Vol. 3 No. 2 July 2014 - Ministry of Education - Sri Lanka · Education Perspectives wOHdmk...

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Vol. 3 No. 2 July 2014

Education Perspectives wOHdmk m¾hdf,dal fy;tpapd; Nehf;Ffs;

Vol.3 No.2 July 2014

ISSN 2279‐1450

Research and Development Branch Ministry of Education

ii

CM 018693 ‐ 1,500 (2014/09) Department of Government Printing

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Sri Lanka

Education Perspectives

Guidance: Mr. Anura Dissanayake, Secretary, Ministry of Education Advisory Review Board: Prof. M. Karunanithy Department of Social Science of Education, Faculty of Education, University of Colombo Dr. Shironica Karunanayake Dean, faculty of Education, Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala Dr. G. Kodituwakku Former Deputy Director General, Faculty of Planning & Research, National Institute of Education Dr. T. Kalamany Senior Lecturer, Department of Education, Faculty of Arts, University of Jaffna Editor: Ms. C.M.P.J. Tillakaratne

Education Perspectives is a bi‐annual publication and publish articles in English, Sinhala & Tamil to promote education research in all three languages. It is published by the Research and Development Branch of the Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka. The views expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the Ministry of Education. Copyright @ Ministry of Education, ‘Isurupaya’, Battaramulla. ISSN 2279‐1450 It is a condition of publication that research articles submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. By submitting a manuscript authors agree that the copyright for their article is transferred to the publishers, if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, photographic microforms or any other reproductions without permission in writing from the copyright holder. The editor invites feedback on papers published in this journal. All correspondence should be address to the Editor, Education Perspectives, Research and Development Branch, Ministry of Education, ‘Isurupaya’, Battaramulla or to the following e‐mail address [email protected] and a copy to [email protected]

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Notes for Contributors

“Education Perspectives” journal has been published since 2012 by the Research & Development Branch of this Ministry based on the specific objectives of promoting innovative practices, targeting quality in the education system, modernization and to disseminate research findings, with the intention of developing research skills. “The education system should not be focused on the next ten years but should be focused on the next century (Mahinda Chinthana 2010 p. 72)”. The time has come to change traditional ways of writing in terms of innovative futuristic thinking. The responsibility of implementing education effectively by restructuring policies to meet the requirements of the changing world, the fundamental principle of education, has been assigned to the Ministry of Education. Education should be designed in such a way that the school system is converted to a human capital base in order to reach a knowledge based economy. Such an environment should be created in which children can develop their potentials and learn the competencies to coexist in an ambience of peace & harmony. It is expected to build a competitive work force through technical education and skill development, by introduction of technology stream for A/L students under the 1000 secondary school program and to build a modernized economy through science and technological innovations. Accordingly, publication of research papers on current topics regarding educational targets for 2020 along with proposed interventions is a prerequisite. Otherwise, this journal will inevitably be an unnecessary financial burden on the system brought out purely for the purpose of publishing letters of officers, with their promotions as the intention. Therefore, papers on the following timely topics can be submitted in all three languages (English, Sinhala & Tamil). As such all education officers, in Service Advisors, Teachers and all researchers are encouraged to provide research papers, research review papers based on future targets under the following topics for publication in the future journals. Program for redesigning 1000 secondary schools in order to prepare students to face up to the challenges of the 21st century, the Child Friendly School Network—5000, restructuring of primary education parallel to the previous program, distant educational programs which open new educational avenues of education to students, 1000 language laboratory program to pave the way for the popularization of the international languages among rural children. This publication also remains open for innovative approaches to education. Anura Dissanayake Secretary/Ministry of Education

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Education Perspectives

Contents . 1. Satisfaction of Teachers and Principals on Professional Development

Services at Zonal – Level: Special Reference to Zonal Education Office ‐ Mannar

S. Muralitharan, Director of Education, Ministry of Education, Battaramulla

I. Kailasapathy, Development Officer, Zonal Education Office, Mannar 2. A study on the Quality of the Methods Adopted daring the teaching.

Learning Process in Developing Competencies Related to Literacy at the key stage in Primary Education S. A. P. S. Jayamaha (SLEAS)

3¡ m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha isiqkaf.a idËr;d ksmqK;d

m%ùK;ajh lrd ixj¾Okfha § Ndú; lrk bf.kqï - b.ekakqï l%ufõoj, .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn| wOHhkhla

ti¡a ta¡ m’¡ ti¡a chuy" iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" l=reKE.,

4. A Profile about Student’s Discipline K. V. Sudarma Harischandra 5¡ hym;a isiq úkh ms<sn| me;slvla fla¡ ù¡ iqo¾ud yßiapkaø" úÿy,am;skss" fomdku O¾umd, lksIaG úoHd,h"

fnd/,a, mdr" mkaksmsáh 6. Single Parent Family and Educational Achievement Ramani Renuka Ranatunga, WP/ Jaya/Sri Indrajhothi Vidyalaya

Battaramulla

7¡ ;ks udmsh mjq, iy wOHdmk idOkh ruKS f¾Kqld rK;=x." úÿy,am;sks" Y%S bkaøfcda;s úoHd,h" n;a;ruq,a,

8. Study on Special Teacher Requirements for Multi Grade Teaching 9. nyq fY%AKs b.ekAùu i|yd jQ úfYAI .=re wjYH;d ms<sn| wOHhkhla

ví' tA' úu,fiAAk" ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s" fikr;a mrKú;dk cd;sl mdi," Wvq.ïm,

10. A study on Students attendance in Jaffna District Schools

Kadampeswaran Manimarrphan, Assistant Director of Education, Provincial Department of Education, Nothern Province

11. aho; khtl;lg; ghlrhiyfspy; khztHfspd; tuT flk;Ng];tud; kzpkhHgd;, cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH> khfhzf; fy;tpjpizf;fsk;> tlf;F khfhzk.; 12. Article Review (Vol.3, No. 1 ‐ January 2014)

Dr. S. B. Ekanayake, Former Basic, Education Advisor, UNESCO/UNHCR Central Asia

13. Inspirational Quotes 14. Chief Seattle’s letter

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Satisfaction of Teachers and Principals on Professional Development Services at Zonal Level: Special Reference to

Zonal Education Office – Mannar I. Kailasapathy, Development Officer Zonal Education Office, Mannar [email protected]

& S. Muralitharan Director of Education Ministry of Education Battaramulla [email protected]

Abstract

The study is aim to measure professional development service quality and identifies the constraints, which the Zonal education office faces to deliver quality professional development service to the teachers and the principals in the Mannar Zone. Data for the study were collected through the aid of questionnaires based survey consisting of 299 teachers and principals from 20 schools. Simultaneously semi‐structured interview was conducted with DDEs, ADEs and ISAs. Simple statistical techniques such as mean and standard deviation were used. The result reveals that level of satisfaction of the teachers and the principals is moderate on the responsiveness (M = 3.19) and the tangibility (M = 3.23) and level of satisfaction of the teachers and principals are dissatisfied with the empathy (M = 2.99). The overall satisfaction level is moderate (M = 3.13). It indicates that overall service quality of professional development service is moderate because there are constraints such as lack of mechanism for identify needs and monitoring the programme, lack of fund and lack of commitment of the staff to provide quality professional service to the teachers and the principals. Key words: Service Quality, Professional development, satisfaction of customers 1.0 Background

In a rapidly changing world, many of the educational transactions taking places between the teacher and the student are fast becoming obsolete. The broader societal challenges for schooling has increased the complexity and demanding nature of teachers’ work, and requires radical rethinking of how we prepare teachers for the classroom (Ministry of Education, 2012b). The Provincial Department of Education and Zonal Education Office play very important roles to provide essential professional development service to teachers and principals in educational systems of Sri Lanka. A Zonal Education office is main body to carry out all administration and monitoring activities of schools and administrating teachers

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and principal in the Zone. The functions of zonal education office are categorized personnel management functions and academic functions. The main academic functions of the zonal education office are academic support for principals, facilitation of continuing teacher development, supporting schools to enhance learning and soft skills of students and academic support to divisions for their task (Ministry of Education, 2012a). The professional development service includes conducting seminar, training programmes, quality circle, school based development of teachers and supporting teachers and principals to preparing teaching and learning tools, supervision and monitoring. The professional development is critical for improving and maintaining teacher quality and the effect flows on into the classroom (Phillips, 2008).

In the study, the Zonal Education Office‐Mannar was selected, where students, who qualified from G.C.E O/L level to study Maths and Science stream in A/L, were not increased yet, and number of student failed in all subject in G.C.E (A /L) level increased in the Mannar Zone (ZEO, 2013). Ross, Bruce and Hogaboam (2006) found that a significant increase in student achievement by providing quality and intensive professional development to teachers continually ; therefore, this study aim to measure professional development quality through satisfaction level of teachers and principals and identify the constraints which the Zonal Education Office encounters to deliver quality professional development service.

2.0 Literature Review The term "teacher development" has two general meanings, depending on how "development" is defined. Teacher development can mean activities, such as workshops and graduate coursework, meant to develop teachers’ professional abilities. Teacher development may also mean the natural process of development that teachers undergo during their careers; this describes a personal process. Core features of professional development activities that have significant, positive effects on teachers’ self –reported increases in knowledge and skills and changes in classroom practice: focus on content knowledge, opportunities for active learning and coherence with other learning activities (Garet, Porter, Desimone, and Birman, 2001). Hiebert (1999) found that fruitful opportunities to learn new teaching method share several core features: ongoing (measured in years) collaboration of teachers for purposes of planning with the explicit goal of improving students’ achievement of clear learning goals. Further, Garet et al. (2001) also supported Hiebert’s concepts. The sustained and intensive professional development is more likely to have an impact rather than shorter professional development and result also indicate that professional development that focuses on academic subject matter (content), gives teachers opportunities for “hand‐ on” work (active learning) and integrated into the daily life of the school (coherence), is more likely to produce enhanced knowledge and skills. Lessing and Witt (2007) studied to determine how teachers’ satisfaction as well as a change to more positive attitudes about quality

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professional development. Teachers were satisfied because quality professional developments (QPD) gave personal value for them, helped to improve their work life, provide knowledge, developed excellence and efficiency and contributed change in existing traditional teaching habits. Amudha and Vijay (2007) found that customers’ satisfaction was taken as yardstick to measure quality of service; therefore, the service quality model is selected for measure quality of professional development service.

While several models have been put forward to measure service quality, one of the best known is the SERVQUAL scale or Gap model. The model defines service quality in terms of the discrepancy or gap between the customers’ expectation and their perception (Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry, 1985). In a later formulation of the model, the ten dimensions were reduced to five dimensions. Tangibles, reliability and responsiveness remained distinct dimensions, whereas, competence, courtesy, credibility and security are subsumed into assurance, and access, communication and understanding the customer were subsumed into empathy (Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry, 1998). An explanation of the five dimensions can be seen below Reliability: The ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Responsiveness: The willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service. Assurance: The Knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to inspire trust and confidence. Empathy: The provision of caring, individualized attention to customers. Tangibility: The appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel and communication materials. Gunathilake (2014) carried out a study to assess the impact of service quality on the level of customers’ satisfaction in Public and Private sector bank in Sri Lanka. The SERVQUAL model was used for identify the satisfaction of customers. The result was found that human related factors of perceived service quality (reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy) have a great impact on customers’ satisfaction than that of the non human related factor tangibility. Suki (2013) aimed to examine the correlation of hotel service with tourists’ satisfaction. The finding indicated that dimensions of service quality were significantly correlated with satisfaction of tourists. The one of the dimensions of service quality is responsiveness which is highly significant than other dimension on tourists’ satisfaction. Responsiveness is related to the willingness of the employees to assist guests and provide prompt service. The SERVQUAL model is suitable for measuring service quality and teachers and principals’ satisfaction in the Zonal Education Office –Mannar. From the SERVQUAL model, Tangibility, Responsiveness and Empathy were selected for this study.

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Figurer 2.1 conceptual model of measuring service quality

Source : Developed model based on model developed by Paraduraman et al. (1988)

Quality is one of the desired attributes of outcomes produced by organizations, and it is always used as a qualifier in describing some product or service, i.e. high‐quality products, high‐quality education, high‐quality art, high‐quality health care, high quality service. It is merely an attribute of what organizations were interested in accomplishing (Winn and Cameron, 1998). Service quality is the delivery of excellent or superior service relative to customer expectations (Tripathi, 2013). Kotler (2003) defined satisfaction as a state felt by a person who has experience performance or an outcome that fulfil his or her expectation. Satisfaction is a function of relative level of expectation and perceives performance.

3.0 Research methodology

The study is planned to follow a survey research method, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Questionnaire and interview methods are employed for data collection. The random sample was selected based on 95 % confidence interval. A total sample size is 305, which included 60 principals, 10 deputy principals and 235 teachers from selected 20 schools. Questionnaires which is five point likert scale, (fully dissatisfied=1, dissatisfied=2, moderate=3, satisfied= 4 and fully satisfied =5) designed for measuring satisfaction of teachers and principals. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with DDEs, ADEs and ISAs to identify the constraints, which they face when they provide professional development service to the teachers and secondary data were collected from statistical handbooks. Data ware analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Simple statistical techniques such as mean and standard deviation were used to explain quantitative data.

Satisfaction of teachers on service

Empathy

Responsiveness

Tangibility

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4.0 Findings The sample size of the study is 305 but 299 respondents who are 44 principal, 16 deputy principals and 236 teachers, respond to the questionnaires from 20 schools in Mannar Zone.

Table: 4.1 Level of teachers and principals’ satisfaction on dimension of service quality

Source: Survey data In the above table: 4.1, the overall average mean value of teachers and principals’ satisfaction on professional development is close to 3 (3.13). The overall average mean value indicated that professional development service delivered was moderate level at the Zonal Education Office‐Mannar. According to finding, satisfaction level of teachers and principals was on Empathy‐2.99, Responsiveness‐ 3.19, and Tangibility‐3.23. It appeared that the score for empathy is lower than the responsiveness, followed by Tangibility. The results suggest that Empathy need to be improved than others. Empathy means the provision of caring, individualized attention to the customer. In this finding, the components‐ individual attention, understanding client, service appropriate for stakeholder’s needs and access (staff, service & information) of value was less than 3. The teachers and principals are not satisfied because Zone did not give individual attention (2.86) to them and they did not understand the teachers and principals specific needs (2.91). Services were not appropriate for teachers and principals’ need and time allocation for providing service was not suitable to teachers and It indicated that the empathy in service are not satisfied by teachers and principals. Another important component of the service quality dimension is responsiveness (3.19) which is close to value 3.Responsiveness is the willingness to help customers and providing prompt service. All the components such as communication prompt attentions, willingness to help and flexibility in professional development service was not above value 4. The communication with teachers was moderately satisfied. Prompt attention was not given to teachers required services. Further employees of zone were not willingness to help teachers who had interested to improve their professional development and they are not flexible to provide service to the teachers.

Components Mean Std. Dev. N

Tangibility 3.23 .896 299

Responsiveness 3.19 .779 299

Empathy 2.99 .824 299

Average mean value 3.13

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Tangibility (3.23) was also close to value 3. These components also need to be improved to achieve the required professional development skill to teachers in modern world. The teachers and principals are dissatisfied with empathy and moderate satisfied with responsiveness. The empathy and responsiveness are human related factors. The finding concurred with (Suki, 2013 and Gunathilaka, 2014). Gunathilaka (2014) focus their attention especially on human related factors rather than on more physical facilities.

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 3DDEs, 4ADEs and 3ISAs to identify the constraints, which they face when they provide professional development service to the teachers. The constraints were view through one circle of professional development: identifying, planning, implementing and monitoring and evaluation. In the identifying phase, one of first constraint was that lack of tools or mechanism to identify needs or gaps of professional development. Second constraint was no reporting systems to communicate gaps from schools level to zone and proper databases were not maintained to update the requirement. Third constraint was that the teachers were reluctant to express their lack or need. In the planning phase, constraint was that evidences were unavailable for planning on professional development. In the implementing phase, one of main constraint was that financial resources were insufficient, implementation of strike procedures on it and shortage of staff. Another constraint is that teachers and principals are not interested on professional development process. In the monitoring and evaluation phase the first constraint was lack of result based monitoring and evaluation systems at zonal level. The second constraint is lack of commitment of zonal staff to monitor properly application of knowledge and skill which teachers received from professional development programme.

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations Based on finding and discussion, it is concluded that overall service quality of professional development service of Mannar zonal education office is moderate level because it faces many challenges such as lack of mechanism for identify needs and monitoring the programme, lack of fund and commitment of staff to provide quality professional service to the teachers and the principals.

Based on findings, recommendations were developed to overcome the constraint, provide quality professional development service and increase student performance. One of main recommendation is that student based teacher development concepts should be adopted : requirement of students in a particular subject at schools level need to be identified and based on findings , professional development activities should be designed and implemented suited to students’ needs. Another is that training Unit which should be established at zonal level focuses on professional development of the teachers. The employees of zone should be trained to identify the gaps of professional

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development at schools level and monitor based on result or performance of students. The third recommendation is financial allocation should be allocated as pool for main subject in addition to the annual allocation because annual allocation is made based on annual planning ; therefore, it is difficult to change programme or use another programme. The final one is that specialized or senior teachers should be transferred assignment basis from schools to schools or zone to zone or District to District.

References

Amudha, R. and Vijaya, B. C. (2007).Service quality in banking with special reference to ICICI Bank Ltd. Tiruchirappalli District. Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol. 3(2), 18‐26.

Garet, M.S., Porter, C. A., Desimone, L. & Birman, F.B. (2001).What makes professional

development effective ? results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal Vol.38(4), 915‐945. ULR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3202507 (Last accessed. 23.12.2013).

Gunathilaka, M.M.L.C. (2014). Impact of service quality on the level of customer

satisfaction in Public and private sector Bank, Reshaping Management and Economic Thinking through Integrating Eco‐Friendly and Ethical Practices, Proceedings of the 3rd International conference on Management and Economics, 26‐27 February 2014, Faculty of Management and Finance, Univesity of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka.

Hiebert, J. (1999). Relationships between research and the NCTM standards. Journal for

Research in Mathematics Education, Vol.30, No1, pp 3‐19. Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Management, 11th Edition, India, Pearson Education

Singapore (Pte Ltd.).

Lessing, A & Witt, D.M. (2007).The value of continuous professional development teachers’ perceptions. South African Journal of Education Vol.27 (1), 53‐67.

Ministry of Education (2012a). Education Sector Development Framework and

Programme‐II (ESDFP‐II); 2012‐2016. Ministry of Education (2012b).Guide Book on school based teacher development. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A., & Berry, L.L. (1988).SERVQUAL: A multiple‐item scale

for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, Vol.64 (1), 12‐40.

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L.L. (1985). A conceptual model of service

quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 49(4), 41‐50.

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Phillips, P.(2008).Professional development as a critical component of continuing teacher quality. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 33(1). ULR: http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2008v33n1.3 (Last accessed 10.03.2014).

Ross, A.J., Bruce, C. & Hogaboam, G. A. (2006). The impact of a professional

development programme on student achievement in Grade 6 Mathematics. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education Vol.9, 551‐577. ULR; http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10857‐006‐9020‐x#page‐1 (last accessed 30.12.2013).

Tripathi, S. (2013).An empirical study‐ awareness of customers on service quality of

public sector banks in Varanasi. Journal of Business Management and Social Science Research Vol.2, No.1, pp 24‐29. ULR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40604195, (Last accessed 06/04/2013).

Suki, N.M.(2013).Examining the Correlation of Hotel Service Quality with Tourists Satisfaction, World Applied Science Journal,Vol.21,No.12,pp 1816‐1820. ULR: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.12.657, (Last accessed 2/8/2013).

Winn, A. and Cameron, D. (1998).Organizational quality; an examination of the Malcolm

Baldrige national quality framework. Research in Higher Education, Vol.39 (5), 491‐512. ULR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40196305, (Last accessed 06/04/2013).

Zonal Education Office‐Mannar (ZEO).(2013). Statistical report.

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A Study on the Quality of the Methods Adopted during the Teaching‐Learning Process in Developing Competencies

Related to Literacy at the Key Stage 3 in Primary Education

S.A.P.S. Jayamaha (SLEAS)

Abstract in English The objective of this research was to study the quality of teaching‐learning methods adopted in developing competencies related to literacy during the key stage 3 of primary education. The study focused on the teacher as a planner of the teaching‐learning process and the teaching‐learning methods adopted in implementation of the mother tongue curriculum in key stage 3. Student participation in the teaching‐learning process and the attainment of competencies related to literacy within a given time period was also assessed. The case study design was adopted as it was necessary to study the teaching‐learning process in detail. The sample schools were selected from Alawwa Education Division of the Giriulla Education Zone. Schools from both urban, rural localities were selected. Thus the sample comprised of seven grade ‐5 teachers’ class. Collection of data was by keeping field notes, administering questioners to teachers, interviewing the teachers and assessing student competencies by the use of a range of tools. Cross case analysis is presented on a thematic structure developed through detailing out the teaching‐learning process. Literacy assessments were analyzed using quantitative methods while the steps in the teaching‐learning process were analyzed qualitatively. An improvement in literacy was shown during the first school term in which the study was conducted when compared with the assessment made at the entry to the key stage 3. However the degree of improvement was not satisfactory when the measurement of specific competencies was studied in depth. Added to this parallel assessments made by the teachers were always found to by over estimations thus indicating problems related to implementation of a system of competency‐based education. The teacher personality and a range of other at the teaching‐learning process was analyzed using a qualitative approach. According to syllabus and term plan was satisfactory. Time management, lesson development, teacher personality, student motivation, strategies, assessment strategies were somewhat satisfactory. However, teaching methods adopted were at an unsatisfactory level with lack of preparation and lesson planning. Adoption of teacher centered strategies, lack of innovative teaching aids, limited opportunities for peer learning, emphasis on desk work and playing less attention towards low achievers. The outcomes of the study lay out a range of aspects that needs to be improved in the teacher’s role in fostering literacy. A number of recommendations are made for teacher development and supervision of the teaching‐learning process by zonal as well as at school level.

Key words :‐ Literacy, Competency, Qualitative

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m%ùK;ajh ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduq jk isiq l%shdldß;ajh o fojkqj isiq idËr;d

ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduq jk .=re l%shdldß;ajh o úuid

ne,qKs¡ ifya;=l ksheÈlrKfhka .sßW,a, wOHdmk l,dmfha w,õj wOHdmk

fldÜGdifhka mdi,a 7 ^1 AB kd.ßl mdi,a 1" 1 C kd.ßl yd .%dóh mdi,a 2" 2 j¾.fha

kd.ßl yd .%dóh mdi,a 2" 3 j¾.fha kd.ßl yd .%dóh mdi,a 2& f;dard f.k m%f;Hal

wOHhk lrk ,oS' 5jk fYa%Ks .=re Nj;=ka 7 fofkl=;a tla mdi,lska 5jk fYa%Ksfhka

wyUq f,i f;dard .;a isiqka 5 fokd ne.ska isiqka 35 fokl=f.kq;a .=re-isiq ksheosh

iukaú; úh' o;a; /ia lsÍug ksmqK;d úYaf,aIK jd¾;d" w;HjYH bf.kqï

ksmqK;d ;lafiare jd¾;d" ilia l< ;lafiare WmlrK iQodkï igyka" wëlaIK

jd¾;d" YsIHp¾hd igyka" YsIH wNHdi fmd;a o .=re m%Yakdj,S-iïuqL idlÉPd yd

ksÍËK wdlD;s o" Ndú; flßKs' o;a; úYaf,aIKh idËr;d ksmqK;dj,g wod< j yd

f;aud wkqj mdi,a 7 yryd yria úYaf,aIKfhka (Cross-Case Analysis) m%udKd;aul

yd .=Kd;aul m%fõY foflys ixl,kfhka lrk ,§' m%d:ñl ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêfha

isiqkaf.a idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj uÜgu ms<sn| j .=re yd m¾fhaIl ;lafiarefjys

fjkila fmkqKs' isiq idËr;d bf.kqï ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj uÜgu lrd f.k tafï

§ .=rejrhdf.a odhl;ajhg wod< .=re iQodku" ld, l<ukdlrKh" mdvu

ixj¾Okh" .=re fm!reIh" wNsfm%arKh" wjOdkh r|jd.ekSu" ld¾hh keUqre

nj" ;lafiare l%u Ndú;h ;rul i;=gqodhl uÜgul úh¡ tfy;a mdvï m%fõYh"

wOdrl Ndú;h" mdvï ie,iqï ,sùu" mka;sldur l<ukdlrKh" WÑ; bf.kqï

l%fudamdh Ndú;h yd isiq-isiq l%shdldrlï" m%ùK;ajhg fkdmeñKs isiqka

i|yd m%;sld¾hh jevigyka jvd;a ixj¾Okh úh hq;= h¡ wNHka;r yd

ndysr wëlaIKh" .=re mqyqKqj" .=rejrhd m¾fhaIK ld¾hhfha ksr; ùu jeä ÈhqKq l<

hq;= h'

uqLH jpk - idËr;dj" ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh" .=Kd;aulNdjh¡

12

1¡0 .eg¨j ye¢kaùu

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd fjkalr we;s, úêu;a wOHdmkhg Yla;su;a wä;d,u

jefgk, uq,a jir my orejl=f.a cSú;fha jeo.;a u ld, iSudj ksid fï ld,h jvd M,odhS j yd ie,iqï iy.; j f.dv kexúh hq;= h' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu o zz1-5 olajd fYa%‚j,ska iEÿKq m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjêh <ud cSú;h yev .iajk fN!;sl" udkisl" Ñ;a;fõ.S yd iudc ixj¾Okhg moku jefgk wjêh f,iZZ olajd we;

(NEC, 1995 p . 9).

flkl=g M,odhS cSú;hla f.k hdug" id¾:l wLKav bf.kqula Wfoid uQ,sl ksmqK;d ,efnkafka m%d:ñl wOHdmkfhks' ish,q ksmqK;d w;am;a lr §ug;a" isiq fm!reIh j¾Okh lsÍug;a" idËr ksmqK;d by< kexúh hq;= h' m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjêfha orejl= ksmqK;d /ila w;am;a lr .kafka hehs wfmaËd flfrk w;r" fuu ksmqK;d w;r m%uqLia:dkhla ysñ jkqfha ikaksfõok ksmqK;dj,g h' fuu wOHhkfhka ikaksfõok ksmqK;dj,ska idËr;dj w;am;a lr .ekSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

ldßhjiï ^1995(15& wkqj idËr;dj w¾:j;a ixj¾Ok m%h;akhl mQ¾j wjYH;djls' ixj¾Okh i|yd iyNd.s;ajh" ksIamdokh jeälr .ekSu" fi!LHiïmkak Ndjh we;slr .ekSu yd ÿmam;alu msgqoelSu i|yd iËr;dj wksjd¾h fõ' úfÊ;=x. ^1996(142& wkqj csfkakaø fudydka olajkqfha udkj b;sydih ;rï os.= b;sydihla NdIdjg we;s njhs' tfia u ñksid úúO udOHhkaf.ka m%ldYk Yla;sfha m%;sNdj ,nd we;af;a o NdIdfjks'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2003(11& iy fmf¾rd ^2001& idËr;d ksmqK;dj ms<sn| kj w¾:l:khla f.kyer olajhs' tod ksrËr;dj hkafkka wl=re lshùug ,sùug fkdyelsNdjh hkak m%ldY úh' tfy;a j¾;udkfhys fï ixl,amfhys ksï j<,q mq¿,a ù we;' ;j o" lshùu ;=< ;¾lkh" úpËKNdjh ±laùu" mß.Kl idËrNdjh olajd w¾:l:kh mq¿,a flf¾' fuhska o úistlajk ishji wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK osh yels mßmQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì orejl=g wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd .ekSu i|yd idËr;dfõ jeo.;alu fy<s fõ'

uy nexl= jd¾;dj ^1998" 1999& zzwOHdmkfha yd ixj¾Ok l%fudaml%u hk foflys u b,lalh jk jHjydßl idËr;dj we;s jkafka m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjêfha § b.ekafjk NdIdj" .Ks;h hk úIhhkays .=Kd;aul Ndjh oshqKq lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhksZZ hs f,dal nexl=j ^1975& i|yka lr we;s nj olajhs'

1990 ud¾;= udifha § ;dhs,ka;fha fcdï;shka (Jomtien) k.rfha oS rgj,a 155l iyNd.s;ajfhka zzieug wOHdmkhZZ f;aud lr.;a f,dal wOHdmk iuq¿fõoS;a wjYH bf.kqu f,i y÷kajd oS we;af;a o uQ,sl fyj;a m%d:ñl wOHdmkhhs' fuu iuq¿fõ oS f,dAl wOHdmk .egළු njg m;a ù ;snqfKa m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg m%fõYùfï wjia:dj fkdue;slu fukau idËr;dj fkdue;sùu h' ta wkqj oY ,Ë 60la muK nd,sldjka o we;=¿j oY ,Ë 100lg wêl <uhska ixLHdjla m%d:ñl mdi,lg mh ;nd fkd;sìKs' oY ,Ë 960lg wêl jeäysá ck ixLHdjlg idËr;dj fkdue;s úh' <uhs oY ,Ë 100la iy .sKsh fkdyels jeäysá ck ixLHdjla uQ,sl wOHdmkh iïmQ¾K lr fkd;sìKs'

13

ieug wOHdmkh ms<sn| c.;a m%{ma;sh u.ska ^1990(3& zzuQ,sl bf.kqï wjYH;d f,i idËr;dj" jdÑl m%ldYk yelshdj" ixLHd {dkh yd .eg¨ úi|Sfï yelshdj o" uQ,sl bf.kqï wka;¾.;h ±kqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am" f,iZZ o y÷kajd fohs'

ldßhjiï ^1995(75& ieug wOHdmkh ms<sn|j › ,xldj osh;a fldg we;s m%Odk mshjr jQ m%d:ñl mdi,a hk jhfia <uhska ish,q fokdg m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ,nd oSu" ish,q fokdf.a ksrËrNdjh ;=rka lsÍu m%d:ñl kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK osh;a lsÍug u. fmkajQ w;r" tys § m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq jQfha o idËr;dj by< kexùughs'

;reKhska ms<sn| ckdêm;s fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj ^1990(35& wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh <uhskag ikaksfõok ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsÍu yd ks¾udK Yla;sh yev .eiaùu wruqKq fldg ilia úh hq;= neõ fmkajd fohs'

talkdhl yd fiaor ^1989&" ldßhjiï ^1985& olajd we;af;a úIhud,dfõ wNs,dIhkag wod< W!k idOkhla fmkajk m%d:ñl isiqkaf.a ixLHdj by< f.dia we;s njhs' mia wjqreÿ ie,eiau ^2000-2004& olajkqfha o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska 1992 oS 4 yd 5 fY%aKsj, NdIdj yd .Ks;h ms<sn| m%.;sh ñkSu i|yd meje;a jQ cd;sl uÜgfï wOHhkj,oS;a ish,qu osia;%slalj, we;s fyd|u mdi,aj,;a NdIdfõ kshu ld¾hh idOkh fkdmej;s njhs' tod fuod;=r idËr;dj ms<sn| ksmqK;d w;alr fkd.ekSu m%n, .eg,qjlaj mej;s nj olajk fyar;a ^1998(7& m%d:ñl YsIH;aj idOkh ms<sn|j woyia olajñka uE; oS b;du;a lemS fmkqKq lreKla jQfha úNd.hg fmkS isá whf.ka oyia .Kkla u ,l=Kq z0Z ,nd isá nj olajhs' thg fya;=j Tjqkag lshùfï yd ,sùfï yelshdj fkdue;sùuh' tod wOHdmk l%uh ms<sn|j idudkH wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ^1997(1& olajkqfha bf.kqï l%shdj,sh ;=< lshùfï mqreoao" lshùfï reÑh o" mqia;ld, Ndú;h o" wmf.a wOHdmk moaO;sfha fndfydaÿrg .s,syS f.dia we;s nj h' fuhska idËr;dj ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j oeä j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj fmkS hhs' ;ju;a j;auka mdi,a wOHdmk l%ufha wfmaËs; M, fkd,eî we;s nj cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2003(14& Wmqgd .;a fldgiska fmkShhs'

wdmiq yeÍ ne,Sfï § wju idËr;d uÜgu idOkh ù wd¾Ól jYfhka ixj¾Okh jk fndfyda rgj, olakg fkdue;s m%udKhlg iudc wd¾Ól lKavdhïj,g wOHdmk wjia:d me;sÍ we;;a" wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh fuka u iudc ia:djr;ajh" cd;sl talSh;ajh" udkj idrO¾u" jev f,dalh flfrys fm!oa.,sl Wmk;sh hkd§ lreKq ms<sn| wod<;dj m%udKj;a mrsos Wiia uÜgulska mj;ajd .ekSug wOHdmk moaO;ssh wfmdfydi;a ù we;'

fï ksid u j;auka m%d:ñl mdi,ska ish,q ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSug jeo.;a jk idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh ksr;=rej Yla;su;a úh hq;= h'

idËr;dj rgl ixj¾Okfha mQ¾jdjYH;djls' orejdf.a nqoaê uÜgu ;SrKh lsÍfï § o NdIdj w;sYh jeo.;a nj mshdfÊ" .s,a*â" g¾uka" iamshuka" ;¾iagka" j¾kka jeks ufkdaúoHd{fhda mjd ±lajQy' tfuka u ixj¾Okh i|yd Wr§ug fukau f,dalh w;am;a lr .ekSug NdIdj m%uqL fuj,ula jk ksid fuu wOHhkh ksmqK;d mdol m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ .=Kd;aul j¾Okhg fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a jkq we;' isiqka ;=<

14

Tjqkag u wdfõksl jQ úúO yelslï mj;S' ijka§u" l:kh" lshùu yd ,sùu ;=<ska fuu Yla;Ska Tma kxjd,sh yels h' fuu NdId úIhh m%ùK;ajh ;=<ska isiq fm!reIh j¾Okh l< yels h' bÈß ld,fha yefok wfma orejka rgg" ±hg n,jka;hka lsÍug wjYH NdId ksmqK;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõo fuu wOHhk wkdjrK u.ska jeä oshqKq l< yels jkq we;'

2¡0 idys;H úu¾Ykh

2'1 isiq p;=¾úO idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh

ñksid ish Ôú; ld,h ;=< w;alr .kakd úYsIag ch.%yKh NdIdj nj jhsÜ fyâ m%ldY lrhs' fuu woyiu ikd: lrñka úfÊ;=x. ^1996& g wkqj Ôf;akaø fudydka ^1996& udkj j¾.fha wiuiu ,ËKhla jk NdIdj udkj p¾hdj" bf.kqug iy m%cdkkhg flakaøsl nj ms<s.efka hehs olajd we;' .=re w;afmd;-5 fY%aKsh ^2002& uõni úIhh ijka§u" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu jYfhka lafIa;% y;rla hgf;a ixúOdkh lr we;' fï p;=¾úO NdId ksmqK;d w;am;a jk wdldrhg uõni úIhfha wruqKq fm< .iajd we;' isßudkak ^1983(3& wjfndaOfha myiqj ;ld fufia ld¾hhka y;rla jYfhka fjkafldg ±lajqj o fïjd tlg ne£ mj;skakd fia u fï ish,a, tl u wjia:dfõ § tlg l%shd;aul jk nj o ie,lsh hq;= nj olajhs' ikaksfõok ksmqK;dj ;=< idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj ixj¾Okh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla f,dj iEu rgla u mdfya olajhs' f.daúkao iy jd¾.sia ^Govinda & Varghese, 1993& m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn| j bkaÈhdfõ uOH m%foaYfha lr we;s m%f;Hal wOHhkfhys o idËr;dj yd ixLHd ×kh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfí' fuys § yskaÈ NdIdj ms<sn| YsIH m%ùK;ajh i,ld ne,Sfï § jir myla wjidkfha wOHhkhg ,la jQ isiqkaf.ka m%ùK;dj w;am;a lrf.k we;af;a ishhg 10l ;rï wvq m%ùK;djls' mdi,a uÜgñka z.=re idOlhZ me;af;ka ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh l< hq;= l%ufõo /ila o fuu wOHhkfhka fmkajd fohs' .=Kj¾Ok we;=¿ msßi ^2002& g wkqj m¾fhaIlhka iy .=rejreka w;r ksmqK;d ;lafiare lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= fjkila olakg ;snqKs' w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d w;am;a lr .ekSfï wfmaËs; jeä ÈhqKq ùula fkdue;s nj m¾fhaIlhskaf.a ;lafiarelrKfha § fmkqKs' w;HjYH ksmqK;d w;am;a lr .ekSfï § .=rejrhdf.a ;lafiarelrKfha § mjd ishhg 100l m%ùK;ajhla isiqka w;am;a lr f.k fkd;snqKs' WodyrKhla f,i jdlH ,sùu ^55'9]-98'8]&" Yío k.d lshùu ^63'0]-91'4]& hk ksmqK;d wkqms<sfj,ska m¾fhaIlhd yd .=rejrhd ;lafiare l< m%;sM, wkqj ii|d ne,qj fyd;a ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajfhys úioDYNdjh meyeÈ,s fjhs' ienE m%d:ñl mka;s ldurh ;=< isiq ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhùfï § .=rejrhd by< ;lafiarelrKhla lr we;' woH;k wOHhkfha § isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d w;am;a lr .ekSu ms<sn|j fidhd nef,k w;r ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfha Ndú; bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõoj, .=Kd;aulNdjh fiùug by; wkdjrK u. fmkajkq we;'

15

2'2 YsIH ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfha § .=rejrhdf.a n,mEu YsIH wOHdmk idOkhg .=rejrhdf.a n,mEu ms<sn| m¾fhaIK wkqj YsIHhkag b.ekaùfï § .=rejrhdg ysñ jkqfha woaú;Sh ia:dkhls' iq.;odi ^1969& m%ldY lrkafka l=uk wOHdmk l%uhl jqj o .=rejrhdf.a ;;a;ajh Wiia uÜgul mj;sk nj h' b.ekakqï l%uhl jákdlu ;jÿrg;a fmkajd foñka wNsm%dhhka fld;rï kùk fyda iq,N jqj o wOHdmk ie,iqï fld;rï m%nqoaO jqj o ld¾hCIu jqj o YsIHhdg ,efnk wOHdmkfha jeo.;alu r\ mj;skafka .=rejreka w; h' ish,q úIhhka u.ska YsIH NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍug .=re ld¾hNdrh fya;= fõ' udáka ^Martin,1976& jhi wjqreÿ 11-16 w;r jk <uhska ;=< .=rejreka iuඟ isÿ lrk mdi,a úIhh iïnkaO j úúO bf.kqï lghq;= u.ska NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh jk nj fmkajd ÿKs' fmf¾rd iy O¾uj¾Ok ^2000& m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ;=<ska .ïmy w;aoelSu f.k yer olajñka .=rejreka ishhg 20 fofkla muK kj ksmqK;d mdol m%d:ñl úIhud,dj id¾:l j l<ukdlrKh lrkakg .=re ksmqK;d w;am;a lrf.k isá nj fmkajd fohs' fuu wOHhkh u.ska .=rejreka fj; meyeÈ,s ud¾f.damfoaYs; wjYH;djla fmkajd fohs' YsIH wjYH;d yd Tjqka ;=< u;= jk ksmqK;d y÷kd .ekSug mQ¾K wjfndaOhla .=rejreka ;=< my< ù fkd;snqK nj wOHhkh fmkajd fohs' tfia u ld¾h mdol ie,iqïlrKh mka;sj,ska ishhg 75l fkdue;s jQ nj o fmkajd fohs'

