

Doggedly, fighting with outmoded weapons, out-

numbered by as much as ten to one, the determinedBaits fought on. Slowly, after Britain sent the worri-some Germans home, they began to clear their nativelands. Russia was too weak, still too divided inter-nally, and too occupied with more urgent matters topress its actions. And did not Lenin himself say therights of national minorities would be a benchmarkfor Bolshevik Russia? Apparently he meant it, at leaston paper: by the Spring of 1920 peace treaties hadbeen signed between Moscow and all three Balticrepublics by which the USSR "voluntarily and foreternal times" renounced "all sovereign rights overthe people and territory" of Lithuania, Latvia andEstonia.21

"To anyone who had seen the Latvian people atwar, their gentle tolerance in peace was perplexing,"wrote Baltic historian John Roche.22 "By the brutallyintolerant standards so common in the world today,one would expect the Latvians to have deported allthe Baltic Germans, levied discriminatory taxes onthe Jews . . . Instead they pronounced amnesty forthose who had fought against them [and allowed]minorities full citizenship and free education." Therewas strict sexual equality by allowing women tovote during the momentary Russian elections in1905, Latvia had become the first district in Europewith female suffrage.

Slowly, the small businesses recovered, and somegrew into industries. Textiles, metals and machinery

were produced; the famous Minox camera was in-vented in Riga. As ever, the Baits remained greatreaders and seekers of knowledge. In books pub-lished per capita, the Baltic States ranked among thetop five countries in Europe; in college enrollmentsthey were in the top four. National operas were heldby many to be the best of their kind; the annual SongFestivals were colossal expressions of national senti-ment. "They work and play happily," said JanisCakste, first president of Latvia. "For them every dayis Sunday now."

But Sundays never last. And, as the 1930s dawnedand with them a new, virile form of German

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militarism, the few far-seeing European statesmenlooked with doubt on the future of the Balticrepublics.

Churchill's immediate impulse after Baltic in-dependence was established de jure was their com-mon defense. His prescription was typical of hiscareer as a whole: amalgamate, ally, stand togetherfor the mutual safety; do not go it alone. One maywish the Baits had listened to, or even heard, that

lonely voice from the wilderness, from a man withmuch to offer, yet no audience to hear.

Arguably his old friend Sir Henry Wilson put theidea to Churchill in September 1919, at the height ofthe controversy over British aid to the Baltic: "I wouldhave liked to see some effort made, if such a thingwere possible, to combine the Baltic States, includingFinland and Poland, in an effort to keep theBolsheviks out of their territories."23 Two monthslater Churchill in a cabinet memo pointed to "thedubious value of any title deeds obtained at this stagefrom the Bolsheviks," and suggested

an autonomous federal State comprisingEsthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, within the limits ofa reconstituted Russia. The agreement, ifreached, should be under the safe-guard of theLeague of Nations. Although this solution is notall the Baltic States desire, where else are theygoing to get so good a title deed?24

Before World War II the facade of the LatvianMinistry of Foreign Affairs in Riga contained an in-scription in Latin: Concordia res parvae crescunt,discordia magnae concidant.

25An old but still true

counsel by Sallust: united they stand, divided theyfall. Churchill used it well and often during the greatwar to come.

But geography, politics, culture and developmentprevented Sallust's or Churchill's advice from beingtaken. Baltic security, if it existed at all, depended on

stalemate and stand-off between the two giantneighbors, Germany and Russia. "But Baltic percep-tions of their relations with these neighbors differedwidely," wrote Professor Edgar Anderson:

A sympathetic British observer noted thatBaltic attitudes had a certain "lives of thehaunted" quality, making it difficult for theBaits to decide whether they feared most theprovocative solicitude of the Soviet Union, theclumsy directness of a potentially aggressiveGermany, or the devouring overtures ofPoland.26

Though several conferences were held betweenFinland, Poland and the Baltic republics, no federa-tion was ever seriously discussed, and worse, no

military cooperation. Aside from cultural differencesthere were politics: Poland had taken the ancientLithuanian capital of Vilnius and surrounding ter-ritory when it won independence following the GreatWar; the Lithuanians had never forgiven the Poles;the Estonians and Latvians avoided close alliancewith Poland for fear of antagonizing Lithuania.Finland, across its gulf, was geographically isolated.Finland, too, had signed a treaty of peace and securitywith Russia . . .

Would Russia one day seek to reclaim the conquestsof Peter the Great, regaining her ice-free Balticcoastline, which the Czars had dominated for 200years? In the early 1930s, the small republics could.

only hope that the Soviet treaties would hold, or thatGermany would insist on Baltic integrity for her ownsecurity interests.

Others were less optimistic, and among these in-evitably was a Cassandra named Winston Chur-chill. In 1931 he spoke of the upcoming DisarmamentConference in Geneva which much as today had

ABOVE: PR it may have been, but this Lawhat the Baits had accomplished, BELOW

Tallinn, J un e 1938. BELOW RIGHT: Part o

12

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CHURCHILL COLLECTORS HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENT 3 (REV 10-86)

Section 3: Directory to the International Churchill SocietyWith Members of Record as of 30 September 1986

For the personal use oflCS members, branches and chapters.

Publication of complete addresses is prohibited by Article VI of the Society By-laws, in order to assure the privacy of our members.However, any individual member may request a partial list, covering all other members in his or her local area, for personal contact orfor the purpose of organizing a chapter. To receive such lists, please contact your membership office in any of the five countries listed irithe Directory on page 3 of each Finest Hour. We do hope this list of current members will remind you of the increasing number ofneighbors who share your interest, and prompt you to contact them in the near future.

AUSTRALIA*

Note: seven new members have recently Joined from Sydney, and a major Austral*inn memttcrship campaign is underway, finest Hour will report additions later.

ACT: CAMPBELL/PETER BUCHANAN, CHURCHILL MEMORIAL TRUST, R.A .L.M 0RA NT. O8E

NSW: DUBIIO/RAM'H DORMAN, STRATHFIBLD/B.J.BR1TTON, SYDNEY/W.R.GALVIN

QUEENSLAND: BR ISBANB/H .D.HUMPHRE YS, MAROATB/C. A.LEBSANF T, TOOWONQ/HELEN BANFF

SA : CAMI'BELLTOW N/R.D.ROSSER TASMANIA: TAROONA, GEORGE RICHARD

VICTORIA: RNDKAVOUR HILLS /PETE R M. JENK INS

CANADA

ALBEHTA/GKNEHAI,

CALGARY: CHRIS BELL, E.M.BREDON OC, LT .J.GI1 ODZ1N SKI, BEVERLY PAYNE, N.J .RY AN

LAMONT: Ull.J .K. HUT SON , DR.JOHN SUNLEY; ST.ALBERT : JOHN DE BRUNN, E. A. SEI TZ,

MAJ.W.WBST; SHERWOOD PARK: M.K.PALS, E.M.SILVER; WINTRE1URN: J.CAITHNESS

sj A!.BKRTAEDMONTON

jj.>RO B ANDREWS, BARNABY J. BAKER, MARK BELL , DR. J .J .B 0U LT 9N , DR .D . I .BUCH ANAN,

F.H.C LARK, ARTHUR CLOAD, D.M.CORM IE.QC, TREVOR DAVIE S, MAYOR L.DECORE,

H.H.DHISCOLL, L.M.DUSHINSKY, R.G.FIELD, D.W.FLECK, GEORGE FORD, G.FRYETT, MARC

GREEN, LORNE GUNTER, DR.HARVKY HEBB, HAHRY HOLE, R.K. HOL E, R. HURLBURT , CAPT

CHRIS KRISINGER, GEORGE LAMBERT, DAVID T.LEAKER, HON.S.I.EGG, S.A.MACTAGGART,

A.D.MASKELL, M.A. MILES , J .O. H.M ILL S, A.T.MURRAY, JAMES NEWBY, KENNETH C.PALS,

DR.J.G.P ATEHSO N, PRESIDENT/AIR FORCE, HON .S.S .PU RVI S, DR.COLIN RAMSAY, D.V.

REYNOLDS, LT.CO L.H.H .ROS S,CD , WILFRED SADLER, DR.J.S1EGENBERG, V.L. SIM S, L. B.

STAPLES, RON STODDAND, W.J.STERLING SUNLEY, KEITH WAKBFIELD, DH.H.T.WILLIAMS

BRITISHSOLUMBIA/gENERAI,

ABBOTSFORD: DR.MICHAEL BREAR; BURNABY: FRED GING.ELL, JOSEPH RAPHAEL;

COQUITLAM: ROY S.FLAXMAN; DUNCAN: JOHN C.D AVI E; LAN DUY : GEORGE BROWN, ANDRE*

J. SC OT T; NEW WBSTMINSTEH: DR.ARTHUR LIEN ; OCBAN PARK: HUGH A.M.C LEE ;

PT.COQUITLAM: FRANK R.SMYTH; POWELL RIVER: C APT .S.B .ALS GAR D; OUALICUM BBACB:

MRS.I1.R.M1LNKR; RICHHOND: DR.H.STANSFIELD; SAANICHTOM: KEN A.LANE; SIDNEY:

H.DAVE 8OWKER, HON .W.J .C.K 1RB Y.Q C; VICTORIA: EDWARD C.BOWDBN GREEN,

DR .A .H .L AN E, RON CYNEWULF ROBBIN S, MRS.TOM SOUTHWOOD; WRITE ROCK: LEONARD

W.TAYLOR, DR.J.QUAYLE.

