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Cover Article

4

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ae0if; (ocif½Iarmif) OD;pD;onfh wyfr (2)ESifh

txufjrefrmjynfodkY NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkUudk tNyD;

tjywf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS wdkufcdkuf&Sif;vif;

&ef csDwufcJhMuonf/ odkYESifh Armhwyfrawmfonf

1942 ckESpf? arvwGif jrpfBuD;em; tp&Sdonfh

NrdKUrsm;udk *syefppfwyfrsm;ESifh &ifaygifwef;?

csDwufwdkufcdkufodrf;,lNyD; txufjrefrmEdkifiH

wpf0Srf;vHk; odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf/ odkYaomf

*syefwdkYu wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udk uwd

twdkif; aMunmay;jcif; r&SdMujyefyg/

*syefrsm;onf txufwGif a&;om;azmfjy

NyD;cJhonfh uwd(2)csufudk vHk;0zsufcJhonf/

4if;jyif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf

uyif ,if;wdkY\ zufqpfvrf;pOft& rw&m;?

twif;t"r® vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk Armh

vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu aumif;pGm od&Sd

onf/ xdkYaMumifh zufqpf*syefudk qefYusif

awmfvSefpdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJh

onf/ 1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif

*syefu vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfqdkonfrSmvnf;

twkta,mifom jzpfonf/

þodkYaomf *syef-jrefrm qufqHa&;

tajctaewGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf\

tajctaeudk wifjyoGm;ygrnf/ NAdwdoQudkvdkeD

e,fcsJUwdkYtm; ESifxkwfí EdkifiHwpf0Srf;udk

jyefvnfodrf;ydkufNyD;onfhtcg wyfrawmf\

tiftm;onf ig;aomif;cefY &Sdvmonf/ þ&Jabmf

wyfom; tiftm;rsm;ESifhtwl jynfoljynfom;

wpf&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\

acgif;aqmifrIudk vHk;0vufcHvmMuNyD; trsKd;om;

acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKMuonf/

4if;jyif jynfolvlxkonf pnf;vHk;nDñTwf

MuNyD; wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wpfcJeuf

axmufcHtm;ay;aomaMumifh atmifjrifpGm

wdkufcdkufEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;udk *syefwdkYu

aumif;pGm od&Sdonf/

NAdwdoQudkvdkeD e,fcsJUwdkYonf 1824 ckESpf

rSpí 1942 ckESpftxd rdrdwdkif;jynfudk tqifh

qifhodrf;ydkufNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf trsKd;rsKd;

ajymif;vJum qefpyg;? uRef;opf? a&eH? owåK

ponfh o,HZmwypönf;rsm;udk aoG;pkyfjc,f

vS,fí jynfwGif;ü umvMum&SnfpGm ajccs

aexdkifcJhMuonf/ xdkYjyif aer0iftifyg,mBuD;

udk xlaxmifEdkifonfh tiftm;&Sdonfh e,fcsJU

wdkYtm; wpfESpfrjynfhrD tcsdeftwGif; atmif

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwyf&if; (2) wGif rdefYcGef; ajymMum;aepOf

5

jrifpGm awmfvSefwdkufcdkufEdkifjcif;rSm Armh

vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf\ udk,fusKd;rzuf?

&JpGrf;owåd? wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&; rkcsraoG

&&rnf ponfhcdkifrmpGJNrJaom cH,lcsufESifh

jynfolvlxk\ tjynfht0 axmufcHrI&&Sdonf

wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif av;eufpGm

azmfjya&;om;vdkonfrSm jynfolvlxk\

vGwfvyfaom oabmqE´t& (ajcmufvSefY

csKyfcs,fí r[kwf? EdkifxufpD;epfr[kwf)

axmufcHrIonf wdkif;jynftwGuf rnfrQ

ta&;BuD;aMumif;yif jzpfonf/ jynfolvlxk\

vGwfvyfaom qEt& axmufcHvQif atmif

jrifrnf odkYr[kwfu usqHk;rnf/

taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;

wyfrawmfonf 4if;wdkYtwGuf tEÅ&m,f

jzpfvmonfudk *syefwdkY odjrifvmaomaMumifh

wyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;&efyif &nf&G,fonf/

tu,fí zsufodrf;vdkufyguvnf; *syefwdkYudk

&Sdonfhvufeufjzifh jyefvnfawmfvSefrnfudk

od&Sdem;vnf oabmaygufonf/ xdkYaMumifh

*syefwdkYonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfudk

&Jabmftiftm; oHk;axmifrS ig;axmiftxd

avQmhcsí ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk

jyefvnf zGJUpnf;NyD; ydkrdkpepfuspGm ppfynm

ykdrd kwwfuRrf;onfhwyftjzpf zG J Upnf;&ef

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm; acgif;aqmif

BuD;rsm;tm; tBuHjyKonf/ *syefwdkYu vdrfvnf

í y&d,m,foHk;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Armh vGwfvyfa&;

wyfrawmfu tiftm;avQmhcsjcif;udk vHk;0

rauseyfacs/ e,fcsJU NAdwdoQwdkYudk awmfvSef

wdkufcdkuf&ef ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfodkY

cHpm;csuftjynfht0? ppfrSefaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf

tjynfht0ESifh 0ifa&mufvmMuaom tiftm;

pkBuD; NydKuGJoGm;rnfudk txl;rvdkvm;acs/

odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufyg

taMumif;rsm;aMumifh *syefwdkY\ tBuHjyKcsufudk

tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh vufcHcJhonf/

(1) AdkvfcsKyfonf *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrm

jynf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf awmfvSefwdkuf

cdkufjcif;rSm *syefwdkY\ rl0g'udk ESpfouf

,HkMunfí r[kwf? rlvyxrwnf;uyif

e,fcsJUwdkYudk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkuf&ef/ rnf

onfhEdkifiHjcm; wdkif;jynfrSrqdk ppfynmESifh

vufeuf&,l&ef jzpfonf/ *syefrsm;rS

þonfrsm;udk ay;rnf[k uwd&í *syefodkY

oGm;a&mufppfynm&,l oifMum;cJhjcif;/

(2) ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfonf &Jabmf

wyfom;tiftm;t& *syefudk ,SOfNydKif

Edkifygaomfvnf; ppfynmESifh ppftawGUtBuHK

t& *syefudk awmfvSefEdkifonfh tajctae

vdktyfaeao;jcif;/

(3) jynfolvlxktwGif;ü xda&mufeuf½Idif;pGm

pnf;½Hk;rI&Sd&ef vdktyfaeao;jcif;/

odkYESifh tiftm; ig;aomif;cefY&Sdaom wyf

rawmfudk 1942 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 27 &ufaeYwGif

tiftm; oHk;axmifcefYjzifh Armh umuG,fa&;

wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ jynfol

vlxkESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdkYu

*syef\ aqmif&Gufcsufudk vHk;0rvdkvm;? rESpf

NcdKufMuay/ *syefwdkYtm; jyefvnfawmfvSef

wdkufcdkufvdkonfh pdwf"mwfonf vGefrif;pGm

jyif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfonf jynfol

rsm;rS aygufzGm;vmonfh jynfolYwyfrawmf

jzpfonfESifhtnD ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf

onfvnf; jynfolYwyfrawmfom;rsm;\ wyf

jzpfayonf/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ qifETJ&rnf

jzpfí ppfynmwwfuRrf;&rnf[laom &yfwnf

csufESifh *syefrsm;uay;onfh ppfynmudk

vGefrif;pGm tepfemcH? tyifyef;cHí &,lMu

onf/ tpm;qif;&J? taeqif;&J? t0wfqif;&J

'Pfudk vspfvsL½Ixm;cJhMuonf/ cdkifrm? NrJjref

aom &nf&G,fcsufrSm EdkifiHawmf vGwfvyfa&;

yif jzpfonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wyfrawmfudk

wdk;csJU zGJUpnf;&ef *syefppfwyfodkY tBuHjyK wifjy

cJhonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;onfhtcgrS wyfrawmf

wdk;csJU zGJUpnf;a&;udk pOf;pm;oifhonf[lí jrefrm

jynf e,fajrqdkif&m *syefppfaoemywdu

ydwfyif[efYwm;cJhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; 1944

ckESpfydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wyfom;

opf ig;axmif odkYr[kwf ckESpfaxmiftxd

pkaqmif;&ef pDrHaqmif&GufcJhonf/

1943-1944 ckESpfrsm;wGif zufqpfemZD

0if;½dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;udk r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;[k

ac:wGifaom t*Fvdyf-tar&duefwdkYu wefjyef

xdk;ppfrsm;qifETJí atmifjrifrIrsm; &&Sdaeonf/

xdkodkY qifETJMu&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHudk NAdwdoQ

e,fcsJUwdkYu jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef tpDtpOfudk

vnf; csrSwfcJhonf/ r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;u

jrefrmEdkifiH ppfrsufESmzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ *syefwyf

*syefacwf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJUtm; *syefbk&ifu aewHqdyfrsm; ay;tyfNyD;aemuf tjyefc&D;wGif

awGUjrif&aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJU

6

rsm; 1944 ckESpfwGif pwifppfa&;edrfhcJhonf/

xdkaom tcsdeftcgusrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

,cifu wifjycJhaom wyfrsm; wdk;csJUpDrHudef;udk

*syefrsm;u oabmwlcJhonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;

aqmifBuD;rsm;onf rdrdEdkifiH vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;

&&rnf [laom OD;wnfcsuf jyif;xefvmum

zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef

tpOfwpdkuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfvsuf &SdMuonf/

rdrdwdkif;jynf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifrIESif h

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufudkifí awmf

vSefwdkufcdkufrI jyKvkyfaqmif&GufrSomvQif

&Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ zufqpf*syefwdkYonf zufqpf

OD;xkyfBuD;udk xif&Sm;pGm aqmif;xm;onfrSm

ay:vGifxif&Sm;aeayNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;udkvnf;

ay;rnfr[kwf/ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;

wdkufyG JtwGuf jynfyrSaeí tultnD

ay;ygrnf[laom yxru ay;cJhonfh uwdudk

*syefwdkY vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; arhaysmuf oGm;NyD

jzpfonf/ ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif zufqpf*syefwdkYtm;

vufeufpGJudkifí awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&efom

wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf; &Sdawmhonf/

*syefppfwyfwdkYonf rdrdwyfrsm;xuf

ppfynmuRrf;usifonf/ vufeuftiftm;

aumif;rGefonf/ odkYaomf ppfwdkuf&mrSm

pdwf"mwftiftm;onf ta&;ygaom tcsuf

vnf; jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkY vdktyfonfh vufeuf?