2'3 isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d n,mdk m%d:ñl bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõo

weïnelal ^1998& mdi,a l%shdj,sh mka;s ldurfha isÿjk bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh ms<sn|j .=Kd;aul wkdjrK w;r jd¾Isl ie,eiau ms<sn| j .=re wjOdkh l%uj;a j fkdjqKq nj;a tfia u mdi,a l<ukdlrejka fï ms<sn| j lsis u yeÕSulska f;dr j lghq;= l< nj;a wkdjrKh lrhs' ksÍËs; mdvïj,ska ishhg 53la .=reNj;=ka jdr igyka ,shd ;snqKq w;r ishhg 47la jdr igyka ,shd fkd;snqKy' mdvïj,g msúiSu m%Yia; uÜgul jQ nj;a ksÍËs; mdvï 128ka .=rejreka 104la u msúiSu fyd¢ka l< nj;a wkdjrKh úh' mdvu ixj¾Okh lsÍfï § wiïmQ¾K mshjr w;r mdvï o úIh lreKq bÈßm;a jk wdldrh fõ.j;aa j isÿ jQ nj olajk w;r b.ekaùfï l%u Ys,am fndfyda úg .=re flakaøSh jQ nj;a fmkajd fohs' mdvï 128ka bf.kqï wdOdrl 22l muKla Ndú; jQ w;r th ishhg 17l m%udKhls' YsIH ia:ïNkh .=rejreka úiska w;miq l< w;r we.ehSfï § m%;sfmdaIKh ksÍËs; mdvï 94l fkdjQ nj;a mdvï 34l muK isÿjQ nj;a wkdjrKh lrhs' fmf¾rd iy O¾uj¾Ok ^2000(80& m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh¦ .ïmy w;a±lSï f.kyer olajñka mka;sj, wka;¾-l%shd rgd ^Pattern of Interaction& isiq-.=re in|;dj,g jvd isiq-isiq wka;¾l%shd fndfydajQ nj fmkajd fohs' fuu.ska mka;s ldurfha YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï jd;djrKh fmkS hhs' fï u.ska woH;k wOHhkfha YsIH wOHhk yeisÍï rgd flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug u. fmkajhs' ieug wOHdmkh i|yd f.da,Sh wdfõËK jd¾;dj ^EFA . Monitoring Report, 2005& ys foaYk l%uhg keUqre lg mdvï lsÍfï l%u iy b;d u my< wOHdmk l%ufõo Ndú; lrk wm%sldfõ bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;ju;a Ndú; lrk nj olajhs' fï ksid u tu rgj, idËr;d uÜgu my< uÜgul mj;sk w;r YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu idËr;d uÜgu jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug u. mdok nj olajhs'

16

2'4 mdi,a j¾.h" mdi,a msysàu yd YsIH ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh .=Kj¾Ok we;=¿ msßi ^2000& mdi,a j¾.h, ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh w;a m;a lr .ekSu iïnkaO tl u úp,H nj olajhs' fyd| myiqlï iys;" iqÿiqlï mßmQ¾K .=rejreka isá' 1AB" 1C mdi,aj, isiqka 2 yd 3 j¾.fha m%d:ñl mdi,aj, YsIHhka iu. ikaikaokd;aul j i,ld n,k úg ksmqK;d w;a m;a lr .ekSu by< h' fmf¾rd ^2004& wkqj › ,xldfõ y;rjk fY%aKs isiqkaf.a idOk uÜgï ii|k úg jhU m<df;a mdi,a w;r ie,lsh hq;= fjkila olakg ,efí' 1AB mdi,aj, idOk uÜgu by< w.hla .kakd w;r 2 j¾.fha mdi,a my< u idOk uÜgula fmkakqï lrhs' tfia u .%dóh mdi,aj, idOk uÜgu kd.ßl mdi,aj, idOk uÜgug jvd wvq h' uQ,sl bf.kqï wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug WÑ; wOHdmk wjia:d w;r idËr;dj uQ,sl fldg.;a bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍfï jeo.;a lu fmkShhs' m¾fhaIK wkdjrK wkqj idËr;dj ms<sn|j w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajhg fkdmeñKs YsIH m%;sY;h jeä ùu ;=<ska idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq jqKs' mdi,a j¾.h" mdi,a msysàu" isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfha § n,mdk nj wOHhkh wkqj wkdjrKh ùu mdi,a ksheÈh f;dard .ekSug fya;= mdol úh' wOHhk wkdjrK wkqj YsIH ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfha § .=rejrhdf.a n,mEu flfia o hkak yd idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg Ndú; bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõo ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Su o wruqKq flreKs'

3'0 m¾fhaIK l%%ufõoh 3'1 wruqKq

1' bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfha § idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduq jk isiq l%shdldß;ajh fidhd ne,Su'

2' bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfha § isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduq jk .=re l%shdldß;ajh fidhd ne,Su'

3' ikaksfõok ksmqK;dfjys idËr;dj ms<sn| isiq ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh ixj¾Okhùfï § Ndú; flfrk id¾:l jHjydr yd jvd;a ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu'

3'2 msrsie,iqu

iËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh ixj¾Okfhys Ndú; bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõoj, .=Kd;aulNdjh uekSu i|yd fhduq jk wOHhkhla ksid m¾fhaIK msßie,iqu f,i m%f;Hal wOHhk l%uh f;dard .ekqKs'

chiQßh ^1994(55& ld,h" úhou" m¾fhaIlhdf.a m%h;akh hk uQ,sl fya;= ;=k u; m¾fhaIK ld¾hh i|yd ksheÈlrKh m¾fhaIlhdg w;HjYH fuj,ula njg m;a fõ hehs olajd we;' fï ksid u jvd;a .=Kd;aul o;a; /ialr .ekSug by; lreKq o ie,ls,a,g f.k m¾fhaIsldj ;ud cSj;a jk m%foaYfha" ;udg yqre mqreÿ jgdmsgdjla iys; wdikak ksheoshla f;dard .kakd ,§' fï ksid kshñ; fõ,djg mdi,g <Õd ùug;a" jeä ld,hla mdi, ;=< /£ isàug;a" .=Kd;aul j o;a; /ialr .ekSug;a yels jqKs'

17

mdi,a msysàu wkqj f;dard .ekSfï oS wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha 2005$01 pl%f,aL ks¾foaY o" .srsW,a, ie,iqï iy m%d:ñl wOHdmk wOHËljrekaf.a Wmfoia o ,nd .ekSfuka .%dóh iy kd.rsl msysàu wkqj mdi,a f;dard .kakd ,§' 3'3 ix.ykh iy ksheosh › ,xldfõ l=reKE., Èia;%slalfha .sßW,a, wOHdmk l,dmfha m%d:ñl mka;s meje;afjk 1AB (mdi,a 1), 1C ( (mdi,a 26) ), 2 (mdi,a 59) yd 3 (mdi,a 34) j¾.j, mdi,a 120la b,lal ix.ykhg we;=<;a úh¡ .sßW,a, wOHdmk l,dmfha w,õj wOHdmk fldÜGdifha m%d:ñl mka;s meje;afjk ish¨u isxy, udOH mdi,a 1AB (mdi,a 1), 1C (mdi,a 13), 2 (mdi,a 22) yd 3 (mdi,a 21) wOHhk ix.ykhg we;=<;a úh' w,õj wOHdmk fldÜGdifha m%d:ñl mka;s meje;afjk mdi,a j¾. ksfhdackh jk f,i .%dóh yd kd.ßl msysàu ie,ls,a,g f.k mdi,a y;la ksheÈh f,i f;dard .kakd ,§' thska tla mdi,laa 1AB j¾.fha kd.ßl mdi,la jk w;r folla 1C j¾.fha kd.ßl yd .%dóh mdi,a úh' 2 j¾.fha kd.ßl mdi,a tlla yd .%dóh mdi,a tlla f,i mdi,a folla o" 3 j¾.fha kd.ßl mdi,a tlla yd .%dóh mdi,a tlla ne.ska mdi,a j¾. folla o f,i mdi,a y;lska ksheÈh iukaú; úh' mdi,a yf;ka o;a; /ia lr .ekSu i|yd 5jk fY%aKs Ndr .=rejreka y;a fofkla o" tl mdi,lska 5jk fY%aKsfhka wyUq f,i f;dard .;a isiqka mia fokd ne.ska isiqka 35la ^5 x 7}35& ksheÈhg we;=<;a lr .kakd ,§ ^1 jk j.=j&'

1 jk j.=j - ksheÈh

3'4 o;a; /ialsÍfï WmlrK

m¾fhaIKfha tla tla m¾fhaIK wruqKg wod< j o;a; tla /ia lsrSu i|yd Ndú; l< WmlrK 2jk j.=j u.ska olajd we;'

mdi,a j¾.h mdi,a

ixLHdj mssysàu 5jk fY%aKs

.=rejreka

ixLHdj

5jk fY%aKs

isiqka ixLHdj

1AB 1C 2 j¾.h 3 j¾.h

1 2 2 2

kd.ßl kd.ßl" .%dóh

1 2 2 2

5 10 10 10

uq¿ tl;=j 7 7 35

kd.ßl" .%dóh

kd.ßl" .%dóh

18

2jk j.=j - m¾fhaIK wruqKqj,g wod< j o;a; /ialsÍfï l%u

3'5 o;a; úYaf,aIK l%u

f;dard.;a mdi,a yf;a bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| m%f;Hal wOHhk y;laa isÿlr ijkaoSu" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu hk p;=¾úO idËr;d ksmqK;dj,g wod< j" f;aud wkqj mdi,a y; yryd yria úYaf,aIKhla ^Cross–Case Analysis& lrk ,§'

wOHhkfha m<uq wruqK u.ska ;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõYùfï § isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;d uÜgu .=re yd m¾fhaIl ;lafiare ¸ u.ska /ia l< o;a; j.= u.ska úYaf,aIKh lr we;' bkamiq mdi,a yf;ys m¾fhaIl ;lafiarefjka wkdjrKh lr.;a idËr;d ksmqK;d uÜgï ikaikaokh lr we;' fojk m%Odk wruqKg wod< j isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduq jk .=re l%shdldß;ajh fidhd ne,Sug mdi,a yf;ys uõni mdvï 42la ksÍËKh lr ,nd.;a o;a; f;aud 10la Tiafia úYaf,aIKh lr we;.

4'0 o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu iy idlÉPdj 4'1 ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj ixj¾Okh i|yd

fhduqjk isiq ls%hdldß;ajh

3jk j.=j - idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh ^.=re" ;lafiare ¸" ;lafiare ¸¸&

m¾fhaIK wruqK

issiq .=re m¾fhaIl ;lafiare

ksmqK;d ;lafiare jd¾;d

ksmqK;d ;lafiare WmlrK

ksÍËK wdlD;s

ksÍËK wdlD;s

m%Yakdj,s iïuqL idlÉPd

1 √ √ √ - √ √ √

2 - - - √ √ √ -

3 √ √ √ √ √ √ -

f,aLk

ksmqK;dj

.=re ;lafiarej m¾fhaIl ;lafiare ¸ m¾fhaIl ;lafiare ¸¸

ixLHdj ^35&

m%;sY;h %

ixLHdj ^35&

m%;sY;h %

ixLHdj ^35&

m%;sY;h %

1. ksfõokhlg ijka§u 34 97 15 43 18 51

2. ;d,dkql+, lú" .S .dhkh $rx.kh 35 100 21 60 22 63

3. fþohla lshùu 35 100 20 57 23 66

4. wjfndaOd;aul lshùu 34 97 16 46 19 54

5. jels ,sùu 34 97 20 57 24 68

6. wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍu 35 100 07 20 05 14

uOHkh m%;sY;h 99 47 53

19

3jk j.=jg wkqj .=re" m¾fhaIsld ;lafiare ¸" ¸¸ u.ska YsIHhka w;am;a lrf.k we;s idËr;d ksmqK;d m%udKh ±lafõ' .=rejrhd ishhg 99la f,i olsk YsIH idËr;d ksmqK;d uÜgu wkqj ikaikaokh lsÍfï § m¾fhaIsld ;lafiarej wkqj meyeÈ,s úioDYNdjhla fmkS hhs' ksmqK;d ;lafiare ¸ wkqj ksmqK;d w;am;a lrf.k we;s YsIH idËr;d ksmqK;d uÜgu 47la jk w;r th ishhg mKylg;a wvq w.hla .kS' ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha jdrhla .sh miq isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d uÜgfuys jeä ùula ^53]& fmkS hhs' isiqka jeäu m%udKhla l:k ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh ^60]& w;am;a lr .;ay' m¾fhaIsld ;lafiarej ¸¸ wkqj isiqka jeäu m%udKhla ksmqK;djhg m;aj isáfha ksjerÈ jdlH ,sùfï ksmqK;djhs' ^66]& m¾fhaIsld ;lafiare ¸" ¸¸ wkqj wvqu YsIH ixLHdjla ksmqK;djhg m;aj isáfha wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍfï ksmqK;djhs ^ms<sfj,ska 20] yd 14]&'

;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõY ùfï § .=rejrhd ±lajQ idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;d uÜgu m¾fhaIsld ;lafiarefjka wkdjrKh fkdfõ' tfy;a ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha jdrhla .sh miq t<sorõ jkafka .=rejrhd ±lajQ ksmqK;d uÜgug isiqka fkdmeñKsh;a YsIHhka ;=< hï ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhla we;s njhs' kuq;a idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï zúfYaI wjOdkhlaZ fhduq l< hq;= h'

4jk j.=j - isiqka m%ùK;ajhg meñKs idËr;d ksmqK;d m%udKh

4jk j.=j wkqj isiqka idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;d uÜgu w;am;a lrf.k we;s wdldrh n,k úg ;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõYùfï § .=re ;lafiarej wkqj isiqka 32la ksmqK;d yhu w;am;a lrf.k isáhy' idËr;d ksmqK;d 4-6 m%udKhla ish,q fokdu w;am;a lr .;a kuq;a m¾fhaIsld ;lafiarej ^¸& wkqj ksmqK;d yhu w;am;a lrf.k isáfha tla YsIHfhl= muKs' ksmqK;d 4-6 la w;am;a lr.;a isiqyq 17 fofkla ^48]& isáhy'

.=re ;lafiarej m¾fhaIl ;lafiare ¸ m¾fhaIl ;lafiare ¸¸

ixLHdj m%;sY;h ] ixLHdj m%;sY;h ] ixLHdj m%;sY;h ]

0 - - 08 22'8 03 8'6

1 - - 02 5'7 08 22'8

2 - - 05 14'3 02 5'7

3 - - 03 8'6 04 11'4

4 01 2'8 08 22'8 06 17'1

5 02 5'7 08 22'8 09 25'7

6 32 91'4 01 2'8 03 8'6

tl;=j 35 99'9 35 99'8 35 99'9

;lafiare

j¾. ksmqK;d

m%udKh

20

;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha jdrhla .sh miq ksmqK;d yhu ,nd.;a isiqka ;=ka fofkla o" ksmqK;d 4-6 olajd ,nd .;a isiqyq 18 fofkla o ^51]& isáhy'

;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõYùfï § ksmqK;d lsisjla ,nd fkd.;a msßi isiqka wg fofkla ^22'8]& jdrhla .sh miq ;=kafofkl= ^8'6]& olajd wvq ù ;sfí' tfy;a ksmqK;d 0-1 ,nd .;a isiq msßi ;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõYùfï § yd jdrhla .sh miq ms<sfj,ska 10" 11 fofkla fj;s' fï ksid ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;dj jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ' fï wkqj YsIH ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõohka jvd;a .=Kd;aulj l%shd;aul úh hq;=hs'

;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõYùfï § ksmqK;d lsisjla ,nd fkd.;a isiqka m%udKh ishhg 23la jQ w;r ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha jdrhla .sh miq tu m%udKh wvq ù we;' ;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõYùfï § idËr;d ksmqK;d 0-2 olajd m%udKhla w;am;a lr .;a isiqka m%udKh ishhg 43la jk w;r jdrhla .sh miq tu m%udKh ishhg 37 olajd wvq ù ;sfí' fuhska jdrhla .sh miq isiqka ;=< ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhla isÿù we;s wdldrh fmkS hhs'

4'3 ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfha § isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduqjk .=re l%shdldß;ajh ksÍËs; p;=¾úO idËr;d mdvïs 42la wdY%fhka" p;=¾úO idËr;d wkqms<sfj<ska" ks¾Kdhl 10la hgf;aa úYaf,aIKh lr mdi,a y; yryd ikaikaokd;aulj wkdjrK olajk ,§' 1' mdvu ksÍËs; idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,s y;,siafolu ks¾foaYs; úIh ks¾foaYfhys p;=¾úO idËr;d wruqKqj,g wod< iqúfYaIS wruqKq wkqj l%shd;aul ù ;snqKs' 2' mdvug iQodku idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,shg .=rejrekaf.a iQodku n,k úg" mdvïj,ska ishhg 79l m%udKhla jdrigyk wkqj ms<sfh< ù ;snqKs' tfy;a foi;s igyk fyda Èk igyk Ndú; jQ mdvï m%udKh ishhg 45l m%udKhls' mdvï igykla ,shQ lsis u .=rejrhl= isáfha ke;' 3' mdvug m%fõYh kj;dfjka hq;= m%fõYhla id¾:l mdvul werUqula jk w;r ksmqK;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug o fya;= fõ' ksÍËs; idËr;d mdvï 42ka ishhg 83la u mdvï .;dkq.;sl m%fõYhkaf.ka hq;= úh' fï me;a; yefrkak'''''' ke.sákak'''''' isxy, wÉpq fmd; .kak''''' l¿ ,E,a, n,df.k ,shkak'''''' jeks jQ fuu m%fõYj,ska mdvug fyd| werUqula fkd,enqKs' ke;fyd;a ;rul wjfndaOu;a jQ werUqula ,nd ÿks' .S;hla" l%Svdjla l%shdldrlula jeks jQ kj;dfjka hq;= mdvï m%fõY ishhg 17la ;rï jQ l=vd m%udKhla úh' 4' bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wdOdrl Ndú;h YsIH idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d ukd M,odhS;djla ,efnk f,i bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wdOdrl Ndú; l< hq;= h' ish,q .=rejreka" mdvïj,ska ^ishhg 83l m%udKhla& idïm%odhsl bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wdOdrl Ndú; l<y' fuys § l¿,E,a," yqKq l+r" fm<fmd;" wNHdi fmd; jeks wdOdrl m%uqL úh' kj;dfjka hq;= bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wdOdrl fj; .=rejreka wjOdkh fhduqlr we;af;a mdvï ishhg 17la jeks wvq m%udKhls' .=rejreka .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú; lr we;af;a o b;d wvqfjks'

21

5' bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdldrlï idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdldrlï i|yd mdvïj,ska ishhg 74l m%udKhl § ish,q isiqka iyNd.s lrjd .ekSug .=rejre iu;a jQy' YsIH flakaøSh ÈYdjg keUqre jk fia mdvu ixúOdkh úh hq;= jqj;a mdvïj,ska 90]l olakg ,enqfKa .=re-isiq l%shdldrlï h' 6' mdvï ixj¾Okh mdvï mshjfrka mshjr l%ñl j .,d hk f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfï § .%dóh mdi,aj, .=rejre kd.ßl mdi,aj, .=rejrekag jvd bÈßfhka isáhy' idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%u Ndú;fha § 2 j¾.fha .%dóh yd 3 j¾.fha kd.ßl mdi,aj, .=rejre jvd;a YsIH flakaøSh l%u Ndú; l<y' 7' .=re fm!reIh yd mka;s ldur jd;djrKh mdvug wod< j YsIHhka fufyhjd f.k" ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh l< yels .=re fm!reIhla ish,q .=rejre i;= jQy' nyq;rhla mka;s ldurj, idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh ld¾h nyq, yd ;rula ld¾h nyq, f,i l%shd;aul jqKs' ÿ¾j, fm!reIhla iys; .=rejreka fyda ,sys,a mka;sldur jd;djrKhla olakg fkd,enqKs'

8' wfmalaIs; ld¾hfhka neyer yeisÍï l<ukdlrKh mdvug ndOdjk wfmaËs; ld¾hfhka neyer yeisrSïj,g ksis f,i wjOdkh fhduq lr tu yeisrSï l<ukdlrKh lsrSug nyq;rhla .=rejre Wkkaÿ fkdjQy'

9' mdvug wjOdkh yd wNsfm%arKh b;d m%;sckkd;aul wNsfm%arK Ndú;fha oS kd.ßl mdi,aj,g jvd .%dóh mdi,aj, .=rejre bÈßfhka isáhy' m%;sckkd;aul fkdjk wNsfm%arK Ndú; lrk ,oafoa kd.ßl mdi,aj, .=rejreka muKs' 10' ;lafiarelrKh ksÍËs; mdvï 42ys nyq;rhla .=rejre iqN. isiqka fj; jeä wjOdkhla ^98]& fhduq l<y' ÿ¾j, isiqka fj; jeä wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;af;a idËr;d mdvïj,ska ishhg 57l m%udKhla jk w;r th m%udKj;a fkdjk uÜguls' YsIHhdf.aa jdÑl l%shd l:k" lshùï" m%Yak ms<s;=re jeks l%shdldrlï wúêu;a j ;lafiare l< w;r lKavdhï l%shdldrlï ;lafiare lr we;af;a mdvïj,ska 14]la ;rï wvq m%udKhls' .=rejrhd idËr;d mdvu wjika lrk úg mdvug wod< miq jevla ,nd § we;af;a 36]la ;rï wvq m%udKhls'

5'0 ks.uk yd fhdackd 5'1 ks.uk kj m%d:ñl úIhud,dj id¾:l j l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH wju há;, myiqlï wjYH fõ' m<mqreÿ" iqÿiqlï iys; .=rejreka isàu .=Kd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekakqï ld¾hhlg fhda.H jQ ;;a;ajhls'

22

idËr;d ksmqK;d j¾Okh b,lal lr .;a ksÍËs; jevigyka 13ka Wmßu m%udKh jk 10la ^76'8]& l%shd;aul lr ;snqfKa 2 j¾.fha .%dóh mdi,hs' wjuh jQ yhla ^46'1]& kd.ßl mdif,a l%shd;aul úh' ish,qu mdi,a WoEik /iaùï" mka;s /iaùï" wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl W;aij" .=re fo.=re yd wpdrYS,S l;dny ms<sn| mka;s m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lr ;snQ w;r m%o¾Yk yd NdId Èk l%shd;aul lr fkd;snqKy' fï wkqj ish,q mdi,a idËr;d j¾Okh lrk fjk;a jevigyka l%shd;aul lr ;snqK o" tu ish,q jevigyka l%shdjg kexùu ms<sn|j .=rejrekaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu m%udKj;a ke;' ;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõYùfï § .=re yd m¾fhaIsld ;lafiarej wkqj .=rejrhd ±lajQ idËr;d ksmqK;d uÜgu m¾fhaIsld ;lafiarefjka wkdjrKh fkdfõ' tfy;a ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha m<uq jdrhg miq kej;;a fy<sorõ jkafka isiqka ishhg ishhlau ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajhg m;a fkdjqK;a fmr ;snqKdg jvd isiqka ksmqK;d w;am;a lr .ekSfuys ÈhqKqjla meje;s njhs' ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha idËr;d ksmqK;d yhlg wod< wkdjrK my; ±lafõ :-

² idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;d uÜgu w;am;a lr.ekSfï § ksmqK;d yfha § u .=rejrhdf.a ;lafiarelrKh wkqj ishhg ishhla fyda Bg wdikak m%udKhla m%ùK;ajh w;am;a lrf.k ;sfí' tfy;a .=re ;lafiarej ksjerÈ j isÿù ke;s njg fya;= wkdjrKh jqKs;

² tla ksmqK;djla yereKq fldg wfkla ksmqK;d mfya § u ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha

jdrhla .sh miq idËr;d ksmqK;d w;am;a lr .ekSfuys jeä ÈhqKq ùula mj;S' ijka§fï ksmqK;dj 43]-51]" l:k ksmqK;dj 60]-63]" lshùfï ksmqK;dj 57]-66]" wjfndaOd;aul lshùu 57]-69]" iy jels ,sùfï ksmqK;dj 57]-69] olajd ksmqK;d w;am;a lr .ekSfuys isiq m%ùK;ajh jeä ù ;snqKs;

² idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj w;am;a lr .ekSfuys § úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l<

hq;= ksmqK;d m%ùK;aj uÜgï wkdjrKh úh; ² idËr;d ksmqK;d yh isiqka 35 fokd w;am;a lrf.k ;snQ wdldrh n,k

úg ;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõY ùfï § .=re ;lafiarej wkqj isiqka 32la ^91]&" m¾fhaIsld ;lafiare ¸ wkqj isiqka tla wfhla o ^2'8]&" ;lafiare ¸¸ wkqj ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha jdrhla .sh miq isiqka ;sfofkla ^8'6]& o fõ' .=re ;lafiarej wkqj idËr;d ksmqK;d yh u w;am;a lr .ekSu b;d u wvq ;;a;ajhl mj;sk w;r ;=kajk wjêhg m%fõY uÜgug jvd jdrhla .sh miq ÈhqKqjla wkdjrKh fõ' ;=kajk m%Odk wjêhg m%fõY ùfï § idËr;d ksmqK;d lsisjla ,nd fkd.;a isiq m%udKh 23]la jQ w;r ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha jdrhla .sh miq tu m%udKh 9] olajd wvq ùh' fï wkqj tla jdrhla .sh miq isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh jQ nj wkdjrKh jqj;a isiq ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍug .=Kd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõo Ndú;fha wjYH;dj o meyeÈ,s fõ'

bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfha § isiq idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;ajh ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduqjk .=re l%shdldß;ajhg wod< ks.uk jkqfha"

23

1' mdvu(- mdvfuys wod< nj .;aúg ish,q .=rejreka ks¾foaYs; úIh lreKq wkqj idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh l%shd;aul fldg we;'

2' mdvug iQodku(- nyq;rhla .=rejreka jdr igykg wod< j mdvu iQodkï lr f.k ;snqK o" wfkl=;a iQodkï igyka ms<sn| j wjOdkhla fkd±lajQy' fláfhka ieliQ Èk igyk lsisfia;a m%udKj;a fkdjqKq w;r úêu;a mdvï igykla lsisfjla ms<sfh< lr fkd;snqKy' fï wkqj isiqkaf.a idËr;d ksmqK;d m%ùK;d uÜgu ixj¾Okh i|yd z.=re iQodkuZ m%udKj;a ke;'

3' mdvï m%fõYh(- mdvï m%fõYfha § m%j¾. foll .=rejreka y÷kd .; yels úh' nyq;rhla .=rejre iqmqreÿ mßÈ we,auereKq .;dkq.;sl mdvï m%fõYj,ska mdvug m%fõY jQy' bka m%fndaOu;a werUqula mdvug fkd,enqKs' .=rejre lsysmfofkla kj;djfha m%fndaOu;a jQ m%fõYj,ska mdvug m%fndaOu;a jQ wdrïNhla ,nd ÿkay'

4' bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wOdrl(- ;ju;a fndfyda .=rejre idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfhys l¿,E,a," yqKql+r" fm<fmd;' ' ' jeks idïm%odhsl bf.kqï wdOdrl u Ndú; l<y' w¾:j;a" M,odhS" kj;dfjka hq;= b.ekakqï wdOdrl Ndú;h fnfyúka wvq jQ w;r th idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d ndOlhls' .%dóh mdi,aj, .=rejrekag jvd kd.ßl mdi,aj, .=rejre kj;dfõ bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wdOdrl Ndú;h wvq h'

5' bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdldrlï(- idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d Ndú; bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdldrlï i,ld n,k úg jeä isiqka m%udKhla i|yd wjYH ie,iqï iy.; bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõo kd.ßl mdi,aj, .=rejreka Ndú; fkdl< ksid mdvu i|yd YsIH iyNd.s;ajh Wmßu lsÍug Tjqyq wiu;a jQy' idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh ;=< ;ju;a olakg ,efnkqfha YsIH flakaøSh ÈYdjg keUqre jQ l%shdldrlïj,g jvd .=re flakaøSh jQ l%shdldrlï h'

6' mdvï ixj¾Okh nyq;rhla .=rejre idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh mshjfrka mshjr l%ñl j .,d hk fia bÈßm;a lsÍug iu;a jQy' idËr;d mdvï i|yd Ndú; bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%u w;r wiqka.; j idlÉPd" ,sÅ; l%shdldrlï" jdÑl l%shdldrlï fndfyduhla isÿjqj;a mdvï i|yd t<suyka mßirh Ndú; lf<a b;du;a wvqfjks' lKavdhï l%u o mdvï b;d wvq m%udKhl Ndú; jQ w;r kdgH" fonia" .dhkd" l;d" lshùfï iEu mdvula u mka;sh ;=< u l%shd;aul úh'

24

7' .=re fm!reIh yd mka;sldur jd;djrKh .%dóh mdi,aj, .=rejre ish,q u isiqka iu. l;dlrñka idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,shg isiqka j iïnkaO lr .;a; o kd.ßl mdi,aj, .=rejre nyq;rhlg isiqka ish,q fokd mdvï i|yd iïnkaO lr .ekSug fkdyels úh' Tjqyq mka;s ldurh ;=< jeä isiqka m%udKhla l<ukdlrKh lsÍug wjYH bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõo Ndú; fkdl<y'

8' wfmaËs; ld¾hfhka neyer yeisÍï l<ukdlrKh mka;sldurfha isÿ jk isiqkaf.a wfmaËs; ld¾hfhka neyer yeisÍï idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,shg ndOd muqKqjhs' mdvug ndOd jk tu wfmaËs; ld¾hfhka neyer yeisÍïj,g ksis f,i wjOdkh fhduqlr tu yeisÍï l<ukdlrKh lsÍug nyq;rhla .=rejre Wkkaÿ fkdjQy' 9' mdvug wjOdkh yd wNsfm%arKh idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfha YsIH wjOdkh r|jd .ekSug mdvu mqrd wNsfm%arKh lsÍu wjYH fõ' nyq;rhla mdvïj, § m%;sckkd;aul wNsfm%arK Ndú; lr isiq wjOdkh r|jd .ekSug .=rejre 5la iu;a jQy' m%d:ñl mka;sj, isiqka m%fndaOu;a j ;nd .k idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg b;d m%;sckkd;aul wNsfm%arK Ndú; l< hq;= w;r tfia Ndú; l< mdvï b;d iSñ; úh' 10' ;lafiarelrKh ;lafiarefõ § .=rejreka idËr;d mdvïj, wjOdkhla iqN. isiqka fj; fhduq l< w;r ÿ¾j, isiqka fj; fhduq lf<a wvq wjOdkhls' kd.ßl mdi,aj, .=rejrekag jvd .%dóh mdi,aj, .=rejre iqN." ÿ¾j, isiqka fj; jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l<y' iEu .=rejrfhla u mdvul § l=ula fyda wúêu;a ;lafiare l%uhla Ndú; l< w;r ;lafiare l%uj,ska ^m%Yak - ms<s;=re'''& isiqkaj we.ehSug ,la fkdjqKs' ,sÅ; wNHdij, isiq wËr ms<sn|j .=rejrekaf.a ie,ls,a, m%udKj;a fkdjqKs' 5'2 fhdackd

1¡ m%d:ñl mdif,a YsIH idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍug idËr;d bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%ufõoj, .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i`oyd .=re p¾hdfõ my; ±lafjk ,ËK ÈhqKq l< hq;= fõ :-

² idËr;d w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;dj, m%ùK;dj ,nd .ekSug fkdyels jQ isiqkaf.a ta ta YsIHhdg u iqúfYaIS jQ ÿ¾j,;d wkdjrKh lrf.k tajdg .e<fmk m%;sl¾u fh§u;

² isiq ksmqK;d ;lafiare jd¾;d hdj;ald,Sk j mj;ajd .ekSu;

² iúia;r j" l%udkql+, j mdvï ie,iqï l< hq;= ùu;

² isiqka m%fndaOu;a lrk mdvï m%fõY Ndú; lsÍu;

² kj;dfjka hq;= bf.kqï- b.ekakqï wdOdrl Ndú; lsÍu;

25

² isiqka jeä m%udKhla i|yd Ndú; l< yels bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%fudamdh ie,iqï lsÍu'

² YsIH flakaøSh m%fõY ;=< lKavdhï jev jeäfhka Ndú;hg .ekSu, t<suyka ksoyia mßirh m%fhdackhg .ekSu'

² M,odhS f,i ld, l<ukdlrKh lsÍu'

² ukd .=re fm!reIhlska hq;= ùu'

² ld¾h keUqre mka;sldur jd;djrKhla we;s lsÍu'

² mdvug ndOd jk wfmaËs; ld¾hfhka neyer yeisÍï ukd f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu'

² b;d m%;sckkd;aul wNsfm%arK úê mdvu mqrdu Ndú; lrñka YsIH wjOdkh r|jd .ekSu'

² ;lafiarefõ § iqN. ÿ¾j, isiqka fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'

² úúO ;lafiare l%u Ndú;fhka úêu;aj yd wúêu;aj isiqka ;lafiare lr Tjqkaf.a iqúfYaIS yelshd iy ÿ¾j,;d y÷kd .ekSu'

2' m%d:ñl mdi,a mdol fldg.;a fiajdia: mqyqKq wLKav jev ms<sfj,la f,i Èh;a

lsÍu' 3' ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkh weiqfrka isiqkag M,odhS wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug .=rejrekaj

fufyhùu i|yd mdi,a uÜgfï wëËK jevms<sfj,la Èh;a lsÍu' 4' mdi,a ;=< isiq ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wëËK jev ms<sfj,la fldÜGdi"

l,dm" m<d;a yd cd;sl uÜgñka msysgqùu' 5' idËr;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh i|yd iïm;a ,nd§u 6' fjk;a m¾fhaIK lshjd bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh ÈhqKq lsÍug .=rejrekag

wjia:dj ie,iSu fukau mka;sldur mdol l=vd mßudKfha m¾fhaIK lsÍug .=rejreka fufyhùu'

7' mka;sldurh ;=< isák YsIH ixLHdj 25 olajdj;a wvq lsÍu 8' ;=kajk m%Odk wjêfha l%shd;aul jk ;rÕldÍ YsIH;aj úNd.h m%Odk

wNsu;d¾:h f,i fkdi,ld isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg .=rejrekaj fm,Uùu'

wdY%s; .%ka:

Dharmawardhana, H.M.K.C. et al. (1999), A study to assess the effect of implementation of the competency based primary curriculum, Introduced to Grade 1 classes of the Gampaha District. Maharagama: NIE.

26

Entry Competency of Sri Lankan Children. (1988). Maharagama. NIE. P. 14. Govinda, R. and Varghese, N. V. (1993). Quality of Primary Schooling in India:

A Case study of Madhbya Pradesh. New Delhi: Gunawardena, C. et.al. (2002). A study to investigate the effectiveness of

implementation of reforms at key stage 1 of primary cycle in Sri Lanka : Faculty of Education. Colombo 03: NEREC.

Jayasena, A. ,Wijesundara, S. and Embekke, S.K. (2001). Baseline study on the

training needs of primary teachers and the role of in-service advisors (primary) in the Central province. Sri Lanka, Ministry of Education, Local Government, Lands and Sports. Central Province, German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ).

Kariyewasam, T. (1985). National Assessment of Education Progress in Mathematics

and Language for Year 4 year 6 in Schools in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Ministry of Education.

Little, A. W.(2000). (Ed). Primary Education Reform in Sri Lanka. Battaramula :

Educational Publication Department. Martin, N. D. (1976). Writing and learning across the curiculum. London: Henman. National Education Commission (1995). Education Reform Draft : Colombo. National Education Commission (2003). Proposal for a National Framework on

General Education in Sri Lanka, Colombo 05: Author. National Institute of Education (1998) Entry Competency of Sri Lankan Children.

Maharagama. P. 14. National Institute of Education (2003). Perfomance of grade 5 students in literacy and

numeracy after five years of implementing educational reforms in 1998: Maharagama. NIE.