BRITISHCOiUMBIAZNVANCOUVER

SADRU AHMED, MICHAEL ASHBY, P HI LI P BARTAR, FRANK BATTERSI11LL, W.H. BERUK OFF,

BARRIE R. JACKSON, DR .G.D .KET TYL S, DR.A.E.MACD ONALD, LARRY T.MCAULEY,

G.W.STABLES, PETER A. WHITE, HARRY R. WOOD

BRITISHCpLtJMBIA/yANCgyVER

DR.HAROLD BERGMAN, W.J.BORRIE, DR.WILLIAM BURNS, MACDONALD CAMPBELL, HUBERT0.CHAPMAN, J.STUART CLYNE , HON.J.V.CL YNK.OC, A.IAN DAVIDSON, JOHN D'EATH,DAVID DEVINE, LIEON-JEAN DOISE, R.THEODORE DU MOULIN,OC, M.DONALD BASTON,

WM.EASTON, THOMAS C. EDDIE, JOHN FLOWERREW, DENNIS FORRIS TAL, DOUGLASH.GARDNER, DAVID A.GRAHAM, D.R.HILDRETH, DEREK LUKIN JOHNSTON, D.BARRYKIRKHAM, W.C.KOKRNER, THOMAS B.LAMER, FRANK B.MILONI, C.CLIFFORD MINCIIELL,DAVID ODHAMS, H.A.D.OLIVER, QC, MARCEL OLLIVIER, RONALD D.PBNHALL, MURRAYL'LIMN, RODERICK 1.A.SMITH, GORDON T. SOUTHAM, ALLAN D^TIIACKRAY, W.D.A.TUCK,PAUL K.VATCHER, RICHARD H.VOGBL, BRIG.GEN.W.T.W1CKETT, FRANK R.WIBLER.CD, JOHN

WILL IAMS , J.D.WILSON, STAN LEY H.WINFIELD, HAROLD M.WRIGK T, CHARLES YOUNG

BHITJCSHCOLUMBIA/WiVANCgyVER

G.GRANT BEATSON, FRANK P.BERNARD, JOHN E.BIRTH, WILLIAM G.BROWN, C.A.DECOSSON,

RONALD W.DOWNEY, JOHN FARRELL, NORMAN M.FAIERS, G.MARTIN GREER, JOHN H.GOODGEH

C.H.HEBB, D.HUMPHREYS, JAMES D.KADLEC, STANLEY J.KERNAGHAN, DONALD

A.S.LANSKAIL, CLAYTON LEHMAN, FRANK MCNULTY, W.T.MONEY, CAPT.JOHN NEWRURY,

MURRAY A. NEWMAN, W.F.RAMSEY, DAVID R.L.ROLFE, ANTHONY B.SCAMMELL, DR.HAROLD

SHORT, MARK R.STEVEN, LESLIE A.STRIKE, LIONEL S.SUCH, IAN J.WARD, IAN WHITELAW

W.ROBERT WYMAN, BRYAN E. YIRUSH

MANITOBA=NEWBRUNSWICK

WINNIPEG,MAN: DAVID T.ANDERSON, S.F.OWEN;

NEWEt>UNDLANU=NOVA SCOTIA

ST.JOHN'S,NFLD: JAMES H.STEELE

MONCTON.NB: CELWYN P.BALL

HALIFAX,NS: LEONARD A. KITZ.OC

QNTARIOgENERAL

AGINCOURT: JOHN G. PLUMI'TON; BOBCATQEON: CHRISTINA FLETCHER; BRANTPORD:WILLIAM SEMPIE, JOSEPH FULLAN; CAMBRIDGE: JOHN H.PAULL; ETOSICOKE: COLINWACKETT; GLOUCESTER: MRS.JOANNE JOHNSTON; GRIMSBY: DR.D.W.MCLENNAN; HAMILTON:PAUL TORKINGTON; KITCHENER: R.G.R.LAWRENCE,OC; OODERICE: CARL W.ANDERSON;ISLINGTON: P.A.H.CASSELS; MISSISSAUOA: E.R.MOORIIOUSR II, JOHN RONSON, BERNARD

F.WEBBER; ORONO: ROY DALZBLL; OTTAWA: COL.STROME GALLOWAY; PETERBOROUGH: JOHNA. STEWART; PICKERING: DR.H.J.VEAR; FORT HOPE: MAJ.J.A.DURE.RBT.; RICHMONDBILL: DON MCVICAR; ST.CATHERINES: MRS.SHEENA PATTERSON; SCARBOROUOH: WINSTONCHURCHILL COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE; STRATHROY: DAVID S. FERGUSON; SUTTON WEST:MISS M.M.WO0D; TBORNHILL: GARNET R.BARBER; UXBRIDGE: RONALD J. TINDLEY;

WILLOWDALB: G.W.CHURTON, NEIL EARLE, HON.DONALD M.FLEMING, S.J.GLASSER, MURRAYWILLIAM MILNE, M.C.SHONFIELD, GEORGB B.TEMPLE; WOODSTOCK: MRS.MARY ALEXANDER

QNTARig/.TORONTO

G.E.CAMPDELL, DAVID CURRIB, JOHN EDISON,OC, ROBERT S.GILI.AN, MISS L.C.

HLNCHCLIFFB, DR. FREDERICK L.R.JACKMAN, MRS.HENRY JACKMAN, GLYNNB JENKINS,

J.G.KILGOUR, MRS.MARGARET R.LACHAPELLE, ERNEST J.LITTLE, NORMAN MACROGERS,

DOUGLAS J.MCLEOD, DR.JOSEPH B. ROGERS, F.B.WATT, P.MICHAEL WILSON

Q11EBEC

MONTREAL: ALA IN HEBERT; SRERBROOK: D R.P IER RE GAGNB; WESTHOUNT: RONALD 1. COHBN

SASKATCH12 WAN

RBGINA: STANLEY FREESTONE

UNITED KINGDOM

BE.RKSHIRE=flyCKINGHAMSHIRE

BER KS: MA IDENHEA D: KEITH W.HATCH; THATCHAM NEWBURY: ANTHONY MILSOM

BUCKS: QT.M1SSENDEN: KATHLEEN HILL. MBE, S IR RICHARD HILL.BT .MBE ;

MARLOW: JOHN EVA NS

CORNWALL: BUDE: H.M.BO BTTIN GER; PENHALE WADKBRIDOE: RICHARD G.G.RASLAM-HOPWOOD

DBVON: COMBE DOWN: DET.SGT.ED MUND MURRAY; OTT ERY- ST.N ART : F.G.IIOUNSLOW

DORSET: BRIDPORT: GRAHAM ROBSON; CORFS MULLEN, WIMBORNB: D.G.ANDREWS

EASTSUSSEX

EASTBOURNE: CLIVE OGDEN; EAST GRINSTEAD: MHS.M.WELLESLEY WESLEY

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ESSEX

8ASI LDO N: P. .I.W OOD; BI LLSH ICAY : NORMAN J. MITCHINS ON: LOUOHTON: JOHN E.HARVEY ;

RAMSDEN HEATH: COLIN A. SPENCER; RAYLBIGH: A.H.BENHAM; S.BB NFLBET: J.E .MO RRI S;

TOLLESB URY.MALD EN: FRANK RENDELL; WOODFORD GREEN; DONALD FORB ES, R. T.P HOU T.M BB

GLOIJCESTEH

CHELTENHAM: ROY FAIERS; NAILSEA: SYDNEY BENNETT

IIAMPSH1RE

ALDBRSHOT: FRED HAMBROOK, H.. I. WH IT E; BKAUL IBU: IXJIID MONTAGU OF BEAU LIEU ;

BEDHAHPTON: H.A.REDBURN.OBB; HAYLING ISLAND: WILFRED THOMAS PERKINS; NORTH

BADDLESLEY: DON PAYNE: ODIHAM: EVAN M.D AVI ES; PAMPER HEATH: ELIZABETH

BAVERSTOCK; ST OCH RID GB: SI R JOHN COLV ILLE .CB. CVO; TADLEY: GEOFFREY J. WHEELER

HERTFpRDSHinE

BISHO PS STOR irO RD: DAVID A.THOMAS; NEW BARNET: JOHN FROST; THING: RO BT.FINCHER

KENT

SEVENOAKS: MRS.M.GREEN; TONBRIDGK: VISCOUNT DE I.'I SI. E,V C,K G, PETER B.