cJ,rf;? rD;ausmuf? pm;eyf&du©mrsm; ay;ydkY&ef

qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;u a0;vHonf/

txl;ojzifh qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;rSm

r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ avaMumif;wdkufcdkufrI

aMumifh vHkNcHKrIvHk;0r&Sdawmhay/ *syefppfwyf

wdkYonf tdE´d,ppfrsufESmwGif ppf½IH;vmNyDjzpf

aomaMumifh pdwf"mwftxl;avsmhusaeMu

onf/

rdrdwyfrsm;\ tajctaeudk MunfhjyefvQif

wyfrsm;rSm ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif pcef;csvsuf

&SdaeNyD; ppfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf

Muonf/

ppfynmudk aumif;rGefpGm oif,lEdkifjcif;

r&Sdonfhtjyif vdktyfonfh avhusifhrIrsm;udk

vnf; rjyKvkyfEdkifMuyg/ *syefwyfrsm;u Armh

wyfrawmf wyf&if;? wyfzGJUrsm;udk jyefvnf

pnf;½Hk;NyD; avhusifha&;rsm; jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&ef

oabmwlnDcJhMuonf/

*syefrsm;onf jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyf

a&; ay;rnf[laomuwdrsm; tBudrfBudrf

zsufcJhonfrsm;udk txufwGif a&;om;azmfjy

cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ 4if;jyif EdkifiH\ xGufukef[l

orQudk aoG;pkyf,lonf/ *syefwyfom;rsm;ESifh

uifaywdkifac: *syefppfykvdyfwdkYu jynfolvlxk

tay: &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm ESdyfpufn§if;yef;rI

rsm;aMumifh jynfolvlxk jyif;xefpGm cHpm;Mu&

onf/ vGefrif;pGm tepfemcHMu&onf/ jynfol

vlxk (wyfrawmftygt0if)u *syefrsm;tay:

&GH&Sm pufqkwfrkef;wDaejcif;rsm; txG#ftxdyfodkY

a&mufaeNyDjzpfonf/

wyfrawmfonf tpOfwpdkuf zufqpf

*syefrsm;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef BuHpnfMu

onf/ pnf;½Hk;Muonf/ odkYESifh zufqpf*syef

rsm;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufí jynfwGif;rS armif;

ESifxkwf&ef acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u qHk;jzwf

vdkufonf/

Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf

awmfvSefa&;twGuf atmufygvkyfief;ESpf&yfudk

pDpOf aqmif&Gufonf/

yxrrSm wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynm

tjynfht0&&SdEdkifap&ef avhusifhrIrsm; jyKvkyf

aqmif&Gufaponf/

'kwd,rSm nDnGwfaom EdkifiHa&;tiftm;

pkBuD; jzpfay:vmap&ef pnf;½Hk;onf/ jynfol

vlxkESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;wdkY nDnGwfpGm

yl;aygif;&ef vdktyfaomaMumifh jynfolU ta&;

awmfyHk ygwDESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdkYudk odrf;oGif;

um ]zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolUtzGJUcsKyf}

udk 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 23&ufwGif zGJUpnf;cJh

onf/

þtzGJUcsKyfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf

A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU Ouú|ESifh A[dkppfaumifpD\ obm

ywdtjzpf ygvmonf/ odkYESifh zufqpf*syef

rsm;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef wdusaom pDrH

csufrsm; csrSwfMuonf/ þtcsdefü jynfolvlxk

onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wyfrawmfwdkYtay:

cspfcifav;pm;Muonf/

zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf

wGef;vSefypf&ef y&d,m,fvdktyfonf/ *syef

wyfrsm;onf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ wefjyef

xdk;ppfqifvmonfhtcg ½IH;edrfhvmMuonf/

xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u y&d,m,fqifí

Armhwyfrawmfu ppfrsufESmwpfckzGifh&ef awmif;

qdk&m *syefwdkYu oabmwlcJhonf/

odkYESifh zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolU

tzGJUcsKyfudk zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;? jynfolU

vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf[k trnfajymif;NyD;

awmfvSefa&;twGuf ppfe,fajrrsm;? wyfzGJU

trnfrsm;udkyg owfrSwfay;um wm0efcHrsm;udk

cefYtyfcJhonf/ txufArmjynf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;

Axl;onf zufqpf*syefESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJaom Armhwyfrawmfudkyg

awmfvSefykefuefonfhtaejzifh 1945 ckESpf?

rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif zufqpf*syefwdkYudk

wdkufcdkufcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;pD;

tkyfcsKyfonfh wyfrawmfudk awmfvSefonfqdk

onfrSm zufqpf*syefwdkYtay: y&d,m,f oHk;

vkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf/Adkvfrdk;BudK; (AdkvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD;)

7

awmfvSefa&;atmifjrifrItwGuf y&d,m,f

oHk;&onf/ enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd; oHk;&onf/

awmfvSefa&;ppfe,fajra'orsm; owfrSwfjcif;?

awmfvSefa&; ppfe,fajrwm0efcHrsm; cefYtyfjcif;

rsm; NyD;qHk;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ]ppfrsufESmwpfck

topfzGJU&ef}[laom taMumif;jycsuft& awmf

vSefa&;wyfzGJUtoD;oD;wdkYonf owfrSwfxm;

NyD;onfh ppfe,fajrtoD;oD;wdkYudk AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;\ atmufygrdefYcGef;udk Mum;cH,lNyD;

csDwufMuonf/ rdefYcGef;rSm -

]&JabmfwdkY -

tus,fcsJU NyD; &Snf&Snfrajymcsifbl;/ tck

ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/ qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/

tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD Armh

aoG;udkjyyg/ txufAdkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcH

Muyg/ txufAdkvfawGuvnf; omwlnDrQ

&Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh

twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfawGeJYtwl csD

wufr,f/

Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/

teD;uyfqHk;&efoludk&SmNyD; wdkufMu/'gyJ}

[k jzpfonf/

þodkYjzifh jynfolvlxkESifh awmfvSefa&;

&Jabmfrsm; wpfaoG;wnf;? wpfom;wnf;

&SdMuum rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf[k ac:wGifvmNyD;

1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif zufqpf

*syefwdkYudk wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif wNydKifwnf; pwif

awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ jrefrmjynfol

jynfom;rsm; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfrIudk azmfxkwf

jyovdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ rdrdwdkif;jynf tcsKyftjcm

tmPmydkifNyD; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef zufqpf

*syefwdkYudk wdkufcdkufonfhaeY&ufjzpfaom

1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYonf ]zufqpf

*syefawmfvSefa&;aeY}jzpfonf[k xifxif&Sm;

&Sm; &SdvSayonf/

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;aeY tcrf;

tem;udk pwifusif;yonfhtcgwGif ]wyfrawmfaeY}

[k ac:a0:owfrSwfcJhjcif; r&SdcJhbJ ]zufqpf*syef

awmfvSefa&;aeY}[k ac:a0:cJhonf/ rdrdwdkif;jynf

onf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYü

tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfhtcg

a&&SnftajrmftjrifESifh EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;

ajyjypfap&ef ]zufqpf*syef}[laom pmom;

rsm;udk csefvSyfí ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}[k *kPf,l

0Hh<um;pGm ac:a0:cJhonf/

]awmfvSefa&;aeY}tcrf;tem; usif;yyHkrSm

nae ae0ifcgeD;tcsdefwGif BudKwifowfrSwf

xm;aom ]pk&yf} toD;oD;rS ppfaMumif;rsm;

onf rD;wkwfrsm;udkifaqmifí ],aeYwdkif

awmfvSefa&;yef;NcH}[k ac:wGifaeonfh XmeodkY

pk½Hk;Muonf/ pk½Hk;MuNyD; umuG,fa&;0efBuD;

Xmeu wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aom wyfrawmf

t&m&SdBuD;wpfOD;u awmfvSefa&;ESifh ywfouf

onfh rdefYcGef; ajymMum;onf/ ppfaMumif;rsm;

twGuf rnfonfhvHkNcHKa&;tpDdtpOfrS jyKvkyf&ef

rvdkojzifh rvkyfMuyg/ wyfrawmfppfaMumif;

toD;oD;rS t&m&Sd? tMuyfwyfom;rsm;udk

jynfolvlxku cspfcifav;pm;MuNyD; 4if;wdkY

todpdwf"mwf? udk,fydkifqE´jzifh rnfonfh

vIHYaqmfjcif;rSjyK&bJ atmifoajyyef;pnf;rsm;

ay;urf;í vufckyf? vuf0g;wD;um atmifoajy

rsm;udk ajr§mufum? ajr§mufum ]atmifygap?

atmifygap}[k atmfoHrnf[def;í [pfatmf

a<u;aMumfum wpfcJeuftm;ay;ajr§mufpm;

Muygonf/

1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 27 &ufaeYjzpf

aom ]wyfrawmfaeY} ESifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv

27 &ufaeYjzpfaom ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}wdkYonf

1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif jrefrm

EdkifiH\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfa&;udk

qGwfcl;EdkifaomaMumifh vGwfvyfa&;ordkif;

rSwfwdkifBuD;rsm;tjzpf a'gif;zef0g ol&d,aerif;

uJhodkY xGef;awmufvsuf&Sdaeygí jrefrmjynfol

jynfom;rsm;twGuf tNrJxm0pOf vHk;0rarh

ypftyfbJ 0Hh<um;pGm *kPf,laeMu&rnfh aeYxl;?