Perera, L. et al. (2004) National Assessment of Achievment Grade Four Pupils in Sri

Lanka. North Western Province. Facalty of Education, Colombo: NEREC. wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^2004&" mia wjqreÿ ixj¾Ok ie,eiau" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,

( l¾;D' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^2000&" m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd jk mia wjqreÿ ie,iqu 2000-

2004" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,( l¾;D' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd m%;sjHqylrKh ^1998&" m%d:ñl wOHdmkh" úÿy,am;sjrekag

yd m%d:ñl mdi,a kshuqjkag Wmfoia" cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HxYh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

27

weïnelal" B'fla'tia'fla' ^1998&" mdi,a l%shdj,sh ( mka;sldurfha isÿjk bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh ms<sn|j úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhkhla" wm%ldYs; wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s ksnkaOkh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h'

talkdhl" tia' î' iy fiaor" tï' hQ' ^1989&, idOk úIu;d ( › ,xldfõ mdi,a ms<sn|

wOHhkhla, uyr.u ( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' ldßhjiï" iS' ^1996&, wOHdmkh; 26" tia' rEmisxy' îxia'&" wOHdmk mSGh" fld<U

úYajúoHd,h' ldßhjiï" iS' ^1995&; 21 ishjig wOHdmkh, fldÜgdj( idr m%ldYk' chiQßh" iS' ^1994&, wOHdmk m¾fhaIK l%u Ys,am, fld<U 03( l¾;D' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2003&, › ,xldfõ m%d:ñl mdi,aj, m<uqjk m%Odk wjêfha

isiqkaf.a NdId ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh flfrys n,mdk idOl ms<sn| wOHhkh, uyr.u( m%d:ñl wOHdmk yd úfYaI wOHdmk wxYh, cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

fmf¾rd" t,a' ^2001&, ieug wOHdmkh - m%;sm;a;s yd l%shdud¾., YS% ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh mj;akd ;;a;ajh" wNsfhda. iy m%;sixialrK" uyr.u( m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' 46-47

fmf¾rd" t,a' iy O¾uj¾Ok" fla' ^2000&; m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh( .ïmy

w;aoelSu, wekac,d ,sÜ,a îxia'&" YS% ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh' n;a;ruq,a,( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j' 76-96'

m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsrSu i|yd ud¾f.damfoaY ^2000&, cd;sl

wOHdmk fldñiu" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HxYh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" m%d:ñl wOHdmk ie,iqï jHdma;sh'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha w;HdjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d" fojk m%Odk wjêh i|yd ^2001&.

uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha w;HdjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d" ;=kajk m%Odk wjêh i|yd ^2003&.

uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úfca;=x." tia' ^1996&, wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj, fudydka" csf;akaø' îxia'& wOHdmk mSGh" fld<U úYAjúoHd,h( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

úistlajk ishji i|yd jQ wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r fldñiu hqfkiafldajg bosrsm;a l< jd¾;dj ^1998&, bf.kqu ( Tn i;= jia;=j ( YS% ,xld hqfkiaflda cd;sl uKav,h' 39'

idudkH wOHdmkfha m%;sixialrK ^1997&, idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| ckm;s ld¾hidOl n,ldh" › ,xldj'

isrsudkak" fla' ^1983&, yhjk fYa%Ksfha isxy, úhrK b.ekaùu ms<sn| úuiqula, wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s m¾fhaIK ksnkaOkh, fld<U úYajúoHd,h' ms 3'

iq.;odi" ù' ^1969&, ,xldfõ wOHdmk ishji m%ldYkh'

fyar;a" tÉ' tï' t,a' î' ^1998&, mka;s ldurh kj u.lg, l=reKE.,( jhU m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

29

A Profile about Student’s Discipline

K. V. Sudarma Harischandra Abstract in English

Student discipline is a major factor on which the reputation and the effectiveness of a school depends. Issues related to students discipline are one of the obstacles in achieving the objectives and targets of school education. The pali quotation “Bhahu Sachchancha Vinayocha Susikkhito” (Sutta Nipata, 1977:80) illustrates that being learned, skillful and being disciplined are of great importance. The pali quatation “Kayena Sanvaro Shadu Sadhu Vachaya Sanvaro” emphasis the importance of discipline the body, words and the mind (2nd stanza, Dhammapada Bhikku Wagga,) . True education is not guiding to memorize, impose, study od visually grasp a body of knowledge. (Weerasinghe, 1992:7) These analyses indicate that discipline is an essential factor. Student discipline is one of the most important tasks of the principal, deputy/assistant principal sectional heads and all the teachers in a school. This study forcuses on maintaining good student discipline. Descriptive research approach was used for the study, which was based on the research objectives of identifying the nature of present disciplinary problems in schools, studying the reasons for problems of student discipline, studying the strengths and weaknesses of current practices for solving disciplinary problems and suggesting strategies for overcoming the weaknesses. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and 4 school reports. The sample consisted of 80 principals and teachers and 200 students. School Principal; The School Managers do not have a clear concept of student discipline. Students have not been made aware of the code of discipline through the student record books. The reasons for the decline in student discipline are lack of parental attention on students, influence of media, lapses on the part of teachers, overcrowded classroom with an excessive number of students, lack of proper counseling programs in schools and bad company. Making all parties aware at the code of discipline in the school is essential. Creates a condition in the school that foster good discipline is more important than finding solutions for disciplinary problems. Some of the solutions are keeping the teaching‐learning process live and active all the time, providing an opportunities as well as extra – curricular activities based on their talents, organizing religious programs and implementing a proper counseling programs.

Key words: Effectiveness, Student Discipline, punishment.

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hym;a isiq úkh ms<sn| me;slvla

fla. ù. iqo¾ud yrsiapkaø

úදුy,am;sks

fomdku O¾umd, lksIaG úoHd,h

fnd/,a, mdr

mkaksmsásh

E mail /Tel: [email protected] 0724302172/0715657802

ixlaIsma;h

isiq úkh" mdi,l lS¾;sh fuka u M,odhs;dj r|d mj;sk m%Odk idOlhls' mdi,a wOHdmkfhka wfmalaIs; mrud¾: yd b,lal imqrd .ekSfï oS mek k.sk ndOd w;r YsIH úkh .eg¨ m%uqLia:dkhla .kS' ±k W.;alu" ismai;frys ksmqKnj iy úkfhys uekúka yslaóu jeo.;a nj —ndyq ippxp ismmxp úkfhdp iqislaÅf;d” îq;a;ksmd;" 1977(80& hk md,s mdGfhka meyeÈ<s fjhs' —ldfhk ixjfrd idOq - idOq jdpdh ixjfrda” úkh jYfhka y÷kajkafka lh" jpkh" is; hk ;=kafodr ixjr lr .ekSuhs Ôïu mo NslaLq j.." 2 .d:dj&. —kshu wOHdmkh hkq yqfola lsishï f;dr;=re iïNdrhla jkfmd;a lrùu" ldjeoa§u" wëlaIKh lrùu yd oDIaඨි.%yfhka ±ä f,i w,a,d .ekSug u. fmkaùu fkdfõ'” ^ùrisxy" 1992(7& hkqfjka olajd we;' fuu ú.%y úu¾Ykh lrk úg úkh hkq w;HjYH idOlhls' mdi,l úÿy,am;s" ksfhdacH, iyldr úÿy,am;sjre" wxY m%OdkSka" fY%aKs m%OdkSka" úIh m%OdkSka yd ishü .=rejrekaf.a j.ùï lafIa;% w;r YsIH úkh yev.eiaùu o w;sYh NdrOQr l¾;jHhls' fuu wOHhkfhka úu¾Ykh lrk ,oafoa YsIH úkh hym;aj mj;ajd .ekSu ms<sn|j h' mdi,aj, j¾;udk YsIH úkh .eg¨j, iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu" úkh .eg¨ we;s ùug fya;= úu¾Ykh lsÍu" úkh .eg¨ úi|Sug .kakd l%shdud¾.j, m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d úu¾Ykh iy ÿn,;d bj;a lsÍug l%fudamdh fhdackd lsÍu hk m¾fhaIK wruqKq mdol lr .;a wOHhkh i|yd úia;rd;aul m¾fhaIK m%fõYh Ndú; flreKs' m%Yakdj,s" iïuqL idlÉPd yd mdi,a jd¾;d 4la u.ska o;a; ,nd .kq ,enqfõ ksheosfha mdi,a úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=rejreka 50la yd isiqka 200l f.ks'

mdi,a l<ukdlrejkag isiq úkh kï ixl,amh ms<sno meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ke;' mdif,a úkh kS;s moaO;sh ms<sno j isiqka ±kqj;a ù we;s wdldrh i;=gqodhl ke;' úkh kS;s moaO;sh iïnkaO j YsIH jd¾;d fmdf;ka ±kqj;a ù ;sìKs' úkh msßySug" foudmshka orejka .ek fidhd ne,Su wvq nj" ck ixksfõok udOHhkaf.a n,mEu" .=rejrekaf.ka isÿjk wvqmdvq" mx;sldurj, wiSñ; YsIH ixLHdjla isàu" mdi,aj, ksis ud¾f.damfoaYhla l%shd;aul fkdùu" fkd.e<fmk isiq lKavdhï weiqr fya;= ù we;' mdif,a úkh moaO;sh ms<sn| j ish,q md¾Yj oekqj;a lsÍu w;HjYH h' úkh leãfuka we;s jk .eg,qj,g úi÷ï fiùug jvd úkh /lSug iqÿiq j;djrKh mdif,a we;s l< hq;= h' ksrka;rfhka u bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh il%sh lsÍu" úIh ndysr iy úIh iu.dñ l%shdldrlïj, § ;ukaf.a olaI;dj wkqj ta i|yd we;=<;a ùfï iu wjia:d isiqkag ,nd §u" mdif,a wd.ñl lghq;= ixúOdkh yd ksis WmfoaYk fiajdjla l%shd;aul lsÍu úi÷ï fõ'

uqLH jpk ( M,odhs;dj" isiq úkh" o~qjï

32

1. 0 ye|skaùu

mdi,l lS¾;su;a Ndjh fuka u M,odhs;dj r|d mj;sk m%Odk idOlhla jkqfha mdi,a isiqkaf.a úkhhs' mdi, keu;s wdh;khg úúO ixialD;ska yd úúO iudc ;,j,g wh;a YsIH lKavdhï rdYshla meñfK;s' úIu cd;sfha jk fuu YsIHhka mdif,a wfmalaIs; wruqKq lrd fufyh ùfï Ndr¥r ld¾hhla jk hym;a YsIH úkhla mj;ajd .ekSu ms<sn| j j.lSu mdif,a l<ukdlrejkag ysñ fjhs'

úkh hkakg bx.%Sis NdIdfjka ‘Discipline’ hk jpkh Ndú; fjhs' ksrela;s jYfhka ‘Disciple’ ^isiqjd& hk jpkh ì|S tk ,;ska NdIdfõ ‘Discere’ ^bf.kSug& hk jpkfhka u ì|S tk nj bx.%Sis Tlaia*¾â Yío fldaIh (Oxford, 1948) fmkajd fohs' fï wkqj zbf.kSug hk f;areu fok ‘Discere’ hk ,;ska jpkh Disciple, Discipline, Disciplinary, Disciplinarian wdos bx.%Sis jpk .Kkdjlg uq,a ù we;' Discipline hk jpkh Ndú; jk w¾: lsysmhla fuu Yío fldaIfha i|yka fõ' tajd kï mdi,a isiqkg fyda ;uqka yod jvd.;a isiqkag fok Wmfoia" l%uj;a yeisÍu wruqKq lr f.k fok Wmfoia" mqyqKqjlska we;sjk ksis yeisÍu yd l%shd l,dmh" jerÈ ksjerÈ lsÍu msKsi fok o~qjï" kS;sÍ;s moaO;shla wkq.ukh lsÍug fhdod .kakd l%shd ms<sfj, h' fï wkqj úkh iïnkaOj mdi,la l%shd;aul ùu w;HjYH ldrKhls'

wOHdmk l<ukdlrKfha fufyhqï fmruqK jkqfha mdi,a l<ukdlrKhhs ^;s,lr;ak nKavd" 1991&' mdi,a l<ukdlrejka ;uka ;=< j¾Okh ù we;s jerÈ jegySï yd ixlS¾Khka ;uka úiska u úYaf,aIKh fldg tajdfha h:d ;;a;ajh jgyd .; hq;= h' l<ukdlrK jdoh wkqj fufyhjk úg mdif,a o OQrdj,s jHQyhla f.dv kef.a' tu jHQyh úiska isriaj j.ùu m%lg ,laIKh jk iïnkaO;d rgdjla ks¾udKh lrkq ,efí ^;s,lr;ak nKavd" 1991(109-110&' fï wkqj mdi,a l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu ms<sônq fjhs'

“mdi,a l<ukdlrejka” “mdif,a OQrdj,s jHqyh” hk fhÿïj,ska mdi,l l<ukdlrejka isák nj;a, OQrdj,shla ;sfnk nj;a, tu OQrdj,sfhys wksjd¾hhfhkau isákqfha .=rejreka nj;a meyeÈ,s fjhs' tu .=rejre w;r úÿy,am;s" ksfhdacH/ iyldr úÿy,am;sjre" wxY m%OdkSka" fY%aKs m%OdkSka" úIh m%OdkSka fukau wfkl=;a ish¨ u .=rejre fj;s' fuu ish¨ u fokd mdi,l l<udlrejka f,i ye|skaúh yels h' Tjqka f.a j.ùï lafIa;% w;r YsIH úkh yev.eiaùu o w;sYh NdrOQr l¾;jHhls'

“wOHdmkhg” bÈßm;a j we;s iEu w¾: l:khlska u flakaø jkqfha isiqjd h' ish,a, isÿúh hq;af;a isiqjd uq,a fldg f.k h' wkd.;fha § iqiudys; mqoa.,fhl= njg isiqjd m;a l< hq;= h' hym;a iudchla f.dvke.sh yelafla túg h' wOHdmkh ,nd fok úêu;a ixúOdkhla jk mdi,g ysñ j we;s j.lSu w;s uy;a h'

bf.kSu yd b.ekaùfï ld¾hh u.ska ±kqu l=i,;d yd wdl,amj,ska wx. iïmQ¾K mqrjeishka ìyslsÍfï iudc wjYH;dj bgq lsÍug W;aidy .kakd ixúOdkhla f,i mdi, ye¢kaúh yels h' fuu l¾;jH i|yd wOHdmk wud;HxYh u.ska mkjk ,o kS;s ud,djla o" úIh ud,dj ms<sn| kshuhka o" mdif,a úYd,;ajhg .e<fmk mßÈ ixúOdk jHQyhla o" udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a o" mdi,a ixialD;shla o mdi,lg ysñ fjhs' by; lS myiqlï yd ud¾f.damfoaYhkays wkqidrfhka ie,iqï lsÍu ixúOdkh yd

33

fufyhùu u.ska mdif,a ixj¾Okhla we;s lsÍfï ld¾hh úÿy,am;sg mejf¾' fuu ld¾hhfha § iEu wjia:djl § u YsIH iyNd.s;ajh isÿ jk ksid mdif,a iïu; kS;s Í;sj,g wkqj isiq p¾hd yev .iajd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' th hym;a isiq úkhla f,i ye|skaúh yels h'

iudch ixlS¾K ùu;a iu. iS>% f,i my; jegqKQ udkqIsl yeisÍï mdi,a moaO;sh o wdl%uKh lr we;s ksid mdif,a úkh mj;ajd .ekSug ±ä wNsfhda.jj,g uqyqK mEug isÿ j we;' j¾;udkfha oS mdi,a l<ukdlrK N+ñldj ixlS¾K ù we;' mdi,a moaO;sh úiska wfmalaIs; mrud¾: yd b,lal imqrd .ekSfï § mek k.sk úúO ndOd w;r YsIH úkh .eg¨ m%uqLia:dkhla .kshs'

YsIH úkhg wod< j 1943 isg jHjia:duh m%;sm;a;s wkqj wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfí' orejdf.a yelshd y÷kdf.k fm!reI j¾Okhg rel=,a fok bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla Èh;a lsÍu mdi, ;=< isÿ úh hq;= nj xvi jk ieis jd¾;dj ^1943& i`oyka lrhs' ck iïu; md,khg fhda.H wOHdmk l%uhl oS mqoa.,hkaf.a j;a fmdfydi;alï fyda iudcfha Tyqf.a ;rd;sru l=ula jqj;a ldhsl jQ o iodpdr jQ o oshqKqj w;ska Tyqf.a Yla;sfha yeáhg Tyqg ke.S isàug yels by< u wxYhg ke. .ekSug iydh ùu wOHdmkh u.ska bgq úh hq;= h ^1943: 115&'

2004'06'17 Èke;s úkh ms<sn| j wjOdrKh lrk pl%f,aLfhka o Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudcfha ixialD;sl iudÔh yd wd¾Ól m%.ukhhkag ;=vq ÿka iudc idrO¾u yd yr moaO;Ska iS>%fhka ì| jefgñka mj;sk nj fmkajd § we;'

ck iudchla jYfhka w;S;fha Y%S ,dxlssl ck;dj w;r ;snQ wfkHdakH iqyo;dj iduqysl;ajh u; mokï jQ iyÔjkh;a ta iu. f.dvke.=Kq udkj ohdj" udkj f.!rjh ms<sn| wdl,am yd l=i,;d iS>% mßydkshg ,la j we;' tlS udkqIsl .=Kdx. fjkqjg wêm;sjd§ yd wdl%uKYS,s p¾hdfjka hq;=" m%pKav;ajh biau;= jQ YsIag;ajh" wNsfhda.hg ,lalrk ixfõÈ;dfjka úhqla; iudchla ks¾udKh fjñka mj;S' iudch wkq.;j we;s fuu fÄokSh brKu mdi,a iudch fj; o msúi ;sîu isiq mrmqr .=K.rel mrmqrla jYfhka ks¾udKh lsÍug m%n, .eg¨jla fõ' j;auka wOHdmk l%ufhka ìysfjk wkd.; mqrjeishka Y%S ,dxlsl ixialD;shg wkq.; ùfï yelshdj we;s YsIaGiïmkak yd ñksi;a nj .re lrk yd foaYdNsudkS yeÕSïj,ska hq;= .=K.rel mqrjeisfhl= jYfhka iudchg odhdo lsÍu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha ksr;jkakkaf.a j.lSu fjhs'

mdi, yer hkakka yd úNd.j,g kej; kej; fmkS isákakka mdi,a Rcq msßjehg w;sf¾lj ;j;a úhoï orkakg isÿ fõ' ;j ÿrg;a mdif,ka .s,sySu iy h<s úNd.j,g fmkS isàu ksid udkisl weo jeàï yd iudÔh n,mEï fya;=fjka m%cdj ork úhou jeä fõ' tjeks isiqka ;u w;a±lSï ksid jHdl+, yeisÍï we;s yd iudcfha bj;,kq ,eîu hk udkisl ;;a;ajhg t<ôh yels h ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu: 1992&' mdif,a mj;akd úkh .eg¨ úi|Sfï ÿ¾j, l%ufõo ksid we;sjk m%;sM, mdi,g muKla iSud fkdù th iuia; iudchg u n,mEï lrk w;r wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh o ySk lrjhs' lreKq fufia jqj;a úkh mj;ajd .ekSfï § ie,ls<su;a úh hq;= kS;suh wxYhla o we;'

34

2001'03'30 wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk f,alï úiska ksl=;a lr we;s 2001$11 pl%f,aLh u.ska ;jÿrg;a wudkqIsl wkaoñka ldhsl fyda udkisl o~qjñka f;drj mdif,a úkh mj;ajd f.k hdfï jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lr we;' o~qjula ,nd Èh hq;af;a ieu úgu YsIH YsIHdjka hyu.g yerùfï wruqKska u úh hq;= h' tfia u o~qjï §ug m<uqj ksh; jYfhka u wod< YsIHhd fyda YsIHdj jrola lr we;s nj ielfhka f;drj ikd: úh hq;= h' o~qjï ,nk YsIHhdg fyda YsIHdjg tfia o~qjï ,eîug ;uka lrk ,o jro wjfndaO lr .ekSug o wjia:dj ,eìh hq;= h' mdi,l úkh mj;ajdf.k hdfï wruqKska jqj o .=rejrfhl= úiska YsIHfhl=g fyda YsIHhdjlg wudkqISh o~Qjï l<fyd;a my; i|yka mk;a iy jHjia:d hgf;a kvq ksñ;a;la Woa.; úh yels nj tys jeä ÿrg;a olajd we;'

• 126 jHjia:djg wkqj uQ,sl whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍu

• 1995 wxl 22 oKav kS;s ix.%yh ^ixfYdaOk mkf;a ;=kajk j.ka;sh iu. m%Odk m%{ma;sfha 308 ^w& j.ka;sh hgf;a <uhs lDDr;ajhg Ndckh lsÍu'

• Y%S ,xldj úiska o w;aika lr we;s ^1989& tlai;a cd;Skaf.a <ud whs;sjdislï ms<sno iïuq;sfha 28^2& jHjia:dj u.ska mdi,a úkh yd mßmd,kh <uhd;a udkj .re;ajhg wkql+, fkdjk wjia:d Woa.; ùu'

• 1998 wxl 50 orK md¾,sfïka;= mk; u.ska cd;sl <ud wêldßh msysgqùu yd <ud wmfhdackh iïnkaOfhka mjrd we;s n,;, u; kvq mejÍu'

fujeks pl%f,aL yd kS;s Í;sj,g yiqjk mdif,a ld¾h Ndrh o w;sYh NdrOQr h' wOHdmk l%ufhka mq¨,a oekqï iïNdrhla ,nd oSug m%dfhda.sl yqrejla we;s iodpdrd;aul úkS; id¾:l f,i woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï yelshdj we;s mqrjeishka Åys lsrSu wOHdmk l%ufha wruqKq úh hq;=h' ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNdj" 1992 ) wOHdmk moaO;sfha wfmalaIs; cd;sl wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu msKsi bjy,a jkakd jQ b;d jeo.;a wxYh idudkHh wOHdmkh hs' ;D;Sh yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmk moaO;Ska iu. o wfkHdakHh ineoshdfjka lghq;= lrk idudkHh wOHdmk moaO;sh Y%S ,dxlsl ck cSú;h flfrys n,mdk cd;sl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha wksjd¾h wx.hla njg m;aj ;sfí' foaYmd,kuh yd mqoa., ixj¾Okh o wd.ñl iïm%odhka ;=<ska ms<sônq jk iodpdrd;aul w.hka o idl,HjdoS udkj ixj¾Okhla u; mokï jQ bosrs oelaula ;=< talrdYS jkafkah (cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj" 2003). wOHdmk wjia:d iemhSfï flakaøia:dkh jkafka mdi, h' wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeä oshqKq lsrSfï oS mdi,g wod< fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h' cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq yd ne`ÿKq wksjd¾h wOHdmkfhaa iu wjia:d iy m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsrSfï oS o jHqy.; wOHdmk uOHia:dkh f,i l%shd;aul jkafka mdi, jk fyhska wOHdmk moaO;sfha úYd, ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lrk tallh f,i mdi, ye|skaúh yels h' Wiia wOHdmkh ;D;Shsl yd ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh hk uÜgïj,g msúfik orejkag fmr iQodku ,nd fokafka o mdi, u.sks' mdi,, wOHdmkfha jeo.;a ia:dkhla jkúg orejd tys taldhk b,lalh fõ' bf.kqqqï - b.ekaùï wjia:d ks¾udKh jkafka .=re YsIH fomd¾Yjfhau wka;¾ ls%hdldrs;ajh u.sks' tu l%shdj,sfha cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq bgq lr,Sfï uQ,sl j.lSu mdi,g mejrS we;.

35

“mjq,a mrsirh u.ska jefvkq we;ehs” fuf;la ks.ukh l< iuyr ld¾hhka oeka mdif,ka bgq l< hq;= fõ' úkh ;yjqre lsrSu" iodpdrd;aul wdl,am hk idrO¾u yqre mqreÿ lsrSu o wOHdmk l%ufha j.lSula f,i ms<s.efka ( idudkHh wOHdmkh ms<sn| ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldh" 1997). wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk f,alï;=ñhf.a 2004'06'17 oske;s yd wxl 2004$22 pl%f,aLhg wkqj idrO¾u yr moaO;Ska yd m%cd ixfõÈ;dj ms<sn| wOHdmksl jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd § we;' fuu úúO lafIa;% yryd me;sreKq l%shd;aul l< yels jevigyka 10la bÈßm;a lr we;' bka lSsmhla kï mdif,a ffoksl jevigyka bÈßm;a lsÍfï oS l%udkql+, nj" úkh yd wdpdrYS,s nj" wfkHdakH f.!rjh" ld¾hh ms<sn| idOdkd;aul wdl,amh" lemùï yd j.lSï bgq lsÍu" ÿïjeá u;aøjHj,ska w;a ñÿKq iudchla f.dv ke.Sug mdi, ;=< YsIH lj we;s lsÍu iy m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu h' fï wkqj mdi, fjk;a wdh;khlg jvd fjkia h' mdi,a mj;ajd f.k hdug tla jeo.;a fya;=jla jkqfha YsIH iodpdr j¾Okhhs' <uhskaf.a iodpdr j¾Okhg b;d jeo.;a ;ekla fok mdi, tys § fndfyda ÿrg flfrk bf.kqï iy b.ekaùï l%shdud¾.hla jYfhka muKlau iodpdr wOHdmkh fkdie,fla' th mqoa.,hdf.a yd iudcfha wNsjDoaêh i|yd mdi, i;= j.lSuls' mdi, ;=< hym;a úkh meje;aula wksjd¾fhka ;sìh hq;= h' ish,a,ka u ish leue;af;ka yd iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu wfmalaIs; h' fï wkqj n,k úg mdi,l úkh mj;ajd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka mdif,a l<ukdlrK moaO;sh jvd ixlS¾K jq úúO me;slv ms<snoj ukd wjfndaOhlska l%shdl< hq;= nj meyeÈ,s h' Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a fldf;la ÿrg orejdf.a úkh ixj¾Okh i|yd iÿqiq oehs úu¾Ykh lsrSu ld,Sk wjYH;djls' úêu;a wOHdmk moaO;sfha mdi,a YsIH úkh .eg,q u;= ù we;s njg o idlaIs we;' fuhg úi÷ï fiùu wjYH h' ta i|yd l< hq;= oE fudkjdo@ hkak fidhd n,d lghq;= lsrSfuka úêu;a mdi,a moaO;shg o myiqjla jkq we;' tneúka fuu wOHhkh lrk ,oafoa orejkaf.a úkh ixj¾Okh i|yd w;sYh jeo.;a jQ mokï me;s ;=kla úu¾Ykh lsÍug h' fuu wOHhkfhka hym;a isiq úkhla mj;ajd .ekSu ms<sn| j wvq,qyq`vqq;d y÷kdf.k ixj¾Okh i|yd fhdackd bosrsm;a lrkq ,efí' tfiau orejdf.a mQ¾K ixj¾Okfha w;sYh jeo.;a ;SrKd;aaaaaaaaaaaaul ixêia:dkhla jk mdi,a wOHdmk lafIa;%fha YsIH úkh ms<sn|j fuf;laaa flrS we;s m¾fhaIK lafIa;%fha ksjeros udj;a fy,s fmfy,s lsrSug m%udKj;a ke;' tu ksid fuu wOHhkh lafIa;%fha ixj¾Okhg uy`.= msájy,la jkq we;'

2.0 idys;H úu¾Ykh fjíiag¾ ^1989, 270& olajkafka úkh hkq kshñ; kS;sj,g wkql+, j ;u is;sú,s yd pß;h ilia lr .ekSula njhs' Encyclopedia of Educational Research (1969:292) kshñ; kS;s we;=<;a jk mßÈ mdi,a md,kh lr .ekSfï l%shdmámdáh úkhhs'

nd,iQßh ^1997& Wmqgd olajk mßÈ we.aksõ fmkajd fokafka úkh jkdys mqoa., wNHka;rfhys md,k moaO;shl Wiia j¾Okfhys M,h jYfhka my<jk ;udf.a iqN isoaêhg yd m%.;shg fya;= jkakd jQ o iudc ms<s.ekqu ;=<ska ;udg wdrlaIdj ,nd fokakd jQ o p¾hdjls'

36

1940 oYlfha iaúÜi¾,ka;fha uyck mdi,aj, ;snQ m%Odk úkh .eg¨ f,i wurisxy (Gorge F Will, 1987) fmkajd fokafka mka;sldurfha § l;d lsÍu, pqhska.ï Ndú;h, f>daIdldß Yíoh, Yd,d;=< Tn fudn hdu, fma<shlg .uka fkdlsÍu, kqiqÿiq weÿï we§u, wmøjH kshñ; mßÈ bj;a fkdlsÍu h' tu wOHhkfha 1980 iólaIK jd¾;dj wkqj úkh .eg,q njg m;aj we;af;a wka;rdodhl T!IO Ndú;h, we,afldfyd,a Ndú;h, .¾NkS isiqúhka mka;s ldurfha isàu, Èú kid .ekSu, ia;%S ¥IK, fidrlu, wkqkg ysxid lsÍu hs' fuhska meyeÈ<s jkafka úkh .eg,q ;j ÿrg;a Nhdkl ù we;s njhs' wurisxy ^2000& fmkajd fokafka ^chiQßh"1974& m¾fhaIKh wkqj úkh msßySug fya;= uefhka Wmqgd olajk mßÈ ,kavkfha wxl 27 ork mdi,a iNdj u.ska oaú;Shsl mdi,aj, jrm%ido fkd,;a <uhska iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o wOHhkhl§ wkdjrKh jQ f;dr;=re wkqj tu <uhska flfrys jeäfhka n,md we;af;a øjHuh iïm;a fkd,eîug jvd ksjfia mßirfhka ,efnk W;af;ack wvq ùu nj fmkajd fohs' ksjfia hym;a mßirhla we;s ùug kï wdorh yd wdrlaIdj" ms<s.ekqu" wdorh uqiq úkh" fm,Uùu" k¾;kh yd .fõIKh" Èß.ekaùu" l%Svd NdKav" bjiSu yd orejd f;areï .ekSu" ks¾udKd;aul yelshd j¾Okh lsÍu" jd.aud,dj ÈhqKq lsÍu" m%cd;ka;%jd§ miqìula ksjfia ;sîu" È.= l,la mdif,a /§ isàu hk wjYH;d iïmQ¾K úh hq;= h'

Bennet (1973) olajk wdldrhg <uhska ;=< jQ yeisÍï .eg,q úia;r lrkafka fuu úkh úfrdaë <uhska ;u foudmshka, mka;sfha hy¿jka yd .=rejreka wukdm lr .kakd njls' Tjqka ;u l%shd u.ska wkHhkaf.a f.!rjhg ydkslr we;sjd fiau wkqkg Ydßßl mSvd o f.k § we;' fuu yeisßï .eg¨ we;s <uhska jeäysá wdêm;H yd ;r. lrk w;r idudkH Ôú;fha yd l%shdms<sfjf,ys ksi,Ndjh o wjq,a lrhs' o~qju u.ska o th ilia lsÍug wiu;a j we;' <uhdf.a l%shd wkdrlaIs; kqreiaik ndOdldÍ mßirhl isÿfõ' ksji yd mdi, w;r kqiqÿiq rduqjla f.dv kef.a' fya;=j <uhd tllska wkslg wdl,am, wruqKq yd woyia f.k hk neúKs' mdif,a wiu;a tys § id¾:l w;a±lSï fkd,nk <uhska ksrka;rfhka ksjiska wúYajdi lrhs' wúYajdifhka fmf<k tlS <uhska f.a ;;a;ajh mdi,g;a ksjig;a iqÿiq f,i iudfhda. ùug fkdyels ;;a;ajhla Wodfjhs' fujeks ;;a;ajhla hgf;a <uhd úkh úfrdaë l%shdj,g fm<fUkq we;'

wurisxy ^2000& fmkajd fok mßÈ ^Weldman & Peck, 1969) m¾fhaIKh wkqj isiqka jvd;a leue;a;la olajd we;af;a m%cd;ka;%jd§, iyfhda.S, lreKdjka;, idOdrK, újD; ukila iys;, wkqlïmd iys; iy iudcYS,s hk .=re fm!reI .=Kdx. flfrys h' Birch More (1951) f.a m¾fhaIKh meyeÈ<s lrk wurisxy isiqka 40lf.a w.h l< .=re fm!reI .=Kdx. 40la Wmqgd olajhs' ish¨u <uhskag fNaohlska f;dr j tlfia ie,lSu" wkqlïmd iy.; nj" ÿ¾j, <uhskag úfYaIfhka Woõ lsÍu" idOdrK;ajh yd ms<s.ekSu" tl YsIHfhl=f.a jrolg uq¿ mka;shgu o~qjï fkd§u" jrola l< úg fmkajd§u" kej; weiQ úg ;ry fkdf.k lshd §u" wmyiq úIhhka ir, f,i b.ekaùu" isiqka ìh lr mka;sh md,kh fkdlsÍu" úIh m%ùK;dj bka lsysmhls'

wurisxy Wmqgd olajk mßÈ Alteka (1978) m¾fhaIKh wkqj isiqka .=rejrekaf.ka fm!reIfhka wfmalaId lrk .=Kdx. jkqfha" isiqka ms<sno idkqlïms; nj" isiqka iu. iqyo;dj" j.lSï fydÈka bgq lsÍu" wOHdmk ;;a;ajh" ndysr fmkqu" hym;a pß;h" isiqkag iudk f,i ie<lSu h'

37

m,symsáh ^1982& .=re m%jdis;dj mka;s ldurh ;=< úkh msßySug n,mdk nj lrk ,o wOHhkfha ks.uk jQfha .=re fkdmeñKSu tla mka;shl úkh msßySug n,mdk w;r th iuia; mdi,gu n,mdk nj h'

úch úl%u ^1999& úkh .eg¨ we;s fkdùug fya;= ms<sno wOHhkfha § ks.uk jkqfha¦ .=re isiq iyfhda.h, ukd l<ukdlrKh, isiqka wvqùu, isß;a úß;aj,g uq,a ;ekla ,nd §u, ksrka;rfhka wjjdo lsÍu iy .=reuKav,fha úuis,su;alu h'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1992& m¾fhaIK wxYh bÈßm;a lrk ,o “úkS; i;sh” jevigyk hgf;a isiqkag ms<sme§ug lreKq 14la o .=reNj;=kag lreKq 10la o úkh iïnkaO j b;d jeo.;a fjhs' isiqkag i|yka lreKq kï¦ fmrjre 5 g wd.ñl j;dj;a bgq lsÍu, ñks;a;= 5la ffu;%S Ndjkdfõ fh§u" “uu i;H wkqj jev lrñ” hkak ;=ka jrla wÈgka lr .ekSu" we| we;sß,s wdÈh ms<sfj<g ;eîu" .=jka úÿ,sfha “Ñka;k” jevigykg ijka§u" w¿hu ñks;a;= 30la bf.kSug fhoùu" wdydr Ndck msßisÿ lsÍu" we`ÿï me<`ÿï ms<sfh, lr .ekSu" foudmshka keu§u" .=rejreka keu§u" mdif,a Woh /iaùug iyNd.s ùu" uõmsh .=K isyslsÍu" w;miq jQ jev lghq;= lsÍu" iji wd.ñl j;dj;a bgq lsÍu iy kskaog fmr fo.=reka keu§u hk lreKq h' .=reNj;=ka fjkqfjka¦ fmrjre 7'30g fmr mdi,g hdu" wdrïNl ms<sfj;a bgq lsÍu" wm%udoj lghq;= lsÍu" mdvï igyka yd WmlrK ieliSu" mka;sldur ikaiqka lr .ekSu" ÿï jeá u;aøjH w;a yeÍu" úfõlh wjika jQ jydu mka;shg hdu" wjika ld,fþoh yd wjika ms<sfj;a ksjerÈj bgq lsÍu" .=re uKav,fha fyd| ys; wdrlaId lsÍu iy úÿy,am;s mdi,a iïm%odh wdrlaId lsÍu hk lreKqh' fï wdldrhg idys;H úu¾Ykfhka o meyeÈ<s jkafka YsIH úkh yev .eiSu iïnkaO j mdi,g Ndr¥r j.lSula we;s nj h'

3.0 l%ufõoh

úia;rd;aul l%ufõoh wkqj l%shd;aul l< m¾fhaIKfha wruqKq 3ls'

1' mdi,aj, j¾;udk YsIH úkh .eg¨j, iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu'

2' úkh .eg¨ we;s ùug fya;= úu¾Ykh lsÍu'

3' úkh .eg¨ úi|Sug .kakd l%shdud¾.j, m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d úu¾Ykh iy ÿn,;d bj;a lsÍug l%fudamdh fhdackd lsÍu'

wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug ksheosh f,i 6 fY%aKsfha isg 11 fY%aKsh olajd isiqka muKla wh;a jk f,i Y%S chj¾Okmqr wOHdmk l,dmfha mdi,a 10la ifya;=l wyUq ksheÈ l%uh fhdod .ksñka f;dard .kakd ,§'

1 jk j.=j - wOHhk ksheÈh

.=rejreka" úÿy,am;sjreka yd isiqkaf.ka m%Yakdj,s, iïuqL idlÉPd u.ska o f,d.a igyka" YsIH jd¾;d fmd;a" fyd| jev fmd;a" úkh iïnkaO jd¾;d fmd;a hk mdi,a jd¾;d 4 u.ska o o;a; ,nd .kakd ,§'

mdi,a j¾.h ixLHdj .=rejreka ixLHdj YsIH ixLHdj 1AB 1C 2

3 3 4

20 20 10

75 75 50

n = 10 50 200

38

4.0 o;a; ú.%yh yd idlÉPdj wOHhkfha m<uqjk wruqK jQ mdi,aj, j¾;udk YsIH úkh .eg¨j, iajNdjh 2 jk j.=j wkqj ú.%y l< yels h'

2 jk j.=j - 2013 j¾Ifha m<uq udi 6 ;=< úkh .eg¨ lafIa;% 30, fY%aKsj, we;s jQ jdr .Kk

úkh úfrdaê l%shdj,

iajNdjh

9 fYa%Ksh jdr .Kk

10 fY%aKsh jdr .Kk

11 fY%aKsh jdr .Kk

1AB 1C 2 1AB 1C 2 1AB 1C 2 1 ys;d u;d mdi,a

fkdmeñKSu 10 15 5 10 20 10 10 19 9

2 wjir ke;sj mdi,a fõ,dfõ § ksjig hdu

8

12

2

10

17

8

16 14

-

3 mka;s ldurfha § W.kajk ld,fþoj, lÜá mekSu

6

10

2

10

18

7

12

15

3

4 .=rejrekag fndre lSu 3 5 2 13 19 3 10 15 5

5 kshñ; m%udKj,ska ks, we÷u fkd we|Su

4

5

1

5

20

10

10

15

5

6 ysi mSÍu" fldKavh lem Su Y sIHN djhg fkd.e<mSu

1

5

2

3

19

13

3

20

2

7 wdmk Yd,dj wjg wkjYH fõ,djk ay s yeisÍu

1 5

2

5 20

10

5 4 1

8 kjl .=rejßhkag úys¿ lsÍu

2 3 12 18 2 2 7 1

9 mdif,a f.dvke.s,sj, wiNH foa ,sùu

1

3

1

12 18 2 2 7 1

10 wysxil iy wirK hehs y÷kd.;a isiqkag ysßyer lsÍu

1

3

1

12

15

3

4

5

1

11 l,a,shla f,i ixúOdkh ù fjk;a mka;s iy fjk;a mdi,a w;r .egqï we;s lr .ekSu

3

2

5

8

2

6

3

1

12 fidrlï lsÍu 1 3 1 3 8 4 3 4 2

13 wiNH hehs kï l< fmd;a m;a lshùu

3 2

4 7

3

1

14 mdi,a weÍ ksjig hk úg ksfjiaj,g ydks lsÍu

1 2

3

7

4

39

úkh úfrdaê l%shdj,

iajNdjh

9fYa%Ksh jdr .Kk

10 fY%aKsh jdr .Kk

11 fY%aKsh jdr .Kk

1AB 1C 2 1AB 1C 2 1AB 1C 2 15 mdi, wjg j;= iy

ksjdij,g .,a .eiSu 2 2 - 4 8 2 1 4 -

16 ;u fY%aKshg jvd my< fY%aKsj, isiqkg ysßyer lsÍu

1 3 - 4 9 1 - 2 -

17 úÿy,am;sg .=rejrekag wmydi lsÍu 1 3 - 3 7 3 4 6 -

18 fm%au ino;d - - - 6 3 1 2 2 - 19 mka;s ldurfha § ìh¾

mdkh - - - 2 - - - - -

20 mdif,a md¨ ldur iy ia:dkj, fmïj;=ka f,i yuq ùu ^tlu mdif,a isiq isiqúhka&

- - - 2 - - - - -

21 ks,a Ñ;%mg CD /f.k ú;a isiqka w;r fnod §u - - - 4 - - 1 4 -

22 mdif,a we;s foam,j,g ydks lsÍu 2 - - 2 3 - - 2 -

23 .=rejrekag myr §u - - - 2 3 - - - -

24 cx.u ÿrl:k /f.k tau 2 - - 6 4 - 3 2 -

25 wdmk Yd,dfjka fidrlï lsÍu - 2 - 3 7 - 2 3 -

26 mdi, wjika ù ksjig ±kqï fkd§ ;%sú,¾ ßhÿrka iu. wkjYH .uka ìuka hdu ^nd,sldjka&