GRI FFI THS ,FC A; TUNBRIDGE WELLS: WALTER SYMONS OSBOHNE; NESTERHAM: JEAN BHOOME,

WINSTON S.CHURCHILL,MP, GRACE HAMBLIN.OBE

LANOASHIHB=LEICESTERSHIRE=LINCOI.NSHIRE

LANCS: HAMBLSTON: P.M.WALSH; ORMSKIM: E.W.SAVAGE

LKICS: LEICESTER: R.G.GARNER; PA CIINGTON.ASHBY: M .J . LAINCHBURY

LINCS: BOURNE: TREVOR HOLLINSHEAD

LONDON

JAMES BELL, HARRY CA11N, JONATHAN CHADWICK, MARTIN GILBERT, ELIZABETHGILLIAT.MBF, NEIL HUGHES-ONSLOW, MICHAEL KELION, DENIS KELLY, I.H.LEVY,G.B.H.MAGCSS, DAVID B.MAYOU, ANTHONY MONTAGUE BnoWNE.CBE.DFC, ROSALIND B.OKIN,ETTA PALMER, SIDNEY L.SHIPTON, THE LORD SOAMES,GCMG,GCVO,CH,CBE,THE LADY SOAMES.DBB, THB EARL OF STOCKTON.OM, JEFFREY YOUNG,JP

MIDDLESEX

ENFIELD: RONALD A.SMITH; BARROW: HARROW SCHOOL; NORTHOLT: VALANCE A.WOODCOCK

NOHTHAMPTONSHIRE

BOUGRTON: D.BOLSOVER

OXFORDSHIRE

BICESTER: R.W.J.PRICK; BLADON: ARTHUR O.CORK; FRKELAND: DWGR.DIICHBSS OF ONSLOW

OXFORD: DR.J.A.CHALMERS, V.ADM SIR PETER GRKTTON, DR.K.LUMSDEN, PATRICIANKMON, REV.G.PAGE TURNER; WANTAGE: HENRY EDWARD CROOKS; WATLINGTON: SIR JOHNMARTIN,KGMG.CB.CVO; WOODSTOCK: THB DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.DL.JP, MARCUS R.N1NER

SCOTLAND

GLASGOW: BOB SUTHERLAND; STRAC HUR: S IR FITZR OY MACCLEAN

SHRQCSHIRE-STAFFORDSUIRE

SALO PS: LUDLOW: MATIIKW GIL ES REES STA FFS : STAFFORD: A.T.GOOD YER

SURREY

ASRTEAD: MRS.CLAUDE BLAIR; BRAMLCT: MICHAEL WYBROW; HASCOMH: ARTHUR SIMON;

SILVE RSTON E: GERALD LOVELL; WARLINOHAM: L .L.THOM AS

WALES

aLAMORGAN: UNQLAND: ERIC R. JONES; PENARTB: L.H.WILLIAMS; MDNMOUTH: CBRPSTOW:

K.G. TUF FT; MONTGOMERYSHIRE: NEWTON MAN NS: DR.C .TOB IAS

WARWICKSHIRE-WEST MIDLANDS

WARKS: LEAMINGTON SPA : HELEN R.KAY; NUNSATON: R. W.TE BBBT T; STRATFORD: D.WEBER

W.MIDLANDS: COVENTRY: P .H. SQU IRE ; S HIRLXT, SOLIHULL: ROY THOMPSON

WEST SUSSEX

ARUNDEL: T. CAUTE WORTHING: T.H. RUSSELL

WEST YORKSHIREWAIEFULD: GEORGE RHODES

W-tLTSHIRE

WARMINSTER: THE MARQUESS OF BATH

YORKSHIHE

COPMAKTHORP8: G.RAYMOND BUHN; SHEFFIELD: Mns.M.A.GIBBS

UNITED STATES

USA members ale arranged in Zip code order, east to west, north to south.

Rend the following columns left to right fully across.

MASSACHUSETTS

01001 AMIIKHST: JOHN LOVETT DOUST01267 W1LLIAMSTOWN: DOROTHY REINKE01513 RUTLAND: DOUGLAS MARDKN017-12 CONCORD: STANLEY E. SMITH0IR.13 GEORGETOWN: I'AUL S. KING02115 BOSTON: THOMAS A. ROBINSON02I3B CAMBRIDGE: GHAIIAM T.ALLISON,JR02101 WABAN: KENNETH DREYER02181 WBLSLY HILLS: SHEILA MCCARTHY021B1 WELSLY HILLS: FRANCIS WOLFORT02324 BRIDGEWATER: GUSTAF E.NEWCOMB02642 EASTHAM: IAN AITCHISON

NEW HAMPSHIRE

03102 BEDFOliD: JON S. RICHARDSON03212 CONTOOCOOK: HARRIET LANGWORTH03242 HKNNIKEH: IAN W. MORRISON

01201 PITTSFIELD: WINSTON ROULIER01365 ORANGE: ROBERT W. LEACH01742 CONCORD: ROBERT O. BOWKN01776 SUDBURY: JACK NIXON019-15 MARBLEHKAD: DR.GARY EISENHOWER02126 MATTAPAN: RICHARD ROBERTS02159 NEWTON CENTRR: DR.CYRIL MAZANSKY02173 LEXINGTON: J.J.GERALD MCCUE02181 WELSLY HILLS: HOWARD I..CHURCHILL02193 WESTON: MATTHEW COSTELLO02631 BREWSTER: JOHN LO;BINniBH,JR.02766 NORTON: AUSTIN C. SMITH

03104 MANCHESTER: TED SEVERANCE03229 CONTOOCOOK: RICHARD M.LANGWORTH03255 NEWBUHY: CHARLES E. SANDEEN

MAINE VERMONT=RHOOE-

04 108 PEAKS ISLAND: DONALD WILDER0 2 8 4 0 NEWPORT RI : JOSHUA ROOERS

CONNECTICUT

06074 S.WINDSOR: KEVIN F. RENNIE06281 WOODSTOCK: RICHARD F. POTTER00355 MYSTIC: WILLIAM O. ROCKWOO1)06410 CHESHIRE: ALBERT J. SHERMAN06457 MIDDLETOWN: WILLIAM MANCHESTER0K604 BRIDGEPORT: VIOLET SCIALLA06759 LITCHFIELD: ASA E. HALL06877 RIDGEF1ELD: HOWARD B. WALZER06897 WILTON: SVEN ERIK NIELSEN

NEW JERSEY

07024 FT.1.KE: GERALD B. LECHTKH07039 LIVINGSTON: DOUCLAS G. TARR07090 WESTF1BLD: GEOROB A. LEWIS07401 ALI.ENDALE: MSOR.F.R. SEYMOUR07701 RED BANK: E.E. MOORE07924 BERNARDSVILLE: PAUL BIBA08033 HADD0NF1ELD: RALPH D. EASTW1CK08066 PAULSFORO: RICHARD STEVENSONOBf.Ol ALI.ENTOWN: YVONNE M. HENRY08807 BRIDGEWATER: RICHARD C. EVANS

08904 HIGHLAND PARK: HERMAN BRE1TKOPF

05101 BELLOWS FALLS: BARBARA WHITEHKAD02860 PAWTUCKET RI: BENTON ROSEN

06255 N.GROSVENOnDALK: RICHARD CARRENO06430 OROTON: JOHN MCCAFFERY06378 STONINGTON: DAVID C. ELKS06415 COLCHESTER: JOHN CURTIS ARNOLD06492 WALL1NGFORD: DR.GORDON S. COHEN06610 BRIDGEPORT: MICHAEL M. STANIO06820 DARIEN: GERALD B. MO KENZIE06883 WESTON: DR. JEFFREY SATINOVER

07039 LIVINGSTON: RONALD I. PARKER07070 RUTHERFORD; ANTHONY LANCIA07110 NUTLEY: GILBERT H. ILBS07410 FAIR LAWN: MANFRED WEIDHORN07920 BASKING RIDGE: CHARLES M. MENAGH0794S MENDHAM: SHIRLEY J. STAKE08052 MAPLE SHADE: RONALD GREENWALD08088 VINCENTOWN: RALPH WILEN08534 PENNINGTON: RUSSELL H. MULLEN08812 DUNBLLEN: REV. WILLIAM BENWELL

NEW YORK CITY

SOLOMON BOGARD, BENJAMIN M.CARDOZO, MICHAEL J.CLOSB, COLLEEN L.CROFT,RUTH EMERY, ROGER FEMENELLA, C.AUSTIN FITTS, SAMUEL GARRETT, BRYAN GINNS,JAMES H.IIE1NAMANN, GLENN HOROWITZ, HOWARD KOPKLSON, ROBERT KUMM, IAN LATTER,DONALD F.MALIN.JR., MRS.J.STERLING MCCLUSKEY, EDWARD E. RIGNEY, EDWARD S.RIGNHY, EDWIN F. RUSSELL, EDWINA SANDYS, BARRY SINGER, CHARLES W.SPRAGUE,NORIHOKO TAN1OKA, PETER J. THAVERS