aeY&ufrsm; jzpfayonf/

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk pwifzGJU

pnf;wnfaxmifcJhaom 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv

27 &ufaeYonf ]wyfrawmfaeY} ppfppfjzpf

aMumif; ppfrSefaomordkif;t& a&;om;cJhNyD;

jzpfonf/

odkYygojzifh rSefuefaom ordkif;aMumif;

udk ajymif;vGJí r&Edkif? vSD;vTJír&Edkif? rvkyf

xdkufonfaMumifh ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; rwfv 27

&ufaeY onf zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefaom

aeY ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}jzpfovdk 'DZifbmv 27

&ufaeYonfvnf; wyfrawmfudk wnfaxmif

wnfaqmufcJhonfhaeY ]wyfrawmfaeY} jzpf

ayonf/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; 'DZifbmv 27 &uf

aeYonf ]awmfvSefa&;aeY} r[kwfEdkifouJhodkY

rwfv 27 &ufaeYudkvnf; ]wyfrawmfaeY}

[k ac:qdkEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifacs/

(vGifOD;pmayrS xkwfa0 jzefYcsdonfh

68 ESpfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aeY

txdrf;trSwfpmpkrsm; pmtkyfrS jyefvnf

ul;,l azmfjyonf/) n

ocifvSNrdKifESifh AdkvfcsKyf

8

awmfvSefa&;aeYxufjruf

1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)&ufaeY?

zufqpf*syefwdkUudk pwifawmfvSefcJhaom aeYudk

,cifu awmfvSefa&;aeY[k tpOfwpdkuf

owfrSwfcJhaomfvnf; 1962 ck ppftpdk;&

tmPm odrf;NyD;aemuf wyfrawmfaeY[k

ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh\/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf

tpOftvmBuD;rm;NyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; pwif

xlaxmifvdkufonfh jynfolvlxkyg0ifaom

wyfrawmf jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmfonf jynfol

\ om;orD;jzpfovdk wyfrawmf\ rdbrSm

jynfolrsm;om jzpfonf/ wyfrawmfxJrS

wyfom;0wfpHk 0wfxm;olrsm;rSpí umuG,f

a&;OD;pD;csKyf0wfpHk 0wfxm;oltxd jynfolu

zGJUpnf;ay;cJhNyD; jynfoludk tvkyftauR;jyK&ef

jynfol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f apmifha&Smuf

ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdavonf/

,aeY jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ tpjyK&mrSm

1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (26)&uf? jrefrm

ouú&mZf 1303 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (10)&uf?

,dk;',m;jynf befaumufNrdKU rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfBuD;

OD;vGef;az\ tdrfwGif pk½Hk;a&muf&Sdaeaom

&JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYu pwifzGJUpnf;vdkufaom

Armh vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf Burma Independent Army (BIA) jzpfonf/ xdktcsdef

u bDtdkifat wyfrawmf[k ac:avonf/

vli,fwyfom;aygif; 3776 a,mufjzifh pwif

zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ befaumufNrdKUwGif &Jabmf

9

oHk;usdyf0ifrsm;onf vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf

í vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufay;wdkufyg

rnf[k opömjyKcJ h Muonf/ xdkbDtdkifat

wyfrawmfudk OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKcJholrSm AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef; jzpfavonf/

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk bDtdkifat

wyfrsm;u wdkufxkwfcJhNyD;aemuf bDtdkifat

onf jynfolvlxk\ om;orD;rsm;tjzpf

jynfolvlxk\ touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfwdkYudk

umuG,fapmifha&Smuf ay;cJhavonf/ bDtdkif

atESifhtwl ygvmaom *syefwyfrsm;rSm tajym

wpfrsKd;? tvkyfwpfrsKd;jzifh jynfolrsm;udk &uf

pufpGm n§if;yef;ESdyfpufcJhaomaMumifh 1945

ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (27)&ufaeYwGif wpfEdkifiHvHk;ESifh

wyfrawmfwpfckvHk;u zufqpf*syef wdkYudk

wGef;vSefcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

*syefzufqpfwdkU\ uifaywdkifac: ppf

ykvdyfrsm;onf Armjynfolrsm;ESifh bkef;awmf

BuD;rsm;ygrusef olvQKd[k pGyfpGJum n§if;yef;

ESdyfpuf owfjzwfaomaMumifh jynfol\ om;

orD;rsm;jzpfaom Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;u

*syefudk awmfvSefzdkY jyifqifcJhMuonf/ xdktcg

rsKd;cspfrsm;ESifh wyfrawmfu zufqpf wdkuf

zsufa&; jynfolUvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf (zwyv)

udk zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ xdktzGJU BuD;udk AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef; OD;pD;aom Armhwyfrawmf? ocifpdk;?

ocifoef;xGef;wdkY OD;aqmifaom Armjynf

uGefjrLepfygwD? jynfolUta&;awmfyHkygwDwdkY

yl;aygif;um 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif zGJUpnf;

cJhMuonf/

xdkzGJUpnf;vdkufaom zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;

jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU BuD;\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf jynfolvlxkESifh

twl zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcJh

ojzifh *syefwdkYrSm jrefrmEdkifiH ppfajrjyifwGif

tBuD;tus,f ½IH;edrfhusqHk;NyD; r[mrdwfwdkY\

ppfqifa&;rsm;rSm ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm atmifyGJqifEdkif

cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)

&ufaeYudk zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;aeY?

wpfenf; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aeYtjzpf tpOf

tquf jrefrmjynfolrsm;u owfrSwfcJhonf/

wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrSwfcJhpOfu EdkifiHa&;

orm;rsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;u wyfrawmfaeYudk

rwfv (27)&uftpm; Armhwyfrawmf pwif

zGJUpnf;cJhonfh 'DZifbmv (26)&ufaeYudkom

wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrSwfoifhonf[k qdkMu

ygonf/

rnfodkYyifjzpfap 1945 ckESpf? rwfv

(27)&ufaeYrSm jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk; Armh

wyfrawmfESifhvufwGJum zufqpf*syefwdkYudk

awmfvSefcJhaom awmfvSefa&;aeYtjzpf pGJNrJae

cJhygonf/ rwfv (27)&ufaeYrSm wpfEdkifiHvHk;

twdkif;twmtjzpf zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmf

vSefcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; tapmqHk; awmfvSef

cJhonfrSm txufjrefrmjynfrS AdkvfrSL;BuD; Axl;

OD;aqmifaom wyfrawmfrS wyfom;rsm; jzpf

ygonf/ ,ckqdkvQif zufqpf*syefwdk Yudk

awmfvSefcJhonfrSm 68 ESpf&SdcJhayNyD/ *syef

awmfvSefa&;aeY[k owfrSwfvQif rwfv

(27)&uf awmfvSefa&;aeYrSm 68 ESpfjynfh 69

Budrfajrmuf awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfayNyD/

wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrSwfygu ArmhvGwfvyf

a&; wyfrawmf wnfaxmifcJhonfh 1941

ckESpfudk t"duxm;NyD; owfrSwfvQif ydkrdk

oifhavsmfaom owfrSwfcsuf jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

rnfodkYyif jzpfap rwfv 27 &ufaeYum;

wyfrawmf? jynfolESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;

nDnDnGwfnGwfESifh aoG;pnf;cJhaom aeYwpfaeY

tjzpf ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxdkufaom

aeY&uf jzpfygawmhonf/

n

&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdU

Memory

10

uRefawmfonf &moDpmuAsmrsKd;a&;cJ

vSonf/ a&;avhr&Sd/ odkYwdkif rwfv awmfvSefa&;

aeYudkawmh trSwfw&a&;zGJUcJhzl;onf/ (rdk;a0

r*¾Zif;trSwf 2? rwfv? 1968) q&mwm&m\

]rwfvawmfvSefa&;uAsm}onf uRefawmfwdkY

tm½HkxJwGif pGJxifaeonf/ (wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif

uAsmtrnfudk ]teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifh}[k

ay;xm;wm awGUzl;onf/) xdk teDxJu Mu,f

jzLyGifhqdkwJh pum;[m xif&Sm;aom ta&mif

rsm;aMumifh uRefawmfwdkY tm½HkxJwGif pGJxif

aeyHk&onf/ zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefcJhpOf

uyif awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;rSm ,leD

azmif;u rjynfhpHk/ t&yfom; awmfvSefa&;

orm;awGvnf; ygonf/ olwdkY oauFwu

olwdkY vufarmif;wGif ywfxm;aom ]teDxJu

Mu,fjzLyGifh} wpfxGmomomcefY t0wfp

wpfckom/ teDa&mifonf &J&ifhjcif;? tjzLa&mif

Mu,fyGifhonf jzLpifjcif;ESifh awmufyjcif;/

rwfv 27 &ufaeYonf awmfvSefa&;aeY/

jrefrmEdkifiHudk zdpD;ESdyfpufaeaom ppftmPm

&Sif zufqpf*syefwdkYudk wyfrawmfESifh yl;aygif;

um wpfrsKd;om;vHk;u awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJh

aomaeY/ xdkaeYonf awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfonf/

wyfrawmfaeY r[kwfyg/ wyfrawmfaeYwpfaeY

owfrSwfcsifonf&Sdaomf? &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkY

opömqdkum bDtdkifat wyfrawmf pwifzGJU

pnf;aom aeYudkom ]wyfrawmfaeY}[k owf

rSwfoifhygonf/ 'DvdkvGJaewmawG &Sdonf/

rwfv (2)&ufaeYudk awmifolv,form;aeY

owfrSwfxm;wmrsKd;/ wu,fawmh rwfv

(2)&ufaeYonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu tmPm

odrf;um 'Drdkua&pDudk ajrjr§KyfoN*ØKvfcJhonfh

aeYjzpf&m? xdkaeYwGif tcrf;tem;usif;yrnf

teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifhopömeD

a'gufwmbarmf? ocifjr? a'gufwmodrf;armif wdkYESifhtwl/

11

qdkvQif ]'Drdkua&pD atmufarhbG,f tcrf;

tem;aeY}tjzpfom usif;yzdkY oifhonf/ ]awmif

ol v,form;aeY} usif;yrnfqdkygu xdkaeY

onf yJcl;wdkif;taemufbufjcrf; om,m

0wDc½dkifwGif q&mpH OD;aqmifonfh awmifol

v,form;ta&;awmfyHkBuD; pwifcJhonfh 'DZif

bmv 22&uf? 1930 omjzpfoifhavonf/

awmfvSefa&;aeY[k ac:&ajym&onfrS

&ifxJu xGufvmonfh pum;vdk pl;pl;epfepf

&Sdonf/ Nrdefa&,Sufa& &Sdonf/ t"dyÜm,fvnf;

jynfh0avonf/ rwfvonf waygif;? waygif;

onf aEGOD;? aEGOD;wGif &Gufa[mif;wdkY a<uí

&Gufopfa0onf/ ta[mif;wdkY csKyfNidrf;jcif;

oauFw/ topfwdkY arG;zGm;jcif; vu©Pm?