- - - 2 - - - - -

27 kd.ßl mdi,a wjg we;s kS;sfhka ;ykï l< ia:dkj,g f.dia l,a,s .eiSu WodyrK- u;al=vq wf,ú ia:dk" iïNdyk ia:dk

- - - 2 - - - - -

28 ksjig fukau mdi,g ±kqï fkd§ Nhdkl ia:dkj,g ixpdrh lsÍu WodyrKh- Èh we<sj, Èh kEu

- - - 1 3 - - - -

29 .eí f.k mdi,a meñKSu - - - 1 - - - - - 30 o~qjï l< .=rejrekaf.a

jdykj, lE,s .e,ùu - - - 1 3 - 2 - -

40

úkh .eg¨ iïnkaOj mdif,a igyka lr we;s 2013 j¾Ifha jd¾;d úYaf,aIKfha § igyka jQ .eg¨ 30 fY%aKs wkqj m%;sY; f,i ú.%y l< úg 3jk j.=fõ oelafjk mßÈ h'

3 jk j.=j - úkh .eg¨ fY%aKs wkqj

3jk j.=j wkqj jeäu úkh .eg¨ m%udKhla jd¾;d jkafka 10 fY%aKs iïnkaOfhks' 6 7, 8 fY%aKsj, úkh .eg¨ wju h' tfiau mdi,a j¾.j,g idfmalaIj n,k úg 1C mdi,aj, úkh .eg¨ wfkla mdi,a j¾. folg jvd jeä h' iuia;hla jYfhka 2 j¾.fha mdi,aj, úkh .eg¨ wvq h' YsIHNdjhg fkd.e<fmk l%shd wkq.ukh lsÍu fukau mdif,a mj;akd kS;s Í;sj,g mgyeksj l%shd lsÍu" iudcfha ms<s.;a iïu;j,g wkqj lghq;= fkdlsÍu úkh .eg¨ f,i w¾: olajk nj ksheÈhg wh;a mdi,a ish,a,u bÈßm;a lrk ,§' ta wkqj isiqkaf.a úkh .eg¨ m%uqL;d wkqj fm< .iajd we;' mdi,aj, nyq, f,i olakg ,efnk .eg¨ uq,skau olajd we;' jdr .Kk wvq jqj o j.=fõ my< fldgfia we;s .eg¨ o olakg ,eìKs' wOHhkfha fojk wruqK jk úkh .eg¨ we;s ùug fya;= úu¾Ykh lsÍfï § m%Yakdj,s iy iïuqL idlÉPd o;a; wkqj foudmshka ÿria ùu" ck udOHj, n,mEu" orejka ;u jhig fkd.e<fk jhia ldKav weiqre lsÍu ^;u jhig jvd jeä mdi,a fkdhk&" .=re ksjdvq" .=reNj;=ka m%udo ù mka;shg hdu" .=reNj;=kaf.a fudaia;r ^isiqka .=rejrekag mgneÈ kï wkqj&" ÿ¾j, isiqka fkdi,ld yeÍu" .=rejre iy isiqka ióm fkdùu" wñY% mdi,A" ud¾f.damfoaY ÿ¾j,;d" .=re f.!rjh ySk ùu hk wkdjrK jeo.;a úh' fï fya;= w;=ßka m%n, fya;=jla ù we;af;a foudmshka ÿria ùuhs' fuu ÿria ùug fya;= f,i foudmshka /lshdj, fhfok ld,h jeä ùu" úfoaY .; ùu" ì÷Kq mjq,a" orejkaaaaa foudmshkag wjk; fkdùu lemS fmksKs' wOHhkfha f;jk wruqK jk úkh .eg¨ úi|Sug .kakd l%shdud¾.j, m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d úu¾Ykh iy ÿn,;d bj;a lsÍug l%fudamdh fhdackd lsÍfï § 4jk j.=j wkqj meyeÈ<sjkafka úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a wjfndaOh m%%udKj;a fkdjk nj h' .=rejrekaf.a wjfndaOh úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a wjfndaOhg jvd jeä jqj;a moaO;sfha Wkak;shg th m%udKj;a fkdjk nj m%;sY;h wvq ùfuka meyeÈ,s h'

4jk j.=j - mdi,a úkh hkq l=ula ±hs úuiQ úg m%;spdr ±lajQ iajNdjh

fY%aKsh

1AB]

1C]

2]

.eg¨j,ska fY%aKshg ysñ iuia; m%;sY;h

n=100 9 10 11

6 12 8

9 30 18

2 8 7

17 50 33

tl;=j 26 57 17 100]

m%;spdrfha iajNdjh úÿy,am;sjreka ] .=rejreka]

ksjerÈj m%ldY lsÍu ir, woyila f,i lSu WodyrKhla muKla lSu meyeÈ<s fkdlsÍu

33 33 17 17

50 15 10 25

41

iQÑh WodyrKh 1 - —ksjerÈj m%ldY lsÍu” ck iudcfha ixialD;sl iudÔh yd wd¾:sl rgdjg .e<fmk f,i yeisÍu fukau mdif,a kS;s Í;s wdrlaId lsÍu iy iudc idrO¾u yd yr moaO;Ska iq/lSu” WodyrKh 2- —ir, woyila f,i lSu —mdi,g .e<fmk f,i ks, we÷u ilia lr .ekSu” WodyrKh 3 - —WodyrKhla muKla lSu —fldKavh mSÍu” WodyrKh 4 - meyeÈ<s fkdlsÍu —tal meyeÈ,s lrkak f,ais kE”

5jk j.=j wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka isiqka ±kqj;a jk wdldrh ixj¾Okh úh hq;= njhs'

mdi,aj, mia wjqreÿ ie,iqu iy jd¾Isl l%shdldß ie,eiau wkqj .=reNj;=ka yd meje;ajQ iïuqL idlÉPdj,ska wkdjrKh jQ mßÈ mdi,aj, úkh wdrlaId lsÍu iïnkaOj ysñ ia:dkh ±lafjk 6jk j.=j wkqj meyeÈ<s jkafka mdi,l úkh ixj¾Okh m<uq ia:dkh ,nd .; hq;= jqj;a ta ioyd y;r jk ia:dkh ,nd § we;s njhs'

5jk j.=j - mdif,a úkh iïnkaOj isiqka ±kqj;a ù we;s l%u

6jk j.=j - mdi,aj, úkh wdrlaId lsÍu iïnkaOj ysñ ia:dkh

ksheÈhg wh;a jQ mdi,aj,ska 100]lu úkh lïgqj kñka lñgq msysgqjd f.k ;snqKs' mdif,a fcHIaG;u .=re uy;añka iy uy;ajre iu. wjika ;Srl f,i úÿy,am;s;=ud f,i ixhq;sh ilia ù we;' foudmshka iy fcHIaG YsIH kdhl kdhsldjka wdÈ isiqka woyia úuiSug fyda isáh hq;= kuq;a tjeks ksfhdackhla lsisÿ mdi,l olakg fkd,eìKs'

7jk j.=j - úkh wdrlaId lsÍu iïnkaOj mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jk Wml%u

l%uh YsIH m%;sY;h n=20 m%Odk /iaùu mka;s Ndr .=re;=ñh YsIH kdhlhska jd¾;d fmd; fjk;a isiqkaf.ka meyeÈ,sj bÈßm;a fkdlrk

0 6 0 61 0 33

tl;=j 100

ia:dkh ldrKh

1 2 3 4 5

úNd. m%;sM, jeä lsÍu m%foaYfha ckm%sh mdi,la njg m;aùu úIh ndysr iy úIh iu.dñ l%shd ixj¾Okh lsÍu iodpdr iy úkS; nj ixj¾Okh lsÍu fN!;sl myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

Wml%uh mdi,a 10lajQ ksheÈfha m%;sY;hla f,i

mdi, jgd úÿy,am;s ixpdrh lsÍu mka;s wëlaIKh l%shd;aul lsÍu WmfoaYk fiajdj il%sh f,i l%shd;aulùu isiqkaf.a mka;s ;ykï lsÍu isiqka fjk;a mdi,aj,g udre lsÍu

40 30 20 100 100

42

ksheÈhg wh;a iEu mdi,lu isiqkaf.a mka;s ;ykï lsÍu iy fjk;a mdi,aj,g udre lsÍu isÿ fldg ;snqKs' úúO mßmd,k .eg¨ fya;=fjka mdi, jgd úÿy,am;s ixpdrh lsÍu iy wëlaIKh lrk jdr .Kk wvq jk nj iïuqL idlÉPdfõ § ikd: úh' tkï .=rejre jeä ùu" wvq ùu" mdif,a ndysr jev wêl ùu hk lreKq lsysmhls' úkh .eg¨ úi§ug .kakd by<u l%shdud¾.h f,i isiqkaf.a mka;s ;ykï lsÍu iy fjk;a mdi,aj,g udre lsÍu nj mdi,aj, l<ukdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrk ,§'

8jk j.=j - isiq úkh mj;ajd .ekSu iïnkaO j úÿy,am;s iy .=re woyiaj, m%;sY;

isiq úkh mj;ajd .ekSu iïnkaO j úÿy,am;s iy .=re woyiaj, mriamr úfrdaë njla olakg ,eîu úfYaI ,laIKhls' tfy;a fomd¾Yjhu isákafka tlu wdh;khl h' fujeks ;;a;aj hgf;a YsIH úkh wdrlaId lsÍug ie,iqï iïmdokfha § .eg¨ we;s ùu idudkH lreKls' uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd,Su fndfyda .eg¨ úi§ug mokula jk nj ufkda úoHd;aul u;hls' tfy;a ta i`oyd .=rejre fyda úÿy,am;sjre tlÕ fkdùfï m%;sY;h by< h'

9jk j.=j - isiqka jerÈ l< úg Tjqkag ,nd fok ovqjï ms<sno isiq leue;a;

isiqka ovqjï ,eîug leu;s jkafka Tjqkg ióm .=reNjf;l=f.ks' isiqka wlue;s o`vqjï fndfyduhla mdi,aj, l%shd;aul fjhs' tu o`vqjïj,ska isiqjd hyu.g .ekSu isÿfkdjk w;r Tyqf.a wNsudkh wvq ùu iy fm!reI W!k;d we;s ùu muKla isÿ fjhs' isiqkg ;u jerÈ l%shd wjfndaO ùula isÿfkdfõ' ;djld,sl md,khla muKla isÿù wjia:djla ,o miqj h<s jerÈ isÿfjhs'

ldrKh úÿy,am;sjre] .=rejre]

±ä kS;s wjYHh uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd,Su isiqka iu. idlÉPd lsÍu foudmshka iu. idlÉPd lsÍu úkh lñgqjg isiqka we;=<;a lsÍu úkh lñgqjg foudmshka we;=<;a lsÍu m%isoaêfha ovqjï §u fm%au ino;dj,g ovqjï §u

66 33 83 33 66 66 33 83

90 10 65 60 20 40 55 40

ovqju tlÕ jQ YsIH ixLHdj n=200

mka;s Ndr .=re;=ud fyda úIh Ndr .=re;=ud o`vqjï lsÍu iqÿiq o`vqjï ,nd §u wfkla isiqka bÈßfha o`vqjï §u oK .eiaùu úÿy,am;sg fhduq lsÍu mka;s ;ykï lsÍu foudmshkag mejiSu

159 21 20 0 0 0 0

43

5.0 ks.uk yd fhdackd mdi,a isiqkaf.a úkh msßySug ksjfia" iudcfha fukau mdif,a lreKq n,md we;' tu lreKq w;ßka my; i|yka lreKq m%uqLia:dkhla .kshs' foudmshka /lshd kshqla;sh" ck ikaksfõok udOHhkays n,mEu" .=reNj;=kaf.a ksjdvq iy Tjqkf.a fkdie,ls,su;a yeisÍu" wiSñ; YsIH ixLHdjla tla mka;s ldurhl bf.kqu ,eîu" ud¾f.damfoaYj, ÿ¾j,;dj" fkd.e<fmk jhia ldKav iu. tlaùu" o~qjï ,nd §fï jerÈ l%ufõo" isiqkag ;u jerÈ l%shd wjfndaO fkdfldg o~qjï ,nd §u" ÿ¾j, isiqka fkdi,ld yeÍu" úIh ndysr iy úIh iu.dñ l%shdj,g ish¨ isiqka wh;a fkdùu" Ydßßl o~qjï ;ykï lr we;;a wOHhkh l< ish,qu mdi,aj, Ydßßl o~qjï l%shd;aul jk nj wkdjrKh úh' YsIH m%;spdrj,ska meyeÈ,s jkafka 100]la m%isoaêfha o~qjï ,eîug wlue;s h' jro myod § o~qjï ,eîug leu;s h' ;ukaf.a jerÈ fkdi,ld yeßh hq;= ke;s nj isiqyq m%ldY l< lreKq h' mdi,aj, isiqkaf.a úkh wdrlaId lsÍug .; yels l%shdud¾. f,i isiqkg iudkj ie,lSu" ish¨ isiqka fj; .=rejrekaf.a ±ä wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu" isiqkaf.a wd¾Ól iudcsh miqìu fukau ks¾udKYS,s yelshdjka y÷kd .ekSu iy ta wkqj wOHdmksl ie,iqïlrKh yd Wmdh ud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍu" YsIH WmfoaYkh úYajikSh fukau hdj;a ld,Skj bgq lsÍu" úIh iu.dñ l%shd iy ndysr l%shd ie,iqï iy.;j l%shd;aul lsÍu fukau úúOdx.slrKh lsÍu" úkh lñgqjg isiqka fukau foudmshka o we;=<;a lr .ekSu" foudmsh yuq úêu;a f,i meje;aùu" wd.ñl jevigykaj,g keUqre lsÍu" ovínr hehs y÷kd.;a isiqkag úIh ndysr jev mejÍu fukau w;sf¾l jev ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍu" .=reNj;=kg we÷u" me<÷u" yeisÍu" mka;shg msúiSu" l;d ny wdÈhg wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla kej; ld,Sk wjYH;d u; ilia lsÍu" Ydßßl o~qjï l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu" kj fhdjqka úfha isiqka ksid m%isoaêfha o~qjï fkd§u" jro myod § o~qjï ,nd §u" fhdackd flf¾'

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh Bennett, A. 1973. Professional Staff Members’ Contribution to Community

Deveopment. Journal of the Community Development Society. Vo. 4, No. 1: 58‐68.

A Project of American Education Association(1969). Encyclopidia. Forth Edition

London: The Macmillan company. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary(1948) Oxford University Press.

Websters Dictionary (1989) USA: Laxican Publication. wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" 2004'06'17 Èke;s pl%f,aLh" fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HxYh' wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk f,alï 2001'03'30 ksl=;a lr we;s 2001$11 pl%f,aLh"

fld<U( wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HxYh' wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdfõ xvi jk ieis jd¾;dj (1943). wurisxy" ta' tka' ^2002& mdi,a isiqka w.hk .=re fm!reI .=Kdx." wOHdmkh" 35

fld<U( fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

44

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" ^1992& mdi,a ixj¾Ok ie,iqï ilia lr l%shd;aul lsÍu ld¾huQ, m¾fhaIK jHdmD;sh - mdi,a úkS; i;sh" uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNdj ^1992&" m<uqjk jd¾;dj"¡ fld<U: rcfha uqøKd,h' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj (2003)" YS% ,xldfõ idudkHh wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl

m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|yd fhdackd" cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj. ;s,lr;ak nKavd" ã' tï' ^1991& mdi,a l<ukdlrKfha uQ,sldx." fld<U( f.dvf.a

ifydaorfhda' OïumoÜG l:d ^1927& fld<U: fyajd ú;drK uqøKh' m,symssáh" B' ã' ^1982& .=re m%jdis;dj mka;s ldurfha úkh msßySug n,mdk wdldrh"

fld<U úYajúoHd,fha wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s Wmdêfha wjYH;d i|yd bosrsm;a lrk ,o ksnkaOkh (wm%ldYs;).

m%kdkaÿ" ta' fÊ' ^2003& mdi,a úkh" fld<U : l;_D m%ldYk' nd,iQßh" ta' tia' ^1997& idrO¾u wOHdmkh" uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' úch úl%u" mS' wd¾' ^1999& 2 j¾.fha mdi,aj, udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a

l<ukdlrKfha§ we;sjk W!k;d" fld<U úYajúoHd,fha wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s Wmdêfha wjYH;d i|yd bosrsm;a lrk ,o ksnkaOkh (wm%ldYs;).

ùrisxy" fykaß ^1992& wOHdmk Ñka;kh" kqf.af.dv: la,eisla m%skag¾ia' iq;a; ksmd;h ^1977& nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl ud,d" ,xldKavqfõ m%:u uqøKh' Y%S ,xldj (1997)" idudkHh wOHdmkh ms<sn| ckdêm;s ld¾hh idOl n,ldh,

idudkHh wOHdmk m%;sixialrK'

45

Single Parent Family and Educational Achievement

Ramani Renuka Ranathunga WP/Jaya/Sri Indajothi Vidyalaya, Battaramulla

(B Com; PGDE, M Ed, M Phil) 071 8180516

Abstract in English Specific objectives of the research were to review factors related to the single parent family, assess the relationship between single parent family & achievement and identify educational problems emerged due to the single parent family. Survey research method was used to identify the relationship between the dependent variable of achievement with independent variables of whether the parents are alive, dual parentship & single parentship. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 450 grade 11 student sample selected randomly from three districts in Sri Lanka. Structured interviews were conducted with 45 students, 45 parents and 45 teachers. Year end test marks of 2010 were also collected as data. Data were analyzed using percentages and Chi squire test. According to the findings there was a significant relationship between the single parent family and educational achievement. However there was no significant relationship between achievement and dual parentship/single parentship. Research suggests the necessity of interventions to upgrade achievement of the children in single parent families and mental development programmes for them.

47

;ks udmsh mjq, iy wOHdmk idOkh

ruKS f¾Kqld rK;=x. úÿy,am;skS

nm/ ch/ YS% bkaofcda;s úoHd,h n;a;ruq,a,

1.0 ixlaIsma;h kq;k iudc fjkialï wkqj fjkiaa jQ mjq,a mßirhg wh;a ;ks udmshNdjh yd idOkh w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj mÍlaId lsÍu wNsu;d¾:h úh' isiqkaf.a ;ks udmshNdjh wdY%s; idOl úuid ne,Su" ;ks udmshNdjh yd idOkh w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj úuid ne,Su iy ;ks udmshNdjh yd idOkh w;r iïnkaO;dfjka u;= jk .eg¨ úuiSu m¾fhaIK wruqKq úh' mrdh;a; úp,Hh jQ idOkh flfrys mjq,a mßirh wdY%s; iajdh;a; úp,H jQ foudmshka Ôj;=ka w;r isàu$fkdisàu" oaúudmshNdjh iy ;ksudmshNdjh o wkqj mjqf,a n,mEu iólaIK m¾fhaIK l%uh Ndú;fhka úuik ,§' Èia;%slal ;=kl mdi,a kjhl 11jk fY%aKsfha wyUq j f;dard .;a isiqka 450l YsIH ksheÈfhka m%Yakdj,shlska o;a; /ia lrk ,§. isiqka 45fokl=" Tjqkaf.a .=rejrekaf.ka 45fokl= iy foudmshkaf.ka 45fokl= iuÕ jHQy.; iïuQL idlÉPd mj;ajk ,§' niakdysr yd ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;= u.ska meje;ajQ 2010 j¾Ifha" wjidk jdr mÍlaIKfha isxy, NdIdj" .Ks;h" b;sydih iy úoHdj úIhj, idOk mÍlaIK ,l=Kq o o;a; f,i /ia lr m%;sY; yd x2 mÍlaIdj u.ska úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§' m¾fhaIK wkdjrK wkqj" m%;sY; úYaf,aIKfhka ;ksudmsh mjq, yd wOHdmk idOkh w;r fjfiis iïnkaO;djla fy<s jqK o foudmshka ðj;=ka w;r isàu$fkdisàu yd oaúudmshNdjh yd ;ksudmshNdjh hk úp,H wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh hk úp,H fol iy YsIH idOkh w;r iïnkaO;djla ke;. m¾fhaIKfhka fhdackd lrkqfha ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, <uhskaf.a idOkh kÕd isgqùug tu mjq,aj,g wd¾Ól iykdOdr ,nd § udkisl ixj¾Ok jevigyka l%shd;aul l< hq;= nj h'

2.0 ye|skaùu iudcfha uq,a u m%d:ñl tallh jQ mjq," mqoa.,hl=f.a uq,a u wOHdmk ldrlh yd m%d:ñl iudcdkqfhdack ldrlh o fõ¡ mjqf,ka uQ,sl w;aoelSï ,o orejd, bka miq j wOHdmkh i|yd úêu;a mdi,g msúfia¡ úêu;a mdif,a wOHdmkfha M, uksk tla jeo.;a o¾Ylhla jkafka wOHdmk idOkh hs¡ wOHdmk idOkh flf¾" mjq,a mßirfha we;s n,mEu yd bka u;= jk .eg¨" Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k iudc wd¾Ól m%jK;d mokï fldg f.k wOHhkh lsÍu m¾fhaIK wNsu;d¾:h úh¡ Y%S ,xldfõ mjq,a mßirfha uE;ld,Sk ,laIKhla jk ;ks udmsh mjq,a ìys ùu wOHdmk idOkh flf¾ n,mdkafka o hkak wOHhkh lsÍu wjYH ù ;sfnkafka fï ms<sn| YS% ,dxlsl m¾fhaIK idys;Hh" ta ms<sn| oekqï ysvei msrùug ;rï m%n, fkd jk fyhsks¡

3.0 wOHhk .eg¨j mqoa., fm!reIh ks¾udKh lsÍu iy tys ixj¾Okh i|yd mjq, uQ,sl ixrplh fõ' mqoa.,hd mjq,g" oehg yd iudchg jevodhS flkl= o wjevodhS flkl= o hkak ;SrKh lsÍfuys ,d o ;SrKd;aul idOlh jkafka mjq,hs'

48

—iudch .ek fkdi,ld fï l=vd iudc tallfha wNHka;r iajrEmh .ek úuid ne,Sfuka u <uhdf.a yeisÍfï kuH;d y÷kd.; yels h” (Cohen, 1955, p. 75).

mjqf,ka ,nk úYsIag wdl,am Ôú;dka;h olajd Tyq$weh ksjerÈ úYsIag mqoa.,hl= lsÍug bjy,a fõ' ñhqfika" fldk.¾" fla.ka iy yqiagka (Mussen, Conger, Kagen & Huston, 1948) wkqj hï orejl= nqoaêu;a" iqyo" wjxl" iudcYS,s f,i hym;g fhduq ù we;a o tys f.!rjh uq¿ukska u ysñjkqfha Tyqf.a foudmshkag yd tu mjq,a iudchg h' fï wkqj wOHdmkh ms<sn| mq¿,a j idlÉPd lsÍfï §" flkl=f.a Wmf;a isg fmr mdi,a jhi olajd mjqf,ka ,nd fok wOHdmkh woaú;Sh fõ' fï moku u; j¾;udk Y%S ,dxlsl mjq,a ixia:dfõ ,laIK wOHdmkh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh m¾fhaIKd;aul j y÷kd .ekSu ld,Sk wjYH;djls'

wOHdmkh i|yd mjqf,a ueÈy;a ùu wkqj o woH;k m¾fhaIKh jeo.;a fõ' isiqka b;d blaukska fuka u b;du;a jeäfhkq;a wOHdmk idOkh lrd <Õd jkqfha mjqf,a iudcfhks' fï wkqj YsIHhd$YsIHdj mQ¾K fm!reIhlska hq;a mqrjeishl= f,i iudchg bÈßm;a lrkqfha mjq,a mßirh u.sks' mjqf,a ia:djr;ajh yd foudmshkaf.a wdl,am orejkaf.a j¾Okh i|yd úfYaIfhka u ufydamldÍ jk nj;a" th YsIH idOkhg;a fnfyúka n,mdk nj;a uiaf.%dõ (Musgrove, 1966) olajd we;' mjqf,a n,mEu hgf;a mjqf,a wd¾Ól mßirh orejdf.a wOHdmkfha jeo.;a idOlhla fõ ^fm%i¾ia Presers, 1969; yshqia Hughes, 1973; f¾ukaâ isx.a iy lafjdla fjdka.a Raymond sing & Kwok wong, 1998).

j¾;udk mjq,a ixia:dj ms<sn| j .eUqßka lreKq i,ld n,k úg .uH jk lreKla jkafka iudc fjkia ùï iuÕ mjqf,a fkdfhl=;a ye,yemamSï mj;sk nj hs' kQ;k iudch ;=< ieñhd" ìß| yd foudmshka" orejka w;r mej;s in|;dj, f.!rj iïm%hqla;Ndjh fjkia ù we;' tys tla me;slvla jkafka ;ks udmsh mjq,hs (Single parent family).

orejka iuÕ mjq, ;=< uj fyda mshd muKla Ôj;a ùu" fmdÿfõ úúO me;sj,ska mjq,g wys;lr n,mEula t,a, lrhs' th wOHdmkhg o RKd;aul j n,md we;' fk,aika (Nelson, 1986) fmkajd fokafka weußldfõ <uhskaf.ka wvla" Tjqka j¾Okh jk wjêfha § ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, Ôj;a jk nj h' iudc fjkiaùï wkqj mjqf,a jHQyh o fjkia ù we;s nj bka meyeÈ,s fõ'

f,dj wfkl=;a rgj,a fia u YS% ,xldfõ o iudc idOdrK;ajh Wfoid wOHdmk iu wjia:d iïmdokh lsÍfuys ,d úúO m%h;ak ord we;' tfy;a" th mQ¾K jYfhka idlaId;a lr .ekSug fuf;la wfmdfydi;a ù we;' mjq,a mßirh wdYs%; idOl Bg n,md we;s tla wxYhla njg woyia m< ù ;sfí' fï moku u; kQ;k YS% ,dxlsl iudc fjkiaùï wkqj mjq,a mßirfha we;s j ;sfnk fjkialula jk ;ks udmsh mjq,a idOlh, wOHdmk idOkhg n,mdk wdldrh m¾fhaIKd;aul j úuid ne,Su ldf,daÑ; fõ' wOHdmkfhka Wmßu M, fk<d .ekSug;a" rcfha iïm;a kdia;sh j<lajd,Sug;a" wOHdmk idOkh kexùug;a wjYH mshjr y÷kd .ekSu i|yd miqìï ;;a;ajh iy Bg mokï jQ o;a; rgd y÷kd .ekSug th msájy,la jkq we;' fï moku u; wod< .eg,qj ms<sno úêu;a j wOHhkh lsrSu ld,Sk wjYH;djls'

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4.0 idys;H úu¾Ykh fjkia jk mjq,a N+ñldfõ j¾;udkfha oelsh yels tla iajNdjhla jk ;ks udmsh mjq,a, f,dj mqrd fjk;a rgj, iS>%fhka jHdma; jkakd fia u Y%S ,xldj ;=< o j¾;udkfha oelsh yels m%jK;djls' úfoaYSh rgj, fï ms<sn| m¾fhaIK nyq, jqj o Y%S ,xldfõ fï ;;a;ajh úuiSu i|yd fuf;la m¾fhaIK wei fhduq ù ke;' Y%S ,xldj fuf;la lr we;s ck ix.Kk wkqj o fï ;;a;ajh fidhd fkd ne,Su wvqjls' ;ks udmsh mjq,a ms<sn| ks¾jpk ;=kla fufia h'

flÈkl fyda újdy fkd jQ" jekaoUq" Èlalido jQ fyda kej; újdy fkd jQ" ujlg fyda mshl=g jhi 18g wvq <uhl= fõ kï th ;ks udmsh mjq,ls (Retrieved 13.10.2011 from http//www.health children.comlslsinglel parent). tla whl= fyda Bg jeä hemqï uÜgfï orejka iu. uj fyda mshdf.ka muKla iukaú; jQ mjq,, ;ks udmsh mjq,ls (Retrieved 02.02.2012 from The free dictionary by ferlex, http//www. Encyclopedia2. the free dictionary. com/ single+ arent+ family). uj fyda mshd iu. wújdyl <uhskaf.ka hQ;a mjq,a tallh ;ks udmsh mjq,ls (Retrieved 02.02.2012 from The free dictionary by ferlex http//www. Encyclopedia2. the free dictionary.com/single+ parent+ family).

5.0 ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, úldYkh m¾fhaIK wkqj wkd.;fha § weußld tlai;a ckmofha wjqreÿ 18g my< <uhska fofokl=f.ka tla wfhla lsishï ld,hl § ;ks udmsh mjq,la hgf;a Ôj;a jkq we; (Retrieved 02.02.2012 from http//www.lawyes and settlements.com). weußldfõ ix.kk ìhqfrdaj ^2002& wkqj 2001 j¾Ifha § ñ,shk 20la orefjda uj fyda mshd muKla isá ksjdij, Ôj;a jQy' fuh <ud ck.ykfhka 1$4ls' 1950 j¾Ifha isg weußld tlai;a ckmofha ;ks udmsh mjq,a .Kk jeä úh' 1970 § th 11]la úh' 70 oYlfha § Èlalido nyq, ùu" óg n,mE fya;=j úh' 1980 oYlh jk úg Èlalido Wmßu ù 1990 jk úg tys m%jK;dj wvq jkakg úh' 1996 § <uhskaf.ka 31]la ;ks udmsh mjq,aj,g wh;a úh' 2002 § m%;sY;h 28]la úh' we;eï uõjrekag újdy fkd ù orejka ,efí' tfy;a jirlg follg miq TjqyQ újdy fj;s' Ôj úoHd;aul j uj mshd újdy ùu fyda uj fyda mshd fjk whl= iuÕ újdy jQ úg ;ks udmshNdjh ke;s fõ' ;ks udmsh mjq,a i|yd n,mdk idOlj, o fjkialï we;s ù we;' 20 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha § Bg m%Odk fya;=j jQfha uj fyda mshd ñhhdu h' 70" 80 oYlj, m%Odk fya;=j jQfha Èlalido ùu h' 2000 oYlfha m%Odk fya;=j újdy fkd ùu h' ix.kk ìhqfrdaj ^2002& ;ks udmsh mjq,a .Kka lsÍfï § uj mshd tlg isáh;a Tjqka újdy ù ke;s kï tu idOlh o i,ld n,kq ,efí' újdy ù È.= l,lg wE;a ù isàu o ^WodyrK ( brdlfha hqoaOhg hdu& ;ks udmsh mjq,a f,i .Kka n,d we;' wka;¾cd,fha http://www. Health of children. Com/s/ Single parent. Families. html) fjí wvúh wkqj ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, jeä ùu 1980 oYlfha isg we;s úh' <uhska we;s

50

oeä lsÍfï iudc wdl,amj, fjki ñka meyeÈ,s fõ' th mshdg o wh;a ld¾hhls' 1970 § mshd iuÕ isáfha <uhskaf.ka 1]ls' 2002 § fuh 5] olajd j¾Okh úh' ;ks mshjreka ;ks uõjrekag jvd ljodj;a újdy fkd ùug jvd olakg ,efnk ,laIKh jkafka Èlalido ùu hs' tfia u Tõyq uõjrekag jvd fjk;a ldka;djl iuÕ ðj;a fj;s' WodyrK f,i fldflaishka <uhskaf.ka 33]la wújdyl mshd iuÕ isáh;a Tyq isákafka fjk;a ldka;djla iuÕ h' fuu ;;a;ajfhka isák wm%sldkq weußldkq <uhska ixLHdj 29]ls' wdishd meismsla <uhs ixLHdj 30]la yd Spanic <uhska ixLHdj 46]la fõ'

6.0 ;ks udmsh mjq,a wdlD;s 1984 isg f,dal o;a; wkqj <uhskaf.ka 60]la iajlSh <ud ld,fhka iudkH jYfhka wjqreÿ myla .; lrkqfha ;ks ud msh mjq,a hgf;a h' weußld tlai;a ckmofha ish¨ <uhskaf.ka 30]la iïmQ¾K <ud ld,h .; lrkafka ;ks ud msh mjq,l h ^Compas & Williams, 1990; Knox 1996; Thiessen, 1997). Y%S ,xldfõ óg iudk m¾fhaIK o;a; y÷kdf.k ke;' ;ks ud msh mjq,aj, m%Odk újdodmkak .eg¨jla jkafka <uhdf.a Ydia;%Sh idOkhg fulS mjq,a bjy,a jk wldrh y÷kd .ekSu;a <uhskaf.a idOkh jeä lsÍug foudmshka flfia yjq,a úh hq;= o hkak y÷kd .ekSu;a h' j¾;udk m¾fhaIKfha § o fï wruqK wkqj m¾fhaIK lrkq ,efí' ;ks udmsh mjq,a yd Ydia;%Sh idOkh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK wdlD;s follg wh;a fõ (Marsh, 1990; Seifer, Sameroff, Baldwin & Baldwin, 1992; Thiessen, 1997). tkï mjqf,a W!k;d ms<sn| wdlD;sh ^Family deficit model) wjodkï iy wdrlaaIs; idOl wdlD;sh ^Risk and protective factor model) fõ' mjqf,a W!k;d wdlD;sfhka 1970 oYlfha isg kHIaál iy oaú udmsh mjq,a b;d u fyd| mjq,a jHQyh f,i i,lk ,§' fulS wdlD;sh wkqj ;ks ud msh mjqf,ka <uhdg >DK n,mEula we;s fõ' tu ksid fuu wlD;sfhka l< m¾fhaIKj, § ;ks ud msh mjq,a <uhskag wys;lr njg idlaIs iemhsKs' wjodku iy wdrlaIs; idOl wdlD;sh 1990 oYlfha ìys jQ w;r fuys § wjOdrKh jkafka iEu mjq,l u ÿ¾j,;d iy Yla;Ska ;sfnk nj hs' fï wdlD;sfhka mejfikqfha mjq,a jHQyh hkq <uhdf.a Ydia;%Sh idOkhg n,mdk fndfyda wjodkï idOlj,ska tlla muKla nj hs' ta wkqj wd¾Ól idOl o fjk;a miqìï idOl o <uhdf.a idOkhg n, mE yels h (Battle, 1998; Knox, 1996; Milne, Myers, Rossenthal & Ginsberg, 1996; Mulkey, Crain & Harrington, 1992; Thomson, Hanson & Mclanahan, 1994).

<uhl=f.a idOkhg >DK fyda Ok jYfhka n,mdk idOl m%j¾. (Categories) ;=kls:-

1' fm!oa.,sl idOl iEu <uhl= u i;= wNHka;r pß; ,laIK jk nqoaêuh yelshd" bf.kqug we;s m%fõYh" iaj ixl,amh bka woyia fõ;

2' ksjiska" mdi,ska fyda m%cdfjka ,efnk iydh fyj;a iudc iyfhda.h ,efnk

wdldrh; 3' mjqf,a ixialD;sh" mjqf,a jHqyh" foudmshkaf.a /lshdj" wdodhu" wOHdmkh"

udkisl fi!LHh" orejka yod jvd .ekSfï l%u" ck j¾.h iy mjqf,a m%udKh óg wh;a idOl fõ' Èlalidoh" kej; újdyh" urK jeks <ud ixj¾Okhg n,mdk fjk;a lreKq o óg wh;a h (Seifer, Sameroff, Baldwin & Baldwin, 1992; Thiessen, 1997).

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fï kHdh wkqj wjOdrKh jkafka, <uhd Ôj;a jk mjqf,a iajNdjhg jvd ^tla udmsh" oaú udmsh& <uhdf.a Ydia;%Sh idOkhg, <uhdg u wdfõksl fm!reI idOl iy iudc ixia:dj, iydh" jeä n,mEula lrk nj h'

Ydia;S%sh idOkhg ;ks udmsh mjq,a RK jYfhka n,mdk njg ksYaÑ; ms<s;=rla m¾fhaIKj,ska ,eî ke;' iudk Ydia;%Sh yelshd we;s <uhskaf.ka ;ks udmsh <uhska mdi,ska weo ye,Sfï m%jK;dj wfkla <uhskag jvd ;=ka .=Khla jeä h' f.or jevj,g Woõ ùug fkdyels ùu" ix.; úkhg n,mEfï yelshdj wvq ùu" foudmshkaf.a wvq md,kh wvq Ydia;%Sh idOkhg n,mdk ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, idOl fõ' mdi, iuÕ iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d .ekSfï § o ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, <uhs jeä ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK fo;s (Thiessen, 1997; Zimiles & Lee, 1991).

7.0 ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, .eg¨ http://www. Health of children. Com/s/ Single parent. Families. html) fjí wvúh ^Retrieved 20'12' 2011& ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, .eg¨ ,ehsia;=.; lr ;sìKs' ta wkqj mjq,aj,ska 1$2lg jvd 2002 § bmhSu j¾Ihlg fvd,¾ 30000lg wvqfjks' fjk;a mjq,a fvd,¾ 75000la bmhQy' tfia bmhQ ;ks uõ mjq,a m%;sY;h 6]ls' ;ks msh mjq,a 11]ls' rlaIK wdjrK fkd,eîfï m%jK;dj jeä u ;ks msh mjq,aj, h'

iudc úoHd{hka fmkajd fok wjdisodhl ;;a;ajj,g fya;=j <uhska yodjvd .ekSfï foudmsh N+ñldjg jvd ÿ¾j, wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh hs' wOHdmk idOkh wvqùu, mdi,ska weo ye,Su jeä ùu, fhdjqka úfha § u foudmshka ùu, foudmshka iu`. jeämqr .egqï we;s ùu, jeäysá wëlaIKh wvqùu, mdi,g fkdf.dia ieÕù isàug we;s yelshdj jeä ùu, u;aøjH Ndú;hg yqreùu' wjodkï ,sx.sl p¾hd we;sùu, l,a,s j,g ne£u" isr.; ùfï wjodku fo.=Khlska jeä ùu, Ñ;a;fõ. yd p¾hduh .eg¨" i|yd jeämqr iydh wjYH ùu, m%pKav ;;a;aj$wmrdOj, iyNd.s;ajh jeäùu, ishÈú ydks lr .ekSug fm<öu jeäùu iy jeäyssáhka f,i Èlalidoùu fo.=Khlska jeäùu hk lreKq wkqj ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, <uhska wjodkug jeàug we;s wjia:d (At risk children) jeä h'

wd¾Ól ÿIAlr;d yd Ñ;a;fõ.sl ÿIAlr;d ;snqK o ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, <uhskag hym;a p¾hd in|;d f.dv k.d f.k ÈhqKq úh yels njg wOHhk wkdjrK we;' Èlalido jQ mjq,aj, wh kej; újdy jQ úg kj in|;d cd,h mq¿,A úh yels h' kS;suh idOl ksid o in|;d mq¿,A fjhs'

udmsh ld¾hNdrh (Parental concern) o ;ks udmsh mjq,a ms<sn| .eg¨ lafIa;%hls. ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, Ôú;h ÿIalr yd yqol,d h' ;SrK .ekSu" úkh md,kh" uQ,H j.lSu ;ks j lsÍug isÿ fõ' ;ks foudmshka yd orejka i|yd Okd;aul Ôú;hla ,nd §ug wkq.ukh l< yels mshjr kï <ud wdrlaIl fiajdj, iydh ,eîu, ksjfia p¾hdj úêu;a lr ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍu, kS;s yd úkh meyeÈ,s j yd ix.; j mj;ajd f.k hdu, <uhdg <uhl= fia isàug bv yer jeäysá .eg¨ úi`§ug wjldY fkd§u, <uhdf.a Ôú;hg jeo.;a .=rejreka" ñ;=rka yd l%Svd WmfoaYlhka y÷kajd §u, wfkla mjq,aj,ska ikaiqka j yd wjxl j lreKq úuiSu iy <uhd uj$mshd ke;s ùu ms<sn`o .eg¨fjka wd;;shg (Stress) m;a fkd lsÍu" Èlalido jQ úg ljqreka f;dard.; hq;= o hk .eg¨jg <uhd m;a fkdlsÍu" <uhskag uQ,`Huh wmyiq;d .ek wjxl j lshd §u fõ.