NEW YORK

10536 KATONAH: RICHARD I.. FISHER10708 BRONXVILLB: WM.W.MOORE10970 POMONA: STEVE V. DROBNY11021 GT.NECK: DR.S.M. SARAVAY11103 ASTORIA: RONALD S. MEI.NYK11545 GLEN HEAD: WILLLIAM T. MURRAY11581 VAI.LRY STREAM: MRS.M.WELLINGTON11946 HAMPTON BAYS: REV.R.W.CHURCHILL14201 BUFFALO: H1CHARD T. STEPHENS

14221 W1LLIAMSVILLE: DR.M.A.SHANBHAG14512 NAPLES: HOBEHT R. OILMAN

PENNSYLVANIA

15108 CORAOTOLIS: JOHN G. MILLER15213 PITTSBURGH: SAMUEL E. SHAPIRO15317 MCMURRAY: RICHARD H. COOMBS16801 STATE COLLEGB: AM.PHIL.SOCIETY17105 HARRISBURG: BRITISH HERITAGE18042 EASTON: RICHARD A. HAMPULLA18644 WYOMING: GEORGE H. TREWERN19008 BROOMALL: PHYLLIS A. RUOFF19038 GLENSIDE: CRAIG DB BKHNARDIS19087 RADNOR: DANIEL J. LBNBHAN19118 PHILADELPHIA: JAMBS C. HUMBS19144 PHILA.: ROBERT DEPUB BROWN19301 PAOLI: JAN1S CALVO

10601 WHITE PLAINS: TOBY S. HEIL1NGMANN10801 NEW ROCHEI.LE: HENRY W. RYAN, JR.11005 FLORAL PARK: DR.HARVEY F.WACHSMAN11024 KINGS POINT: RON BARON11374 REGO PARK: ARTHUR BRAVER11566 MBRRICK: IRA L. GERSHENSON11787 SMITHTOWN: ARTHUR KUNZ13205 SYRACUSE: GREGORY N. BULLARD14209 BUFFALO: DONALD S. CARMICHAEL

14467 HENRIETTA: WILLIAM E. BEATTY14624 ROCHESTER: WILLIAM FARMBOROUGH

15146 MONROEVILLE: KENNETH R. FITCH15225 PITTSBURGH: DR.I.W. GOLDFARB16507 ERIK: FORREST C. MISCHLER MD17022 ELIZABETHTOWN: LILY E. GRIMM17363 STEWARTSTOWN: DR. R.B. GEMMILL18103 ALI.ENTOWN: DR. HAOBN STAACK18704 KINGSTON: MARC L. HOLTZMAN19020 BENSALEM: GARY M. CARR19041 HAVERFOND: EDWIN ROTKMAN19103 PHILADELPHIA: WILLIAM A. DANOFF19137 PHILADELPHIA: MICHAEL J. SHBEHAN19150 PHILADELPHIA: PAUL BLANCHARD19342 GLBN MILLS: DR. DONALD J. KASPER

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USA/cont *d

DELAWARE

19711 NEWARK: PROP. RAYMOND CALI.AIIAN 19899 WILMINGTON: CHARLES BRANDT

DONALD HRENKE, WARD B. CIIAMBERLIN, REP.JIM COURTER, RICHARD M.EDELMAN,KAY MURPHY HALLE, CELIA HOKE, NORWOOD H.KEENEY, FRANK LAVIN, SEN.SAM NUNN,SEN.BOB PACKWOOD, HBM AMBASSADOR SIR OLIVER WRIGHT

MARYLAND

20H15 CHEVY CHASE: OEORGE F.WILl20K15 CHEVY CHASE: JAMES U.DEFRANCIS2(1115-1 POTOMAC: DH.HERBERT GOLDBERG21015 COLUMBIA: ROBERT M.SPRINKLE

20815 CHEVY CHASE: ROBERT E.HARTI.AND20815 CHEVY CHAASE: HARRY L.FREEMAN20904 SILVER SPRINGS: DAVID MARCUS21046 COLUMBIA: JACK B. SHORT

21076 HANOVER: MERTON T.PRITCHETT,JR 21201 BALTIMORE: WILLIAM H.CORMAN

VIRGINIA

22003 ANNANDALK: ROBERT A.ROSENBLATT22030 FAIRFAX: HILLEI. SAMISCH22)00 VIENNA: GEORGE GRIFFENIIAGEN22202 ARLINGTON: VICTOR R.PRINCE22801 HARK1SONBURG: ROGER H.FORD

WEST yiRQINIA

25276 SPENCER: FRED C. HARDMAN

NORTH CAROLINA

27 10 6 WINSTON-SALEM: DR.J. R.SC ALE S

27 B0 8 RALBIOH: L.I LOYD JACOBS27704 DURHAM: W.J.I'ETEHS

28 20 5 CHARLOTTE: J. A. POPE

2B 21 3 CHARLOTTE: ARTHUR B.CA PPER ,JR

SOUTHCAROLINA

2 9 2 0 6 COLUMBIA: ELLEN H. HAMMOND

29 5 66 KINGSTREE: ELIZABETH NAVARRO

GEORGJtA

30033 DECATUH: DON ACREE30101 ACWORTH: JAMES MCGARVEY30305 ATLANTA: DR.HAROLD E. DAVIS30338 DUNWOODY: M. FITZGERALD31402 SAVANNAH: SAMUEL A. CANN

FLORIDA

32074 ORMOND BKACH: DEBRA MCOUJRE32505 PBNSACOLA: DARHELL HOLLEY33131 MIAMI: ROY E. BLACK33308 FT.LAUDERDALE: DR.JOHN BLOOM33405 W.PAIM BEACH: COL.D.M.KING,USA33520 CLEARWATKR: LUIS BALLINA33701 ST.PETERSBURG: THOMAS MONTALBO

22012 BLUEMONT: PETER J.MONK22101 MCCLEAN: HON.CASPAR W.WEINBERGER22201 ARLINGTON: MARC It F.RACHY22305 ALEXANDER: WILLILAM T.SPENCER

26104 PARKERSBURQ: ROBERT REILLEY

27514 CHAPEL HILL: HELEN PALMATIER

27650 RALEIGH: OTIS V.JONES,JR.27705 DURHAM: WADE L. CALVIN28207 CHARLOTTE: DR.GEORGE L.GAUNT

29304 SPARTANBURG: AMOS A. WORKMAN29605 GREENVILLE: DR. MARVIN J.SHORT

30087 STONE MOUNTAIN: RUSSELL T.GRIFFIN30305 ATLANTA: DAVID HANDLEY30329 ATLANTA: GEORGE R. GREIFF30342 ATLANTA: ALFRED M. MARSHALL

32202 JACKSONVILLE: DONALD C. JONES33124 CORAL GABLES: GEORGE COLIN MBLLO33160 N.MIAMI: SIDNEY ALTNEU33308 FT.LAUDERDALE: JAMES B.PERRY33451 FT.PIERCB: ROI.LA ROSS33681 SARASOTA: THOMAS BROOKS33713 ST. PETERSBURG: ROBERT C. SWAIN

ALABAMA= MISSISSIPPI

35209 BIRMINGHAM AL: FRANK C.MARSHALL35950 ALBEnTVILLE AL: T.J.CAHNES

TENNESSEE

37075 IIBNDERSONVILLE: TOM COPE37210 NASHVILLE: JOE C. BULLOCK37215 NASHVILLE: DONALD BATHRICK.JR37105 CHATTANOOGA: KM. H. BOWMAN38344 HUNTINGDON: STEVE WILLLIAMS

KENTUCKY

402I9 LOUISVILLE: PAUL E. MULI.BTT41017 EDGEWOOD: TIMOTHY SULLIVAN,JR42041 FULTON: JOE W. JOHNSON

OHIO

43023 GHANVILI.B: LAWRENCE CLARKE, JR44022 CHAGRIN FALLS: WILLIAM TRUAX44107 LAKEWOOD: ALYCB L. AUST44124 CLEVELAND: WILLIAM MCVEY44313 AKRON: REESE TAYLOR44820 BUCYRUS: DR.J.K.KURTZ45230 CINCINNATI: PATRICK MCKLHANEY45365 SIDNEY: LINN'S STAMP NEWS45B10 ADA: PROF.ALFRED E.COHOB

35223 BIRMINGHAM AL: ALEXANDER V.DAVIES39571 PASS CHRISTIAN MS: WM. C. KIDD

37133 MURKREESBORO: JOHN DAVID MARSHALL37211 NASHVILLE: DENNIS JOHNSON37220 NASHVILLE: JAMES C. BARNETT38111 MEMPHIS: DON ACREE

40506 LEXINGTON: DEAN ROBERT A. CLAY41071 WILDER: RONALD BRENNAN42420 HENDERSON: RITA G. BRYAN

43324 H1INTSV1LLB: JAMES R. DINKBL44041 GENEVA: DR. JESSIE HUTCHINSON44122 SHAKER IITS.: PATRICK WHITE44127 CLEVELAND: FRED J.RUMPLIK44514 POLAND: WILLIAM COCHRAN45208 CINCINNATI: THOMAS BRINKMAN.JR.45231 CINCINNATI: MONTE DALB WITTB4S805 LIMA: SUE M. HEFNER