awmfvSefa&;qdkaom a0g[m&u Mum;ol\

aoG;udk qlyGufaponf/ rw&m; zdESdyfrIudk

wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;cJhonfhoabm/ bmaMumifh

wpfcsdefwGif ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}qdkaom ae&mü

]wyfrawmfaeY}[k ajymif;vJ oHk;pGJcJh&oenf;/

awmfvSefa&; (Revolution) qdkaom pum;udkyif

rMum;csifavmufatmif &GHUaMumufaeíavm/

a&Twd*Hkbk&m; taemufbufrkcf yef;NcH

ae&monf ,cifu qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf wpfck\

ae&m jzpfonf/ (t*FvdyfppfwyfrS uyÜvD

wyfrsm; pcef;cs&mae&m jzpfcJhojzifh ]uyÜvD

uGufopf}[k ac:Muonf/) xdk&yfuGufudk

a&TUajymif;ypfum yef;NcHwpfcktoGif zefwD;í

]awmfvSefa&;yef;NcH}[k trnfay;cJh\/ rwfv

(27)wGif usa&mufonfh awmfvSefa&;aeY

rsm;wGif Munf;? a&? av wyfrawmfom;rsm;

onf xdkyef;NcHodkY pka0;csDwufum tiftm;

jyMuonf/ ,ckawmh xdkyef;NcHudkvnf;

awmfvSefa&;yef;NcH[k trnfwGifapwmhrnf

rxif/

,ck yGifhvif; vGwfvyfpjyKvmaom

tcsdefwGif wpfcsdefu usif;ycGifhr&cJhaom?

usif;y&ef? pdwful;,Of&efyif cufcJaom

&Spfav;vHk;ESpfywfvnfaeY? OD;oefY (38 ESpfjynfh)

ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnfaeY? bkef;armfaeY

pojzifh toD;oD;usif;yvmMuonfudk awGU&

onf/ xdkYtwl trnfa&m tESpfom&yg

ajymif;a&GUvmaom txufygawmfvSefa&;aeY

(wyfrawmfaeY)vdk aeYrsKd;udkvnf;? tESpfom&

jynfhjynfh00? EdkifiHa&;wefbdk;&Sd&Sd? *kPfodu©m

jrifhrm;pGm jyefvnfusif;yzdkY vdkonf/ Oyrm

jynfaxmifpkaeYvdk aeYrsKd;? wdkif;&if;om;awG

pkac:um trsKd;om;Zmwf½HkxJ oGif;í wdkif;&if;

om; tuawG uckefcdkif;wmrsKd;avmufjzifh

wdkif;&if;om; cspfMunfa&;udk rjznfhpGrf;

Edkifovdk? jynf0aom jynfaxmifpk\ tESpfom&

udkvnf; aqmifusOf;Edkifjcif;? azmfusL;Edkifjcif;

r&Sday/

xdkYtwl EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd;twGuf ta&;yg

vSaom ]vGwfvyfa&;aeY} ]tmZmenfaeY}vdk

aeYrsKd;udka&m/ uRefawmfwdkY ayghysufysuf?

rxdkufravsmuf usif;yvmcJhonfrSm tb,f

rQMumjrifhcJhavNyDenf;/ olUuRefb0rS vGwf

ajrmufvmaomaeY (vGwfvyfa&;)udk wpf

EdkifiHvHk; wpfrsKd;om;vHk;? wpfcJeuf &nf&G,fcsuf

&Sd&Sd *kPfjrifhpGm usif;yoifhonfr[kwfygvm;/

xdkaeYwGif vGwfvyfa&;\ wefbdk;? vGwfvyf

a&;udk apmifha&SmufumuG,fcsifpdwfawG

&ifhoefatmif uRefawmfwdkY ysKd;axmifoifhonf

r[kwfavm/

xdk Ytwl awmfvSefa&;aeYonfvnf;

jynfolvlxk\ rw&m;zdESdyfrIudk rcH? wGef;vSef

NzdKzsufrnfqdkaom tnHhrcHonfhpdwfudk ESpfpOf

trSwf&ap&ef? &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd usif;yoifh

onf r[kwfoavm/ uRefawmfwdkYuawmh

awmfvSefa&;aeYudk trnfa[mif;ESifhyif? rl&if;

tESpfom&rysuf usif;yapcsifvSygonf/

n&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdU

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf Adkvfawmufxdef

Memory

12

V O I C E S

]ppfrSefonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&ef acgif;aqmif

rsm; vufqGJEIwfquf½Hk? npmpm;yGJrsm; usif;y

ae½HkrQESifh rvHkavmufqdkwmudk em;vnf vufcH

xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk tpjyK awGUqHkrIrsm;rSwpfqifh

cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIESifh ,HkMunfrIrsm; &,lNyD;

a&&SnfcdkifrmwJh Nidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&ef

tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; wnfaqmuf&rSm jzpfyg

w,f/}

EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;odef;pdef? rwfv (1)&uf eHeuf

7 em&Du jynfolodkY ajymMum;onfh wwd,tBudrfajrmuf

a&'D,dkrdefYcGef;rS

]tck uRefawmfwdkY uGif;qif;wJhtcg wcsKdU

Oya'ynm&SifawGu uRefawmfwdkYu yGifhyGifh

vif;vif;ajymygqdkwmawmifrS rajym&J rqdk&JeJY

taMumufw&m; BuD;pdk;aew,f/ uRefawmfwdkY

jzpfapcsifwmu ol&JUynmeJY qifjcifwHkw&m;eJY

odu©morm"deJY vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&ifapcsif

w,f/ 'gayrJh tckxd 'DvdkOya'ynm&SifawG

udk,fwdkifu acguf½dk;usKd;NyD; taMumufBuD;

aewJhtcgusawmh uRefawmfwdkYu awmfawmf

udkBudK;pm;NyD; vkyf&r,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh

ESpf 50 avmuf ½dk;wGif;jcifqDpGJaewJh[mudk

aeYcsif;ncsif;awmh aysmufzdkY rvG,fygbl;/

enf;enf; enf;enf;awmh BudK;pm;,l&rSmyg/}

azazmf0g&Dv 21 &ufaeYxkwf Envoy owif;*sme,fyg ]w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;

aumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL; OD;0if;jrifhESifh pum;ajymjcif;}rS

aumufEkwfcsuf

]uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHrSm pme,fZif;qdkwm

[m 'Drdkua&pD&SifoefzdkYtwGuf touf½I&ef

avaumif;avoefYvdk ta&;BuD;ygw,f/

pme,fZif;avmuom;rsm;&JU Edk;Mum;wuf<urI

&Sdoavmuf pdwfapwemaumif;oavmuf

vlYtzGJUtpnf;&JU 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf ta&GUudk

wGef;tm;ay; ulnDEdkifygw,f/ pme,fZif;

orm;rsm;&JU 'Davmufta&;BuD;wJh wm0efudk

aumif;rGefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkif&atmifvdkY t[efY

twm; enf;yg;oufomatmif wpfqifhNyD;

wpfqifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygaomfvnf; pmay

pdppf½kyfodrf;NyD;oGm;csddefrSmawmh q&mawmf

oHCmawmfrsm;eJY rdbjynfolrsm;[m txuf

azmfjywJhtwdkif; pme,fZif;avmuxJu tqdyf

tawmuf tcdk;taiGUawG rTefxlvmaewmawG

udkMunfhNyD; tem*wf bmom? omoema&;

twGufvnf;aumif;? rsKd;qufopfvli,frsm;eJY

tvGefEke,fvGef;vSwJh uav;oli,frsm;twGuf

vnf;aumif; &wufrat;zG,f ,aeYvufawGU

BuHKawGUaeMu&ygw,f/ vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f

BuD;rsm;eJY uRefawmfwdk Y&JU om;orD;rsm;?

ajr;jrpfrsm;udk 'Dvdktqdyftawmuf ywf0ef;

usifrSm 'Dtwdkif;xm;ypfvdkMur,f r[kwfbl;

vdkY uRefawmf ,HkMunfygw,f/

jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;atmifMunf

rwfv 7 &uf? yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;vkyfief; Oya'Murf;

jynfolYvTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;jcif;rS aumufEkwfcsuf

]atmufajc0efxrf; wpfa,muf[m

oleJY olYrdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;? vlrIa&;

tqifajyatmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJ b,fvkdae

rvJ qdkwmudk pOf;pm;Munfhzdk Y vdkovdk

½Hk;vkyfief;rsm; yHkrSefvnfywfa&;ESifh *kPfodu©m

&SdpGm &yfwnf aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf pOf;pm;

ay;zdkY vdkrSmjzpfygw,f/ udk,fhEdkifiHrSm oifMum;

wwfajrmufxm;wJh ynmeJY tpdk;&0efxrf;

tjzpf 0ifvkyfr,fqdk&if &wJhvpmeJY p&dwfu

b0&yfwnf&Sifoefa&;twGuf tcuftcJ&SdvdkY

EdkifiH&yfjcm;udk xGufcGmoGm;aewmawG b,f

avmuf&SdNyDvJ/

atmufajc0efxrf;awG tqifrajybl;

qdkwmudkod&if 'Dvdkjzpf&wm b,folYrSm wm0ef

&SdMuovJ/ b,folawG wm0ef,lrvJ/ wm0ef,l

wm0efcH&r,fh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; r&Sdbl;qdkvQif

jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfuyJ wm0ef,l wm0efcH

aqmif&GufvdkufvQif roifhbl;? raumif;bl;vm;?}

ol&OD;a&Tref; (jynfolUvTwfawmfOuú|)