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<uhd ;ks udmshdg lSlre fkdfõkï mdif,ka o iudc fiajd wdh;kj,ska o udkisl fi!LH WmfoaYkfha kshq;= jQjkaf.ka (Social Service Agencies) o Wmldr me;sh hq;= h' uE; ld,Sk j mjq,a jHQyfha we;s jQ ;j;a fjkila jQfha ksjfia mshjreka fkdisàu h' miq.sh oYl ;=fka § weußld tlai;a ckmofha mjq,a cSú;j, jvd;a u oDYHudk fjkialïj,ska tlla jQfha ksjfia mshjreka fkd isàu (Non residence fatherhood) jeäùu;a Bg iu.dó j ;ks udmsh mjq,a we;s ù m%Odk jYfhka uj muKla isák ksjdi ìys ùu;a h' fï m%jK;dj idudkH uyck wjOdkhg ie,lsh hq;= Ydia;%Sh Wkkaÿjlg o fya;= ù we;' idudkHfhka <uhska Tjqkaf.a Ôj úoHd;aul foudmshka iuÕ fjfik úg jvd fyd| ,laIK fmkakqï lr;s (Fare better). fndfyda orejka Wmf;a § mshjreka iuÕ Ôj;a jqj;a mshjreka ksjfika ndysr j isàu <uhska flfrys n,mdk wdldrh .eUqßka m¾fhaIKhg ,la úh hq;= h' fuh wkajdhdu j y÷kd .ekSfï wjYH;dj mj;S (Bumpass & Lu, 2000). mjqf,a mshd ke;s ùu <uhskaf.a fi!LHh" wOHdmkh iy Ñ;a;fõ. m< lsÍu flfrys n,mdhs (Amato, 2000; Machlanahan, 2001). fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ;ks udmshkaf.a wd¾Ól iqNidOkhg n,mE wdldrh .ek 1993 § l< mfka, wOHhkhlska (Panel study) ^;ks uõjreka 930la iy ;ks mshjreka 168l ksheÈhls& wkdjrKh jQfha wjqreÿ y;rl úoHd, Wmdêh (College Degree) ;ks udmsh iy mshjrekaf.a wd¾Ól uÜgu Wiia lsÍug n,mE njhs' mshjreka uõjrekag jvd o iqÿ cd;sl ;ks udmshka wm%sldkq weußldkq ;ks udmshkag jvd o bÈßfhka isáhy' ;ks udmshkag hym; i|yd iudc m%;sm;a;s fhduq úh hq;af;a udkj m%d.aOk ixj¾Okh iy ta i|yd jv jvd;a iïm;a jeh lsÍfuka o ,sx.sl j¾. wNsk;sh Y%u fjf<| fmdf<ka bj;a lsÍfuka o h. wm%sldkq weußldkq ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, ^wvq wdodhï ,nk& m¾hdf,dal wkqj mjqf,a ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| udk myla y÷kdf.k ;sfí (Casper & Bryson, 1998). tajd kï" Ñ;a;fõ.Sh fmdaIKh iemhSu" ikaksfõokh" tlg tl;=j l%shd lsÍu" tlsfkldg Woõ lsÍu iy m%udKj;a f,i orejka we;s oeä lr .ekSu h' fï lreKq wkqj ;ks udmsh mjq, iy wOHdmk idOkh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj .ek YS% ,xldfõ o m¾fhaIK lsÍfï wjYH;dj mj;S'

8.0 mshjreka fkdisàu iy mdif,a idOkh mshdf.a wE;a ùu wd¾Ól fuka u Ñ;a;fõ.sl j o <uhskag n,mdhs' uj iuÕ isák <uhskag iydh ,efí kï Tjqkaf.a mdi,a idOkh iydh fkd,efnk <uhskag jvd jeä h (Knox, 1996; Thomson, Hanson & Mclanahan, 1994). ;reKhka ms<sn| cd;sl wkajdhdu wOHhkh ^National Logitadinal Survey of Youth) wkdjrKh lf<a, mjq,a 100l uõjreka ,nk iEu wdOdrhlska u, Tjqkaf.a <uhskaf.a iïu; ,l=Kqj, 1$8-1" isg 7$10 + .7 jeä ùulg n,mEï l< nj hs ^Knox, 1996)' kej; újdyh o <uhskaf.a idOkhg n,mdkafka, tu újdyh oekg isák ;ks uj fyda mshd ke;s ùfï ud¾.hla f,i <uhska ixcdkkh lrk ksid h' iuyr úg fuu mjq,aj, <uhska Ydia;%Sh idOkfhka by< .sh;a Ñ;a;fõ. yd p¾hd .eg¨j,ska mSvd ú`È;s ^Thomson, Hanson & Mclanahan, 1994).

53

9.0 ujf.a /lshdfjka idOkhg jk n,mEu ujf.a /lshdj >DK m%;sM, i|yd jQ idOlhla fkdfõ. tys Ok fuka u >DK m%;sM, o we;s úh yels h' wm%sldkq" weußlka <uhska jvd fyd|g bf.k .kqfha uõjreka /lshd lrk úg h ^Knox, 1996). ;ks udmsh idOlh fuka u fjk;a wjodkï iy.; idOl;a <uhdf.a Ydia;%Sh iu;a wiu;aNdjh, ld¾h idOkh flfrys n,mdhs' mjqf,a jHQyh fkdi,ld foudmshka <uhskaf.a bf.kqug iïnkaO úh hq;= h' tu.ska Ydia;%Sh idOkh k.d isgqúh yels h (Thomson, Hanson & Mclanahan, 1994; Knox, 1996).

10.0 ;ks udmsh mjq, iy wOHdmkh fk,aika (Nelson, 1986) fmkajd fokafka weußldkq ix.Kk ìhqfrdafõ m%lafIamK wkqj weußldfõ <uhskaf.ka 1$2la Tjqka j¾Ok wjêfha § ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, Ôj;a jk njhs' fuh j¾;udk weußldfõ mjqf,a Ôjk rgdj ksfhdackh lrhs' ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, uQ,sl ,laIKhla kï ld,h" Yla;sh iy uqo,a w;ska iSñ; iïm;a ;sîu hs' tu mjq,aj,ska 60]la ÿmam;alfï fjfi;s' fkda¾gka iy .a,sla (Norton & Glick, 1986) fmkajd fokafka jdia;ú; ñkqïj,ska uj uQ,sl lr .;a mjq,aj,ska nyq;rhla wfkla mjq,aj,g jvd ÿmam;alu" wvq wOHdmkh" tla ia:dkhl fkdisg ;ek ;ek ixl%uKh ùu hk idOl wkqj wjdisodhl uÜgul isák njhs' fl%hska (Krein, 1986) fmkajd fokafka Wiia mdi,ska weo ye,Sfï wkqmd;h ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, fo.=Khla njhs' tf,i u ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, <uhskaf.a újdy fjkaùu fyda Èlalidofhka fl<jr ùug we;s bvlv o fnfyda jeä úh' ñhq,¾ iy l+m¾ (Mueller & Cooper, 1986) mjikafka ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, orejka wújdyl udmshNdjhg (Unmarried Parenthood) m;aùfï wjodku jeä njhs' n¾âka (Burden, 1986) m¾fhaIK wkqj ;yjqre jkafka ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, uõjrekag Ôj;a ùu i|yd /lshd lsÍug isÿ jk nj h' ujf.a /lshdj i|yd wvq jegqma ysñ ùu" jeä meh .Kkla jev lsÍug isÿ ùu" /lshdfõ iy ksjfia jeä j.lSï m%udKhla oeÍug isÿ ùu ksid ;ks mshjrekag jvd udkisl" YdÍßl yd Ñ;a;fõ.sl hymeje;au wju uÜgulg jeà ;sfnk nj h' fjdal¾ iy fykska.a (Walker & Henning, 1997) lekvdfõ 10jk fYa%Ksfha isiqka 28l iy Tjqkaf.a ;ks udmshka 28l ksheÈhlska ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, udmsh" ¥ore in|;d ms<sn| wOHhkhla lf<a h' fuu wOHhkfhka mjq,a jHQyfha Y%s;hla f,i ;ks udmshka yd Tjqkaf.a orejkaf.a iïnkaO;d iy wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ms<sn| j fidhd n,k ,§' wOHhkfhka wkdjrKh jQfha lekvdj ;=< ;ks udmsh mjq,a b;d YS>%fhka j¾Okh jqj o Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOfha j¾Okhla isÿ ù fkdue;s nj h. .ska;¾ iy fmd,dla (Ginther & Pollak, 2005) fy<s lf<a iïm%odhsl kHIaál mjq,aj, <uhskag jvd fudjqkaf.a idOkh my< njhs' ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, fojk újdyfha orejkaf.a o idOkh iudk kuq;a iïm%odhsl kHIaál mjq,aj,g jvd wvq h (Ginther and Pollak, 2005). ta wkqj mjqf,a jHQyh wOHdmk idOkhg n,mdhs' cd;sl uÜgfï wOHhk foll u" (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979, The Pannel Study of Income Dynamics, 2001) wjqreÿ 15la olajd o;a; /ia l< <uhska 11064lf.a Wiia mdi,a wOHdmkh iïපූ¾K lsÍu ms<sn| m%;sM, iy úNd. m%;sM, úYaf,aIKfhka o by; f;dr;=re u wkdjrKh úh'

54

mjqf,a wdodhu iy ujf.a wOHdmkh hk úp,H o ie,l= úg fï idOlh fjfiis j n,mEï lrhs' m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka fï ms<sn| wjê úh hq;= nj o fmkajd fok Tjqyq ta i|yd ffO¾h §" nÿ iyk iy iqNidOk m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul l< hq;= nj;a" újdyh yd Èlalidoh ms<sn| kS;s o orejdg ,eìh hq;= iydh o ms<sn| kS;suh wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= nj;a wjOdrKh ù ;sfí' udlaia (Marks, 2006) YsIH idOkhg mjqf,a m%udKh iy mjq,a j¾.h n,mdk wdldrh wOHhkh lr lshùu iy .Ks; idOkhg iudc wd¾Ól miqìu fya;=jk nj fmkajd ÿkafka h' iudc wd¾Ól miqìu iy fN!;sl iïm;a hk úp,H fol ie,l= úg ;ks udmsh mjq,a hk úp,Hfha n,mEu wvq h' ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, YsIHhkaf.a wvq idOkhg fya;=j wvq uÜgfï j;alï iy wvq wOHdmk iïm;a h' ,S iy ෙජ්ika ^Lee & Jason, 2008) cd;sl uÜgfï iólaIK o;a; úYaf,aIKfhka

iudk ,sx.sl" ;ks udmshka iuඟ fjfik kj fh!jkhkaf.a Ydia;%Sh idOkh úreoaO ,sx.sl foudmshkaf.a idOkhg jvd jeä o hkq msßlaid Multiple analysis of co-variance wkqj mrdhka; úp,H y;rla ^lshùfï mරීlaIK ,l=Kq" .Ks; mÍlaIK ,l=Kq' bx.%sis .=re we.hqu" .Ks; .=re we.hqu& iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh wkqj iy úie,s.; jkafka oehs (Co‐variance) msßlaiQ úg wkdjrKh jQfha iudk ,sx.sl ;ks udmsh mjq,aj,ska idOkhg msájy,la fkd,efnk njhs' mshjreka iuÕ isá .eyeKq <uhskaf.a idOkh jeä úh' wka;¾cd,fha http://family.jrank.org/pages/ll/Academic– Achievement family –Background–family-structure.html. (10.07.2011) fjí wvúh" wOHdmk idOkh i|yd ;ks udmsh mjq, iy foudmsh mjqf,a n,mEu úuid ;ks udmsh mjq, ;=< mjqf,a jHQyfha fjkia ùu iy th tu mjq,aj, isiqkaf.a mdi, yd wOHdmk M,j,g n,mdk wdldrh" foudmsh mjq, iuඟ ii|ñka mරීlaaId lr ;sfí' bka wkdjrKh jQfha ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, orejkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh my; uÜgul mj;sk nj h' tfuka u iumoia: lKavdhïj, .%yKhg jvd blaukska Tjqkag keUqre úh yels h' tf,i u Wiia mdif,ka weoye,Sug by< iïNdú;djla mj;S' tfuka u Tjqka w;r úYd, jYfhka iudcuh yd udkisl .eg¨" mj;S' tkï fjkia jk mjq,a jHQyh ;=< isiqkaf.a hym;a wOHdmk M, i|yd mjq,a miqìfï idOl n,mE yels h' WodyrK f,i udmsh wOHdmkh" wdodhu" cd;sh$wd.u .; yels h' tfy;a ;ks udmsh mjq,a ms<sn| m¾fhaIKj, § tu mjq,a ;=< mj;sk úúO;d fiùug m¾fhaIlhka wiu;a ù ;sfí' WodyrK f,i m¾fhaIK m%;sM, cks; jQfha újdyh ì| jeàu ^fjkaùu fyda Èlalidoh&" udmsh urKh fyda flÈkl fyda újdy fkdjQ udmsh ;;a;ajh u; o hkak ms<sn| úuid ke;' fndfyda wOHhk u.ska mjqf,a ì| jeàu <uhdf.a Ôú;fha l=uk ld, iSudjl isÿ ù o hkak fiùug wiu;a j we;' tf,i u fï ksid yqol,d jQfha uj o mshd o Ndrlre o hkak fkdfiùu wvqjls' m¾fhaIK m%;sM,j,ska u;= jq wfkl=;a wkdjrKh jQfha ;ks udmsh fyda foudmsh mjq,aj, orejkaf.a wOHdmk m%dma;sh i|yd mjqf,a wd¾Ól miqìu yd mjqf,a udmsh ¥ore wka;¾ in|;d n,mdk nj h' mjq,a mßirh iy mjqf,a jHqyh ^;ks udmsh mjq, iy oaú udmsh mjq,& wOHdmk idOkhg n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| fidhd n,k wOHhk j¾;udkfha § Ydia;%Sh M, fiùug jvd mjq,a miqìfï n,mEu fidhd ne,Sug keUqre ù we;. WodyrKhla f,i mdif,a isiqkaf.a idOkh ;SrKh lsrSu i|yd mjqf,a iudc ;;a;ajh fyda ixialD;sl

55

miqìu wod< fkd jk w;r wOHdmk m%dma;sh i|yd foudmshka ta i|yd ksji ;=< ,nd fok odhl;ajh jeo.;a fõ' iEï fräka.a (Sam Redding, 1999) fuh ikd: lr mjikafka wOHdmk M, i|yd my< iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajfhka úh yels n,mEu" b;d wju nj h' wOHdmk M, i|yd my< iudc wd¾Ól uÜgfuka úh yels n,mEu foudmshkaf.a fm,Uùu" wOHdmkh i|yd W;af;acl iemhSu" iydh §u yd Wiia NdId w;aoelSï orejkag ,nd §u u.ska ch .; yels h' fï moku wkqj o mjq,a mßirfha .;s ,laIK iy mjqf,a n,mEu w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj, iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

11.0 m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh 11.1 wruqKq • mjq,a mßirh wdY%s; ;ks udmsh mjq,a idOlh iy isiqkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh w;r

mj;akd iïnkaO;dj úuid ne,Su' • mjq,a mßirh wdY%s; ;ks udmsh mjq,a idOlh iy isiqkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh w;r

mj;akd iïnkaO;dfjka u;= jk .eg¨ úuid ne,Su'

11.2 m¾fhaIK l%uh ;ks udmsh mjq,a mßirh iy idOkh w;r iïnkaO;dj mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd úia;rd;aul m¾fhaIK m%fõYhg wh;a iñlaIK m¾fhaIK l%uh f;dard .eksKs'

11.3 ix.ykh ix.ykh jQfha 2010 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨u rcfha isxy, udOH mdi,aj, 11jk fY%aKsfha isiqka jqj;a fuu úYd, ix.ykhg ld,h iïm;a iy m%dfhda.sl .eg¨ ksid msúiSug we;s wmiyiq;dj u; Y%S ,xldfõ úúO iudc wd¾Ól ia:rj, Ôj;a jk ix.ykh fyd¢ka ksfhdackh jk fia b,lal ix.ykhla (Target Population)f;dard .kakd ,§' Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a kjfhys fuka u Èia;%slalj, o úúO iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;aj mj;sk nj cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfjka ^1992& y÷kd f.k we;' tys m%jdykh" ksjdi" c,h" ikSmdrlaIKh" fi!LH" l=gqïN wdodhu mokï lrf.k mj;sk ;;a;ajh ;lafiare lr we;' tu ;;a;ajhkaf.a idudkH ixLHd o;a; u.ska ixhqla; o¾Ylhla f.dv k.df.k we;' th 1 isg 100 olajd iSud jQ mßudKhls' fï mßudK ish,af,ys u uOHkh 50la yd iïu; wm.ukh 10la fõ' uOHkHh 50la jk ksid" Bg jeä o¾Yl we;s Èia;%slal 11la by< iudc ia:rhg;a, Bg wvq o¾Yl we;s Èia;%slal 14la my< iudc ia:rhg;a we;=<;a lr we;' fuu mßudKfha by< u w.h jQ ixhqla; o¾Ylh 77la jk w.h ksfhdackh lrkqfha niakdysr m<df;a fld<U Èia;%slalh hs' tys my< u w.h jk ixhqla; o¾Ylh 41 ksfhdackh lrkqfha W!j m<df;a fudKrd., Èia;%slalh hs' fuys by<u w.h jk ixhqla; o¾Ylh 77la jk fld<U Èia;%slalh;a, tys uOH w.hla ksrEmkh lrk ixhqla; o¾Ylh 53la jQ ud;r Èia;%slalh;a" tys my<u w.hla ksrEmkh jk ixhqla; o¾Ylh 43la jQ yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slallh;a wOHhkh i|yd f;dard .eksKs'

Y%S ,xld mdi,a wOHdmk moaO;sfha wOHdmk idOkh ms<sn| ;SrKd;aul wjia:djla w'fmd'i' ^id. fm<& úNd.h u.ska Wodjk neúka 11jk fY%aKsfha isiqka fuu .eg¨j mßlaId lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq u lKavdhu f,i y÷kd .eksKs' ta wkqj fld<U" ud;r iy yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalj, rcfha isxy, udOH mdi,aj, 2010 j¾Ifha bf.kqu ,enq 11jk fY%aKsfha isiqka fuu wOHhkfha b,lal ix.ykh úh' b,lal ix.ykhg o

56

msúiSfï we;s m%dfhda.sl wmyiq;d ksid <`.d úh yels ix.ykh (Accessible Population) ;SrKh lrk ,§' <`.d úh yels ix.ykh jQfha fld<U ud;r iy yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalj, tla Èia;%slalhlska l,dm ;=k ne.ska l,dm kjhl rcfha isxy, mdi,aj, 2010 j¾Ifha bf.kqu ,o 11 jk fY%aKsfha isiqka fõ' th ksheÈ rduqj úh ^1jk j.=j&' fï ix.ykh mokï lr mdi,a yd isiqka f;dard .eksKs'

1jk j.=j - <.d úh yels ix.ykh

11'4 ksheÈh ia;r.; wyUq ksheÈ l%uh wkqj yïnkaf;dg" ud;r iy fld<U hk Èia;%slal ;=fkka tla Èia;%slalhlska 1AB, 1C yd 2 j¾.fha mdi, ne.ska mdi,a ;=kla o ta wkaoug Èia;%slal ;=k i|yd mdi,a kjhla o f;dard .eksKs' ta wkqj o mj;sk úIu;d ie,ls,a,g .ksñka l,dm wkqj ia;r.; fldg Èia;%slal ;=fkka l,dm kjhla l=im;a we§fï l%uhg wyUq f,i uq,ska u f;dard .eksKs' Èia;%slalj, l,dm kjfhka 1AB, 1C yd 2 j¾.fha mdi,a kdu f,aLk wkqj f,d;/hs l%uhg 1AB mdi,aj,ska" 1C mdi,aj,ska yd 2 j¾.fha mdi,aj,ska tl l,dmhlska mdi,a ;=k ne.ska mdi,a kjhla wyUq j f;dard .eksKs ^2jk j.=j&' isiqka f;dard .ekSug ia:r.; wyUq fmdl=re ksheÈlrKh wkqj tla mdi,l iudka;r mka;s lsysmhla we;s úg bka tl mka;shla wyUq f,i f;dard .kakd ,§' iudka;r mka;s ke;s úg wod< mka;sh fmdl=rla f,i f;dard .kakd ,§' tla mka;shlska isiqka 50la f,i f;dard .eksKs' wod< mka;sfha isiqka .Kk 50g wvq jQ úg wyUq f,i ;j;a mka;shla f;dardf.k wjYH isiqka .Kk wyUq l%uhg f;dard.kq ,eî h' fuf,i Èia;%slal ;=fkka iudk f,i .eyeKq" msßñ ñY% jk mßÈ mdi,a kjhl" 11jk fY%aKsfha isiqka 450la ksheÈh i|yd f;dard .eksKs ^3jk j.=j&'

Èia;%slalh l,dmh mdi,a .Kk

isiqka .Kk 1AB 1C 2

yïnkaf;dg ;x.,a, 9 22 47 36960 yïnkaf;dg 15 24 60 55223 j,iauq,a, 7 26 64 33823

ud;r ud;r 18 31 46 66886 wl=/iai 2 22 37 29489 uq,áhk 6 17 55 30107

fld<U fld<U 28 34 51 47695 fydaud.u 4 14 50 51890 Y%S chj¾Okmqr 19 21 36 93288

tl;=j 108 211 446 545361

57

2jk j.=j - mdi,a ksheÈh

3jk j.=j - YsIH ksheÈh

iïuqL idlÉPdj i|yd tl mdi,lska isiqka mia fofkl= ne.ska" mdi,a j¾. ;=fkka 15fofkl= f,i Èia;%slal ;=fkka isiqka 45la o mdi,lska .=rejreka foudmshka 5fofkl= ne.ska f;dardf.k mdi,a j¾. ;=fkka 15fofkl= o f,i" Èia;%slal ;=fkka 45fofkl= o f;dard .eksKs ^4jk j.=j&'

Èia;%slalh l,dmh mdi,a .Kk

1AB 1C 2

yïnkaf;dg

;x.,a, 1

yïnkaf;dg 1

j,iauq,a, 1

ud;r

ud;r 1

wl=/iai 1

uq,áhk 1

fld<U

fld<U 1

fydaud.u 1

Y%S chj¾Okmqr 1

tl;=j 3 3 3

Èia;s%lalh l,dm mdi,a j¾.h

msßñ .eyekq uq¿ YsIH

tl;=j 1AB 1C 2

fld<U fld<U fydaud.u YS% chj¾Okmqr

1

1 1

25 25 25

25 25 25

50 50 50

tl;=j 1 1 1 75 75 150

ud;r ud;r uq,áhk wl=/iai

1 1

1

25 25 25

25 25 25

50 50 50

tl;=j 1 1 1 75 75 150

yïnkaf;dg yïnkaf;dg ;x.,a, j,iauq,a,

1

1

1

25 25 25

25 25 25

50 50 50

tl;=j 1 1 1 75 75 150

uqM tl;=j 3 3 3 225 225 450

58

4jk j.=j - .=re yd foudmsh ksheÈh

11.5 o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%uYs,am, ñkqï WmlrK iy úYaf,aIK l%u ;ks udmsh mjq,a mßirh wdY%s; idOl" idOkhg n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| lreKq wkdjrKh lr .ekSu i|yd isiq" .=re" foudmsh ksheÈfhka o;a; ,nd .ekSug" m%Yakdj,s" iïuqL idlÉPd iy idOk mÍlaIK ,l=Kq Ndú; lrk ,§' ;ks udmsh mjq,a mßirh yd idOkh w;r iïnkaO;dj mÍlaIdj i|yd oaú úp,H úYaf,aIK l%uhla jk lhs j¾. mÍlaIdj (Chi square test) Ndú; flßKs. úp,H foll o;a; kdu fldaÿfjka mj;akd wjia:djl tu úp,H foflys iajdh;a;;dj (Test for Independence) ms<sn| j tkï úp,H fol w;r iïnkaO;djka we;a o hkak mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd χ2

mÍlaIdj Ndú; l< yels h' o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd wkqñ;s ixLHdk l%uYs,amhg wu;r j úia;rd;aul ixLHdkfha tk m%;sY; l%uh o Wmfhda.S lr .eksKs' úp,H w;r iïnkaO;dfõ m%udKd;aul nj ms<sn| ;lafiarejla lsÍug tu.ska wjia:dj ,eìKs' iïuqL idlÉPd o;a;, .=Kd;aul o;a; úYaf,aIK l%u Ys,am u.ska úYaf,aIKh flßKs' uq,ska u /ia l< o;a; ta ta f;aud Tiafia f.dkq lrk ,§'

11.6 wOHdmk idOkh ;SrKh lsrSu wOHdmk idOkh ;SrKh lsÍfï § ol=Kq yd niakdysr m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;= u.ska meje;ajQ 2010 j¾Ifha wjidk jdr mÍlaIKh mdol lr .kakd ,§' Wla; mÍlaIKh i|yd .Ks;h" úoHdj" isxy, NdIdj yd b;sydih hk úIh y;r i|yd isiqka ,o ,l=Kq tys § ie,ls,a,g .eksKs' my; oelafjk f,i tu ,l=Kq mrdi myla hgf;a f.dkq lrk ,§.

Èia;s%lalh l,dm mdi,a j¾.h

.=rejre foudmshka tl;=j 1AB 1C 2

fld<U fld<U fydaud.u YS% chj¾Okmqr

1

1 1

5 5 5

5 5 5

10 10 10

tl;=j 1 1 1 15 15 30

ud;r ud;r uq,áhk wl=/iai

1 1

1

5 5 5

5 5 5

10 10 10

tl;=j 1 1 1 15 15 30

yïnkaf;dg yïnkaf;dg ;x.,a, j,iauq,a,

1

1

1

5 5 5

5 5 5

10 10 10

tl;=j 1 1 1 15 15 30

3 3 3 45 45 90 uqM tl;=j

59

35g wvq 35 - 49 50 - 64 65 - 74 75g jeä

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.fha by; oelafjk fYa%Ks.; lsÍu mokï lr f.k 2010 wjidk jdr mÍlaIKh i|yd fmr i|yka l< úIh y;f¾ uq¿ ,l=Kq tl;= fldg my; oelafjk mßÈ ksheÈfha isiqka ldKav mylg fjka lrk ,§' 300g jeä } b;d by< idOkh 260 - 300 } by< idOkh 200 - 259 } uOHu uÜgfï idOkh 140 - 199 } my< idOkh 140 g wvq } b;d my< idOkh

mjq,a mßirh wdY%s; m%Odk úp,Hh wkqj o;a; /ia fldg úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§. tu úp,H yd isiqkaf.a idOkh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dfõ iajrEmh wkqj fjfiis fjkila y÷kd .; yels fõ o hkak ixLHd úoHd;aul j lhs j¾. mÍlaIdj u.ska mÍlaId

flßKs. mjq,a mßirh wdY%s; úp,H" lhs j¾. mÍlaIdfjka mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd wNs

WmkHdi f.dv k.k ,§. tajd fufiah"

• foudmshkaf.a Ôj;=ka w;r isàu$fkdisàu iy wOHdmk idOkh w;r fjfiis in|;djla ke;.

• foudmshka tl u ksjil jdih lsÍu$fkdlsÍu iy wOHmk idOkh w;r fjfiis in|;djla ke;.

Wla; wNs WmkHdi mokï lr f.k isiqka wh;a mjq,aj, úIu;d fukau m%dfoaYSh úIu;d o ;lafiare lsÍug yïnkaf;dg" fld,U iy ud;r Èia;%slalj, o;a; fjka jYfhka úYaf,aIKh lrk ,os.

11.7 o;a; bosrsm;a lsrSu iy idlÉPdj

11.7.1 oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh

YsIH m%Yakj,ska ksheÈfha isiqkaf.a mjqf,a iajNdjh úuik ,§' foudmshkaf.a jdih lsÍfï iajNdjh ms<sn| j ñka fidhd ne,sKs' tys § isiqka jdih lrk mjq, oaúudmsh mjq,la o" ;ks udmsh mjq,la o hkak ms<sn| j o;a; /ia flßKs' woH;k m¾fhaIKfha § ;ks udmsh mjq,la f,i woyia lf<a jhi 18g wvq <uhska isák jekaoUq fyda Èlalido jQ iy kej; újdy fkdjQ fyda flÈkl fyda újdy fkdjQ udmsfhl=f.a ^uj$mshd& uQ,sl;ajh u; Ôj;ajk mjq, fõ' ,o o;a; 5jk j.=fõ oelafjk ia;r ;=k Tiafia f.dkq lrk ,§'

60

5jk j.=j - oaúudmshNdjh fyda ;ksudmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh Èia;s%lal wkqj

ksheÈfha isiqkaf.a foudmshkaf.ka ishhg 95'00la tl u ksjil jdih flßKs' mshd fjka jQ mjq,a ishhg 3'00la jQ w;r uj fjka jQ mjq,a ishhg 2'00la úh' ta wkqj ksheÈfha ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, (Single Parent Family) Ôj;a jQ YsIH ixLHdj ishhg 5'00la úh' bka nyq;rh ^3'00%& mshd fjka jQ mjq,a úh' tfy;a isiqka nyq;rhlf.a foudmshka tl u ksjil jdih flßKs'

Èia;s%lal jYfhka i,lk úg o Wla; rgdj Èia úKs' Èia;s%lal ;=fka u ksheÈfhka ishhg 92lg jeä m%udKhl mjq,aj, foudmshka tl u ksjil jdih flßKs' ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, Ôj;a jQ YsIH m%udKh fld<U" ud;r yd yïnkaf;dg Èia;s%lal ms<sfj<ska ishhg 8'00" 4'00" 3'00la úh' fï wkqj ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, jeä u ksfhdackh ksheÈfhka ishhg 8la f,i fld<U Èia;s%lalfhka ksfhdackh fõ' tys wvq u ksfhdackh ishhg 3'00la f,i yïnkaf;dg Èia;s%lalfhka fõ' ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, uj fjka jQ mjq,aj,g jvd mshd fjka jQ mjq,a ksfhdackh jeä h' tys jeä u ksfhdackh ishhg 5'00la f,i fld<U Èia;s%lalfhka jk úg tys wju ksfhdackh ishhg 2'00 f,i yïnkaf;dáka fõ' ud;r ksfhdackh ishhg 3'00la f,i óg wdikak úh' uj fjka jQ mjq,aj, o jeä u ksfhdackh ishhg 3'00la f,i fld<ôka jQ w;r tys wju ksfhdackh ishhg 1'00la f,i ud;ßka fõ' wfkl=;a Èia;s%lalj,g idfmalaI j fld<U Èia;s%lalfha ;ks udmsh mjq,a j¾Okh ù we;s iajNdjhla mj;S' tfy;a nyq;r YsIH m%udKhlf.a foudmshka" tla j jdih lsÍu isiq wOHdmkhg rel=,ls' isiqka ishhg 95'00la oaúudmsh mjq,l Ôj;a fõ' tkï isiqyQ foudmshka iuÕ tl u ksjil jdih lr;s' 11.7.2 oaú oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh

oaúudmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj isiqkaf.a mjqf,a iajNdjh ms<sn| ,o o;a;

6jk j.=fõ oelafjk mßÈ ia;r ;=klg fjka lr f.dkq.; flßKs' tys § mjqf,a

yïnkaf;dg ud;r fld<U tl;=j

n % n % n % n %

isiqka foudmshka tl u ksjil jihs

146 97'00 145 96'00 138 92'00 429 95'00

mshd mjqf,ka fjka j we;

3 2'00 4 3'00 8 5'00 15 3'00

uj mjqf,ka fjka j we;

1 1'00 1 1'00 4 3'00 6 2'00

tl;=j 150 100'00 150 100'00 150 100'00 450 100'00

Èia;s%lal

mjqf,a iajNdjh

61

iajNdjh f,i isiqkaf.a foudmshka jdih lrk iajNdjh i,ld ne,sKs' bka woyia

jQfha ;ks udmsh mjq,la o@ foudmsh mjq,la o hkak h' ia;r ;=k i|yd f.dkq l<

o;a; idOkh iuÕ iïnkaO jk wdldrh x2 mÍlaIdj u.ska ixLHd úoHd;aulj

mÍlaId flßKs' tys § mÍlaIdjg n÷ka jQ wNs WmkHdih my; oelafõ'

HO } oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a

wOHdmk idOkh w;r fjfiis fjkila ke;' H1 } oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a

wOHdmk idOkh w;r fjfiis fjkila we;'

osia;s%lal ;=fka iuia; m%;spdr wkqj ,o x2 w.h 14'69la úh' fuh iqp,k wxl wg

i|yd ishhg mfya uÜgñka o ;Srl x2 j.= w.h jQ 15'51 iuÕ fjfiis fkdfõ' tu

ksid ishhg mfya uÜgñka o l,ams;h ms<s.efka' tkï mjqf,a iajNdjh iy wOHdmk

idOkh w;r fjfiis fjkila ke;' Wla; úp,H fol tlsfklska iajdëkj ;SrKh

jk nj bka ks.ukh l< yels h' ^6jk j.=j&'

6jk j.=j - oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a

wOHdmksl idOkh - iuia; m%;sM,

,o x2 } 14'64 > ;Srl x2 } 15'51 iqp,k wxlh (df) } 8 i|yd α } 0'05 yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha ,o x2 w.h ^3'24& ;Srl x2 j.= w.h ^15'51& ishhg mfya α uÜgñka blaujd fkdhk neúka l,ams;h ms<s.efka ^7 jk j.=j&'

0.92

62

7jk j.=j ‐ oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a wOHdmksl idOkh - yïnkaf;dg Èia;s%lalh

,o x2 } 3'24 > ;Srl x2 } 15'51 iqp,k wxlh (df) } 8 i|yd α } 0'05 ud;r Èia;%slalfha ,o x2 w.h ;Srl x2 j.= w.hg jvd wvq neúka ishhg mfya uÜgñka o k,a l,ams;h ms<s.efka ^8jk j.=j&' tkï oaú udmsh fyda ;ks udmsh nj hk idOlh ksid idOkh fjkia fkdfõ.