INDIANA

4K2;H INDIANAPOLIS: DH.CEO.J.MCAFEE

4BR04 FT.WAYNE: DAVID S. KUSCH

47 35 3 LIBERTY: LAWRENCE E.SHARP

MICHIUAN

4H013 BLMFI.D HILLS: H.W.WINSTANI.BY48024 FAnMGTN HILLS: LEONARD YATES48105 ANN ARBOR: MILTON G.MUTCHNICK

46350 LA PORTE: ERVIN R. PH1TCHETT47353 LIBERTY: JUDGE JAMES S.SHEPARD

48016 CI.ARKSTON: THOMAS GOLDNER48063 ROCHESTER: MRS. A. SCOTT48145 LINCOLN PK: MARY JO PETERSON

IOWA

50265 W.DES MOINES: MRS.R.SCARBOROUGH

50662 DELWEIN: STEPHEN M. MCCARTHY52538 W.BRANCH: DR. GEORGB H. NASH

WISCONSIN

53012 CEDARBURG: GLENN F. JONAS53212 MILWAUKEE: WILLIAM P. STRAUG53219 MILWAUKEE: JOHN J. MAREK53511 BBLO1T: JANET EASLAND53703 MADISON: JAMES W. WIMMER54701 BAU CLAIRE: MAX P. SCHOENFELD

50265 W.DES MOINES: DEWEK VOKOVICH

52240 IOWA CITY: DOUGLAS S. RUSSELL52403 CEDAR RAPIDS: RICHARD H.DURHAM

53170 SILVER LAKR: PAUL XONICEK53215 MILWAUKEE: STANLEY ANTOSIEWICZ53511 BBLOIT: ARTHUR B. ADAMS53701 MADISON: LAMONT C. COLUCCI53706 MADISON: BLAKE KELLOGG

MINNESOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

55113 ST.PAUL MN: ROBEHT 0. NBFF55046 MINNEAPOLIS MN: TOD RONNEI55905 ROCHESTER MN: FREEMAN E. SMITH57107 SIOUX FALLS SD: ROSS S. FENN

60015 DEERFIELD: HARRY R.CLAMOR60056 MT.PROSPECT: M.J.ALTENBURGER60085 WAUKKGAN: RBV.F.W. L1PPERT60302 OAK PARK: DAVID DRUCKMAN60466 PARK FOREST: OSCAR I.UNDY61350 OTTAWA: ROBERT L. CARTER62246 GREENVILLE: TOM SHBA

55119 MAPLEWOOD MN: SANDRA DVORSKY55804 DULUTH MN: DR.GARY COWAN56359 ONAMIA MN: BR. RICHARD MCGRATH

60015 DEERFIELD: DONALD C.JOHNSON60076 SKOKIE: PAUL KAPLAN60093 WINNETKA: DOUGLAS M. REINER60302 OAK PARK: DONALD R. MARKEY61074 SAVANNA: WALTER I. SHRAKE61701 BLOOMINGTON: DENNIS LUDWIG

ILLLINOIS/.CENTRAL CHICAGO

HORACE B.BARKS, ROBERT CAIRO, MATTHEW FOX, MARK S.GRIMSICH, WILLIAM C.IVES,HENRY KOHORN, JAMES H.LOHIB, PHILIP J.LYONS,CLU, PATRICK L. MOORE, TIM PITZER,

AMBASSADOR PAUL G.ROBINSON JR., LBS WINICK

MISSOURI

63 10 5 ST.L OUIS : WILLIAM R. PIPER

63 12 5 ST.L OUI S: ARTHUR ROSENBERG

63141 ST.LOUIS: JAMES NIETMANN

64 11 4 KANSAS CITY: JOHN C. COZAD

65 20 3 COLUMBIA: DR.& MRS.A .J.NAS H

65 25 1 FULTON: DR. RUSSELL JONES

6 5 2 5 1 FULTON: LEON C. WILKERSON

KANSAS NEBRASKA

6150 44 LAWRENCE KS: HAL ELLIOTT WERT

6 6 5 0 2 MANIIATTEN KS: ROBIN HICHAM

68 1 14 OMAHA NE: WALLACE H.JOHNSON

63 10 5 ST.L OUIS : F.CARL SCHUMACHER

63 13 0 UNIV.CITY: ROBERT S. DAVIS

63 37 6 S T.PET ERS: TOM GETTEMEYER

64 46 8 MARYVILLE: R.fc M.J . SUNKEL

6 5 2 5 1 FULTON: WARREN HOI.LRAH

65 25 1 FULTON: JOHN E. MARSHALL

65 27 0 MOBERLY: DR.WILL FLEMING

6 62 12 OVRLND FK KS: ELIZABETH B.HAYNES

6 7 5 0 1 HUTCHINSON KS: TOM SHERMAN

LOUISIANAARKANSAS

70 11 2 N.ORLEANS LA: LEB SCHLESINGKR

70130 N.ORLEANS LA: JAS.J.COLEMAN.JR

72 21 2 LITTLE ROCK AR: DONALD J.KE LLY

OKLAHOMA

73122 OK1.HMA CITY: KEN PHILLIPS74868 SEMINOLB: THOMAS P.DAVIS

TEXASZGENEHAL

75075 PLANO: ROBERT C. SPHAGUE76051 GRAPEVINE: GORDON M.NETTLETON76109 FT.WORTH: CAROL H.KEBTCII76513 BELTON: PAULA L.HARRISON77249 HOUSTON: M.G.CULVER,JR.78501 MCALLEN: C.DAVIS RANK IN79763 ODESSA: JEFF TOWNSEND

70115 N.ORLEANS LA: BRITANNIA MAGAZINE70816 BATON ROUGE LA: DEREK BROWNLEADER

73034 BDMOND: WILLIAM T. DBVER74146 TULSA: JONATHAN R. WALLACE

75115 DESOTO: ERNEST GOWER76102 FT.WORTH: ROBERT S. TRAVIS76255 NOCONA: JACK A. MCGAUGHEY77030 HOUSTON: DR.WILLIAM E.WALKER78228 SAN ANTONIO: GUY RUDESA78767 AUSTIN: JAMIE CLEMENTS

TEXASZEALLAS S. ARLINGTON

MRS.GARY ALORIDGB, DR&MRS.HBNHY R.ALTI, GWEN BODENHAMBR, MARY M.BODENHAMER,DH.W.J.BUFKIN, HOMER BURKS, BONNIE J.BURSON, RALPH D. CHURCHILL, LEA MARYBDAVIS, RICHARD M.FLATT, BARBARA J.GIRARD, NAOMI GOTTLIEB, BARBARA E.R.HEGEL,DAVID D.HILL, LOWELL HOOVER, MARGARET KOONS, MRS.MARTHA LAWING.JR, TEX LEZAR,

MARK MAHAN, G.C.MCGILL, WM.P.MURCHISON, JACK W.MYNBTT, MRJMRS EARL L.N1CH0L,DAVID OSBORNE, ALICE PIES, DAVID A.SAMPSON, DR.MITCHELL SMITH, RANDYSTRVENSON, TIM T1MMINS, DAPHNE BAYNHAM WHYTB

CCH3.03(rev)

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been hailed as a sure step toward preventing war.While most of his decent, fairminded, democratic con-temporaries expressed their fervent belief in the pro-cess of negotiations, Churchill was not sure.

Hitler, of course, was still the nebulous leader of asmall party, an unknown quantity. But there was afactor other than Germany in the equation, even then.

represent ing abundance does serve to indicateEstonian Song Festival attracted 17,000 toive skyline, from the Daugauva River, 1928.

i uWHJWfl"""*0

"The foundations of world peace are strengtheningamong all the civilised countries of the world," Chur-chill said, "but there is one country that is outsidethese considerations, and that is Russia. Russia is in-calculable, aloof and malignant.

All that line of small new States from the Balticto the Black Sea are in lively apprehension ofRussia. Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia,Poland and Rumania every one is in greatfear and anxiety about its neighbour.

All are strongly anti-Communist. They havegone through great internal stress and tension,and they have built themselves up on a Radical,democratic antithesis to Communism."

From their founding amidst blood and war in 1918,through their successful transition to nationhood inthe 1920s, and on into the 1930s, Churchill had beenone of the outstanding friends of the Baltic States. Theday would come, however, when he would be forcedto reexamine those views, during the gravest years inthe history of his country.

In the Thirties that time was still ahead. For thenonce, Churchill's own philosophy on the Baltic wasmuch as he described those countries in The SecondWorld War: "Very lively and truculent."28

To be continued.