13

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefY cGef;aumufEIwfcsufrsm;

]&JabmfwdkY -

tus,fcsJU NyD; &Snf&Snfrajymcsifbl;/ tck ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/

qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/ tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD Armh

aoG;udkjyyg/ txufAdkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcHMuyg/ txufAdkvfawGu

vnf; omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh

twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfawGeJYtwl csDwufr,f/

Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/

teD;uyfqHk; &efoludk&SmNyD; wdkufMu/ 'gyJ}

1945 ckESpf? rwfv (17)&uf

awmfvSefa&;yef;NcHwGif ajymMum;cJhonfh wyfxGufrdefYcGef;rS

'Drdkua&pD0g'om vGwfvyfa&;ESifh qDavsmfw,f/ 'D0g'om

Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'D0g'udkom uRefawmfwdkY

&nf&G,f&r,f/ 'gjzifh 'D0g'[m bmvJ qdkwmudkvJ &Sif;jycsifao;w,f/

uRefawmfwdkY tjrift&qdk&if wdkif;jynf&JU acgif;aqmifrI[m

vlwpfOD;wnf;u acgif;aqmifrIrsKd; r[kwfbJESifh tzGJUESifh acgif;aqmifrIrsKd;

jzpf&r,f/ tzGJU&JU qEr[kwfbJ ighqE? igoabmvkyfwJh acgif;aqmifrI

rsKd;r[kwfbJ? tzGJU&JU qE,lNyD; tzGJU&JU tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrSm&SdwJh acgif;aqmif

rIrsKd; jzpf&r,f/

1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv? pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf

EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;? tpnf;ta0;ü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS

uskKyftaMumif;udk cifAsm;wdkYudk enf;enf; ajymcsifw,f/ tcktcg

usKyf[m (ywfAvpfrSm ay:jyLvmjzpfaewJh vlyJ) 'gayrJh usKyf[m

bk&m;vJr[kwf? arSmfq&m? rsufvSnfhq&mvJr[kwf? vlyJ/ ewfvJ

r[kwf? vlavmufyJ tpGrf;&SdrSmyJ/ usKyftouf[m tifrwef i,fw,f/

usKyftck xrf;&wJh wm0ef[mvnf; wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;&JU wm0efudk

a&SUqHk;u xrf;aew,f/ usKyfudk,fudk,f 'Dwm0efawG xrf;Edkifatmif

t&nftcsif;jynfhpHkw,fvdkY r,lqbl;/ NyD;awmh usKyfpdwfwdkwwfw,f

qdkwmudkvnf; vltrsm;odMuwmyJ/ 'gusKyfe*dkyJ/ tvkyf½IyfNyD; taESmifh

t,Sufrsm;&if pdwfwdkwwfw,f/ 'gudk jyKjyifEdkiforQ jyKjyifzdkY BudK;pm;

r,f/ odkYaomfvnf; cifAsm;wdkYvnf; pdwf&Snf&Snf xm;Muyg/ usKyf

pdwf&Snf&Snfxm;NyD;? uaeYjywJh tiftm;rsKd;xuf qxufxrf;ydk;wdk;atmif

vkyfNyD;? usKyfwdkYu cifAsm;wdkYtwGuf vkyfwJhae&mrSm tm;ay;r,fqdk&if?

usKyfwdkY vdkcsifwJh vGwfvyfa&;? vlxkaumif;pm;a&;awGudk &atmif

ydkvkyfEdkifr,f/ ydktusKd;&SdrSmyJ/ 'gaMumifh vlxkawGudk qufawmifhxm;Mu

ygOD;vdkYqdkwm xyfajymcJhcsifw,f/

1946 ckESpf? pufwifbmv?

puúLjzLpDrHudef;? uefYuGufqE´jyyGJü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS

usKyfwdkY[m awmfvSefa&;orm;yJ/ 'gudkvnf; cifAsm;wdkYtm;vHk;

odwmyJ/ 'gayrJh usKyfwdkY[m &nf&G,frSef;xm;csufr&SdbJ? rsufuef;vdk

vkyfwJh awmfvSefa&;rsKd;udkawmh rBudKufbl;/ trSefpifppf awmfvSefa&;

qdkwm bmvJ/ usKyftjrif ajym&r,fqdk&if awmfvSefa&;qdkwm tMurf;

ywrf;wdkufcdkufwJhudpöudkrS awmfvSefa&;vdkY qdkvdkwmr[kwfbl;/ vuf&Sd

pepfa[mif;udk awmfvSefNyD; pepfopf bGm;ueJay:aygufvmwmudk

qdkwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh awmfvSefa&;qdkwm wqufwnf;jzpfaewmyJ/

wpfcsufwpfcsufusrS bGm;ueJ? bGm;ueJ t&nftwGufuaeNyD;

t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIBuD;awGjzpfwmudk awmfvSefa&;vdkY qdkwmyJ/

qlwm ylwm? aomif;usef;wm? wdkufwm? cdkufwmawGqdkwm rvkyfrjzpfrS

vkyf&wmrsKd;yJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf? pwdkufcdkufcsifw,fqdkwm t"dyÜm,f

r&Sdbl;/ NyD;awmh udk,fvdkcsif&mudk at;at;eJY&r,fqdk&if b,folrvdkcsif

&SdyghrvJ/ rvdkcsifwJhvl[m t½l;yJ/ NyD;awmh tJ'Dudk,fvdkcsif&mudk

at;at;aq;aq;ESifh &atmifvnf; b,folrqdk ÚmPf&SdwJhvlrSef&if

BudK;pm;csifwmyJ/ r&EdkifrS wjcm;enf;vkyf&rSmaygh/

1946 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 18 &uf? armfvNrdKif? oHjzLZ&yfü ajymMum;

cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS (þrdefYcGef;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ajymMum;cJhonf/)

uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHa&;vkyfMuwJh ae&mr,f txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmif

vkyfwJhvl[m aemufvdkufvlawGxuf ydkNyD; tjrifus,f&w,f/

acgif;aqmif[m [kdvlajym [kwfEdk;Edk;? 'Dvlajym [kwfEdk;Edk;? a,mifcsmcsm

vkyf&if acgif;aqmifr[kwfbl;/ acgif;aqmifvkyfwJh vlawG[m udk,f

,HkMunfwJhudpöudk wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk ajym&J&r,f/ &Sif;jyEdkif&r,f/

toufpGefYoifhwJh ae&mr,f pGefY&J&r,f/ trsm;a,mifvdkY a,mif&w,f/

tarmifawmifrSef; ajrmufrSef;rod&if acgif;aqmifr[kwfbl;/ udk,fhudk,f

udk,f r,HkwJhvl[m b,ftcgrS wjcm;vludk r,Hkbl;/ udk,fhwdkif;ol

jynfom;udkvnf; r,Hkbl;/ uRefawmfhtzdkY uRefawmfhudk uRefawmf

,Hkw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYudkvnf; ,HkMunfw,f/ b,fudpörqdk vkyf&if

rSm;w,f/ rSefw,fqdkwm &mZ0ifu qHk;jzwfvdrfhr,f/

1947 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 27 &uf? &efukef jrLeDpy,fvlBuD;rsm;ESifh

NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;\ *kPfjyK{nfhcHyGJü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS

14

uRefawmfESifh tusifhqdk;rsm; (4)csrf;,OfvIdif (AMK Foundation)

aMu;rHkowif;pmwGif pmwnf;BuD;\

]trSm;udkjrif? trSefjyif}qdkonfh pmwnf;

½Iaxmifhudk zwf½IcJh&ygonf/ pmwnf;BuD;rS

uRefawmfwdk Y pmzwfy&dowfudk vlawmf

vlaumif;rsm;jzpfap&ef? wuf<uaumif;rGef

aom EdkifiHol? EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfap&ef? xdkrS

wqifh zGHU NzdK;aumif;rGefaom EdkifiHawmfBuD;

jzpfay:Edkifap&ef tajccHtkwfjrpfwpfck csvdkuf

onf[k rSwf,lvdkuf&ygonf/ aumif;aom

tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk vufawGUb0wGif rnfuJhodkY

toHk;jyK&rnfudk qifjcifrdygawmhonf/

trSm;udk rjrifvdkjcif;ESifh r&ifqdkifvdkjcif;

uRefawmf\ i,fpOfb0wGif trSm;udk

rvkyfvdkonfh t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm rdbESifh

q&morm;rsm;\ qlylrIESifh Budrf'Pfudk aMumuf&GHU

rIwdkYaMumifh jzpfygonf/ rdbESifh q&mrsm;\

em;vnfatmif qdkqHk;rrIESifh Budrf'Pf avQmhaygh

jcif;rsm;onf trSm;ESifhtrSefudk ydkrdk qifjcif

vmEdkifNyD; trSm;rsm;udkvnf; ydkrdk0efcHwwfonfh

tusifhrsm; ESvHk;om;wGif udef;0yfcJh&ygonf/

1985 ckESpfwGif uRefawmf EdkifiHjcm; wuúodkvf

wpfckü ynmoifcGifh &&SdcJhygonf/ ausmif;aezuf

zdvpfydkifEdkifiHom; ausmif;om;rS olwdkYEdkifiH\

pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? usqif;rIrsm;onf tmPm&Sif

rmudkUpf\ tkyfcsKyfrIaMumifh jzpfonf[k yGifhvif;

pGm 0efcHajymqdkonfudk Mum;&í tHhMordcJh&

ygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;

tmPm&Sif OD;ae0if; tkyfcsKyfaeNyD;? wdkif;jynf\

pD;yGm;a&; cRwfNcHKusaeonfudk uRefawmf

0efrcH&JcJhyg/ tb,faMumifhenf;/ t&Sdudk t&Sd?

trSefudk trSef? trSm;udk trSm; rqef;ppf

&Jaom? 0efcHrwwfaom uRefawmfh\ tusifhqdk;

aMumifhygwnf;/ þtusifhqdk;onf trSm;ESifh

trSefudk qef;ppf&SmazG&mwGif taESmifht,Suf

tay;qHk; tusifhqdk;[k owfrSwf&ygonf/

þodkYjzifh uRefawmfuJhodkY trSm;0efrcH

wwfaom tusifhqdk;ydkif&SifOD;a& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

enf;yg;apygaMumif; yPmr qkawmif;vdkuf&

ygonf/

trSm;ESifh trSef vkyfaqmifMu&mwGif

þavmuwGif um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH

jzifh rdrdjyKvkyfrnfh tvkyfrsm;onf rSefonf?