8jk j.=j - oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a wOHdmksl idOkh - ud;r Èia;%slalh

,o x2 } 7'89 > ;Srl x2 } 15'51 iqp,k wxlh (dt) } 8 i|yd α } 0'05

0.29

0.23

63

fld<U Èia;%slalfha ,o x2 w.h ^25'42& ;Srl j.= w.h blaujd hk neúka k,a

l,ams;h m%;slafIam fõ' tkï oaúudmsh nj fyda ;ksudmsh nj wkqj YsIH idOkfha

fjkila mj;S ^9jk j.=j&' fï wkqj fld<U Èia;s%lalfha YsIH idOkh flf¾ ;ks

udmsh nj hk idOlfha n,mEula mj;S.


wOHdmksl idOkh - fld<U Èia;%slalh

,o x2 } 25'42 > ;Srl x2 } 20'09 iqp,k wxlh (df) } 8 i|yd x } 0'01

Èia;s%lal ;=fka m%;spdr i,ld ne,Sfï § fjkialï mj;S' yïnkaf;dg iy ud;r

Èia;s%lalj, ,o x2 w.hka ms<sfj<ska 3'24 iy 7'89 úh' fuu w.hka fol u iqp,k

wxl wg i|yd ishhg mfya uÜgñka ;Srl j.= w.h fkdblaujd hk neúka l,ams;h

ms<s.efka' tkï mjqf,a iajNdjh iy YsIH idOkh fuu Èia;s%lal fofla u tlsfklg

iajdëk j ;SrKh fõ' tfy;a fld<U Èia;s%lalfha ;;a;ajh óg fjkia fõ' tys § ,o

x2 w.h 25'42 ;Srl j.= w.h jQ 20'09 iqp,k wxl wg i|yd ishhg tfla uÜgñka o

blaujd hk neúka k,a l,ams;h m%;slafIam fõ' tkï" mjqf,a iajNdjh iy YsIH

idOkh tlsfklg iajdëk j ;SrKh jk úp,H fkdfõ' fuu úp,H fol w;r

wfkHdakH iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj bka meyeÈ,s fõ' ixlS¾K iy úIu jQ iudc

wd¾Ól miqìulska hq;a fld<U Èia;s%lalfha mjqf,a iajNdjh o ixlS¾K yd fjkialïj,g

Ndckh ù we;s nj;a th isiqkaf.a idOkh flf¾ n,md we;s nj;a bka ;yjqre fõ'

mjqf,a iajNdjh iy wOHdmk idOkh w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj iqúfYaIS j mÍlaId

lsÍu i|yd m%;sY; wkqj o" ,o o;a; úYaf,aIKh flßK ^10jk j.=j&'

64

10 jk j.=j - oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a

wOHdmk idOkh - iuia; m%;sM,

iuia; ksheÈfha isiqka 429lf.a foudmshka tl u ksjil jdih l< w;r mshd fjka jQ mjq,a 15la yd uj fjkajQ mjq,a 6la úh' foudmshka tl u ksjil jik isiqkaf.a jeäu m%;sY;h ishhg 33'57la f,i uOHu uÜgfï idOk uÜgu ksfhdackh lrhs' tys m%udKh 144ls' fuu ia;rh ;=< by< yd b;d by< idOk uÜgïj, isák YsIH m%udKh by< w.hla .ks;s' by< uÜgfï isák YsIH m%udKh 71la jk w;r m%;sY;h 16'55ls' b;d by< idOk uÜgu ksfhdackh lrk isiqka m%udKh 69la jk w;r m%;sY;h 16'08ls' b;d my< yd my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lrk YsIH m%udKh o Bg idfmalaI j by< w.hla .kshs' b;d my< idOkh isiqka 55fofkl= ksfhdackh lrk úg my< idOkh ksfhdackh lrk YsIH m%udKh 90ls' ksheÈfha isiqkaf.ka 145la my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lrk úg tys by< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lrk uq¿ isiqyq m%udKh 140ls' fï wkqj isiqyq iu iuj by< yd my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lr;s' kuq;a uj$mshd mjqf,ka fjka jQ mjq,aj, isiqkaf.a uÜgu óg fjkia fõ' mshd mjqf,ka fjka jQ mjq,aj, by< idOk uÜgu ksfhdackh lrkqfha tla YsIHhl=$ YsIHdjl muKs' b;sß isiqyq 14fokd b;d my<" my< yd uOHu uÜgfï idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lr;s' tys my< ksfhdackh 11ls' uj mjqf,ka fjka jQ mjq,aj, isiqkaf.a ;;a;ajh o óg iudk fõ' tys § by< idOkh ksfhdackh lrkqfha o tla YsIHhl=$YsIHdjl muKs' b;sß mia fokdf.ka ;sfofkl= u b;d my< idOk uÜgu ksfhdackh lr;s' b;sß fofokd my< yd uOHu uÜgfï idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lr;s'

ñka .uH jkafka mjqf,a iajNdjh" foudmshka fofokd tl u ksjil jik isiqkaf.a idOkhg n, fkdmEj o" uj$mshd mjqf,ka fjka jQ ;ks udmsh mjq,aj,g n,md we;s nj hs' ta wkqj ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, Ôj;ajk isiqkaf.a idOkhg mjqf,a iajNdjh whym;a f,i n,md we;s nj ks.ukh l< yels h'

yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha ksheÈfha isiqka nyq;rhla ^146& foudmshka iuÕ jdih lrhs'

uj mshd fjka jQ mjq,a y;rla jk w;r Tjqyq my< uOHu yd by< idOkh ksfhdackh

lr;s ^11jk j.=j&'

65


wOHdmk idOkh ms<sn| m%;sY; - yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalh

ud;r Èia;%slalfha isiqka nyq;rhla foudmshka iuÕ Ôj;a jk w;r Tjqkaf.ka

nyq;rh uOHu yd my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lr;s' uj$mshd mjqf,ka fjka jQ

isiqka myla jk w;r Tjqyq my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lr;s ^12jk j.=j&'

12jk j.=j - oaúudmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh ms<sn| m%;sY; - ud;r Èia;s%lalh

fld<U Èia;%slalfha ksheÈfha isiqkaf.ka ie,lsh hq;= msßila ^14& uj$mshd fkdue;s j ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, Ôj;a fj;s' TõyQ ish¨ fok my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lr;s ^13jk j.=j&'

66

13jk j.=j - oaúudmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh iy isiqkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh ms<sn| m%;sY; - fld<U Èia;s%lalh

Èia;s%lal wkqj i,ld ne,Sfï § o u;= jQ lreKq iuia; m%;spdrj,g iudk rgdjla oelaúKs' Èia;s%lal ;=fka u foudmshka tlg jdih lrk mjq,aj, jeä u YsIH ksfhdackh uOHu uÜgfï idOkh ksfhdack flßKs' fuu ia;rfha § yïnkaf;dg" ud;r iy fld<U by< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh l< isiqka m%udK ms<sfj<ska 37" 49" iy 58 la fõ' Èia;s%lal ;=fka b;d my< yd my< idOk uÜgïj, ksfhdackh ms<sfj<ska 55" 47 yd 41 la fõ' fuys wju ksfhdackh fld<ôka jk w;r jeäu ksfhdackh yïnkaf;dáka fõ' ta wkqj by< idOkfha jeäu isiq ksfhdackh fld<ôka jk w;r wju ksfhdackh yïnkaf;dáka fõ' fld<U Èia;s%lalfha mj;sk myiqlï iy Bg idfmalaI j yïnkaf;dg Èia;s%lalfha iudc wd¾Ól miqìïj, mj;sk ÿIalr;d óg fya;= úh yels h' ud;r Èia;s%lalfha ksfhdackh uOHia: w.hl mj;S'

Èia;s%lal ;=fkau foudmshka tlg jdih lrk mjq,aj, isiqka b;d my< isg b;d by<

idOk uÜgu olajd ish¨u idOk uÜgïj, wiudk j me;sr mj;S' bka w¾:j;a

jkafka foudmshka tla j jdih lsÍu yd YsIH idOkh w;r iïnkaOhla ke;s nj h'

tfy;a Èia;s%lal ;=fkau uj$mshd mjqf,ka fjka jQ ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, ;;a;ajh óg

fjkia fõ' yïnkaf;dg Èia;s%lalfha ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, fjfik isiqka isõ fokd my<

^1& uOHu ^2& iy by< ^1& idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lr;s' ud;r Èia;s%lalfha Wla;

isiqka 5 fokd b;d my< ^1&" my< ^2&" uOHu ^1& yd by< ^1& idOk uÜgïj, úisr

isá;s' fld<U Èia;s%lalfha wfkl=;a Èia;s%lalj,g idfmalaI j ;ks udmsh mjq,a 14la

ksfhdackh lr;s' bka kjfofkla mshd fjka jQ mjq,a ksfhdackh lrk w;r

isõfofkla uj fjka jQ mjq,a ksfhdackh lr;s' Tjqka ish¨ fokd u fuu Èia;s%lalfha

b;d my< yd my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lsÍu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

Èia;s%lal ;=fkau ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, isiqkaf.a idOk ;;a;aj ie,lSfï § Tjqka nyq;rh

my< idOk uÜgï ksfhdackh lsÍfuka mjqf,a iajNdjh isiqkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh flf¾

wi;=gqodhl wkaoñka n,md we;'

67

;ks udmsh mjq,a ms<sn| .=re iïuqL idlÉPdfõ § .=rejreka u;= l< woyia my;

i|yka mßÈ ;rd l< úg o, ;ks udmsh mjq, isiqkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd whym;a f,i

n,md we;s nj ikd: fõ ^.=re m%;spdrj, m%;sY; ms<sfj<ska 30" 26" 12" 10" 8" 7" 7

úh&'

• ;ks udmsh mjq,aj, isiqkaf.a wOHdmkh my; uÜgul mj;S'

• uj ke;s úg wOHdmkh;a" mshd ke;s úg mjqf,a wd¾Ólh;a my; jefÜ'

• wdl%uKYS,S nj yd úkh .eg¨ u;= fõ'

• orejkag ksis /ljrKh fkd,efí'

• idrO¾u wvq h'

• fm!reI j¾Okhg ndOd we;s ùfuka wOHdmkh wvd, fõ'

• ;ks udmsh mjq, wOHdmkhg ndOdjla fkd fõ'

Wla; idlÉPdfjka meyeÈ,s jkafka oaú udmsh mjq, iy YsIH idOkh w;r iïnkaOhla

fkdue;s njhs' tkï oaú udmsh mjq, YsIH idOkhg n,fkdmdk nj h. tfy;a ;ks udmsh

mjq, isiqkaf.a wOHdmk idOkh flf¾ whym;a f,i n,md we;' tu.ska ;ks udmsh mjq,

yd YsIH idOkh w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj ;yjqre fõ'

12.0 ks.uk yd fhdackd 12.1 ks.uk oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj mjqf,a iajNdjh ms<sn| ie,lSfï §"

isiqkaf.ka nyq;rhla foudmshka iuÕ tlu ksjil jdih lr;s' Èia;%slal wkqj o tu

rgdj Èia úKs' uj mshd iuÕ orejka tlg Ôj;a ùu wOHdmkhg rel=,ls' tfy;a

uj$mshd mjqf,ka fjka ùu fyda ñhhdu u; ksheosfha isiqkaf.ka ishhg 10la ;ks udmsh

mjq,l ^uj fyda mshd iuÕ& Ôj;a fj;s' yïnkaf;dg yd ud;r Èia;%slalfha

isiqkaf.a ;ks udmsh mjq,a ksfhdackhg jvd fld<U Èia;s%lalfha isiqkaf.a ;ks udmsh

mjq,a ksfhdackh jeä h' Èia;%slalfha mj;sk úúO;ajfhka msß ixlS¾K iudc wd¾Ól

rgdfõ iajNdjh bka m%o¾Ykh fõ'

oaú udmshNdjh fyda ;ks udmshNdjh wkqj isiqkaf.a mjqf,a iajNdjh yd wOHdmk

idOkh w;r fjfiis fjkila fkdmj;sk nj x2 mÍlaIdfjka wkdjrKh úh' tfy;a

fld<U Èia;s%lalfha muKla ishhg tfla α uÜgñka o Wla; úp,H fol w;r fjfiis

fjkila mj;S' tfy;a m%;sY; úYaf,aIKfhka ,o m%;sY; óg fjkia úh' ta wkqj

oaúudmsh mjq,aj, ;;a;ajh x2 mÍlaIdjg iudk rgdjla Èia jqj o ;ks udmsh mjq,aj,

(Single Parent Families) ;;a;ajh Bg fjkia úh' Èia;s%lal ;=fkau Wla; mjq,aj,

orejkaf.a idOk uÜgu my< uÜgul mej;sKs' .=re iïuqL idlÉPdj,ska o Wla;

lreK ikd: úKs' ta wkqj ;ks udmsh mjq, yd idOkh w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;S'

tkï ;ks udmsh mjq, idOkh flfrys wys;lrj n,mdhs.

68

12.2 fhdackd

• mdi,a uÜgñka isiqkaf.a ;ks udmsh mjq,a mßirh ms<sn|j f;dr;=re /ia lr

l%uj;a jd¾;d mj;ajd f.k hdu.

• ;ks udmsh mjqf,a ,laIK lrK fldg f.k mSvd ,o isiqka isák mdi,aj, -

mka;sj, .=Kd;aul wOHdmkh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| jvd M,odhS wNHka;r

wëlaIK jev ms<sfj<la ls%hd;aul lsÍu.

• ;ks udmsh mjqf,a wys;lr ,laIK ksid n,mEï ,o isiqkaf.a wOHdmk m%.;sh

ms<sn| foudmshka yuq ù idlÉcd lsÍu yd m%;sld¾h jevigyka ms<sn|

foudmshka ±kqj;a lsÍu.

• ;ks udmsh mjq,a isiqkaf.a wOHdmk .eg¨ iy fjk;a .eg¨j,g iydh ùu

i|yd YsIH WmfoaYkh ls%hd;aul lsÍu.

• u;l ;nd .ekSu, mdvï lsÍu, úNd.j,g fyd¢ka uqyqK §u, is; md,kh

lsÍu, whym;a.

• YsIH iqNidOkh u.ska wd¾Ól wmyiq;dj,ska fmf<k ;ks udmsh mjq,a isiqkag

Woõ lsÍu. tys § YsIH iqNidOkh" iqnm;kakka, m%cdj iy m%cd ixúOdk, rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iïnkaO lr f.k wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d we;s isiqkag iyk

ie,iSu iy YsIH;aj ,nd §ug lghq;= l< yels h'

• ;ks udmsh mjqf,a wys;lr n,mEu ksid msvdjg m;a" wjYH;d we;s isiqka

i|yd Wmldr lsÍug mdi,g wjia:d i,id §u' fuys § .ïno È<sÿ ck

fldgiaj, wd¾Ólh kexùu i|yd l%ufõo ilia lr tajd l%shd;aul l< hq;=

h' tys § wvq wdodhï,dNs È<sÿ isiqkag fmdaIK wdydr fõ,la ,nd §u iqÿiq h.

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh Amato, P.R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of

marriage and the Family, 62, 1269‐1287. Battle, J. J. (1998). What beast having two parents: Educational outcomes for African

American students in single – versus dual parent families. Journal of Black Studies, 28(6), 783 – 801 Refried October 10/2010 from http://library.adoption.com / Single parent/single‐parenting‐and‐children Academic‐Achievement.

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71

Study on Special Teacher Requirements for Multi Grade Teaching

W. A. Wimalasena Deputy Principal

Senarath Paranavitharana National School Udugampola

Abstract in English Effort have been taken to avoid the severe anomalies that are available among the

schools in Sri Lanka’s schools system, under the concept of “Education for All”. But

anomalies with regard to the quality of education still stay due to the regional anomalies

in teacher deployment and human resource. Many schools in Sri Lanka are situated in

difficult areas and associated to rural estates. Lack of teachers and non‐reporting to

service can be seen daily in those schools. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the

studies in those schools based on the multigrade teaching. Geographic, Social and

Economic reasons too effect for multigrade teaching According to this ground , the

basic objects of the researches pertained to the need of teaching, multigrade teaching

programmes for multigrade teachers and obtaining ideas from multigrade teachers and

principals. Data in respect of that were collected by conducting interviews and giving

questionnaires to a sample consisting 100 principals and teachers from 30 multigrade

schools in Kegalle and Ratnapura Educational Administrative Districts. According to the

location and the nature of multigrade schools, it was observed that a majority of

multigrade schools are situated in very difficult, far away and non‐preferred areas and

no physical and human resources are available in those schools. Also, no transportation

facilities are available for them. The identified basic problem is lack of teachers in these

schools, non‐reporting for teaching in daily basis, non‐availability of pre‐training about

multigrade teaching, lack of class room management lessons plans and term notes are

not wirting, non‐receiving of teachers handbooks and text books duly. The teachers who

have obtained the training on multigrade teaching and teaching consultants must be

appointed for identified difficult and rural areas. The continuous training programmes

with regard to multigrade teaching must be conducted in National level.

73

nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu i|yd jQ úfYaI .=re wjYH;d

ms<sn| wOHhkhla

ví'ta'úu,fiak"

ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

fikr;a mrKú;dk cd;sl mdi,"

Wvq.ïm,'

1.0 ixËsma;h

Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sfha mdi,a w;r oeä úIu;d" ieug wOHdmkh ixl,amh

hgf;a u`. yeÍug W;aidy f.k we;' tfy;a iïm;a fnodyeÍfï" .=rejreka

fnodyeÍï m%dfoaYSh úIu;d ksid wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh iïnkaO .eg¨

mj;S' ,xldfõ mdi,a jeä m%udKhla .ïno j .%dóh j;= wdY%s; j yd ÿIalr m%foaYj,

msysgd we;' tu mdi,aj, .=re ys`.h iy ffoksl j fiajhg fkdmeñKSu nyq, j

isÿfõ' tu ;;a;ajh u; nyqfY%aKs l%uhg b.ekaùfï wjYH;dj mek k.S' nyqfY%aKs

b.ekaùï we;s ùug N+f.da,Sh iudc wd¾Ól fya;= o n,mdhs' fï moku wkqj nyqfY%aKs

b.ekaùu iòyd jQ .=re fiajd wjYH;d ms<snò m¾fhaIKfha uQ,sl wruqKq jQfha

nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï ms<snò ;;a;aj úu¾Ykh" nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï .=re mqyqKqj"

iQodku .ek nyqfY%aKs l%uhg .efkk .=rejrekaf.a úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a woyia

úuiSu h' ta iòyd lE.,a, iy r;akmqrh hk wOHdmk mßmd,k Èia;%slalj,

nyqfY%aKs mdi,a 30l úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=rejreka 100lf.a ksheÈhlska m%Yakdj,s"

iïuqL idlÉPd u.ska o;a; /ia flßKs' nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, msysàu yd iajNdjh wkqj

mdi,a iïnkaO j wkdjrKh jQfha nyqfY%aKs mdi,a nyq;rhla b;d ÿIalr neyer

lgql .%dóh m%foaYj, mdi,a msysgd we;s w;r fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a fkdue;s

nj h' .ukd.uk myiqlï o fkdue;s fun`ÿ mdi,aj, uQ,sl .eg¨ jQfha .=re

ys`.h" .=rejreka tÈfkod fiajhg fkdmeñKSu" nyqfY%aKs l%uhg b.ekaùï" fmr

mqyqKqj fkdue;s ùu" mka;s l<ukdlrKh" mdvï igyka yd jdr igyka fkd,shùu

iy .=re w;a fmd;a iy fm<fmd;a ksis f,i fkd,eîuhs' y`ÿkd.kakd ,o ÿIalr yd

.%dóh m%foaYj,g nyqfY%aKs .=re mqyqKqj ,enQ .=rejreka iy .=re WmfoaYljreka

m;al< hq;= w;r nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu iïnkaO wLKav .=re mqyqKq jevigyka cd;sl

uÜgfuka Èh;a l< hq;= h'

2.0 ye`Èkaùu

YS% ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sfha mdi,a w;r oeä úIu;djla mj;S' ieug wOHdmk

ixl,amh hgf;a fuu wOHdmk wiudk;dj u.yeÍug W;aidy f.k we;' tfy;a

iïm;a fn§hdu" .=re mqyqKqj" udkj iïm;a fnodyeÍu" m%dfoaYSh úIu;d ksid

wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<snò .eg¨ u;=ù we; ^chùr 1989&' ,xldfõ mdi,a

jHqyh wkqj o jeä m%udKhla .ïno iy j;= wdY%s;j ÿr neyer m%foaYj, msysgd we;'

fï ksid úúO mdi,a w;r wOHdmk idOkfha fjkialï mj;S ^rEmisxy 1994&'

fuu ;;ajh oeä f,i .%dóh iy j;= wdY%s; jrm%ido rys; m%foaYj, n,md we;' ;j

o ksoyiska miqj .%dóh m%foaYj, wOHdmkh ms<snòj oeä wjOdkhla fkdjQ nj uy

nexl= jd¾;dj ^1998& mjihs'

74

j;= yd .%dóh .ïno mdi,a msysgd we;af;a ÿIalr msáir .ïudkj, h' fuu ;;a;ajhg

N+f.da,Sh fuka u fjk;a idOl o n,mEï lrhs' úfYaIfhka u .%dóh m%foaYj, l=vd

mdi,a jeä m%udKhla msysgd we;' fïjd m%d:ñl mdi,a ùu o úfYaI ,laIKhls'

j;=lrfha wE; ÿIalr .ïudkj, myiqlï wju ùu" .ïno .%dóh nj ksid wju myiqlï iys; m%foaYj, Ôj;aùu jeks lreKq ksid mQ¾K m%d:ñl wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug

fkdyels ù we; ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 1997&' fuys§ .=rejreka iemhSu nrm;,

.eg¨jla nj fmkajd fok fldñiu ,xldfõ fmdÿfõ .;a úg .=re ys`.hla mj;sk nj

fmkajd fohs' ,xldfõ .=re YsIH wkqmd;h 22(1 la ;rï hym;a uÜgul mej;sh;a"

.%dóh iy ÿIalr m%foaYj, .=re ys`.hla mj;S'

fuys § úfYaIfhka u mekk.sk uQ,sl .eg¨jla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj, mj;akd

nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï iòyka l< yels h' fuu ;;a;aajh ,xldfõ j;= iy .%dóh

m%foaYj, oelsh yels h' nyqfY%aKs l%uh iïnkaO úúO ks¾jpk mej;sh;a fmdÿfõ oelafjkafka tl .=rejrhl= mka;s lsysmhla fyda jhia lsysmhl <uhs tla mka;shla

jYfhka f.k bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr;ùu h' fí% ^1987& m%ldY lrkafka

nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu" nyqfY%aKs ;;a;ajhla ;=< isák isiqkag b.ekaùï nyqfY%aKs

b.ekaùï njhs'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iy hqfkiaflda jevuq¿fõ § ^1987& y`ÿkajd § we;af;a

tlu .=rejrfhl= úiska mka;s fyda fY%aKs lsysmhl tljr b.ekaùï lrk wjia:d f,ihs' fuys § mka;s folla fyda jhia ldKav lsysmhl isiqyq bf.kqï - b.ekaùï

l%shdj,shg iïnkaO fj;s' fuys § tla .=rejrfhla mka;s lsysmhlg tl wjia:dfõ

W.kajhs' nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu hkq ljf¾ o hkak ms<snò j hqfkiaflda wdh;kh fufia

olajhs' zznyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu hkq úúO fY%aKsj, <uhska tl mka;s ldurhg tl;=lr

b.ekaùuhs' nyqfY%aKs l%uh mdi,a .=re ys`.hg m%;sl¾uhla fkdjk w;r .%dóh

ck;djf.a wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh iòyd .kq ,nk l%fudamdhlsZZ ^hqfkiaflda"

1989 ms'wxl 2&'

,sÜ,a ^2000& m%ldY lrkafka zztl fY%aKshl ld,igyk wkqj b.ekaùula fkdj

ld,igyka .; tla ld,Éfþohla ;=< ;ks .=rejrfhl= úiska tla ks¾foaYhlg jvd

jeä isiqka msßilg tl jr tl u wjia:dfõ b.ekaùuhs'

fï wkqj nyqfY%aKs ixl,amfha ks¾jpkh wkqj i,lk l, tl u" tl u wjia:djl

mka;s lsysmhlg b.ekaùu woyia flf¾' tkuq;a nyqfY%aKs ;;a;aj ms<snò úúO

woyia wOHdmk{hka ;=< mj;sk njla o fmkS hhs' tfia ùug fya;= jkafka

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï iqúfYaIS jk ksid h' nyqfYa%Ks

b.ekaùïj, § b.ekaùfï l%u" mdvï wruqKq" mdvï ie,iqï" mka;s l<ukdlrKh hk

wxY wfkl=;a idudkH bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg jvd fjkia fõ'

tu mdi,aj,g udkj iïm;a jk .=rejreka iemhSu m%n, .eg¨jls' fï ksid mdi,aj,

nyqfYa%Ks b.ekaùu iòyd úfYaI mqyqKqjlska hq;a .=re msßia wjYH fõ' tfukau Tjqkg

úêu;a mqyqKqjla o wjYH fõ' ,xldfõ mdi,a ie,lsh hq;= ixLHdjla mka;s lsysmhla

tl;= lr b.ekaùï lghq;= flf¾' 2007 mdi,a ix.Kkh wkqj .;a úg o tn`ÿ mdi,a mj;S ^1jk j.=j&'

75

1jk j.=j - .=rejreka .Kk wkqj ,xldfõ mdi,a m%udKh Èia;%slal wkqj

^2007 mdi,a ix.Kkh" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh&'

osia;%slalh tla .=rejrhl= isák

.=rejreka fofokl=

isák

.=rejreka ;sfokl= isák

.=rejreka y;rfokl=

isák

.=rejreka miafokl=

isák

fld<U 0 1 1 5 4

.ïmy 0 4 10 7 8

l¿;r 1 3 10 14 20

kqjr 7 5 10 32 28

ud;f,a 6 12 15 14 25

kqjrt<sh 5 7 18 11 46

.d,a, 1 4 12 6 14

ud;r 1 2 3 5 4

yïnkaf;dg 0 3 2 25 8

hdmkh 4 11 23 9 31

ls,sfkdÉÑh 1 6 6 11 7

jjqkshd 8 5 13 8 1

uq,;sõ 56 12 12 8 8

uvl,mqj 8 7 7 25 5

wïmdr 3 3 11 18 21

;%sl=Kdu,h 4 7 13 14 30

l=reKE., 2 9 16 36 13

mq;a;,u 3 4 20 12 40

wkqrdOmqrh 1 29 6 31 6

fmdf<dkakrej 5 18 42 25 34

nÿ,a, 7 16 25 35 14

fudKrd., 7 14 26 15 27

r;akmqrh 3 18 10 25 10

lE.,a, 5 24 24 35 21

tl;=j 138 224 335 426 425

76

1 jk j.=j wkqj fmkS hkafka" tu mdi,aj, nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï lrk njhs' fï

ms<snòj chj¾Ok ^1995& mjikafka l=vd mdi,aj, tla .=rejrhl= u.ska fYa%Ks

lsysmhl b.ekaùï isÿjk nj;a ta ksid cd;sl úIh ud,dj l%shd;aul ùfï .eg¨"

lKsIaG oaù;Shsl wOHdmk bv m%ia;d wvqùu" .=re ys`.h ta w;r m%uqL jk nj;a fmkajd

fohs' l=vd mdi,l úfYaI ,laIK jYfhka .%dóh nj" yqol,d nj" iïm;a ys`.h" .=re

ys̀.h" úIhud,d .eg¨ iy l<ukdlrK .eg¨ mj;sk nj h' fíl¾ ^1987& m%ldY

lrkafka .%dóh l=vd mdi,aj, wOHdmk l<ukdlrK .eg¨ we;s ùu je<elaúh

fkdyels nj;a ta iòyd nyqfYa%Ks b.ekaùï mqyqKqj l%udkql+, j ,nd Èh hq;= nj;a h'

l=vd mdi,l úfYaI ,laIK meyeÈ,s j y`ÿkd .; yels nj;a ta wkqj È<s`ÿlu"

yqol,d Ndjh" Ôjk .eg¨" ksis ixfõokhla ke;slu" .fï wfmalaIdj mdi, ;=<ska

bgq fkdùu" iïm;a ys`.h" l=vd mdi,aj, olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK jYfhka

y`ÿkd.; yels nj;a l=udrodi ^2003& m%ldY lrhs'

úfYaIfhka u tla .=rejrhl= isák mdi,l bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh fufyhùu

oeä wiSre lghq;a;ls' tla .=rejrhl= isák mdi,l ish¨ lghq;= fufyhùug

isÿjkafka tla mqoa.,hl=g h' ta wkqj mdif,a iuia; wOHdmk l%shdj,sh u

tla mqoa.,hl= úiska fufyhùu úfYaI ,laIKhls' fuys § mdif,a wOHdmk

l<ukdlrKhg fuka u bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l<ukdlrKhg o iydh ùug .=rejrhdg

isÿfõ' ÿIalr iy m%sh ukdm fkdjk m%foaYj, fufia tla mqoa.,hl= iys; mdi,a

olakg ,efí' tu mdi,aj, nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï u.ska bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

mj;ajdf.k hEug isÿfõ'

3.0 idys;H úu¾Ykh ,xldfõ nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùug iïnkaO m¾fhaIK wkqj ,xldfõ nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu

úl,amhla jYfhka Ndú; fkdlrk nj úodkm;srK ^2005& mjihss' m%d:ñl

wOHdmkfha § fuu ;;a;ajh ie,lsh hq;= ;rï fjkila ù fkdue;' m%d:ñl

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< fmdÿ úl,am b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla f,i nyqfY%aKs

b.ekaùï ixj¾Okh ù fkdue;s w;r ta iòyd .=rejreka iy .=re mqyqKj ,nd §u

iqÿiq nj fmkajd fohs'

fiaor iy talkdhl ^1989& Y%S ,xldfõ Èia;%slal myla weiqßka .%dóh m%foaYj,

isiqkaf.a úIh idOk yelshd ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;sk nj fmkajd fohs' tfia u tn`ÿ

m%foaYj, tu ;;a;ajhg .=re ys`.h n,md we;' ta iòyd iqÿiq bf.kqï l%u Ndú; l<

hq;= nj;a" .=re mqyqKqj ta iòyd iqÿiq nj;a fmkajd fohs'

.=re l=i,;d" .=re ksmqK;d" udkj ixj¾Okh lsÍfuka l=vd mdi,aj, bf.kqï

b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jvd;a .=Kd;aul yd M,odhs wkaoñka ,ndÈh yels nj talkdhl

^1982& fmkajd fohs' l=vd mdi,aj, nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï isÿlrk w;r

nyqfY%aKs .=rejrhd .%dóh m%cdjf.a iyfhda.h iy kuHYS,S f,i ;u jD;a;Sh

ixj¾Okh we;s lsÍu iòyd WÑ; .=re wOHdmk jevigyka ilia l<hq;=

nj ;jÿrg;a fmkajd fohs'

77

fí% ^1987& iòyka lrkafka nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùug fya;=j f,i .%dóh mdi,aj, lgql

nj" ÿIalr nj iy .=re ys`.h b;d ;Èka n,mdk nj h' fuys § tu .=rejrekag

úfYaI §ukd" hemSï §ukd ,nd §u iqÿiq h' ,sÜ,a (2001) m%ldY lr we;af;a nyqfYa%Ks

mdi,a jeämqr u msysgd we;af;a w;sÿIalr .%dóh m%foaYj, nj;a" ta iòyd .=re idOkh

uQ,sl jk w;r" .=re ys`.h mshùu iy .=re wOHdmkh ,nd§u iqÿiq njhs' Suethompson (1997) nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùfï § .=re ld¾hNdrh b;d jeo.;a nj;a"

ta iòyd .ïno l=vd mdi,aj, isiqkaf.a iy m%cdjf.a woyia biau;= lrñka iqÿiq

mqyqKqjla nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejrekag ,nd§u ks¾foaY lrhs' Baker (1988) l=vd

mdi,a ms<snò wOHhkfhka wkdjrKh lrkafka .ïno ÿIalr m%foaYj, l=vd mdie,

iïm;la nj;a ta iòyd l=vd mdi,a .=rejre" úÿy,am;s" b.ekaùfï mqyqKqj iy .=re

mqyqKqj ms<snò oeä wjOdkhla fhduql< hq;= nj h' ta iòyd úÿy,am;s l<ukdlrK

l%shdj,sh ms<snò wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu iqÿiq nj h' chj¾Ok ^1995& m%ldY lrkafka

jrm%ido rys; wju myiqlï iys; mdi,aj, nyqfY%aKs b.ekaúu isÿ lrk neúka

ta iòyd iqÿiq .=re mqyqKqj" b.ekaùfï l%u úIh ud,dj wdÈh y`ÿkajd foñka

l%uj;a .=re mqyqKqjla ,nd §u iqÿiq nj h'

,S,dj;S ^1982& mjikafka j;= mdi,aj, .=re ys`.h ;Èka n,mdk nj;a" fï iòyd

tjeks .=rejrekag §ukd úfYaI jrm%ido iy myiqlï ,nd§u u.ska nyqfY%aKs

b.ekaùï m%j¾Okh l< hq;= nj h'

f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,g nyqfY%aKs .=re mqyqKq l%ufõo" mka;s md,kh" .=re isiq

wdl,am fuka u idOkSh ,laIK biau;= jk nyqfY%aKs wOHdmk l%ufõohl wjYH;dj

hqfkiaflda ixúOdkfha wkq.%yfhka wdishd meismsla l,dmj, rgj,a 13l

iyNd.s;ajfhka mej;s iuq¿fõ § wjOdrKh flrsKs' tys § rgj,a 13l nyqfY%aKs .=re

wOHdmkh iïnkaO iudf,dapkhla fuka u mj;sk ;;a;ajh ú.%ylr nyqfY%aKs

b.ekaùfï .eg¨" wNsfhda. y`ÿkd .kakd ,§¡ fmdÿfõ wjOdrKh l< wxY w;r

nyqfY%aKs .=re mqyqKqj" .=re wOHdmk wdl,am j¾Okh" nyqfY%aKs mdi,a mßmd,kh"

mka;s l<ukdlrKh úfYaI lr we;' fuu wxY ms<snòj jeä keUqrejla oelaúh hq;=

nj;a" m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha § fuu wxY flf¾ oeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= nj;a

fmkajd § we;'

cd;sl .=re wOHdmk jevigyka ;=< nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùug wod< oekqu iy l=i,;d

ixj¾Okh i,lk úg idudðl rgj, .=re wOHdmk moaO;Skays th meyeÈ,s j u

oelafjk nj;a tu iuq¿fõ § ks.ukh úh' fï wkqj úúO rgj, mj;sk .=re

wOHdmk moaO;Ska ;=< wod< mqyqKqj ,nd§fï m%jK;d we;sfjñka mj;S' ld,Sk j ol=Kq

wdishdj we;=¿ f,dalfha úúO rgj, úúO nyqfY%aKs l%fudamdh fuka u nyqfYa%Ks .=re

wjYH;d ms<snò j fmdÿ ;;a;ajh .ek o woyia úu¾Ykhg ,la flfrñka mj;S'

Multigrade Teaching Towards an International Policy Agenda hk

m¾fhaIK ,smsfhka ,sÜ,a ^2001& wjOdrKh lrkafka .=re wOHdmk mdGud,dj,

nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùfï l%ufõo kHdh hkdÈh we;=<;a úh hq;= nj h' weh ta iòyd mdol

lr .kafka f,dalfha úúO rgj, nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùfï ixLHd;aul m%;sY; h' weh

mjik mßÈ bkaÈhdj 60]lg jvd jeä m%udKhla nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï lrhs' th fmare

rdcHfha 78]la jk w;r" úhÜkdufha 17]la fõ' iaùvkfha th 35]la muK fõ'

m%xYfha 22]la o" ì%;dkHfha 63]la muK o jQ mdi,a m%udKhl nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï

78

lrk nj weh mjihs' fï ;;a;ajh ;=< f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, nyqfY%aKs .=re

wOHdmk .eg¨ mj;S' úfYaIfhka u .%dóh" j;=" ÿr neyer" jrm%ido rys; m%foaYj,

mdif,a msysàu fya;= fldg f.k nyqfY%aKs mdi,a l<ukdlrKh fuka u fN!;sl udkj

iïm;a ms<snò .eg¨ mj;S'

fmdÿfõ .;a úg f,dalfha m%n, .eg¨jla njg m;a ù we;s m%Yakh jkafka iu

wOHdmkh ,nd§fï .eg¨jhs' úfYaIfhka u fuys § nyqfY%aKs bf.kqï wjia:dj, § .=re

wOHdmkh" mqyqKqj yd fiajl uKav, l<ukdlrKh .eg¨ mj;sk nj hqfkiaflda

wdh;kfha m¾fhaIKj,ska wjOdrKh lr we;' hqfkiafldaj ^2001& mjik mßÈ

fuu .eg¨ w;r nyqfY%aKs .=re wOHdmkh ,nd§u" hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu" wLKav .=re

mqyqKqj ,nd§u" nyqfY%aKs mdi,a l<ukdlrKh" nyqfY%aKs .=re mqyqKq jevigyka Èh;a

lsÍu" nyqfY%aKs úIhud,d ixj¾Okh" mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

úfYaIfhka u ie,lsh hq;= wxY nj ,sÜ,a ^2001& m%ldY lrhs' fï iïnkaO j

weh ;jÿrg;a m%ldY lrkafka fldf<dïìhd" úhÜkduh" fmare" ,;ska weußldkq

rgj, nyqfY%aKs .=re wOHdmk .eg¨ fuka u w;aoelSï nyq, j oelaúh yels nj h'

fuys § nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï wjia:d jvd iqÿiq nj fmkajd § we;' ta wkqj f,dalfha

fndfyda rgj, nyqfY%aKs ;;a;ajh ksrEmKh ùu cd;sl jevms<sfj,la f,i l%shd;aul

j fkdms<s.ekSu ksid nyqfY%aKs .eg¨ mj;sk nj mjihs' fï ksid nyqfY%aKs bf.kqï -

b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh úl,am udOHhla f,i ms<s.ekSfï .eg¨ ;;a;ajhla mj;sk nj o

meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí' úfYaIfhka u cd;sl .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d ;=< nyqfY%aKs .=re

wOHdmkh o jeo.;a úIhla f,i fYa%Ks.; ù ke;s nj o f,dalh mqrd .=re wOHdmk

mdGud,dj, úIhhla f,i ia:dmkh ù fkdue;s nj o fmkajd fohs'

4.0 m¾fhaIK wruqKq

1' nyqfY%aKs b.ekafjk yd tfia b.ekaùfï wjYH;dj we;s mdi,a

ms<snòj ;;a;aj úu¾Ykhla lsÍu'

2' nyqfY%aKs l%uhg W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh úuid ne,Su'

3' nyqfY%aKs l%uhg W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a mdvï m%fõYh" b.ekaùï l%u" mdvï

ixj¾Okh" bf.kqï wdOdrl" mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" mdvï wjidkfha we.hSï

isÿ lrk wdldrh úuid ne,Su'

4' nyqfY%aKs l%uhg W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùfï iQodku iy wëlaIK

l%shdj,sh iïnkaO úu¾Ykh lsÍu'

5' nyqfY%aKs .=rejrekaf.a .=re mqyqKqj ms<snò úuid ne,Su'

6' nyqfY%aKs .=rejrekaf.a fiajd ;;a;ajh úu¾Ykh lsÍu'

7' nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï iïnkaO úfYaI .=re fiajd wjYH;d ms<snò jQ ks¾foaY

bÈßm;a lsÍu'

5.0 ksheosh

nyqfY%aKs l%uh iòyd jQ úfYaI .=re fiajd wjYH;d ms<snò m¾fhaIKhla fyhska

nyqfY%aKs bf.kqï - b.ekaùï we;s mdi,a ksheÈhla f;dard .kakd ,§'

79

2jk j.=j kshÈh( Èia;%slal iy l,dm wkqj .=re iy úÿy,am;s ixLHd úia;r'

6.0 m¾fhaIK l%uh m¾fhaIKh i`oyd úia;rd;aul m¾fhaIK l%uh fhdod .kakd ,§' o;a; /ia lsÍfï §

iólaIKh iy iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh fhdod .kakd ,§' m¾fhaIK WmlrK f,i

uQ,sl f;dr;=re jd¾;dj" m%Yakdj,sh" iïuqL idlÉPdj iy ksÍlaIK Wmfhda.S lr .;a

w;r" o;a; ;yjqre lr .ekSug iïuqL idlÉPd u`.ska ,nd .kakd ,o o;a; bjy,a

úh' o;a; úYaf,aIKfha § úia;rd;aul l%u fhdod .kakd ,§'

7.0 nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, .=rejrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh

.=rejrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh iqúfYaIS jk w;r u" .=re ld¾hNdrh iïnkaO lreKq úúO

woyia u; ks¾udKh ù mj;S' thska o nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejrhdf.a ld¾hNdrh jvd

ixlS¾K fõ' fya;=j" tl fY%aKshl b.ekaùïj,g jvd tu .=rejrhd nyqfY%aKs

b.ekaùï lrf.k hk ksid h' tneúka nyqfY%aKs mdief,a W.kajk .=rejrhd ;u

b.ekaùï tl fY%aKshlg muKla fkd j fY%aKs lsysmhlg u tljr b.ekaùï isÿlrk

w;r u Tyqf.a ld¾hNdrh o b;d ixlS¾K njla Wiq,hs' úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï

iy fjk;a ndysr l%shdldrlïj,g ueÈ j lghq;= l< hq;= h' fuys § nyqfY%aKs

mdif,a .=rejrfhdf.a b.ekaùï" bf.kqï l%shdj,sfha § ;u mqyqKqjg wod< Wmdêhg

wod< jQ b.ekaúï fndfyda úg isÿfkdlrk w;r" ta fjkqjg tljr mka;s lsysmhlg

b.ekaùug isÿ ù we;' úfYaIfhka u nyqfYa%Ks b.ekaùfï § ;u ld¾hNdrh ;ud

bf.k.;a uQ,sl .=re mqyqKqj fyda Wmdêh w;r fjkila mj;S' tkï nyqfY%aKs mdief,a

b.ekaùfï § iqúfYaIS ld¾hNdrhla nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejrhdg bgq lsÍug isÿfõ'