FOOTNOTES

1. Latvia SSR Demography of Inhabitants and Distribution byCities and Regions, According to the 1979 Census, LatvianSSR Central Statistics Board, Riga, 1980

2. From the Treaty of Peace between the USSR and the Repub-lic of Latvia, March 1920

3. A well-known quote of Churchill's which the author has notlocated; advice is requested

4. WSC, speech at Mansion House, London, 19 February 19195. War Cabinet Minutes, London, 31 December 19186. David Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, New

Haven 1937, Volume I, page 2147. Herbert A. Grant Watson, An Account of a Mission to the

Baltic States in the Year 1919, London 1958, page 258. Edgar Anderson, "British Policy Toward the Baltic States,

1918-1920," Journal of Central European Affairs, April 1959, page 275

9. WSC, The World Crisis/The Aftermath, London 1929, page 10010. Edgar Anderson, "An Undeclared Naval War: The British-

Soviet Struggle in the Baltic," Journal of Central EuropeanAffairs, April 1962, page 46

11. Cf. Anderson, page 6912. WSC, House of Commons, 21 March 1919, Complete Speeches

Volume III, New York 1974, page 272413. Cf. Complete Speeches page 2821, speech at British-Russian

Club dinner, 17 July 1919

14. Cf. Complete Speeches page 2831, House of Commons, 29July 1919

15. Cf. Lloyd George, page 21416. Cf. Companion Part 2, WSC to Curzon, 10 September 1919,

page 848

17. Cf. WSC to Curzon, 19 September 1919, page 86218. Cf. WSC to Lloyd George, 22 September 1919, page 86619. Cf. Lloyd George to WSC, 22 September 1919, page 867-820. Cf. WSC to Lloyd George, 22 Setempber 1919, pp. 870-121. Wording in all three Soviet-Baltic treaties of 1920.22. Roche, The New Baltic States, London 192523. Cf. Companion Part2, Wilson to WSC, 16 September 1919,

page 852

24. Cf. Companion Part 2, Cabinet Minutes, page 95625. Edgar Anderson, "The Baltic Entente" in The Baltic States in

Peace and War, New York 1970, page 12826. Cf Anderson, page 12627. Cf. Complete Speeches, WSC in the House of Commons, 29

June 1931, Volume IV, page 505628. WSC. The Grand Alliance. Boston, 1950. P. 695: London,

1950, p. 615

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"Books:'Finest 'Hour,

'Revised and cUnrevisedThe'Neilson Critique - The Smith'Response

BY STANLEY E. SMITH

IN THE second volume of his war memoirs, Their FinestHour, Winston Churchill relates the course of the warfrom his accession to power, and the almost im-mediate collapse of France, to the British victory overthe Italian armies in northern Africa seven monthslater. This is the story of 1940 the great and terribleyear when Britain faced a menacing continent alone

Francis Neilson, in his review of the work, adheresto his practice of eschewing a comprehensive orsystematic summary and touches instead on par-ticular unrelated and sometimes unimportant topics that happen to catch his fancy. These in turnserve as pegs upon which he hangs anti-Churchill ac-cusations and innuendoes, as well as themes and

The Prime Minister with General Sir Edmund Ironside, his first Chief of theImperial General Staff, walking a London street on 25 May 1940. as France

reeled under the German hammer, later recounted in Their Finest Hour.

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variations of his general conviction that Churchill atheart despised democratic institutions that in suchdictatorial leanings, WSC was no more worthy ofesteem than Hitler or Stalin. Pinpricks like these maybe peremptorily dismissed, for Churchill demon-strated throughout the war and throughout his life hisdeep-seated respect for and devotion to Parliament,and all it stood for. Neilson could have filled a largehayloft with the Churchill strawmen he delighted in

setting up and knocking down.Neilson devotes considerable disparaging ink to the

famous correspondence between Churchill andRoosevelt prior to the entry of the United States intothe war. The clearly-intended implication is thatChurchill, in engaging in this correspondence, actedillegally and eventually trapped the United States intoa state of belligerency.

It is surely no violation of international law to ex-change letters, to persuade, argue, humor, cajole, orput forth one's case eloquently and bluntly. This isthe core and whole of what Churchill did. Neither manplayed the dupe. Roosevelt knew full well that Chur-chill badly wanted the United States to enter the war,and to give all possible assistance to Britain in themeantime. Far from blaming Churchill for this, onecould argue that he would have been derelict in hisduty as custodian of his country's welfare had hefailed to use every tool within his reach for the pur-pose of getting all possible succor from a powerfulfriend in desperate times. As the recently-publishedFDR-WSC correspondence shows, Churchill deservesenormous credit for the skill with which he managedthe delicate aid negotiations.

Furthermore, the niceties of international law in-volved in the destroyer deal were almost moot fromthe British standpoint. As the old saying runs, "youcan lead a horse to water, but you can't make himdrink." Churchill could ask or argue for American aid;

only Roosevelt could authorize or send it. The onus ofbreaking international law by the sending of aid froma neutral power to a belligerent, if such an onus therebe in this case, rests upon the sender rather than uponthe recipient.

In any event, Churchill is hardly to be blamed forthe entry of the United States into the war. It was notthe British who bombed Pearl Harbor.

Neilson devotes a section to cautioning the readerabout Churchill's account of the fall of France withoutdirectly calling any of it false or specifying which por-tions of it are questionable. Instead he presents a listof other accounts and argues in essence that they aretrue because they are coldly unemotional. The nature

of this argument needs only to be pointed out to beshorn of its force. Churchill was in a position to knowthe facts and was responsible for knowing them, sohis account is not to be lightly dismissed merelybecause it is presented vividly.

In his preface to The Gathering Storm, Churchilldisclaimed any pretense of presenting his memoirs asobjective history. In his review, as in his review of theprevious volume, Neilson never tires of extractingthat disclaimer, endorsing it fervently, and then fling-ing it down and dancing upon it as if it said just theopposite.

This occurs again in the section on the controversialactions of the King of the Belgians. Several differing

versions of the circumstances surrounding thecapitulations of the Belgian army have appeared.Neilson cites several other sources, including a letterwritten a year before the event, and labels Churchill'saccount a false one. This is despite Churchill'sundeniable knowledge, in his official position, of anypromises made or notices given to Britain by Belgium,and despite the possibility that the differing accountof the political advisor to the Belgian King might be

more self-serving than historically objective. Ap-parently, to Neilson, disagreeing with Churchill suf-ficed to prove him wrong.

Neilson concludes his review with a long section onChurchill's supposed dictatorial yearnings andHitler's attitude following the fall of France. Indiscussing the latter, it is amusing to see Neilson turnhumbly to the relevant accounts of those citadels oftruth, the Nazi generals, and urge that they be read"by every earnest student . . . who wishes to escapefrom the murk of war propaganda and find daylight."Turning from the review to the book itself, TheirFinest Hour is the first of the memoir volumes inwhich Churchill is Prime Minister, in full command ofthe British war effort. The narrative is consequentlymuch closer and more detailed than that of TheGathering Storm. Churchill relies heavily on theminutes and memoranda he issued throughout theperiod, making the book a gold mine of actualhistorical documentation. In a fascinating early sec-tion on his administrative techniques (pp. 17-22),Churchill describes himself as "a strong believer intransacting official business by The Written Word"(emphasis his). This was a natural attitude for asuperb writer like Churchill to take, and the bookshows that he invariably maintained this practice.

While the book keeps the reader fully informedabout the general strategic ebbs and flows of the war,its greatest value lies in the insight it gives of the daily

nuts and bolts of managing the war effort from thesummit of British affairs. This is especially invaluablein the second half of the book, when France has beenconquered and Britain remains as Hitler's only activefoe. The story of the Battle of Britain and the exten-sive, exhaustive measures taken for the defense ofthe island is told well and fully. So too is the accountof the Middle East, where, in spite of enormouspressures to withdraw, Churchill insisted on main-taining a strong and eventually successful army.

The memoranda consigned to the appendicesshould not be passed over by the serious student ofChurchill, for they show how extensively and closelyhe monitored even the details of the war effort. Many

of his colleagues have commented on the discipline ofhis mind, and this trait is shown nowhere so clearly asin the appendices. In a single day his concerns wouldrange from supplying de Gaulle to arranging holidaysto making contingency plans for local police. Aboveall, questions touching on the allocation of perilouslyslender resources confronted him daily and fullychallenged his considerable'managerial skills.

As the war progressed and other mighty nationsbecame embroiled in it, Churchill increasingly had toshare the limelight and the power. In Their Finest

Hour, however, he and his courageous countrymenheld the stage alone. This chronicle of 1940 will proveimperishable.*

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WINSTON CHURCHILL

IN PRESS & PERIODICALS

EDITED BY JOHN G. PLUMPTON

David Dilks: THE TWILIGHT WARAND THE FALL OF FRANCE:CHAMBERLAIN AND CHURCHILL

IN 1940, Transactions of theRoyal Historical Society, FifthSeries, Volume 28, 1978, pp.61 -86.

The belief that Neville Chamber-lain and Winston Churchill werealways divided by irreconcilabledifferences of policy persistsstrongly, not least because of thestern strictures passed by Chur-

chill himself upon his predecessorin The Gathering Storm. Further-more, during the decade whichseparated Churchill's departurefrom the Exchequer from his re-turn to the Admiralty, differencesof policy between him and hisformer colleagues had cut deep:his adherence to free trade [N.B.:In fact he abandoned Free Tradeearly in the 1930s. Ed.], hisviolent dissent over India, alterca-tions about disarmament and thepace of German rearmament, therow over the Abdication, outrightand unqualified condemnation ofthe Munich settlement.