rSm;onfudk yxr od&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/ rdrd

vkyfaom tvkyfonf rSm;onf[k od&SdvQif

qufrvkyfonfu rsm;ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh

rSm;onf[k rod&Sdí qufvkyfMuonfu

rsm;ygonf/ þwGif rSm;onf rSefonfudk

qifjcif? a0zef? oHk;oyfEdkifpGrf;tm;onf y"me

usvmygonf/ wpfzef rSm;onfhtvkyfudk od&Sd

NyD;onfhtcgwGifvnf; 0efcHEdkifpGrf;tm; enf;

wwfMuygonf/ wpfyg;olwdkY\ a0zefrIESifh

txifao;rIrsm;udkvnf; &GHUwwfMuygonf/

NcHK Munfhaomf trSm;udk odaomfvnf; BudwfrSdwfí

vkyfwwfMuygonf/ rwwfEdkifonfh tqHk;rS

0efcH jyKjyifwwfMuygonf/ trSefudk jyifEdkifaom

owådonf tajymvG,foavmuf tvkyfrvG,f

[k xifjrifrdygonf/ taumif;jrif a0zefrIrsm;udk

tm;ay;oifhygonf/ txifao;rIrsm;udkawmh

vufrcHoifhyg/ wpfzef trSm;udk 0efcHolwdkYudk

vnf; tBuHjyKrIrsm;ESifh az;rtm;ay;rIrsm;jzifh

taxmuftul ay;oifhygonf/ A[dkOD;pD;pepf\

tm;enf;csufrsm;udk 0efcHí 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk

jynfolYqE´ESifhtnD OD;aqmifcsDwufaeaom

olrsm;udk csrf;,OfvIdif csD;usL;tm;ay;rdygonf/

a&SUavQmufrSmvnf; rSm;wm&SdvQif 0efcHNyD;

trSefw&m;&SmazGí qufvufcsDwufEdkifap&ef

twGuf BuKdwifí aumif;csD;ay;rdygonf/

þenf;jzifh trSm;udk 0efcHNyD; trSefudkjyifEdkifol

trSm;udk rjrifvdkjcif;ESifh

trSefudk rjyif0Hhjcif;

15

Opinion

OD;a& jrefrmjynfwGif ydkrdkrsm;vmygrnf/ þ

urÇmwGif bk&m;&SifrSwpfyg; &mEIef;jynfhtrSef

w&m; &SmazGEdkifol r&Sdyg/ vlwdkif;trSm;ESifh

ruif;onfrSm obm0yg/

trSm;ESifh trSeftwGuf

uRefawmf\ tjrif

trSm;onf trSef\ qefYusifbufjzpfyg

onf/ odkYygí trSefw&m;taMumif; OD;pGm

avhvmoifhygonf/ trSefw&m;rSm tajccH

tm;jzifh (2)rsKd; &Sdygrnf[k uREfawmfqifjcif

rdygonf/ yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm urÇmwnf

oa&GU rSefuefaom (y&rwfw&m;)rsm; jzpf

ygonf/ avmukwå&mtrSefw&m;onf jrwfpGm

bk&m; a[mMum;aom w&m;rsm; jzpfygonf/

Oyrm- owåavmuwGif awGU BuHK&aom tedpö?

'ku©? tewå w&m;rsm; ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/

avmuD trSefw&m;rsm;onf odyÜHynm&Sif

rsm; &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom trSefw&m;rsm;

jzpfygonf/ Oyrm-yef;oD;onf tyifay:rS

urÇmYqGJiiftm;aMumifh ajray:odkY jyKwfusonf/

(e,lwef\ Oya'o) 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;onf

vlYywf0ef;usifwGif aeYpOf BuHKawGUae&aom

tjzpftysuf tawGUtBuHKrsm;t& vlUtodkif;

t0dkif;u owfrSwfxm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;

rsm;jzifh wdkif;wmí&aom tajzay:wGif rlwnf

aeygonf[k csrf;,OfvIdif rSwfcsufcsrdygonf/

pHcsdefpHñTef; owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDvQif

rSefygonf/ rudkufnDvQif rSm;ygonf/ þwGif

tjzpftysufwpfckudk pHcsdef pHñTef;wpfckjzifh

wdkif;wmvQif rSefaeaomfvnf; aemufpHcsdef

pHñTef;wpfckjzifh wdkif;wmvQif rSm;aeEdkifygonf/

þtrSefw&m;rsm;onf tdkif;pwdkif;\ EIdif;

,SOfrI oDtdk&D (Relativity Theory) uJhodkYyif

jzpfayawmhrnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ucsifjynf

e,fwGif tpdk;&wyfESifh KIA wyfrsm;\ wdkufyGJ

rsm; jyif;xefaeygonf/ tpdk;&wyfrSmvnf;

olwdkY owfrSwfxm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef; owfrSwf

csufrsm;jzifh csdefxdk;MunfhNyD; rSefonfqdkum

wdkufyGJ0ifonf/ KIA bufrSvnf; olwdkY

owfrSwfcsufjzifh csdefxdk;um rSefonf[kqdk

um wdkufyGJ0ifygonf/ uRefawmf jynfol

wpfOD;taejzifh tpdk;&wyfom;vnf; 'DEdkifiH

om;? KIA wyfom;vnf; 'DEdkifiHom;? 'gaMumifh

b,fbufuaoao uRefawmf0rf;enf;&rSmygyJ?

b,folyJ'Pf&m&& uRefawmfylaqG;&rSmygyJ/

jrefrmEdkifiHom; wpfa,muf\ pHcsdefpHñTef;ESifh

wdkif;wmygu þwdkufyGJrsm;onf rSm;aeyg

onf/ þjzpfpOfrsKd;wGif rdrdbufrS owfrSwf

xm;aom pHcsdef pHñTef; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk

w&m;ao udkifqGJxm;jcif;rsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkif

&efESifh tjcm;bufrsm;rS pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ESifh

vnf; csifhcsdefEdkif&ef rdacsmif;rif;? a&cif;jy

qdkouJhodkYjzifh csrf;,OfvIdif ÚmPfrDoavmuf

tBuHjyKvdkuf&ygonf/

omrmefjynfolrsm;twGuf trSm;trSef

qifjcifjcif;

omrmefjynfolwpfOD;taejzifh rdrdESifh

rdrd\ rdom;pktwGuf tusKd;&Sdapaom vkyf

aqmifrIrsm;onf trSefw&m;yif jzpfayrnf/

odkY&mwGif rdrdywf0ef;usif? NrdKU? &GmESifh EdkifiHudk

rxdcdkufapaom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onfom

jynfhpHkaom trSefw&m; jzpfayrnf/

rdrd\ NrdKU? &Gm? EdkifiHtusKd;&Sdapaom vkyf

aqmifrIrsm;onfvnf; trSefw&m; jzpfay

rnf/ xdkYtwl tjcm;NrdKU? &Gm? EdkifiHrsm;udk

rxdcdkufaprS jynfhpHkaom trSefw&m;jzpfyg

rnf/ trSefw&m;udk od&SdEdkif&ef rdrdvkyfaqmifrI

rsm;udk jyefvnf oHk;oyfqifjcifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&yg

rnf/ odkYrSom rdrd\ vkyf&yfonf rSef? rrSefESifh

jynfhpHkaom trSef w&m;jzpf? rjzpfudk od&SdEdkifyg

rnf/ tESpfig;q,fcefY txufrSay;aom

ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkom wpfaoGrwdrf; vkyf

aqmifcJh&ojzifh tvkyfwpfck vkyfaqmifNyD;wdkif;

tay:udkom armhMunfhwwfaom tusifhqdk;BuD;

uRefawmfwdkYwGif pGJuyfcJhygNyD/ ab;bDudk rMunfh

wwfawmhyg/ trSefESifh trSm; qifjcifEkdif

pGrf;tm;rsm;vnf; usqif;cJh&ygNyD/

,aeY 'Drdkua&pDvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif

avQmufvSrf;&mwGif txufrS ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk

vkyfaqmif&mwGif4if;? rdrdÚmPfjzifh vkyfaqmif

tmPm&Sif-rm;udkYpf tmPm&Sif-OD;ae0if;

16

&mwGif4if;? ab;ywf0ef;usifudk avhvmqifjcif

oHk;oyfNyD;rS vkyfaqmifwwfaom tusifhrsm;

arG;jrLjcif;jzifh trSm;ESifhtrSefudk jynfhpHkatmif

qifjcifwwfvmayrnf/ txl;owdjyK&efrSm

'Drdkua&pDacwfrwdkifcifu trSefw&m;rsm;onf

,aeYcsdefwGif rSefcsifrS rSefygawmhrnf/

vTwfawmfrsm;twGuf trSm;? trSef

qifjcifjcif;

'Drkdua&pDacwfwGif EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfol

wdkYudk vrf;aMumif;ay;aeaom ae&mrsm;onf

vTwfawmftoD;oD;yif jzpfayonf/ vTwf

awmfrsm;onf trSefrsm;rsm; vkyfEdkifrS EdkifiH

wdk;wufí jynfolrsm;vnf; taeoufom

ygrnf/ arQmfvifhcsufaumif;rsm;vnf; ydkrdk

ay:xGef;vmygrnf/ vTwfawmfrsm;wGif trSm;?

trSeftwGuf pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;rSm jynfolUtusKd;