3jk j.=fõ oelafjkafka ta ta .=re j¾.h yd ;u b.ekaùï ld¾hNdrh w;r mj;sk

fjkialï h'

Èia;%slalh wOHdmk l,dm mdi,a .Kk

úÿy,am;sjreka .Kk

.=rejreka .Kk

lE.,a,

1' lE.,a, 5 5 10

2' udjke,a, 5 5 20

3' foys´úg 5 5 20

r;akmqr

1' r;akmqr 5 5 10

2' n,xf.dv 5 5 20

3' weô,smsáh 5 5 20

tl;=j 30 30 100

80

3 jk j.=j - .=re j¾. wkqj nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùï fjkialï

3jk j.=j wkqj úúO uQ,sl .=re mqyqKqj ,enQ .=re msßia nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, bf.kqï-b.ekaúï l%shdj,sfha ksr; fj;s' úfYaIfhka u m%d:ñl mqyqKqj ,enQ m%;sY;h uq¿ .=re ksheÈfhka by< m%;sY;hla f.k we;' ta wkqj m%d:ñl .=re mqyqKqj ,enQ m%udKh nyqfY%aKs mka;sj, bf.kqï-b.ekaúï l%shdj,sh i`oyd M,odhs f,i fhdod.; yels h' tfy;a úúO mqyqKqj ,enQ .=re msßia nyqfY%aKs b.ekaúï lghq;=j, ksr; fj;s' fuu.ska .=Kd;aul fuka u M,odhs bf.kqï l%shdj,shla wfmalaId l< fkdyelsh' tfuka u ksheÈh ;=< m%d:ñl mqyqKqjg wu;r j fjk;a .=re j¾. hgf;a mqyqKqj ,enQ .=re msßi o ie,lsh hq;= ;rïh' tA w;=frka úoHdj" .Ks;h" isxy," mqyqKq iy kqmqyqKq .=re msßila o isá;s' tfiA .=re mqyqKqjg wod< j b.ekaùï fkdlrk .=re m%;sY;h uq¿ kshÈfhka 32]ls' th ie,lsh hq;= ;rï h' fujeks miqìul nyqfYA%Ks .=rejreka b.ekaùfï yd ,eìh hq;= mqyqKqj y`ÿkd.; hq;= j we;' m%d:ñl .=rejrekag wod< nyqfYA%Ks b.ekaùï o we;s w;r wfkl=;a .=rejrekaf.a nyqfYA%Ks b.ekaùfï .=Kd;aul Ndjh ie,lsh hq;= ;;ajhlska jevqÈhqKq l< hq;= j we;' fmdÿfõ .;a úg nyqfY%AKs bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh j¾Okh l< hq;= j we;'

.=re j¾.h .=re j¾.h

wkqj b.ekaúh hq;= mka;s

tfia W.kajk .=rejreka

m%udKh N =100

tfia kQ.kajk .=rejreka m%udKh N = 100

tl;=j uq¿ m%udKh

1 m%d:ñl mqyqKq 1 - 5 28 - 28

2 Wmdê 6 - 13 5 10 15

3 úoHd mqyqKq 6 - 11 1 2 3

4 .Ks; mqyqKq 6 - 11 4 1 5

5 bx.%Sis mqyqKq 6 - 11 2 1 3

6 Ñ;% mqyqKq 6 - 11 - 1 1

7 nqoaO O¾u mqyqKq 6 - 11 - 1 1

8 iudc wOHhk mqyqKq 6 - 11 - 1 1

9 wOHdmkfõ§ 6 - 13 - 1 1

10 kqmqyqKq 1 - 5 2 - 2

11 jdKsc 6 - 13 6 1 7

12 lDIs 6 - 11 - - -

13 isxy, mqyqKq 6 - 11 1 4 5

tl;=j 72

81

nyqfY%AKs .=rejre ;u mka;s ldurh ;=< úúO N+ñld ksrEmkh lr;s' úfYAIfhka u by; iòyka l< wdldrfhka ;u úIhhg wu;r j b.ekaùï isÿlr;s' tfuka u úIh ndysr l%shdldrlïj, o kshef<;s' nyqfY%AKs mdi, uQ,sl .=re ys.fhka fmf<k neúka .=rejrhdg tu ld¾hh Ndrh bgqlsÍug isÿfõ' o;a; úYaf,AIKfhA § y`ÿkd.kakd ,o úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï" YsIH iñ;s" l%svd jevigyka" YsIH jHdmD;s" úúO m%cd jHdmD;s iy Y%uodk lòjqre iy fjk;a úIh ndysr l%%shdldrlï h' nyqfY%AKs mdif,A .=re ld¾hNdrfhA § by; ioyka úIh ndysr l%shdldrlïj, kshef<k mdi,a m%udKh 4jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'

4jk j.=j - úIh ndysr l%shdldrlïj, kshq;= mdi,a m%udKh

04jk j.=j wkqj nyqfYA%Ks mdi,a jeä m%udKhl úIh ndysr úúO jevigyka"

l%shdldrlï mj;shs' fï ioyd nyqfYA%Ks mdi,a .=rejre b;d ±ä leue;af;ka lghq;=

lr;s' .=re m%Yakdj,shg wkqj iEu .=rejrfhl=gu ;u b.ekaùï ld¾h Ndrhg wu;r

j úIh ndysr lghq;=j, o ksr; fõs' úfYAIfhkau YsIH iñ;s" l%Svd jevigyka" iy

Y%uodk" nyqfYA%Ks mdif,A l%shd;aul jk jevigyka w;r fõ'

8'0 nyqfYA%Ks .=rejrekaf.a bf.kqï$b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhA iQodku nyqfYA%Ks l%uhg W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu hgf;a jdr igyka ,sùu"

Èk igyka ,sùu iy i;s igyka ,sùu ms<snoj o;a; /ialrk ,os'

5jk j.=j - nyqfYA%Ks W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a jdr igyka' Èk igyka ,sùu

úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï ksheÈfhA mdi,a .Kk

l%shd;aul lrk mdi,a .Kk

l%shd;aul fkdlrk

mdi,a .Kk tl;=j

1' YsIH iñ;s 30 30 - 30

2' l%Svd jevigyka 30 28 2 30

3' YsIH jHdmD;s 30 25 5 30

4' úúO m%cd jHdmD;s 30 20 10 30

5' Y%uodk lòjqre 30 20 10 30

6' fjk;a 30 25 5 30

iQodkï jk wjia:dj ksheÈhg wkqj uq¿ m%udKh

m%;spdr ,enQ Tõ ke;

Tõ ^m%;sY;hla

f,i& 1' nyqfYA%Ks b.ekaùu ld,

igyka wkqj isÿlrkq ,efí' 100 70 50 40 71

2' jdr igyka ilia lrkq ,efí' 100 70 5 65 7

3' jdrigyka ,sùfï .eg,q mj;S' 100 70 65 5 92

82

5jk j.=j wkqj m%;spdr ÿka .=re m%udKh 70ka 65fofklau jdr igyka ,shkafkA ke;'

th m%;sY; f,i .;aúg 92]l ;rï by< w.hla .kS' tA wkqj nyqfYA%Ks l%uhg

W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a jdr igyka ,sùu ÿ¾j, h' tfuka u nyqfYA%Ks b.ekaùfï § ±ä

f,i ld,igykg wkql=, j isÿ fkdfõ' nyqfYA%Ks mdi,a 30 la ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § ±ä

f,i úêu;a ld,igyklg wkql+, j b.ekaùï isÿlsÍug W;aidy ork wdldrhla

ksÍlaIKfhA § olakg ,eìKs'

9'0 nyqfYA%Ks l%uhg W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a mdvï wdrïNh iy m%fõYh nyqfYA%Ks l%uhg W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a mdvï m%fõYh" wdrïNh" mdvu isÿlrk

wdldrh ms<sn`oj úu¾Ykh lsÍfï § m%Odk jYfhka m%Yakdj,sh iy mdvï ksÍlaIK

jd¾;d iy .=rejrekaf.A iïuqL idlÉcd fIvQ,h u.ska ,nd .kakd ,o o;a;

úYf,AIKh lrk ,oS'

06 jk j.=j - nyqfYA%Ks l%uhg W.kajk .=rejreka mdvug m%fõY jk wdldrh

mdvï m%fõYhg iQodkï jQ wjia:dj ksheÈh

m%;spdr ,ndÿka .Kk

Tõ Tõ m%;sY;h ke; ke;

m%;sY;h

1' mdvu msúiSug fmr ndOl bj;a lrñ' 100 70 10 14 60 86

2' mdvug .e<fmk WÑ; m%fõYhla .ksñ' 100 70 5 7 65 93

3' mdvfï wjOdkh ioyd Wml%u Ndú; lrñ' 100 70 10 14 60 86

4' mdvfï wka;¾.;h fldgia lr olajñ' 100 70 5 7 65 93

5' mdvfï wruqK" ksmqK;d" WÑ; f,i ilia lrñ'

100 70 7 10 63 90

6' b.ekaùfï l%u Ndú; lrñ' 100 70 6 8 64 92

7' we.ehSï l%uh meyeÈ,s j olajñ' 100 70 10 15 60 85

8' úIhhg wod< l=i,;d isiqkag bÈßm;a lrñ'

100 70 5 7 65 93

9' úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s j olajñ' 100 70 5 7 65 93

10'isiqkaf.A iudc wd¾Ól miqìu y`ÿkd.ksñ 100 70 5 7 65 93

83

mdvug msúiSug fmr ndOl bj;a lrñ hk bf.kqug wjia:dj ;=< mdvug wod<

mka;s jd;djrKh" isiqkaf.a me;a;" .eg¨" wdÈh .ek i,lñka tu ndOl bj;a lr

uekúka mdvu bÈßm;a lrk .=rejreka m%udKh 14]lss' tkï b;d my< u w.hla .kS'

tfiA u mka;s jd;djrKh .ek fkdi,lk m%udKh .;a úg 86]ls' th by<

w.hla .kS'

mdvug wod< j WÑ; f,i id¾:l m%fõYhla .kakd nyqfYA%Ks .=rejre ixLHdj 05ls'

úfYAIfhkau ´kEu mdvul jeo.;au wxYh jkafkA mdvu iòyd jQ id¾:l

m%fõYhhs' tfy;a nyqfYA%Ks W.kajk .=rejrekaf.ka i;=gqodhl f,i mdvulg m%fõY

jkafkA 07la ;rï m%udKhls' tfiA id¾:l m%fõYhla fkd.kakd nyqfYA%Ks .=re m%udKh

93ls' fuu ;;ajh nyqfYA%Ks mdi,aj, olakg ,efí' th i;=gqodhl ;;a;ajhla fkdfõ'

tneúka nyqfYA%Ks .=rejrekaf.a mdvï m%fõYh i;=gqodhl fkdfõ'

mdvug .e,fmk wjOdkh" Wml%u Ndú; lrk nyqfY%AKs .=rejreka m%udKh 14]ls' th

o ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;shs' tfiau mdvï wruqKq" ksmqK;d" WÑ; f,i olajk

nyqfYA%Ks .=rejre .Kk 10]ls' tfiAu mdvu" wruqK" ksmqK;d meyeÈ,s f,i mdvï

m%fõYhl oS fkdolajk .=rejrekaf.A ixLHdj b;d by< h' tu m%udKh 63la jk

w;r" m%;sY;hla f,i .;a úg 90]la ;rï by< w.hla .kS' fï wkqj n,k úg

nyqfYA%Ks .=rejrekaf.ka 90]g jeä m%udKhla mdvï wruqKq" ksmqK;d ms<ssnò j

±kqula fkdue;' tu ;;ajh ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;S'

nyqfYA%Ks .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u Ndú;h .;a úg o ;rula ÿrg fyda b.ekAùfï

l%u Ndú; lrk nyqfYA%Ks .=rejreka .Kk 06ls' th m%;sY;hla f,i .;a úg

8]la ;rï my< w.hl mj;S' tfiA b.ekAùfï l%u Ndú; fkdlrk idïm%odhsl f,i

nyqfYA%Ks b.ekaùï lrk .=rejreka .Kk b;d by< w.hla .kSS' m%udKh .;a úg

92%ls' nyqfYA%Ks mdi,aj, fuu ,laIKh nyq, j olakg ,efí' idudkH mka;s

ldurhl mßÈ idïm%odhsl f,i tl u b.ekaùfï l%u Ndú; lrñka .=rejreka

jeä .Kkla nyqfYA%Ks mka;sj, b.ekaùñ lr;s'

nyqfYA%Ks l%uhg b.ekaùfï § mka;s lsysmhlg mdvï lsysmhla tl jr b.ekaùug isÿ

fõ' tneúka tjeks mdvï ie,iqula l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ke; fyd;a ixj¾Okh lsÍfï

oS tla fY%AKshla b.ekaùug jvd mdvï ixj¾OkfhA § ie,lsh hq;= wxY .Kkdjla

we;' mka;s lsysmhl isiqkag tljr mdvï lsysmhla b.ekaùug isÿ jk ksid tA tA úIh

ks¾foAY wruqKq" wNsu;d¾:" ukdj ie,iqqï lr .ekSug nyqfYA%Ks W.kajk .=rejrehdg

isÿfõ' tA ms<snò j nyqfYA%Ks W.kajk .=rejrekaf.ka ,nd .;a m%Yakdj,sh iy mdvï

ksÍlaIK o;a; weiqfrka ,nd .kakd ,o f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh l< úg fufia fõ'

84

7jk j.=j - nyqfYA%Ks W.kajk .=rejrekaf.A mdvï ixj¾Okh lrk wdldrh'

by;ska olajd we;af;A mdvï ie,iqï lr mdvu mka;s ldurfha bÈßm;a lsÍfï tu

bf.kqï wjia:d hgf;a ,nd .kakd ,o m%;spdr .Kk iy uq,a ksheÈfha m%;sY;

f,i ,nd .kakd ,o o;a; h' tu o;a; úYaf,AIKhg wkqj mka;sh iEu wjia:dfõ §

u msßisÿ j ;nd .kakd m%udKh by< u m%;sY;hla .kS' tfy;a wfkl=;a bf.kqï

wjia:d ixj¾Okh lsÍu" mdvu bÈßm;a lsÍfï § olakg ,efnk m%jK;d t;rï

hym;a fkdfõ' YsIHhkaf.a úúO;ajh wkqj mdvï ie,iqï ilia fkdlrk

nyqfYA%Ks .=rejrekaf.A ixLHdj .;aúg 75]ls' tkï ie,iqï lsÍfï oS isiqkaf.A

úúO;d .ek fkdis;hs' nyqfY%AKs .=rejre 12fokl= muKla wjia:dkql+, j b`oysg

tjeks mdvï ie,iqï lr;s'

10'0 nyqfY%AKs b.ekaúï iïnkaOfhka .=rejrekag ,efnk mqyqKqj

nyqfY%AKs .=rejrekaf.ka 85]la u fiAjdia: ieisj,g fhduq fkdjQy' fiAjdia: ieisj,g

fhduq jk .=rejreka 14]lss' tA wkqj wkdjrKh jkafkA nyqfY%AKs mdif,a .=rejreka

tn`ÿ fiAjdia: ieisj,g fhduq fkdjk njhs'

bf.kqï wjia:dj

,enQ m%;spdr

ks;ru wjia:dkql+j b`oysg ke;

] ] ] ] 1' mka;sh ks;r u msßisÿ

j ;nd.ekSu 65 93 2 3 2 3 1 1

2' YsIHhkaf.A úúO;ajh wkqj mdvï ie,iqï lrñ' 2 3 10 14 5 8 53 75

3' ish¨ isiqkag m%Yak bÈßm;a lrñ' 2 3 5 7 5 8 58 82

4' mdvu mshjrg wkql+, bÈßm;a lrñ' 2 3 4 7 5 8 59 82

5' mdvug wod< we.hSï WmlrK ilia lr.ksñ' 2 3 3 7 7 8 58 82

6' wjYH ksmqK;d wruqKq <`.djk f;la iEu isiqka flfrysu wjOdkh fhduq lrñ'

2 3 2 3 3 4 63 90

7' mdvu ;=< isiqkaf.A fm,öug iqÿiq l%shdldrlï Wml%u Ndú; lrñ'

2 3 4 5 5 8 59 84

8' WÑ; bf.kqï l%u fhdA.H mßÈ WmfhdA.s lr.ksñ' 3 4 5 7 10 14 52 75

9' .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú; lrñ' 2 3 2 3 1 1 65 93

85

8 jk j.=j- nyqfY%AKs W.kajk .=rejrekaf.A .=re-mqyqKqj iòyd ,efnk wjia:d

fiAjdia: ieisj,g fhduq fkdùug fyA;=jla jkqfha fiAjd ieis iïnkaOj l,dm fydA

fldÜGdi ld¾hd, u.ska úêu;a ikaksfõok jevms<sfj,la fuu nyqfY%AKs mdi,a

iïnkaO j l%shd;aul fkdùuhs' tn`ÿ wjia:d ,nd§ug ;rï m%udKj;a .=re ixLHdjla

fkdùu o .eg¨jls' úfYAIfhka u me,auvq,a," háhkaf;dg" n,xf.dv hk wOHdmk

l,dmj, nyqfY%AKs mdi,aj, ffoksl j .=rejreka fiAjhg jd¾;d fkdlsÍu

uQ,sl .eg¨jls' tn`ÿ mdi,aj, mka;s mylg fyda mka;s wglg isák .=rejreka .Kk

fofokl= fydA ;sfofkls' wOHhkhg ,lajQ me,auvq,a, wOHdmk fldÜGdifhA mdi,l"

mdif,a mka;s mylg .=re meñKSu f,i iòyka jQfhA fofofkls' tu mdif,a

isák .=rejreka ixLHdj ;sfofkls' tA wkqj mka;s myl b.ekaùug;a" tu mdif,a

mßmd,kh f.k hEug;a" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh f.k hEug;a" isákafkA

fuu .=rejre fofokdh' fuu ;;ajh u; fiajdia: ieisj,g fhduqùfï m%jK;dj b;d

ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;S' tneúka tn`ÿ fiAjdia: ieisj,g iyNd.s fkdùug nyqfY%AKs

W.kajk .=rejre fm,ö isá;s' tn`ÿ ;;a;aj wOHhkg ,la jQ mdi,a 30ka 28lau úh'

mqyqKqj ,enQ wjia:d ms<snò úia;r ksheÈh

,enqKq m%;spdr m%udKh

mqyqKq wjia:dj ,enqKq m%udKh

m%;sY;h mqyqKq

wjia:dj fkd,enqKq m%udKh

m%;sY;h

1' fiAjdia: ieisj,g fhduqùu

100 70 10 14'5 60 85'5

2' mdif,A .=re ixj¾Ok jev igykaj,g fhduqùu

100 70 5 7'5 65 92'5

3' .=re ieisj,g ;;aj ljj,g fhduqùu

100 70 12 17'5 58 82'5

4' ;u wOHdmk iqÿiqlï jeä lr .ekSug fhduqùu

100 70 04 5'5 66 94'5

5' l,dm$m<d;a fldÜGdij, .=re mqyqKqj jevuq¿j,g fhduq lsßu

100 70 12 17'5 58 82'5

86

11'0 ks.uk yd fhdAckd

11'1 nyqfY%aKs .=rejrhdf.A ld¾hNdrh

01' nyqfY%aKs .=rejre uQ,sl .=re mqyqKqjg wod< bf.kqï-b.ekaùñ ld¾hNdrhg

wu;r Bg fjkia mka;s lsysmhlg tljru nyqfY%aKs mdif,a bf.kqï b.ekaùñ

lr;s' mqyqKqj fydA Wmdêhg wod< úIh wkqj fkdj nyqfY%aKs mdif,A m%d:ñl

mka;s lsysmhlg tl jr u W.kaj;s' nyqfY%aKs mdif,A .=rejre úúO úIh

iu.dó" úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï j, jeä m%udKhla ksr; fj;s'

02' nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejrekaf.ka 90]la jdr igyka" Èk igyka fkd,sh;ss'

tfukau tu igyka l%udkql+, fkdùu iy wúêu;a nj iqúfYAIs ,laIKhls'

iQodkñka mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" 80]la ;rï nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejreka w;ska

isÿ fkdfõ'

03' nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejrekaf.A b.ekaùfñ l%u Ndú; lsÍu" b.ekaùfï l%u

±kqj;aNdjh" b;d u ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;S' úfYAIfhkau fun`ÿ ÿ¾j,;d ksid

tljr mka;s 02lg jvd b.ekaùfï § fndfydA wvqmdvq" ÿIalr;d" uOHfhA

tjeks .=rejre lghq;= lr;s'

04' nyqfY%aKs l%uhg W.kajk .=rejrekaf.ka 90]lg ;u mdvu mshjfrka mshjrg

l%udkql+,j bÈßm;a lsÍug wmyiq h' tA ioyd ;u ie,iqï lrk ,o mdvï

mka;s follg l%shd;aul l< hq;= ksid tu ;;ajh ;j;a ne?reï úh' mdvfï

úIh lreKq mshjr wkqj WÑ; l%uhg ie,iqï lr kshñ; ld,h ;=<

b.ekaùfó§ .=rejre .eg¨ iy.; ;;ajhlg m;afj;s'

05' nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, újO ;,fhA .=re mqyqKqj ,enQ msßila jQy' nyqfY%aKs

mdi,aj, jeä m%udKhla .=rejreka m%d:ñl mqyqKq .=rejreka ùu

úfYaI ,laIKhls' tfukau .=re mqyqKqj iy j¾;udk W.kajk mka;s w;r

fkd.e<mSula olakg ,efí' tfukau nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, uQ,sl úIhhka

b.ekaùug iqÿiq .=rejre fkdue;'

06' nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, .=re mqyqKqj i`oyd we;s wjia:d b;d my< uÜgul mj;S'

fiAjd ieis fldÜGdi" l,dm uÜgfï mqyqKq wjia:d" nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj,

W.kajk .=rejrekaag u.yeÍ hhs' tfuka u cd;sl uÜgfï cd;sl wOHdmk

úoHdmSG" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;k" .=re úoHd," wd§ by< .KfhA .=re mqyqKq

wjia:d" nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejrekaf.ka 90]la ;rï m%udKhlg fkd,efí'

fndfydA úg fldÜGdi yd l,dm" uÜgfï tlaÈk mqyqKq wjia:dj,g muKla

nyqfY%AKs W.kajk .=rejrekag iyNd.s ùug wjia:dj ,efí'

87

12'0 fhdAckd

01' nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO .=re mqyqKq wjia:d

j¾Okh lsÍu'

02' nyqfY%aKs mdi,a iïnkaO j .=re wOHdmk jevigyka fldÜGdi uÜgñka Èh;a

lsrSu'

03' l,dm fydA fldÜGdi uÜgñka nyqfY%aKs W.kajk .=rejreka leòjd

nyqfY%aKs m¾fhAIK iòyd we.ùï" nyqfY%aKs bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhA

uQ,sl .eg¨ wjia:d .ek ±kqj;a lsÍu iy woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug

wjia:d iïmdokh lsÍu'

04' nyqfY%aKs iïnkaO .=re wOHdmkh ,xldfõ cd;sl .=re wOHdmkh iu.

wLKav .=re wOHdmk jevigykla f,i mj;ajdf.k hdu" iy .=re wOHdmk

jevigykaj, nyqfY%aKs mdi,a iïnkaO .=re mqyqKq wjia:d ±ä f,i wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu'

05' nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj, udkj iy fN!;sl myiqlï fukau há;,

myiqlï ,nd§ug lghq;= lsÍu iy tA iòyd uQ,sl;ajh ,nd§u'

06' nyqfY%aKs mdi,a iïnkaO .=re wOHdmk jevigyka l%uj;a lsÍu iy

tjeks .=re mqyqKqj ,enQ msßila rgmqrd m%p,s; lsÍu'

07' m%dfoAYSh" m<d;a" l,dm" fldÜGdi" u.ska .=re mqyqKqj ,enQ .=rejreka .=re

WmfoAYljreka m;alsÍu" tu fiAjh l%uj;a f,i mj;ajdf.k hEu'

08' nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu y`ÿkd.ekSu" mqyqKqj wd§ lghq;= ioyd m<d;a iy l,dm

wOHdmk ld¾hd,j, fjku úIh wOHlaIljrhl= hg;g mejÍu'

09' cd;sl uÜgñka ±ä wjYH;djhla f,i i,ld nyqfY%aKs mdi,aj,

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh l=udrodi" tÉ'^2003&' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul wjêhg M,odhS

m%fõYhla" f.dvf.A iy ifydAorfhdA" fld<U 10

l=,r;ak" tka' Ô' iy fldä;=jlal=" Ô' ^1991&' Y%S ,xldfõ .ïno mdi,aj,g udkj iy

fN!;sl iïm;a .,d hEu ms<snòj wOHhkhla" wOHdmk m¾fhAIK

fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u'

chj¾Ok" ta' ^1995&' jrm%ido rys; m%foAYj, nyqfY%aKs mdi,a wOHdmk i`.rdj" cd;sl

wOHdmk ix.uh" wOHdmk mSGh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

chj¾Ok" tA' ^1995&' jrm%ido rys; m%foAYhkays we;s nyqfY%aKs mdi,a Tjqkaf.a wOHdmk

idOk .eg¨ flf¾ n,mdk idOl ms<snò wOHdmkhla" o¾Yk úYdro Wmdê

ksnkaOkh" wOHdmk mSGh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

88

chùr" tia' ^1989&' wOHdmk wjia:d jHdma; lsÍu" fkdksñ l¾;jHh. iS'ví'ví' lkakka.r wkqiaurK foAYKh 1989 Tlaf;dAn¾ 13 m¾fhAIK wxYh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

chùr" tia' ^1990&' 1990 oYlfha wOHdmkh wd¾Ól úuiqu' fmnrjdß l,dmh" uyck nexl=j" m¾fhAIK fomd¾;fïka;=j'

rEmisxy" tia' ^1994&' Y%S ,xldfõ fojk j¾.hg wh;a .%dóh mdi,aj, isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól ixhq;sh" wOHdmk i`.rd 24" fld<U úYajúoHd,h" we;s lsÍu ioyd WÑ; .=re wOHdmk jevigyka ilia l< hq;= nj ;j ÿrg;a fmkajd fohs'

,S,dj;S" tï' ^1982&' Y%S ,xldfõ j;= mdi,a ms<ssn`o wOHhkhla ol=Kq m<df;a j;= mdi,a lsysmhla weiqßka wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s Wmdê ksnkaOkh wm%ldYs; fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj" ^1998&' ksoyiska miqj' Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól m%.;sh' ksoyia ixj;air m%ldYh' uy nexl=j" fld<U'

fiAor" hQ' Wmd,s yd tAlkdhl" tia'î' ^1989&' idOk úIu;d" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

Baker, J, V. (1988). The black board in the Jungle, Netherlands Education Publication.

Berry, C. (1996). Multigrade teaching Caribbean issues and development. London ‐ 127‐ 132

Bray, M. (1987). Are small schooling the answer cost effective strategies for rural school.

Ekanayake, S.B. (1982). A project on teacher training for development of school in Sri Lanka.

Little, A. (2001 ), Multigrade teaching towards and International research policy agenda international journal of education development. Vol. 2.Nov.6 (2001. 481 ‐ 497).

Little, A.W. (2000) Primary education reforms in Sri Lanka, educational publications department,

UNESCO (1987). Multiple class teaching in single Teacher Primary schools.

UNESCO (1989). Multigrade teaching in single teaching. Bangkok UNESCO. P 2‐15

UNESCO (2000). Straistical document education for all paris: UNESCO. P ‐15

UNESCO (2001). A handbook for teacher in multigrade classes paris UNESCO.

Suethompson (1997) Supporting learning development the role of teaching and learning co‐ordinators, volumn 5 NU‐3 MCB University press ISN 0968 ‐ 48883

Vithanapathirana, M.V. (2005). Improving multi grade teaching action research with teacher in Sri Lanka : unpublished PhD thesis, University of London.

89

A Study on Student Attendance in Jaffna‐District‐Schools

Kadampeswaran Manimarrphan Assistant Director of Education

Provincial Department of Education Northern Province

Abstract in English

Education plays a key role in personal development and thus the economic

development of a country. Schools contribute a great deal in this process and bear the

prime responsibility of developing the younger generation of the citizenry. In order to

achieve their targets, schools should be able to ensure regular student attendance. In

this context, Student attendance rate is regarded as a useful indicator in assessing the

performance of the education sector.

This study attempted to examine the pattern of student attendance at District, Zonal &

Divisional levels and to identify the factors influencing the truancy at various contexts.

All functioning schools in Jaffna district were included in this study. The data collection

was administered through Non Formal Units of Zonal and Provincial Education

Administration. Questionnaires were used to collect data from all schools (439) in Jaffna

district. Year 2013 students’ attendance considered for this analysis. The data analysis

was done by gender, grade and cycle.

The findings reveal that overall student attendance rate in Jaffna district is 84.18% and

zone wise as Jaffna Zone 81.87%, Vallikamam Zone 82.56%, Vadamaradchi Zone 86.43%,

Thenmaradchi Zone 86.53%, Islands Zone 91.82%. It is observed that student

attendance at grades 10 and 11 are poorer than that of other grades; and it is high at

grade 5. The Division wise analysis reveals that Chankanai 75.9%, Jaffna 78.5%, Nallur

80.9% and Kopay 83.8% attendance rates lower than other Divisions and it is high at

Delft 99.1%. The gender wise analysis reveals that girls attendance rate is higher than

that of boys.

The attendance rates of more urbanized zones such as Jaffna zones & Valikamam zones

are lower than that of other zones. The same pattern is observed at divisional levels as

well. This study highlights the necessity of high consideration from relevant authorities

to develop strategies to address the issues highlighted and initiation of further studies in

this area.

Key Terms – Students attendance rate, District, Zone, Division, Grade

91

aho; khtl;lg; ghlrhiyfspy; khztHfspd; tuT

flk;Ng];tud; kzpkhHgd;>

cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH>

khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;>

tlf;F khfhzk.;

Ma;Tr;RUf;fk;

xU ehl;bd; my;yJ xU jdp kdpjdpd; tsHr;rpf;Ff; fy;tpawpT mtrpakhdJ.

gps;isfSf;Ff; fy;tpapid toq;Ftjpy; ghlrhiyfs; gpujhd ,lj;jpid

tfpf;fpd;wd. ghlrhiyfs; jk; ,yf;fpid milaNtz;Lkhapd;

ghlrhiyfSf;Fg; gps;isfs; xOq;fhf tUjy; mtrpakhdjhFk;. ghlrhiyf;F

khztHfspd; tutpid mstpl khztH tuT tPjk; cjTfpd;wJ.

,t; Ma;thdJ aho; khtl;lg; ghlrhiyfspy; khtl;l> tya> Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy;

khztH tuT tPjq;fis ,dq;fhzTk;> khtl;l> tya> Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; ve;j

tFg;Gfspy; khztH tuT tPjk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

vd;gjid ,dq;fhzTk;> khtl;l> tya> Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; ve;j tFg;Gfspy;

khztH tuT tPjk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid ,dq;fhzTk;

tpisfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; tuT Fiwe;Js;s gpuNjrq;fspy;> juq;fspy; Jupj

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ghlrhiyfs; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fpid

miltjw;F toptFf;f KbAk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; aho; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ,aq;Ffpd;w 439

ghlrhiyfs; ,t; Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 2013 Mk; Mz;L ju uPjpahf

khztHfspd; tutpid msf;ff; $ba tifapy; tpdhf;nfhj;J jahupf;fg;gl;L

khfhz Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH Clhf ghlrhiy

mjpgHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;L Nrfupf;fg;gl;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,t; Ma;T

mikfpd;wJ.

,t; Ma;tpd; %yk; aho; khtl;lj;jpy; khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; 84.18% vd;gJk;>

tya uPjpahf ahog;ghzk; 81.87% MfTk;> typfhkk; 82.56% MfTk;> tlkuhl;rp

86.43% MfTk;> njd;kuhl;rp 86.53% MfTk;> jPtfk; 91.82% MfTk; cs;sik

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Vida juq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; juk; 10> juk; 11 ,y;

tuT tPjq;fs; kpff; Fiwthf cs;sd vd;gJk;> juk; 5 ,y; mjpf tuT tPjk;

fhzg;gLtJk;> aho;g;ghzk;> typfhkk; fy;tp tyaq;fs; khztH tutpy; $ba

ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tyaq;fshf cs;sd vd;gJk; rq;fhid(75.9%)>

aho;g;ghzk;(78.5%)> Nfhg;gha;(83.8%) Nfhl;lq;fs; Vida Nfhl;lq;fSld;

xg;gpLifapy; Fiwe;j tuTs;s Nfhl;lq;fshff; fhzg;gLtjdhy; ,f;

Nfhl;lq;fspy; kpff; $ba ftdk; cldbahfr; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk;

njspthfpAs;sJ. NkYk; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjkhdJ ngz;fspd; tuT tPjj;jpYk;

Fiwthf cs;sikAk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rq;fhid> aho;g;ghzk;> Nfhg;gha; cLtpy; Nfhl;lq;fspy; khztH tutpid

mjpfupg;gjw;fhd cldb eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

juk; 10> 11 khztHfspd; Fiwe;j tutpw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;tjw;fhf

Mokhd Ma;nthd;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtJk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; - khztH tuT tPjk;> khtl;lk;> tyak;> Nfhl;lk;> juk;

92

Ma;tpd; mwpKfk;

xU ehl;bd; my;yJ jdp kdpjdpd; tsHr;rpf;F fy;tp ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.

“xU ghlrhiy jpwf;fg;gLk; NghJ Mapuk; rpiwr;rhiyfs; %lg;gLfpd;wd” vd;w fy;tpapayhsupd; rpe;jidf;F mikthf khztHfspd; fy;tp> MSik tsHr;rpf;F

ghlrhiyfs; ,d;wpaikahjjhfpd;wd. xU ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy; me;j ehl;bd;

vOj;jwpT tPjk; mjpf nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjidf; fhzyhk; . ,jw;fhfNt gy

mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfs; jkJ ehLfspy; ,ytr fy;tp Kiwikapid

eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUtjidAk;, fl;lhaf; fy;tp KiwikiaAk;, fl;lhaf; fy;tpr; rl;lj;jpidAk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtjidAk; fhzyhk;.

,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;Fifapy; xU r%fj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; mwpT

tsHr;rpf;F my;yJ mgptpUj;jpf;F ghlrhiyfNs ngupJk; epiyf;fsdhf

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thW mwpT tsHr;rpf;F my;yJ MSik tsHr;rpf;F

mj;jpthuk; ,Lk; ghlrhiyfs; mtw;wpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mila Ntz;Lkhapd;

khztHfs; ghlrhiyf;F xOq;fhf tUjy; mtrpakhfpwJ . r%fj;jpd; my;yJ

ehl;bd; mwpT my;yJ fy;tp tsHr;rpapy; ehl;lKs;s mur my;yJ mur rhHgw;w

mikg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; ghlrhiyapy; khztHfspd; tuT xOq;fpy; mjpf

ehl;lk; fhl;Ltjid mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ .

,e;j tifapy; Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ,yq;ifapy; fy;tpj; Jiwf;F mjpf MNyh

ridfisAk; cjtpfisAk; toq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w cyf tq;fp, UNICEF Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs; ,yq;if fy;tp mikr;Rld; ,ize;J ghlrhiy tuT

xOq;fpid Kfhik nra;tJld; khztH tuT tPjj;jpid mjpfupg;gJ njhlHghf

tUlhtUlk; ,yf;Ffisj; jPHkhdpj;J mt; ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf

jpl;lq;fis tFj;J mj;jpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,aq;Ftjidf; fhzyhk;.

tlf;fpd; fy;tp epiy gw;wp gyUk; MHtk; nfhz;Ls;s ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy;

khztHfspd; fy;tp tsHr;rpapy; mjpfk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfspy;

xd;whf mike;Js;s khztH tuT njhlHghf Nfhl;l> tya> khtl;l kl;lj;jpy;

Ma;T xd;wpid Nkw;nfhz;L Fiwe;j tuT tPjk; nfhz;l Nfhl;lq;fis>

tyaq;fis -gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; mf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ

tyaj;jpy; khztH tuT xOq;F Fiwe;jpUg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;

tjw;fhf Mokhd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;s cjTtJld; mg; gpuNjrq;fspy; tuT

tPjj;jpid mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjtpahf

mikAk;.

,yf;fpa kPsha;T

,yq;ifapy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 9 tiuapyhd fl;lhaf; fy;tp tanjy;iy

apid 90% khd khztHfs; G+Hj;jp nra;fpd;wdH (`u;~h mj;JUghd, 2009), 2009 entk;gupy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpwpnjhU Ma;tpy; fl;lhaf; fy;tpapid

(5 taJ njhlf;fk; 14 taJ) G+Hj;jp Njrpag; ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J ruhrupahf

1.4% khztHfSk;, khfhzg; ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J ruhrupahf 8.4% ,il

tpyFfpd;wdH vdj; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (tpN[a rpwptHj;jd> 2000). gz;lhunty

gpuNjrj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s Ma;tpy; 37.05 tPjkhd ghlrhiy nry;Yk;

93

taJila gps;isfs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; rpWtu; njhopyhsuhf Ntiyf;F

mkHj;jg;gl;Ls;sik fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (MH. wNk];, mre;jh ehzaf;fhu, rq;ffhu fkytHj;jd> 2009)

,e;j Ma;Tfspy; ,Ue;J ghHf;fpd;w NghJ khztH ,iltpyfy; epfo;fpd;wik

fy;tpAyfpy; xU ghupa rthyhf cs;sijf; fhzyhk; . ,t;thW ghlrhiyfspy;

,Ue;J ,il tpyfy; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;dH mk; khztHfspd; ghlrhiy tuT

xOq;fw;Wf; fhzg;gLk; . vdNt xU khztdpd; tuT xOq;fpid mjpfupf;fr;

nra;Akplj;J mk; khztd; ,il tpyFtjw;fhd tha;g;gpidf; Fiwf;fyhk; .

Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

,e;j Ma;T

1. khtl;l> tya> Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; khztH tuT tPjq;fis ,dq;fhZjYk;

xg;gpLjYk;.

2. khtl;l> tya> Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; ve;j tFg;Gfspy; khztH tuT tPjk;

Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid ,dq;fhZjYk; xg;gpLjYk;.