But when Churchill joinedChamberlain's Government inSeptember, 1939, there was agree-ment between the two on a num-ber of issues. They felt deeplyaffronted by Stalin's decision topartition Poland and to supplyraw materials vital to the Nazis'war effort; they agreed to wage thestruggle at sea with unremittingvigor from the start; they en-trusted the holding of the western

front to France; they expected along war; they did not wish to pro-voke Italy or Japan; and they didnot anticipate much assistancefrom the United States.

Churchill bombarded the P.M.with memoranda. There wassome initial disagreement onpriorities. Chamberlain drew alesson from the Polish experiencethat air power was critical anddirected resources to the R.A.F.Churchill doubted that the French

would pay almost the whole of theblood tax on land and give theBritish the sea and the air.

The Prime Minister seemed tobelieve that some of the paperswhich he received from Churchillwere plainly written for the pur-pose of future quotation to proveforesight. Indeed, as Chamberlaintold his wife, his own memoran-dum on the efforts of air power inthe Polish campaign was writtenbecause "I thought I must getsomething on the record too,

which would have to be quoted inthe Book."Chamberlain was aware that

Churchill wanted to be Minister ofDefence, and in April he made himChairman of the Military Co-ordi-nation Committee - an experimentthat did not work, because (inChamberlain's opinion) of Chur-chill's dominating personality,refusal to delegate, and irregularwork habits.

During the May crisis, it becameclear that Lord Halifax had nostomach for power and that Chur-chill was clearly the choice of theopposition parties to head a nationalgovernment. But the new PrimeMinister, Winston Churchill, re-mained dependent on his successorfor support within the Conserva-tive Party. (". . . To a very largeexte nt I am in your han ds and Ifeel no fear of that.") It seems thatboth men felt that the right manwas now P.M.! And the new PrimeMinister grew in stature andcharacter. As Baldwin said: " . . .the furnace of war smelted out all

the base metal from him."Chamberlain became Lord Presi-

dent of the Council with primaryresponsibility for domestic prob-lems. When Churchill was requiredto go to France, he said, "Neville,please mind the shop!"

After Chamberlain's death, Chur-chill delivered a memorable speechof tribute, but a private remark isperhaps even more revealing of hisfeelings: "I shall never find such acolleague again."*

17

29 November/North TexasCelebration of Sir Winston's birthday bythe North Texas Chapter, Dallas. For in-formation contact David Sampson, 5603Honey Locust Drive, Arlington, TX.

30 November/TorontoCelebration of Sir Winston's birthday byThe Other Club of Toronto. For informa-tion contact Mrs. Pat Cassels, 10Woodmere Court, Islington, Ont.

30 November/LondonA wreath-laying ceremony in Londonwith The Lady Soames. Information fromPeter Coombs, 1 Pound Close, Yarnton,Oxon. OX5 1QG. All members invited.

25 January/TorontoDinner meeting of The Other Club ofToronto. Speaker Richard Lang worthwill discuss "Churchill as Journalist."

The location will shortly be announced.For information contact Mrs. PatCassels, 10 Woodmere Court, Islington,Ontario M9A 3J1.

Winter/New BrunswickNew Brunswick Chapter organizationalmeeting. Information: John Ball, 1079Coverdale Road, RR2, Moncton, NewBrunswick E1C 8J6.

Winter/London AreaColin Spencer will be planning an eventthis winter. For details contact him atHomestead Road, Ramsden Heath,Essex, England CM 11 1RP.

March/New EnglandIf you can attend a weekend dinnermeeting at Boston mid-month, please ad-vise Richard Langworth, Putney House,Contoocook, NH 03229. If a dozen re-spond we will proceed. You need notguarantee.

4-14 Sept 1987/Churchill's BritainRegistrations open for the third ICS tour,including Chartwell, Harrow, London,the Old Bell at Hurley, Blenheim,Bladon, York, Edinburgh, Dunkeld,Dundee, Oban, the Isle of Mull & Loch

Lomond, with many Churchill sites, finehotels and cuisine throughout. Tentativecost $1450 based on double occupancy.Deposit of $200/person refundablethrough 31 May. Specialist Tours, POBox 385, Contoocook, NH 03229.

31 Oct-1 Nov 1987/North TexasThe Churchill Society's internationalconvention, Adolphus Hotel, Dallas.

Late August 1988/New EnglandThe Churchill Society's internationalconvention, White Mountain Hotel, Bret-ton Woods, New Hampshire.

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Churchill in StampsEY RICHARD M 1.ANGW0RTH

PAGES 61-66: WITH FISHER AT THE AI)\1IK\I.T\Ihv World War I section^ ot u philuteln bioyrapln

nt\t:\sarH\ nl\ Ihwih on Churchill nland iCR> slump*.nwins> to rht dearth oj Chun hill cnmmemorativci deputingthi\ period. Some oj tht lamr am fa usedij the\ dep'n t .\nnc\that (tntld he /mm tht turlicr wtu. m a ymthjul-appiunni;Chut chill. This section also ioniums one ,ij the must

J'ii.uin,itini> page* in the milt man truant; \on Spu \ uniteacross the Pacifh la the Battle of Cnronel

S'umlurs an Scott It) iind Gibbons iS(i). A \lashnuirki#2 3) means u stt with a tonunon dc\ii;n, urn ixample ofwhuh is suitable.

61. Ciieal Britain #W4. the 19K2 I.md I-isher comiiicmoramefrom the Admirals set. is cuitom-ni.uk fm ^presentations ol"this crucial period in Churchill's cateer. Pictured with f-islier

is HMS Dnadnaughi. the first turhinc-dmc. all-big-gun bat-Ueship. Falkland Islands stamps ,ne appnipridtu. since aailmin.iiing \iclor> occurred ihcrc ultei Coronel tulklands*236 isg3O5l is certamh a WW2-bascil dchiiin but the war-ships- are \apue enough tti gel aw.a> with. However, the WSCshown is nrnmusK c.1940.

62. Chuichiir- lanious 1410 Cahmei memo. aci.uiatcl\predicting the course of the Cieiman onslaught on F-rancc, isrecalled b> stamps depicting clucl lljiures in the Marne Battle,which stemmed the (Jcrnian tide, blench issues are ^llOX(sgl6M). Murnc ammcrsar>: tfByJ (sgbfi4). Gen (ialliem.who persuaded tfB97 (sg662). Gen. Joflre to attack the Ger-man flank. An Ajnun "sand dune" depicts Supreme Com-mander Marshall Foch. Bulgaria I24 (sglS8) represents theCentral Powers.

63. Dominating this account of Churchill's role in the defenseof Antwerp is. Upper Volta's mini-sheet. *J51 tsg'.M. whichcertainh looks like a WW1 trench scene. Belgiun issues onAntwerp are #76 79 (sgy3a"V5) and B443 ^gl5 7S) . while a re-cent Dutch stamp maps the neiural Netherlands.

64. A catch-all page summari/cs the German Pacifu colonieswhich were the obiect of 1914 naval attack h> New /eahuidand Australia, which soon had most of these islands in Alliedhands. The Kaiser's \achi is depicted. These stamps are onl\peripherally related to our story and are not included in the1CS Churchill-Related checklist*, hut are easily found.

65. -\ diamatic tracing of von Spue's route from Kaichau to hisencounter with the British oft Coronel. Chile, using German,French oi British colony stamps, some postmarked at places heappeared: Tsmgtau. Saipan, Jaluil, Herberlshohe, Apii.Papeete. Dal New field's research helped pinpoint StraitsSettlements as the stamps used m the Admiralty Islands at thetime.

66. Again a peripheral group ol stamps. Trench Oceaniadefinitives m use at the time ol Coronel.

A continuing

61

62

ASCENDANCY

WINSTON'S NEMESIS

When misplaced anti-German sentiment caused Battenberg to stepdown as First Sea Lord, Churchill immediately appointed vain,mercurial Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot Fisher in his place. In1904-10, Pisher had greatly modernized the Navy in this samerole, but Conservative Opposition caused his 1910 retirement.

Fisher's mostimportantinnovation inhis 1904-10term was HMSDreadnought:the first all-big gun, tur-bine-drivenbattleship.

Churchill heldFisher indis-penslble andadmired himvastly, butcolleaguescould notbelieve thiss trangepartnershipwould last.

It didn't.

ASCENDANCY

THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE

Long before the war, Churchill had written a paper, dismissedas nonsense by British generals, that the German advance intoFrance, when and if it came, would be halted in ho days. He waswrong...by two days. The Allies attacked an exposed German flanknear the Marne River on 6 September. On 9 September the Germansretreated, and the threat to Paris ended.

Symbolic ofthe Armiesof Franceat the Marneand theCentralPowers.

JosephGallieni,the militarygovernor ofParis, whopersuadedthe FrenchcommanderIn chief,Joseph Joffreto attack theGerman flankat the Marne,

SupremeAllied

Commander,MarshalFoch

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ASCENDANCY

63

THE DEFENSE OF ANTWERP

With the Germans threatening one of B elgium's last lines ofdefense at Antwerp, C hurchill arrived to rally the city. "He

put his Ideas forcefully, waving his stick and thumping theground with it," said an eye-witness. His action delayed thefall of Antwerp long enough to garrison the northern French

ports and greatly Impressed King Albert.