ESifh jynfolUqErsm;yif jzpfoifhygonf/ jynfolY

tusKd;ESifh qE´ESifh udkufnDygu trSefw&m;

jzpfNyD; rudkufnDygu trSm;w&m;rsm;yif jzpfay

rnf/ odkYygí jynfolUqE? vTwfawmfqE ponfh

aqmifyk'frsm;yif ay:xGef;vmayonf/

þwGif jynfpHkaom 'Drdkua&pD tESpfom&

rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&ef jynfolUtusKd;ESifh

qErsm;udk rnfonfhaywHjzifh wdkif;wmrnfenf;

qdkonfh ar;cGef;onf ta&;ygvmygonf/

'Drdkua&pDrqefaom vTwfawmfrsm;? tpdk;&

rsm;onf udk,fvkyfcsifaom tvkyfrsm;udk

jyKvkyfí jynfolUqE jynfolYoabmxm;[lí

uifyGef;wyfavh&Sdygonf/ odkYygí jynfolU

tusKd;ESifh qErsm;udk wdkif;wmrnfh pHcsdefpHñTef;

rsm; tjrefay:aygufapa&;onf vTwfawmf

rsm;\ wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf[k uRefawmf

,lqrdygonf/ þae&mwGif jynfolYtusKd;ESifh

jynfolYqE´wdkYonfvnf; o[Zmw jzpf&ef

vdktyfayonf/ o[Zmwrjzpfygu a&&SnfwGif

trSm;w&m;bufodkY qdkufa&mufwwfygonf/

vwfwavm jynfolYqE´ESifh rudkufnDaomf

vnf; a&&SnfwGif jynfoltusKd;jzpfrnfh udpö

rsm;udkvnf; jynfolwdkY em;vnfoabmayguf

atmif &Sif;jyEkdifpGrf; &Sd&ygrnf/

jynfolYqE´twGuf pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;udk

Oyrmay;í tBuHjyK&aomf jynfol wpfaxmif

txuf vufrSwfxdk; awmif;qdkaomf vTwfawmf

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txuf vufrSwfxdk; awmif;qdkaomf vTwf

awmfwGif ta&;wBuD;udpötjzpf aqG;aEG;

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awmif;qdkaomf ta&;wBuD;vTwfawmf ac:,ljcif;

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twGuf &mEIef;rnfrQ jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifoenf;

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vTwfawmfwGif tpdk;&\ uwdu0wfrsm; pDppf

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tvGefaumif;apcsifygonf/ 'gqdk avmb

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qdkEdkifygonf/ pD;yGm;a&; pHcsdefpHñTef;taejzifh

trsKd;om; jynfwGif;xkwfukefwefbdk; (GSP) &mEIef; rnfrQwdk;wufrnfpojzifh owfrSwf

oifhygonf/ xdkYtwl vlrIa&; pHcsdefrsm;tjzpf

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rsm;udk oufqdkif&mvTwfawmf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?

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wuúodkvfrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;rS pDppf? oHk;oyf

a0zeftBuHjyKrIrsm; jyKvkyfoihfygonf/ odkYrSom

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aom trSefw&m;rsm;jzpfay:í rudkufnDygu

trSm;w&m;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifrdygrnf/

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n

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wm0efuawmh *syefzufqpfawGudk wdkufcdkuf

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tajrmufwyfcGJ? jrpfi,f Adkvf&Jacgif&JU puf

tajrmufwyfcGJ? rEÅav; rsufyg;&yf Adkvf

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ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf/

Memory

17

awmif;cHvmcJhw,f/ *syefawG[m t*Fvdyf

ppfwyfawGeJY wdkufaewJh ppfyGJawGudk Armh

wyfrawmftaeeJY ulwdkufay;zdkY ppful awmif;

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*syefawGudk Adkvfrif;armif&JU wyfpdyfeJYtwl

AdkvfrSL;Axl;xH apvTwfvdkufygw,f/ wdkuf

cdkuf&rJh ppfajrjyifuawmh rEÅav;ajrmuf

bufu awmifajcrSmyg/

AdkvfrSL;Axl;taeeJY *syefawG ppful

awmif;wmudkvnf; jiif;y,fzdkY rjzpfEkdifygbl;/

tu,fí awmfvSefa&;udk rlvowfrSwfxm;

wJh &ufrSpwifr,f qdk&ifvnf; &JabmfawG

tm;vHk; r[mrdwfwyfawG&JU 0dkif;n§yfum

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r[kwf&ifvnf; *syefwyfawGeJYtwl t*Fvdyf

awGudk wdkufcdkuf&if; qkwfcGmzdkYyJ &Sdaeygw,f/

'gaMumifh AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m jrpfi,fwyf

pdyfudk *syeft&m&SdawGeJYtwl rEÅav;awmif

ajcudk ppfxGufzdkY trdefYay;vdkufw,f/ xdk

trdefYeJY wpfqufwnf;rSmyJ ppfajrjyifa&muf

wmeJY teD;qHk;&efol (*syef)bufudk aoewf

ajymif;awG vSnfhzdkY awmfvSefa&; ppfrdefYudkyg

ay;vdkufygw,f/

AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ppf½Hk;rSm&SdwJh &JabmfawG

tm;vHk;[m rdrdwdkY&JU tvkyfwm0efawGudk

xrf;&Guf&if; olwdkY tarQmfvifhqHk;jzpfwJh

tcsdefudk apmifhqdkif;aeMuygw,f/ xdktcsdef

uawmh ppfajrjyifudk a&muf&SdoGm;NyD;aemuf

jrpfi,fwyfrS &JabmfawGu *syefppft&m&Sd

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t&m&SdawGudk xdef;csKyfvdkufMuygw,f/

*syefppft&m&SdawGudk okwfoifcJhNyD;

aemuf rMumjrifhrDrSmyJ uifaywdkifawG&JU ppfum;

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a&mufvmcJhw,f/ odkYayrJh AdkvfrSL; acgif;aqmif

wJh awmfvSefa&; &JabmfawG tm;vHk;[m

BudKwifa&G;cs,fxm;wJh awmfvSefa&; ajcukyf

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&JabmfawG[m ypf&if;cwf&if; qkwfcGmcJh

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pcef; ae&muawmh atmifyifv,fbufudk

ygyJ/

atmifyifv,f awmfvSefa&;

ajcukyfpcef;

wu,fawmh atmifyifv,f[m uefvdkY

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jyifBuD;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdaeygNyD/ uefBuD;[m

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&JabmfawG[m olwdkY&JU aoewfawGudk aumuf

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cGJNyD; aexdkifcJhMuw,f/

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uawmh qif&Gm? ykodrfBuD;? opfcsKdukef; pwJh

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vkyfMuNyD; nOhftcsdefawGrSm ajymufusm; ppf

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qdk&if &JabmfawG[m wyfeJUuGJNyD; b,foGm;&

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AdkvfrSL;Axl;u ol&JU &JabmfawGukd

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(0JrS,m) Adkvf&efatmif? AdkvfausmfaZm? Adkvf&JxG#f (aemufwef;) Adkvfjrifhatmif? AdkvfAxl;

18

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w,f/ wpfcgwpf&HrSmqdk&if &JabmfESpfa,muf

oHk;a,mufavmufeJY *syefppfom; oHk;av;q,fudk

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vmwJh tiftm; 3000 ausmf&SdwJh *syef ppfwyf

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Axl;&JU ajymufusm;&JabmfawG&JU wdkufcdkufrI

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wpfcgwpf&HrSmawmh ajymufusm;&Jabmf

awG[m wu,fh tNrJwrf; ppfwyfBuD;awGyrm

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0uwdkY[m NrdKUudk t&ifodrf;EdkifzdkYtwGuf tNydKif

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ajymufusm; &Jabmfwpfa,mufu vrf;rSm

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&SdrI pwmawGudk wpf&uf odkYr[kwf ESpf&ufMum

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r[mrdwf ppfwyfu t&m&SdawGuyif av;pm;

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Axl;u xdkpcef;uaeNyD; ppfqifa&;awG

twGuf trdefYay; ñTefMum;vsuf&Sdaeygw,f/

rdk;&GmwJhtcgawGrSm AdkvfrSL;&JU wJwpfckvHk;

twGif;rSm aep&mr&Sdatmif &TJ&T Jpd koGm;yg

awmhw,f/ AdkvfrSL;&JU wJxJrSm uRwfawG

uvnf; jrifraumif;atmif aygrsm;vSygw,f/

aq;0g;eJY tpmt[m&vnf; aumif;pGm rrSD0J

&bJ tvkyfudk yifyifyef;yef;vkyfae&wJh AdkvfrSL;

[m aemufqHk;rSm yg;acsmif em;acsmifusNyD;

a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;0ifum tm;jywfoGm;cJhygw,f/

xdktcsdefrSm AdkvfrSL;&JU toufudk u,fwifzdkY

twGuf *vl;udkY(pf)tm;aq;yif xdk;ray;Edkif

wmaMumifh aq;rSL;BuD; apmaemifcrf;[m

vufrIdifcscJh&ygw,f/

rdrd&JU tajctaeudk aumif;pGm odaeyHk

&wJh AdkvfrSL;u olY&JabmfawGudk AdkvftmVm0u

wyf&Sdr,fh ae&mudk ar;NyD; ]tmVm0uudk jyef

ac:? ppfudk qufwdkufMu}qdkwJh aemufqHk;

trdefYudk ay;cJhygw,f/

AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m w,fvl;pcef;rSmyJ

uG,fvGefcJhw,f/ wm0ef&SdolawG[m AdkvfrSL;

uG,fvGefwmudk xkwfazmfraMunmao;bJ

wyfawGudk atmifyef;odkY qufvufcsDwuf

apcJhw,f/ vrf;c&D;wpfavQmufrSmvnf;

zufqpfawGudk okwfoif acsrIef;cJhMuw,f/

atmifyef;NrdKUudk odrf;ydkuftNyD;rSmawmh

&JabmfawGtm;vHk; taysmfBuD; aysmfNyD; ykqdk;awG

tusÐawG avxJudk ajr§mufum ckefayguf

atmf[pf aeMuygw,f/ aumif;uifxufrSm

awmh 0dkif,mvuf(pf)eJY owif;ydkYxm;wJhtwGuf

a&mufvmMuwJh r[mrdwfav,mOfawG[m

ysH0Jaeygw,f/ xdktcsdefrSmyJ wm0ef&SdolawGu

AdkvfrSL;uG,fvGefwJh owif;udk xkwfjyefaMunm

cJhygonf/

aysmf&Tif jrL;wl;aeMuwJh &JabmfawG

tm;vHk;[m ½kwfw&uf idkifusoGm;NyD; csufcsif;

qdkovdkyJ ½dIufBuD;wiifeJY atmf[pfidka<u;