3. khtl;l> tya> Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; ve;j tFg;Gfspy; khztH tuT tPjk;

mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid ,dq;fhZjYk; xg;gpLjYk;

Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

khtl;l> tya> Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; tuT tPjq;fs; fzpf;fg;gLk; nghOJ juk; 1

njhlf;fk; juk; 5 tiuahd gpupT (Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gpupT), juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 9 tiuahd gpupT (Kd;ida fl;lhaf; fy;tp tanjy;iy), juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 11 (jw;Nghija fl;lhaf; fy;tp tanjy;iy) gpupTfs; jdpj;jdpNa

Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; Mz;> ngz; khztHfsJ tuTfs; ghy;epiy

uPjpahfTk;> jdpj;jdpNaAk; xg;gpl;Lk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

Ma;T Kiwapay;

,e;j Ma;T xU msTrhu; Ma;thf mikfpwJ . aho; khtl;lk; Ma;Tf;Fupa

gpuNjrkhf njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ . aho; khtl;lj;jpy; jw;NghJ ,aq;fpf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;w 1AB ghlrhiyfs;; - 47, 1C ghlrhiyfs;; - 44, tif II ghlrhiyfs;; - 149 , tif III -199 ghlrhiyfs;; Mf 439 ghlrhiyfs;

Ma;Tf;Fupa ghlrhiyfshfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Ma;thdJ 2013

Mk; Mz;bw;fhd khztu;fspd; ghlrhiy tutpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ .

Ma;Tg; gpuNjrk;

Ma;thdJ aho; khtl;lj;jpy; ,aq;Ffpd;w midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfspYk; Nkw;nfhs;

sg;gLfpd;wJ. aho; khtl;lkhdJ aho;g;ghzk;, typfhkk; , tlkuhl;rp, njd;kuhl;rp, jPtfk; vd 5 tyaq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ .

aho;g;ghz tyak; aho;g;ghzk;, ey;Y}H, Nfhg;gha; Mfpa %d;W Nfhl;lq;

fisAk;, typfhkk; tyak; njy;ypg;gio, cLtpy;, rq;fhid, rz;bypg;gha; Mfpa

94

ehd;F Nfhl;lq;fisAk;, tlkuhl;rp tyak; funtl;b, gUj;jpj;Jiw, kUjq;Nfzp

Mfpa %d;W Nfhl;lq;fisAk;, njd;kuhl;rp tyak; rhtfr;Nrup vd;w xU

Nfhl;lj;jpidAk;, jPtf tyak; fhiuefH, Ntyiz, neLe;jPT, CHfhtw;Wiw

vd;w ehd;F Nfhl;lq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,f; Nfhl;lq;fspy; ,aq;Ffpd;w

ghlrhiy tpguq;fisf; fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 1 – aho; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ,aq;Ffpd;w ghlrhiyfs;

ml;ltizap;y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s 439 ghlrhiyfSk; ,t; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ma;Tf;fhd juTfs;

2013 Mz;by; tFg;G uPjpahf> ghy; uPjpahf khztHfs; ghlrhiyf;F tUif je;j

ehl;fs; ,t; Ma;tpw;fhd mbg;gilj; juTfs; Mfpd;wd. khfhzf; fy;tpj;

jpizf;fs Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsupd; topfhl;lypy; tyaf; fy;tp

mYtyf Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsHfshy; ghlrhiy uPjpahf gbtq;fs;

toq;fg;gl;L ghlrhiy mjpgHfsJ ifnahg;gj;Jld; ghlrhiyj; jpdtuTg;

gjpNtLfspy; ,Ue;J tFg;ghrpupaHfspdhy; toq;fg;gl;l juTfs; Nrfupf;

fg;gl;L ,t; Ma;tpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tyak; Nfhl;lk; 1AB 1C Type II Type III Total

aho;g;ghzk;

aho;g;ghzk; 4 4 11 1 20

ey;Y}H 5 4 14 17 40

Nfhg;gha; 5 2 16 16 39

typfhkk;

njy;ypg;gio 4 2 12 15 33

cLtpy; 2 3 9 16 30

rq;fhid 2 4 8 19 33

rz;bypg;gha; 5 5 10 20 40

tlkuhl;rp

funtl;b 5 2 9 15 31

gUj;jpj;Jiw 5 3 12 12 32

kUjq;Nfzp 0 3 8 8 19

njd;kuhl;rp rhtfr;Nrup 6 5 20 29 60

jPtfk;

fhiuefH 2 0 2 8 12

Ntyiz 1 2 11 11 25

neLe;jPT 0 3 1 4 8

CHfhtw;Wiw 1 2 6 8 17

nkhj;jk; 47 44 149 199 439

95

juTg; gFg;gha;T

khtl;l uPjpahd gFg;gha;T

aho; khtl;lj;jpd; tuT tPjj;jpid NkNyAs;s tiuG -01 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,t; tuT

tPjq;fisg; ghHf;ifapy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 5 tiuahd Muk;gg;gpuptpy;

ruhrup tuT tPjkhdJ 85% Mf mikfpwJ. ,jpy; Mz; khztHfs; 83.9%

MfTk; ngz; khztHfs; 85.8% MfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 9 tiuahd Kd;ida fl;lhaf; fy;tp tanjy;iy (5-14)

gpuptpdiu Nehf;Fifapy; aho; khtl;l khztH tuT tPjkhdJ 84.5% Mff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;. ,J Muk;gg; gpupT tuT tPjj;jpYk; ghHf;f

Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,g; gpuptpYk; Mz; gps;isfspd; tuT tPjk; (83.4%)

ngz; gps;isfspd; tuT tPjj;jpYk; (85.4%) Fiwthf cs;sijf; fhzyhk;.

juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 11 tiuahd mjhtJ 5 taJ njhlf;fk; 16 taJ

tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ghlrhiy khztHfspd; tuT tPjkhdJ 84.18% Mff;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,q;Fk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjkhdJ 85.14% MfTk; Mz;fspd;

tuT tPjkhdJ 83.03% MfTk; cs;sd.

tiuG 01

96

tFg;G uPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy; Muk;gg; gpuptpy;; juk; 5 ,y; 87% Md khztHfs;

tUfpd;wdH . mjhtJ Muk;gg; gpuptpy; mjpf tuT tPjk; juk; 5 ,NyNa

fhzg;gLfpwJ . juk; 1 ,y; 83.7% MfTk; juk; 2 ,y; 85.4% MfTk; juk;

3 ,y; 84.5% MfTk; juk; 4 ,y; 84.3% MfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ . ghy; uPjpahf

Nehf;Fifapy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; 5 tiu vy;yh tFg;Gf;fspYk; Mz;

gps;isfspd; tuT tPjk; ngz; gps;isfspd; tuT tPjj;jpYk; ruhrupahf 2% FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ . juk; 6 – 84.9% MfTk; juk; 7y; 83.4% MfTk;

juk; 8y; 83.5% MfTk; juk; 9y; 83.7% MfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ . juk; 10> 11 ,y;

tuT tPjq;fs; KiwNa 81.7% MfTk;> 83.9% MfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

njhFj;J Nehf;Fifapy; tuT tPjkhdJ 81.7% f;Fk;; 87% f;Fk; ,ilapy;

khWgLfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;. juk; 5 MdJ kpff; $ba tutpidAk; juk; 10

MdJ kpff; Fiwe;j tutpidAk; nfhz;Ls;sikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. juk; 10

tuT tPjk; 81.7% Mff; fhzg;gLk;. juk; 10y; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 79.5%

MfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 83.8% MfTk; cs;sd . vdNt juk; 10y;

khztHfspd; tuT njhlHghf mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ.

vy;yh tFg;Gf;fspYk; Mz; gps;isfspd; tuT tPjkhdJ ngz; gps;isfspd;

tuT tPjj;jpYk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ.

tiuG 02

97

tya uPjpahd gFg;gha;T

aho; khtl;lkhdJ 5 tyaq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j 5 tyaq;fspYk; tuT

tPjq;fis NkNyAs;s tiuG 03 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Muk;gg; gpupT khztH tuT

tPjj;jpid xg;gpLifapy; jPtf tyaj;jpy; 92% khztH tuT tPjk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ . jPtfj;jpw;F mLj;J tlkuhl;rp , njd;kuhl;rp tyaq;fs; 87.9% Md tutpidAk;> typfhkk; 84% tutpidAk;> aho;g;ghzk; 81.2% tuitAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. juk; 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuahd jPtfk; 91.5% ,idAk; njd;kuhl;rp

87.1% ,idAk; tlkuhl;rp 86.9% ,idAk; typfhkk; 82.8% ,idAk; aho;g;ghzk;

82% ,idAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. juk; 1 njhlf;fk; 11 tiuahd gpuptpid

Nehf;Fifapy; jPtfj;jpy; 91.82% khdtHfSk; njd;kuhl;rp 86.53% khdtHfSk;

tlkuhl;rp 86.43% khdtHfSk; typfhkk; 82.56% khdtHfSk; aho;g;ghzk; 81.87% khdtHfSk; tutpidf; nfhz;Ls;sdH.

aho; khtl;lj;jpy; kpff; Fiwe;j tutpidAila tyakhf aho;;g;ghz tyak;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghy; tifapd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ jPtf tyak; jtpHe;j Vida

tyaq;fspy; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjj;jpYk; ghHf;f ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhf

cs;sJ.

ju uPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy; jPtf tyaj;jpy; juk; 9y; khztH tuT tPjk; kw;iwa

juq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; kw;wa tyaq;fSld;

xg;gpLifapy; ,J mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ . juk; 9 I jtpu kw;iwa

tiuG 03

98

midj;J tFg;Gf;fspYk; tuT tPjk; 90% ,Yk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ . juk; 11,y;

khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; midj;J juq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; mjpfkhff; (95.2%) fhzg;gLfpwJ . aho; khtl;lj;jpYs;s 5 tyaq;fspYk; jPtf tyaNk juk; 1

Kjy; juk; 11 tiu midj;J tFg;Gf;fspYk; mjpf tuT tPjj;ijf; nfhz;l

tyakhf cs;sJ.

njd;kuhl;rp tyak; Fwpj;J Nehf;Fifapy; xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; tuT ruhrupahdJ

83% - 87% ,ilapNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. juk; 10 tFg;G tuT tPjkhdJ kw;iwa

juq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. 83.5% Mf juk; 10

fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJk; juk; 10 Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 81.9% Mf cs;sJ. juk;

5 y; tuT tPjk; kw;iwa tFg;Gf;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; mjpfkhf cs;sJ (88.9%).

ghy; tifapd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ juk; 2 , juk; 4 , juk; 6 , juk; 9 ,y; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; FiwthfTk;

cs;sJ. kw;iwa tFg;Gf;fspy; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; Mz;fspd;

tuT tPjk;; FiwthfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. juk; 10 , 11 ,y; Mz;fspd; tuT

tPjkhdJ ngz;fspd; tuT tPjj;ij tpl 3.1 , 3.2 tPjj;jpdhy; Fiwtile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

tlkuhl;rp tyak; Fwpj;J Nehf;Fifapy; njd;kuhl;rp tyaj;ij xj;j xU

epiyikia ngupJk; mtjhdpf;f $bajhf cs;sJ. juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 11

tiu midj;J tFg;Gf;fspYk; tuT tPjkhdJ 83% f;Fk; 90% f;Fk; ,ilap NyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fiwe;j tuT tPjk; juk; 10 ,y; fhzg;gLfpwJ . mjpf

tuT tPjj;jpidf; nfhz;ljhf juk; 2 ck; mLj;jjhf juk; 5 ck; fhzg;

gLfpd;wd. juk; 10 ,y; tuT tPjk; 83% Mff; fhzg;gbDk; Mz;fspd; tuT

tPjk; 81.4% Mf cs;sJ. juk; 3 juk; 9 tFg;Gf;fspy; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk;

mjpfkhfTk; , ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; FiwthfTk; cs;sd . kw;iwa midj;J

tFg;Gf;fspYk; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjkhdJ ngz;fspd; tuT tPjj;ij tpl

FiwthfNt cs;sJ . Fwpg;ghf juk; 10, 11 ,y; ghHf;Fk; NghJ 3.3% , 4.2% Mf

ngz;fspYk; ghHf;f Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; Fiwthf cs;sik mtjhdpf;f

$bajhf cs;sJ.

typfhkk; tyaj;jpy; tuT tPjkhdJ 80% f;Fk; 86% f;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gL

fpd;wJ. juk; 9y; tuT tPjk; 80.3% Mff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kw;iwa tyaq;fspy;

juk; 9f;fhd tuT tPjj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; ,JNt kpff; Fiwe;jjhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. juk; 10, 11 ,Yk; KiwNa 81.2%, 81% Mf

tuT tPjq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. juk; 5 ,y; mjpf khztHfs; xOq;fhf

ghlrhiyf;F tUfpd;wik mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. juk; 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 11 f;fspy; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; Fiw

thfTk; cs;sJ. kw;iwa tFg;Gf;fspy; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk;, Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; FiwthfTk; cs;sik mtjhdpf;f $bajhf cs;sJ.

juk; 10 ,y; Mz;fis tpl 3.7% mjpfkhf ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk;

mike;Js;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.

99

aho; tyaj;ijg; nghWj;j tiuapy; tFg;G uPjpahd tuT tPjkhdJ 79% f;Fk; 85.3% f;Fk; ,ilapNy khWgLfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;. juk; 10y; tuT tPjkhdJ

79% Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t; tFg;gpd; tuT tPjk; ,t; tya Vida tuT

tPjq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; kpff; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpwJ. aho; khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s Vida tyaq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; juk; 10 ,y; aho; tyaj;jpNyNa

kpff; Fiwthdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. aho; tyaj;jpd; kpff; $ba tuT tPjkhdJ

juk; 5y; fhzg;gLfpwJ 85.3% Md khztHfs; juk; 5y; ghlrhiyf;F ruhrupahf

tUfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.

aho; tyaj;jpd; midj;J tFg;Gf;fspYk; Mz;fspd; tutpid tpl ngz;fspd;

tuT tPjkhdJ mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lJ . Fwpg;ghf juk; 7 , 9 , 10 Mfpait

6.5% , 5.2% , 7.4% Mz;fistpl ngz;fs; mjpfkhf tUfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk; .

njhFj;J Nehf;Fifapy; juk; 9, 10 fspy; khztH tuT tPjk; kpff;

FiwthdjhfTk; juk; 5y; tuT tPjk; kpf mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikiaf;

fhzyhk;.

Nfhl;l uPjpahd gFg;gha;T

aho; khtl;lkhdJ 5 tyaq;fisAk; 15 Nfhl;lq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ . 15

Nfhl;lq;fspYk; juk; 1-5 tiuahd Muk;gf; fy;tp khztHfspd; tuT tPjj;ij

fPNoAs;s tiuG fhl;LfpwJ.

tiuG -04

rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lkhdJ Vida Nfhl;lq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; kpff; Fiwe;j

tutpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ . rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lj;jpd; tuT 75.9% Mff;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; Mz;fspd; tuT

100

tPjk; FiwthfNt khtl;l epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. typfhkj;ijj; jtpHe;j

kw;iwa tyaq;fspYk; ,Nj epiy fhzg;gl;lJ . typfhkk; tyaj;jpy;

Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; FiwthfTk;

fhzg;gl;lJ. typfhkk; tyaj;jpw;Fl;gl;l rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lj;jpYk; (1-5) Muk;gg;

gpuptpy; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 76.8% MfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 74.5% MfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

rq;fhidia mLj;J aho;g;ghzk; kpff; Fiwe;j tuT tPjj;jpidAila

Nfhl;lkhf cs;sJ. aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;lkhdJ aho; Flhehl;bd; jiy efuhf

tpsq;Fk; gpuNjrj;ij cs;slf;fpa Nfhl;lkhFk;. ,f; Nfhl;lj;jpd; Muk;g

epiyf;fhd tuT tPjk; 78.5% MFk;.

aho; khtl;lk;, aho; tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w epiy Nghd;W ngz;fspd; tuT

tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;w epiy

aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 68.7% MfTk;

ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 86.9% MfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Fiwe;j tuT tPjk; nfhz;l epiyfis gl;baypLk; NghJ %d;whtJ epiyahf

fhzg;gLtJ ey;Y}H Nfhl;lkhFk;. ey;Y}H Nfhl;lkhdJ aho; tyaj;jpy; aho;

efUf;F mz;kpj;j Nfhl;lkhf cs;sJ. ey;Y}H Nfhl;lj;jpw;F tuT tPjk; 80.9% Mf cs;sJ. ghy; epiy uPjpahf Nehf;Fk; NghJ aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;lj;ij xj;j

epiy ,q;Fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ey;Y}Hf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 79.2%

MfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 82.7% MfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,jw;F mLj;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLtJ Nfhg;gha; Nfhl;lkhFk;. Nfhg;gha;

Nfhl;lj;jpw;F Muk;g epiy khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; 83.8% Mff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Nfhg;gha; Nfhl;lKk; aho; tyaj;jpy; cs;s Nfhl;lkhFk;. ,q;Fk; Mz;fspd;

tuT tPjk; FiwthfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; cs;s epiyiaf;

fhzyhk;.

aho; khtl;lj;jpy; mjpf khztHfisf; nfhz;l aho; tyaj;jpd; 3 Nfhl;lq;fSk;

rq;fhid jtpHe;j Vida Nfhl;lq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; Fiwe;j tuT

tPjj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

nghJthf fpuhkg; Gwj;jpNyNa khztH tuT xOq;F Fiwthf cs;sJ vd;w

fUj;J ,q;Nf Kw;wpYk; epuhfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. aho; khtl;lj;jpy; efHGwg;

gpuNjrj;jpy; tuTtPjk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wik mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ie;jhtJ tuT Fiwe;j Nfhl;lkhf cLtpy; Nfhl;lk; gjpthfpAs;sJ. ,J

typfhkk; tyaj;jpy; mlq;Ffpd;wJ . 86% Mf tuT tPjk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,q;Fk;

Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; FiwthfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; cs;sJ.

mjpf tuT tPjk; cila Nfhl;lkhf neLe;jPTf; Nfhl;lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 99.1% khd tuT tPjk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. neLe;jPTf; Nfhl;lkhdJ flypd; eLNt jdpj;J

jiu topj; njhlHG mw;Wf; fhzg;gLk; xU jPthFk;. ,e;j jPtpNyNa aho;

khtl;lj;jpy; mjpf tuT tPjk; Muk;g gpuptpNy fhzg;gLfpwJ.

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,Nj Nghy 1-9 juq;fSf;fhd gpuptpy; tuT tPjj;jpid fPNoAs;s tiuG

fhl;LfpwJ.

tiuG - 05

,g; gpuptpYk; rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lkhdJ kpff; Fiwe;j tutpidAilaJ. Vida

tyaq;fspy; , Nfhl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghy ,q;Fk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk;

Mz;fspd; tuT tPjj;ij tpl mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Muk;gg; gpuptpy; tuT Fiwe;j Nfhl;lq;fspd; xOq;fpy; ehd;fhtJ epiyapy;

fhzg;gl;l Nfhg;gha; Nfhl;lk; 1-9 gpuptpy; ,uz;lhthjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Muk;gg;gpuptpy; 83.8% tuTk;> 1-9 gpuptpy; 81.5% tuTk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sikia fhzyhk;.

mLj;J 81.7% tutpidf; nfhz;L aho;ghzf; Nfhl;lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mLj;J

83% tutpidf;nfhz;L cLtpy; Nfhl;lKk; 85.4% tutpid njy;ypg;gis

Nfhl;lKk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jdbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fifapy; juk; 1-5 gpuptpdu;

Nghd;W juk; 1-9 gpuptpYk; typfhkk;, aho;g;ghzk; tyaq;fisr; Nru;e ;j

Nfhl;lq;fNs Fiwe;j tutpidf; nfhz;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.

aho; tyaj;jpidr; Nru;e;j aho;g;ghzk; ey;Y}u; Nfhg;gha; %d;W Nfhl;lq;fspYk;

ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjj;ij tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

typfhkk; tyaj;jpy; cLtpy; Nfhl;lj;jpidj;jtpu Vida Nfhl;lq;fspy;

ngz;fspd; tuT tPjkhdJ Mz;fspd; tuT tPjj;ij tpl Fiwthf cs;sJ.

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1-5 Muk;g gpuptpy; kpff;$ba tuT tPjj;jpidf; fhz;gpj;j neLe;jPT Nfhl;lkhdJ

1-9 ,y; fhiuefu; Nfhl;lj;jpw;F rw;Wf; Fiwe;J 98.00 tPjkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,g;gpuptpy; 98.6% ,idg; gjpT nra;J fhiuefu; Nfhl;lk; Kjd;ik tfpf;fpd;wJ.

juk; 1-11 tiuahd gpuptpid cs;slf;fpa gpuptpy; Nfhl;luPjpahf khztu; tuT

tPjj;ijf; fPNoAs;s tiuG fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

tiuG -06

,g;gpuptpYk; rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lkhdJ kpff;Fiwe;j tutpidg; gjpT nra;j

Nfhl;lkhf cs;sJ. 73.75% khd khztu;fis ghlrhiyf;F ruhrupahf

tUifjUfpd;wdu;. Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; 73.25% MfTk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk;

74.13% MfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mLj;J aho;g;ghz Nfhl;lk; 80.94% tuTk; Nfhg;gha; Nfhl;lk; 81.38% tuTk; cLtpy; Nfhl;lk; 82.44% tuTk; ey;Y}u; Nfhl;lk;

83.02% tuTk; njy;ypg;gisf;Nfhl;lk; 85.42% tuTk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

kpff;$ba tuthf 98.45% fhiuefu; Nfhl;lKk; mLj;J 98.24% Mf neLe;jPTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf 1-5, 1-9y; fhzg;gl;l ghy; uPjpahd epiy ,q;Fk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nfhl;lq;fspy; kpff; Fiwe;j tutpidAila Nfhl;lkhf rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lk;

fhzg;gLtjdhy; rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lj;jpd; ve;jj; juq;fspy; tuT tPjk; kpff;

Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidf; fPNoAs;s tiuG %yk; fhzyhk;.

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tiuG -07

rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; juk; 11 ,y; kpff; Fiwe;j tutpid mtjhdpf;ff;

$bajhf cs;sJ. mLj;Jj; juk; 10 ,Yk; tuT FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

juk; 5 ,Yk; juk; 3 ,Yk; kw;wa juq;fSld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ tuT tPjk;

mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ghy; uPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy; Muk;gg; gpuptpYk; juk;

11 ,Yk; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjj;jpYk; mjpfkhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. juk; 6 njhlf;fk; juk; 10 tiu ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk;

Mz;fis tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lj;jpidaLj;J tuT Fiwe;j Nfhl;lkhff; fhzg;gLtJ

aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;lkhFk;. aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; tFg;G uPjpahf khztH tuT

tPjj;ijf; fPNoAs;s tiuG fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

tiuG -08

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aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; juk; 10 tuT tPjk; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghfj; juk; 10 Mz;fspd; tuT tPjk; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik

mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. juk; 5 ,y; khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; kpf

mjpfkhf cs;sJ. vy;yhj; juq;fspYk; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjkhdJ ngz;fspd;

tuT tPjj;jpYk; Fiwthf cs;sik mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

Ma;T KbTfs;

khtl;l kl;lk;

1. aho; khtl;lj;jpd; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; 5 tiuahd Muk;gg; gpupT tuT ruhrup

tPjkhdJ 85% Mf mikfpwJ.

2. juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 9 tiuahd gpuptpy;; aho; khtl;l khztH tuT

tPjkhdJ 84.5% MFk;.

3. juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 11 tiuahd gpuptpy; khztHfspd; tuT tPjkhdJ

84.18% Mff; fhzg;gLfpwJ

4. aho; khtl;lj;jpy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 5 tiuahd gpupT> juk; 1

njhlf;fk; juk; 9 tiuahd gpupT> juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 11 tiuahd

gpupT Mfpa %d;W gpupTfspYk; ngz;fspd; tuT tPjkhdJ> Mz;fspd;

tuT tPjj;jpYk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

5. aho; khtl;lj;jpy; tFg;G uPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy;;; juk; 5 ,y; mjpf tuT

tPjKk;> juk; 10 ,y; kpff; Fiwe;j tuT tPjKk; Md khztHfs;

ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUfpd;wdH.

tya kl;lk;

1. aho; khtl;lj;jpy; kpff; $ba tutpidAila tyakhfj; jPtf tyak;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

2. aho; khtl;lj;jpy; kpff; Fiwe;j tutpidAila tyakhf aho;;g;ghz

tyak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 5 tiuahd gpupT> juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 9

tiuahd gpupT> juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 11 tiuahd gpupT Mfpa %d;W

gpupTfspYk; tya kl;lj;jpy; tuT tPjq;fs; ,wq;F tupirapy; KiwNa

kpff; $ba tutpidj; jPtf tyaKk; mLj;J mLj;Jj; njd;kuhl;rp

tyaKk; mLj;J tlkuhl;rp tyaKk; njhlHe;J typfhkk; tyaKk; kpff;

Fiwe;j tuT tPjj;ij aho;g;ghz tyaKk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

4. ghy; epiyahf Nehf;Fk; NghJ jPtf tyak; jtpHe;j Vida tyaq;fspy;

Mz;fspd; tuT tPjj;jpYk; ghHf;f ngz;fspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhf

cs;sJ.

5. jPtf tyaj;jpy; juk; 11,y; khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk; juk;

9 ,y; FiwthfTk; cs;sJ.

6. njd;khuhl;rp tyaj;jpy; juk; 05 ,y; khztHfspd; tuT tPjk;

mjpfkhfTk; juk; 10 ,y; FiwthfTk; cs;sJ.

7. tlkhuhl;rp tyaj;jpy; juk; 02,y; khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk;

juk; 10 ,y; FiwthfTk; cs;sJ.

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8. typfhkk; tyaj;jpy; juk; 05,y; khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk;


9. aho;g;ghz tyaj;jpy; juk; 05 ,y; khztHfspd; tuT tPjk; mjpfkhfTk;


Nfhl;l kl;lk;

1. Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 5 tiuahd gpuptpy; Mff;

Fiwe;j tutpidAila Nfhl;lkhfr; rq;fhidf; Nfhl;lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjid mLj;J aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;lKk;> ey;Y}H Nfhl;lKk;> Nfhg;gha;

Nfhl;lKk;> cLtpy; Nfhl;lKk;> Ntyiz> njy;ypg;giof; Nfhl;lk; Mfpa

tuT tPjk; VWtupirapy; mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.

2. Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 9 tiuahd gpuptpy; khztH tuT

tPjkhdJ rq;fhid> Nfhg;gha;> aho;;g;ghzk;> ey;Y}H> cLtpy; vd;w

tifapy; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tijf; fhzyhk;.

3. Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; juk; 11 tiuahd gpuptpy; khztH

tuT tPjkhdJ rq;fhid> aho;;g;ghzk;> Nfhg;gha;> cLtpy;> ey;Y}H vd;w

tifapy; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tijf; fhzyhk;.

4. Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; tFg;G uPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy; juk; 10> juk; 11

Mfpatw;wpy; tuT tPjk; kpff; FiwthfTk;> juk; 5 ,y; tuT tPjk;

mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

MNyhridfs;

,t; Ma;tpd; %yk; aho; khtl;lj;jpy; khztHfspd; tuT 15 % ,dhy;

mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;gJk;> juk; 10> juk; 11 ,y; tuT tPjq;fs; kpff;

Fiwthf cs;sd vd;gJk;> aho;g;ghzk;> typfhkk; fy;tp tyaq;fs; khztH

tutpy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tyaq;fshf cs;sd vd;gJk; rq;fhid>

aho;g;ghzk;> Nfhg;gha;> cLtpy; Nfhl;lq;fspy; kpff; $ba ftdk; cldbahfr;

nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; njspthfpAs;sJ.

,jdbg;gilapy; juk; 10> 11 khztHfspd; Fiwe;j tutpw;fhd fhuzq;fis

Muha;tjw;fhf Mokhd Ma;nthd;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. NkYk;

rq;fhid aho;g;ghzk;> Nfhg;gha; cLtpy; Nfhl;lq;fspd; tuT tPjj;jpid

mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nfhl;l> tya> khfhz kl;lj;jpy; cld;

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; nghJthf ngz;fspd; tuT

tPjk; Mz;fspd; tuT tPjj;jpYk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Mz;fspd;

tuT tPjj;jpid mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

crhj;Jiz

1. R.Ramesh, Susantha Rasnayake, Thushara Kamalrathne, 2009, Student Drop‐out in the Plantation Sector in SriLanka: A Critical Analysis of Causes and Repercussions,

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2. Aturupana, Harsha, 2009, The Pearl of Great Price: Achieving Equitable Access to Primary and Secondary Education and Enhancing Learning in Sri Lanka,Create Pathways to Access, Research Monography

3. The EFA 2000 Assessment:Country Report 2000.Accessed on December 3, 2009

http://www.unesco.org/education/wed/countryreports/sri_lanka/rapport.html 4. http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase/policy/lka/index.html

5. http://www.unicef.org/srilanka/reallives_2619.html

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Review of the Journal ‘Education Perspectives’ Vol.3, No.1 January 2014

Research and Development Branch, Ministry of Education

Sri Lanka

The Research Department of the Ministry of Education should be congratulated for bringing out the third issue of this journal. In this, the untiring efforts of those who were responsible for publishing current and previous issues should be commended. Such an achievement had not taken place during any period of time in the history of the MOE! A journal on any subject / discipline is the live wire for the continuation of ideas, enhancement of knowledge and bridging gaps related to the issues in education and development. The journal provides the forum for most of the educationist to publicise their findings on research and espouse innovative thinking promoting change in the socio‐economic, cultural and educational development of a nation. Research journals provide experts to present their findings and learn from what others have found, both of which are prerequisites in the promotion of development. Seemingly this journal is promoting the culture of research in Sri Lanka leading to rational thinking on issues and quality improvement in education. On the other hand, one is tempted to raise the issue as to why a journal(s) on education have not been initiated by MOE over the decades. The editor should be complemented for promoting trilingual approach and providing the space for articles adopting an inclusive approach. However, more encouragement should be given for greater participation in the vernacular. That the MOE has initiated ‘action research’ programmes in the provinces and establishing research cells in the PDE the responses from the teacher community have to be more positive leading to an increase in their contributions, the impact of which would enhance the quality of learning teaching in the provinces. Invariably a journal is a dialogue in silence.

The articles, numbering ten, perceives educational issues from different perspectives providing the reader wide spectrum of experiences to choose. Some of these are research based. Others are based on experiences of the writers and sharing views about school examinations and remedial actions. Three of the articles are by foreigners which provide the reader access to views of a global nature which otherwise rarely reach our educationists. Two articles in Sinhala and Tamil are included encouraging the greater majority of the teacher community to research on educational issues and articulate their experiences. Having stated the above preliminary comments, we should be mindful of the fact that the MOE has the highest number of highly educated employees in the country, including a large number with post graduate qualifications. Hence there is a great resource base which should be tapped not only by the MOE but also by the Provincial Departments of Education. It is a pity that these resources remain untapped without making any effort

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to promote dissemination of their talents and innovative practices, which remain ‘unsung, unhonoured and buried’. Hence, this journal becomes an important source for promoting, gathering and sharing information.

Of the research based articles ‘Teacher motivation and satisfaction... .’ provides important insights for the policy makers to take corrective measures since the teacher forms the pillar of the education system. The article highlights the areas of dissatisfaction and frustrations of the teacher community in an order from the worst and to the less important factors. The policy makers and politicians should take cognizance of these and adopt congenial measurers to rectify the anomalies and eliminate the affecting issues as far as possible. Such action would help to improve the quality of education. Ignoring them for too long would have adverse repercussions on the development of education and its positive contributions to the total development of the nation in the years to come. This study reveals that the most critical factor that adversely affects the performance of the teacher is the principal. The researchers have identified the role of the principal and the styles of management as the most detrimental factors causing dissatisfaction amongst the teachers. Politics and related malediction on the structures of the education system have been also highlighted in the research. The disaster of politicisation has already set in and if this status quo continuous it will not be too long for the structure to crumble. Unfortunately, those who would be affected adversely most would be the ‘poor and powerless’ and the least the children of the ‘well fed and well read’. Some of these relate to anomalies in promotions, transfers and political interferences. All efforts of the State using foreign aid and seeking loans to bring about quality improvements in the system will be nullified if the efforts are not supported by a policy to improve the satisfaction of the teacher community. The paper emphasises these and more.

The study on the success of the much celebrated grade 5 scholarship examinations is yet another ‘Trojan Horse’. It is an eye opener to all those who beat drums and expend so much from almost grade I to achieve success which seemingly ending up in smoke for the greater majority of the community at the end of the period. Thus, according to this study, if the aim of this examination is to provide entry to the university only 42.5 per cent of the students who had succeeded in the examination (1991/92) had gained entry to any of the universities in the country. This collaborates with the findings of a similar longitudinal study by Prof. Swarana Jayaweera et al in the 1970s on the Navodaya Scholarship Examination. Hence, the imperative need to rethink on the nature of the structure of scholarship examinations. Do we promote a ‘tuition culture’ supporting a mafia would be the critical question that both teachers and experts should focus? How do we promote inclusiveness in our systems without the paraphernalia associated with the CWW Kannangara’s noble vision? Let the professionals think of other options which enable inclusiveness in education to the ‘poor and powerless’ and do away with the negative aspects of the current system. This article highlights the above issues and attempts to provide options. It is a well researched and referenced paper.

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The study on the ‘Employment status of the G.C.E Level School Leavers ...‘focus on the employability of science students who fail to gain admission to the university, the study, though limited to a few provinces,opens the need to study on this further critically at depth and view the scenario in other provinces, as well. It is important to note that those who have sat the examination in the English medium have better prospects than the others. It is significant that the economic value attached to the medium of instruction seems to provide added value in the job market. In all around 36% were unemployed. The findings of the study underscore the importance of knowing English and potential danger of the lack of skills in another language. The policy makers should be sensitive to these trends and suitable adjustments in planning should be undertaken. The study could provide the embryo for a macro study covering a wider population giving greater insights to the issue of unemployed secondary school graduates.

The Tamil article with a summary in English provides non‐Tamil speaking readers actions to be taken in relation to the drawbacks in learning mathematics through remedial teaching. This is a proactive step in the right direction, in a bilingual society. Likewise, an English summary of the Sinhala articles would have been appropriate and reciprocated enabling the Tamil readers the same opportunity to learn from their Sinhala colleagues. Such lapses should be avoided in education. Finally the article on Non‐Formal Education and its influence on development provide insights to areas and issues uncommon to the average formally educated professional. It opens new vistas to all manner of problems and guidelines on skills development to all groups irrespective of age and sex. The ways in which NFE could be integrated into formal learning is also highlighted in this paper.NFE is considered the embryo of lifelong education promoted by European nations as sine quo non diversion in the centuries to come. A final word should be mentioned on two lapses identified in the journal. One relates to the omission of the mandatory requirement for the editor to make some critical observations on the articles in an introduction. It will also reflect the vision of the Journal. Secondly the inclusion of photographs without comments is inappropriate and does not provide the reader the significance of these specially so since there seems to be a duplication of the photos. Such unattended pictures tend to lower the value of a research journal. However, one should be mindful of the logistical issues that the editor encounters should be taken into cognisance when reviewing state sponsored activities. We wish all the success in the publication of the future issues of this journal.

Dr. S.B. Ekanayake Former Basic Education Advisor UNESCO/UNHCR Central Asia

August 2014

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES

Nelson Mandela (Madiba ‐ Founding father of South Africa)

1. I am fundamentally an optimist. Whether that comes from nature or nurture, I cannot say. Part of being optimistic is keeping one’s head pointed towards the sun, one’s feet moving forward. There were many dark moments when my faith in humanity was sorely tested, but I would not and could not give myself up for despair. That way lays defeat and death.

2. Difficulties break some men but make others. No axe is sharp enough to cut the

soul of a sinner who keeps on trying, one armed with the hope that he will rise even in the end.

3. Real leaders must be ready to sacrifice all for the freedom of their people. 4. Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are

dedicated and passionate about what they can do. 5. Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the

world. 6. Do not judge me by my success, judge me by how many times I fell down and

got back up again. 7. Man’s goodness is a flame that can be hidden but never extinguished. 8. I like friends who have independent minds because they tend to make you see

problems from all angles. 9. I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The

brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear. 10. When a man has done what he considers to be his duty to his people and his

country, he can rest in peace. 11. A good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination. 12. When people are determined they can overcome anything.

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Chief Seattle’s Letter “The President in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land. But how can you buy or sell the sky? The Land? The idea is strange to us. If we don’t own the fresh‐ness of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them? Every part of the earth is sacred to my people. Every shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every meadow, every humming insect. All are holy in the memory and experience of my people. We know the sap which courses through the trees as we know the blood that courses through our veins. We are part of the earth and it is part of us. The perfumed flowers are our sisters. The bear, the deer, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the dew in the meadow, the body heat of pony, and man all belong to the same family. The shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is not just water, but the blood of our ancestors. If we sell you our land, you must remember that it is sacred. Each glossy reflection in the clear waters of the lakes tells of events and memories in the life of my people. The water’s murmur is the voice of my father’s father. The rivers are our brothers. They quench our thirst. They carry our canoes and feed our children. So you must give the rivers the kindness that you would give any brother. If we sell you our land, remember that the air is precious to us, that the air shares its spirit with all the life that it supports. The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also received his last sigh. The wind also gives our children the spirit of life. So if we sell our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow flowers. Will you teach your children what we have taught our children? That earth is our mother? What befalls the earth befalls all the sons of the earth. This we know: the earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the earth. All the things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself. One thing we know: our God is also your god. The earth is precious to him and to harm the earth is to heap contempt on its creator. Your destiny is a mystery to us. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? The wild horses tamed? What will happen when the secret corners of the forest are heavy with the scent of many men and the view of the ripe hills is blotted with talking wires? Where will the thicket be? Gonel! Where will the eagle be? Gonel! And what is to say good bye to the swift pony and then hunt? The end of living and the beginning of survival.

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When the last red man has vanished with this wilderness and his memory is only the shadow of a cloud moving across the prairie, will these shores and forests still be here? Will there by any of the spirit of my people left? We love this earth as a newborn loves its mother’s heartbeat. So, if we sell you our land, love it as we have loved it. Care for it, as we have cared for it. Hold in your mind the memory of the land as it is when you receive it. Preserve the land for all children, and love it, as gods loves us. As we are part of the land, you too are part of the land. This earth is precious to us. It is precious to you. One thing we know ‐ there is only one God. No man, be he Red man or White man, can be apart. We ARE all brothers after all”.

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Vol. 3 No. 2 July 2014

Vol. 3 No. 2 July 2014 - Ministry of Education - Sri Lanka · Education Perspectives wOHdmk...

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