Back home,

though, WSCwas reviledfor what hisenemies sawas rashness.In fact, itwas only thegenuine

Winston,carried away

by his owncourage.

PRELUDE TO CORONEL (2)

From the Carolines, where he coaled on *-9 August, von Speesailed to the Marianas, arriving the 12th. On 8 September hewas off Christmas Island; on the l^th he was shelling Samoa(which had been occupied by New Zealand troops on 30 August).On 22 September he ineffectually bombarded Papeete, Tahiti,and by the Ikth of October he was lost between the Marquesasand Easter Island.

The Armsof Antwerp,with a mapshowing the

crucialNetherlands,still neu-tral, which

Antwerp'sfall for-tunately didnot effect.

65

Von Spee's route across the Pacific, with stamps in use andcancelled at his ports of call, June- through October 1914

ASC END ANCY

64

PRELUDE TO CORONEL (1)

Germany's only serious naval force outside home waters was itsFar Eastern Squadron, stationed at its China colony, Kiachau,and commanded by Admiral Graf von Spee. In late June von Spee

set off on a three-month Pacific cruise, but when war became

Kiachau

(Kiautschou)

PRELUDE TO CORONEL (3)

The French, not the British, had the most to lose with Germanyat large in the Pacific, for while Britain's and the Empire

Navies could defend British possessions, the French navy wasdistinctly inferior to the Germans. Churchill felt a specialobligation to France--as he would again a quarter century on.

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Mariana

Islands

Marshall

Islands

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Collecting 'Locals and 'LabelsChurchill Collector 'Looks at an inexpensive Sidelight

BY W. GLEN BROWNE

In this issue's center handbook sup-plement we temporarily halt ourchecklist of Churchill locals andlabels in order to bring you a long-delayed new membership list. With

philatelists in mind, however, GlenBrowne takes up the subject with thisstill very valid discussion of locals,which was originally published in1971.

If you have landed at Shannon Air-port in Ireland you have visited thePrincipality of Thomond. The ghosts

of the ancient rulers were activerecently and issued a set of "stamps"in honor of Sir Winston Churchill. Theemissions of this state, defunct forcenturies, are among the mostspurious of the adhesives called"locals" and "labels."

There is something fascinatingabout these stamps, found in manyparts of the world, but mainly in theBritish Islands. Collectors bored withregular stamps and the serious pur-suit of their hobby can turn to thesefor relaxation.

Locals are sold at a low price, befit-

ting their lowly status, and completecollections can be easily amassed. Ibecame familiar with them while col-lecting Churchill topicals.

Since Sir Winston spent the mostimportant years of his life shuttlingacross the channel to defend Europeor planning the defense of England, hewas much involved with this area.After his death many of the ChannelIslands issued locals in his honor.

Some areas have issued stamps formany years. In some cases the Britishpostal regulations allow for use of"Local Carriage Labels" to supple-ment regular service by local delivery

once the mail arrives at an island.Local stamps are placed on the back ofthe envelope which bears regularpostage on the front.

The oldest legitimate service in theBritish area is on the island of Lundy,which is three miles long, and locatedsouthwest of Wales. The early issuesof 1937-39 still sell for just over $1.The unit of currency is the Puffin,named for a native bird now threaten-ed by rats which are more numerousthan people there.

Herm Island, three miles fromGuernsey, is the home of 70 natives.

but has many more people therevisiting during the short summers.After World War II the British

General Post Office stopped local ser-vice there so Herm started issuing itsown stamps in 1949.

One colorful issue is a set of 12 tri-angulars depicting native flowers,birds, butterflies, and fish.

For many years the Tenant of Hermissued local stamps to cover the ferry-ing costs of mail to the Guernsey postoffice. In 1969 Guernsey took over thepostal service on Herm.

If you like completeness, tryBrechou. She issued six stamps on

Sept. 30, 1969. The next day Jerseyand Guernsey Post Office took overthe service there. Thus, a first and lastday cover is available.

Jethou and Lihou, two islands nearGuernsey, also used carriage labels.The latter island has been inhabitedfor over 900 years. Daily service toGuernsey is maintained. These color-ful labels were superceded by Guern-sey stamps in 1969.

Jersey and Guernsey are largeislands which have issued stampssince 1941. Since 1969 they issuedregular postage stamps as a separate

postal service.The historical origin and govern-mental organization of Great Britain ismore complex than that of the UnitedStates. Nevertheless, the issuance ofthese stamps and the British regionalsis about the same as having theformer republics of Texas and Califor-nia and the Virgin Islands issue theirown stamps!

Some British railroads in Wales orthe Lake District were authorized toissue Railway Letter Stamps for mailthat they carry. They have pictur-esque names like Festiniog, Talyllyn,Ravenglass and Eskdale. Locomotive

buffs would like the Talyllyn stampsdepicting old engines.Returning to island labels, we have

the Commodore Shipping Co. whichoperated a service between Guernsey,Alderney and, Sark. They have issuedlabels, picturing Churchill, which pre-pay postage for mail carried to andfrom the islands.

Among the phony labels we have along list of sticky paper from the Calfof Man, which has only a large birdpopulation and a lighthouse.

Off Scotland are Davaar and Sanda,two lighthouses which had active

20

printing presses. Another Scottishisland, Soay, issued labels for use bythe few families living there.

You can have some laughs trying tosmoke out the perpetrators of some ofthe spurious labels. Dal Newfield,editor of "Finest Hour," wrote to Pab-bay Island, said to have a populationof only two persons. " . . . If you areman and wife, one of you must be thepostmaster (or postmistress) and theother his (her) spouse. Do you write toeach other? It would seem logical thatthe post office would be in your sittingroom or kitchen and there should beeasier ways of communicating with

each other than by writing a letter,affixing a stamp, canceling same andthen delivering it!

"On the other hand, perhaps theother person is a stranger to you.Could it be that you have never beenproperly introduced, and thereforemust communicate formally and bymail? . . ."

The postmaster of a nearby islandfinally answered the letter. "Local en-quiry has revealed that, until recently,this island was inhabited by one manonly. It is known that this personissued several private stamps, but

these were not, of course, postagerevenue stamps, and could not conse-quently be used on letters, etc. Thisperson has left Pabbay Island, and hispresent whereabouts, regretfully, areunknown."

Later Newfield found out that thereis also an island spelled "Pabay." Itissued some groovy gold and silver,large and small, foils in honor of JFKand WSC. One wonders where thislonely, busy man will strike next!

The committee of Free Albania hasissued some attractive labels honoringFDR and WSC. In 1965 the AmericanStamp Dealers Association issued a

series of Kennedy and Churchill labelsfor their show in New York. The islandof Iso, in Sweden has issued a set oflabels, said to be used for local mail.The list of labels is endless.

One of the most whimsical labelsissued is the "60 centes" WinstonChurchill stamp of the "Republic ofNew Atlantis." The letterhead of thepresident, Les Hemingway, brother ofErnest, gave the address as latitude 18degrees North, longitude 78 degreesWest.

This was the location of a raft nearJamaica, but Mr. Hemmingway was

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on a state visit to Miami, when hewrote to me, transmitting his Chur-chill and U.S. serviceman's stamps.

The 1971 postal strike in Great Bri-tain produced hundreds of locals,some used extensively and others notat all. One popular issue was a set ofairmail and regular stamps featuringKennedy and Churchill. These wereactually used. Some of the offshoreislands got aboard this bandwagon

and issued labels. Some stamp dealers

sponsored local services. The coversbearing locals and foreign stamps,such as those of France, are con-sidered fairly authentic.

In 1968 Canada had a postal strikeduring July and August. Eight labelsin various colors were issued andused. Mail originating in Canada anddestined for the United States borethese labels on the reverse side. Thelabels read "Juan De Fuca Despatch,

Postal Strike, Special Service, Carrier

Fee."My cover is postmarked Victoria,

B.C. July 18, 1968, and was deliveredto Burbank, Calif, by U.S. mail. Themail was delivered to the U.S. by twoships sailing from Victoria to PortAngeles, Washington. U.S. postagewas affixed and the mail was thenplaced in the U.S. system.

If you are looking for somethinglight and relaxing, why not look into

these odd bits of paper?

ABOVE LEFT:

"Thomond" souvenirsheet overprinted inmemoriam to WSC.(All those we've everseen carry the strike-over at bottom.)

LINE i: AttractiveLundy 2p actuallyfranked postage, butgold foil "Pabay"label for WSC andJFK was utterlybogus, LINE 2: The rest

of the Lundy Islandset, 1.0 and 18 pencevalues, LINE 3: The

original and 1952labels by the FreeAlbania Committee(see also handbooksection in last issue

Of FH). LINE 4: In-

disputably fradulent,

the "Soay" labelsoverprinted "SirWinston Churchill"never came close toa letter, LINE 5:

Swed