Muygawmhw,f/ n

19

20

vlxkESifh a':atmifqef;pkMunf (8)The Future

udk0PÖarmif (&efukef) - tefwDcifAsm/ tckwavmjzpfaewJh

EdkifiHa&; taetxm;t& cefYrSef;MuwJh[mawGa&m arQmfvifhaeMuwJh

[mawGa&mrSm tefwDhtaeeJY OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&u tpdk;&tzGJUxJrSm

wm0ef,lzdkY urf;vSrf;vmr,fqdk&if b,fvdk oabmxm;ygovJ/

aemufwpfckuawmh tJvdkrsKd; urf;vSrf;vmwJh[mudk vufcHNyD;awmh

wm0ef,lr,fqdk&if wdkif;jynftaeeJY trsKd;om; jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;udk

ydkNyD; vkyfaqmifEdkifw,fvdkY ,lqygovm;/ uRefawmfwdkYvnf; odcsifvdkYyg/

tefwDtaeeJY ajzMum;ay;apcsifygw,f/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf - udpöwpfck[m jzpfr,f rjzpfbl;vJ rod?

jzpf&ifvnf; b,fvdk tajctaersKd;rSm jzpfr,fvJrodbJeJY vufcH

p&m taMumif;r&SdbJeJY ajzzdkY&m roifhawmfygbl;/ tefwDwdkYu

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD taqmufttHk cdkifcdkifrmrm aqmuf

wnfzkdYudk BudK;pm;aewm jzpfwJhtwGuf bmudkyJvkyfvkyf BudK;pm;csuf

udk taxmuftul jzpfrvm;qdkwm MunfhNyD; qHk;jzwfrSm jzpfyg

w,f/

udkbdkbdkZif (rHk&Gm) - r*Fvmyg tar/ om;emrnfuawmh

armifbdkbdkZifyg/ tarpk pdwfcsrf;om udk,fusef;rmeJY EdkifiHtusKd; vlrsKd;

tusKd;udk aqmif&GufEdkifygapvdkY arwåmrsm; ydkYovdkufygw,f/ ,ckvuf&Sd

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm a':vmaps;awGvnf; jyKwfus? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawG&JU

aiGaMu;aps;awGvJ jyKwfusNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH&JU aiG[m tenf;i,f jrifhwuf

vmwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ NyD;awmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JU vloHk;ukefypönf;awG[m

tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;eJY ,SOfvQif aps;EIef;tenf;i,f csKdomygw,f/ 'gayrJhvnf;

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aiG&Sm&wm tifrwefrS cufcJNyD; oHk;pGJ&wJhtcgrSm odyfudk

vG,fulaeygw,f/ tareJY or®w OD;odef;pdef aqG;aEG;yGJrSm jynfolawG&JU

pD;yGm;a&;Muyfwnf;rI jyóemudk ajz&Sif;zdkY aqG;aEG;cJhygovm;/

wu,fvdkY aqG;aEG;cJhw,fqdk&ifvnf; aemiftem*wf vli,fawG&JU

pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;awGudk uRefawmfwdkY odyg&ap/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf - jynfolawG&JU pD;yGm;a&; jyóemawGeJY

ywfoufvdkY tvkyf½Hk aqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyfcJhw,fqdkwm om;Mum;NyD;

jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ pD;yGm;a&; jyóemaygif;rsm;pGmeJY &ifqdkifae&wJh EdkifiH

wpfEdkifiHrSm wdk;wufrI&SdzdkYqdkwm awmfawmfBudK;pm;vkyf,l&rJh udpöyg/

'gayr,fh jynfolawG&JU vdkvdkvm;vm; yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIeJY urÇmYtodkif;

t0dkif;&JU 0dkif;0ef; ulnDrIwdkYudk &,lEdkifr,fqdk&if atmifjrifwJh jyKjyif

ajymif;vJa&;awG jzpfvmEdkifygw,f/ om;wdkYvdk vli,fawGyg0ifzdkYuvnf;

odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tm;ri,fygeJY/ tifwdkuf tm;wdkuf

0dkif;NyD; ulnDEdkifwJh tcGifhta&;awG ay:vmwJhtcg wufwuf<u<ueJY

yg0ifapcsifygw,f/ 'DvdkjzpfEdkifzdkYvnf; BudK;pm;aeygw,f/

Questions & Answers

21

raxG; (tif'D;&m;em;) - r*Fvmyg/ uRefr emrnfu raxG;vdkY

ac:ygw,f/ jynfolUacwf*sme,frSm a':pk&JU aqmif;yg;udk pmaypdppfa&;

tzGJUu uif;vTwfcGifhay;vdkufNyD; azmfjycGifh jyKvkdufwmudk a':pk b,fvdk

xifjrifcHpm;&ygovJ/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf - EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pD taqmufttHkawG

cdkifNrJzdkYqdk&if pmaya&;om; xkwfa0jzefYcsda&; vGwfvyfrI vdkygw,f/

'gaMumifh uRefraqmif;yg;rdkY&,fvdkY r[kwfygbl;/ ,cifu xkwfa0EdkifcGifh

r&cJhwJh pmayta&;tom;awG wcsKdU tck xkwfa0ydkifcGifh &vmwmudk

BudKqdkygw,f/

aemftdk;&Sif; (tar&duefjynfaxmifpk) - tefwDpk&Sifh orD;uawmh

tar&duef jynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufrSmaewJh aemftkd;&Sif; jzpfygw,f/

jrefrmjynf[m tajymif;tvJjzpfEdkifwJh tajctaerSm a&mufaeNyDvdkY

urÇmY Nidrf;csrf;a&;aeYrSm tefwDajymqdkcJhwmudk Mum;&ygw,f/ 'DtwGuf

orD;wdkY t&rf; 0rf;omrdw,f/ 'Dtajymif;tvJawG[m b,fawmhavmuf

yDyDjyifjyif jzpfvmEdkifr,fvdkY xifygovJ&Sif? tefwDpk usef;rmygapvdkY

qkawmif;vdkufygw,f&Sif/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf - tajymif;tvJ jzpfEkdifwJh tajctaeawG

a&mufaeNyDqdkawmh vrf;pjrifae&NyDvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ qufavQmuf

vSrf;zdkYuvJ &Sdao;w,fav/ b,fvdkyHkeJY b,favmufjrefjrefoGm;r,f

qdkwmudk jrifEdkifvmrSyJ c&D;b,favmuf &Snfr,fqdkwm cefYrSef;EdkifrSm

jzpfygw,f/ tjrefqHk; jynfolawG&JU arQmfvifhcsufawG jynfhEdkifzdkYawmh

BudK;pm;ygr,f/

tda&Tpif (vef'ef) - tarpk r*Fvmyg/ uRefruawmh rtda&Tpif

jzpfygw,f/ vef'efNrdKUrSm aeygw,f/ uRefr ar;csifwJh ar;cGef;av;

uawmh OD;odef;pdeftpdk;& zGJUr,fh jynfwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwDrSm

tarhudk yg0ifoifhw,f qdkNyD;awmh ygvDrefxJrSm tqdkjyKwifoGif;

xm;w,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ tJh'DaumfrwDrSm tar yg0ifzdkY tpDtpOf

&Sdygovm;/ &Sdw,fqdk&if b,fvdktaetxm;rsKd;eJY yg0ifr,f qdkwmudk

odcsifygw,f/ aus;Zl; trsm;BuD;wifygw,f/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf - aumfr&SifrSm tarhudk xnfhzdkY tqdk

wifoGif;xm;w,fvdkYawmh Mum;cJhygw,f/ 'Dtqdkt& jzpfajrmufvmr,f

rjzpfajrmufvmzl;qdkwmudkawmh rodao;vdkY orD;odcsifwmudk ajzEdkifwJh

tajctae r&Sdao;ygbl;/ tajzay:vmawmh orD;wdkY od&rSmaygh/

nRef : RFA (Radio Free Asia)

22

aEGOD;yHk&dyf odkYr[kwf teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifhcsrf;Nidrf;

]waygif;&,fwJh rdef&moD &Gufa[mif;udk

avESifvdkY yefawmf0if a&TtifMuif;i,f oif;ysHU

cJhNyD/}

OMowGefoH Mum;&avNyD/

waygif;wefcl; &moDtul;wGif jrL;wl;

&,foGrf; aEGvufo&rf;aMumifh ajrouf

usa&muf &GufajcmufESifhtwl yif,HxufrS

OMooHonf jznf;jznf;rSefrSef wGefavNyD/

aqmif;uRwfvkNyD aEG&moDvnf; ryDwwfao;

0dk;0g;axG;[k a&S;pmqdkwpfOD; pyfcJhovdk awm

awmifa&ajr pdrfhprf;utp ½IzG,frqHk;aom

jrifuGif;wdkYwGif t&m&mwdkif;onf &moD pyful;

rwful;umvü ryD0dk;w0g; jrLrsm; &pfqdkif;

aewwfonf/

xdktcsdefonf awmolawmifom;wdkY

pyg;ay:NyD; aiG&Tifcsdef? yJodrf;csdef? xef;oD;

csKdifNyD; xef;vsufcsufcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/

aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;ü bk&m;yGJusif;ycsdef?

oJyHkapwDyJG usif;ycsdefvnf; jzpf\/ rMumrD

wmoBuFefumv usa&mufvmawmhrnf

jzpfygonf/

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ed'gef;

1940 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u xdkodkY r[kwfyg/

'kwd, urÇmppfrD;aMumifh tNrJwap at;at;

vlvl aewwfaom awmolawmifom; jrefrm

jynfoltrsm;pkonf v,fxJ ,mxJ aumif;pGm

xGef,uf r&? pdkufysKd; r&? taetpm; qif;&J

pGmjzifh usD;vefYpmpm; aexkdifcJh&onf/ &Jabmf

oHk;usdyfOD;aqmifrIESif h bDtdkifat (Armh

vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf)onf *syefwdkYESifhtwl

jrefrmjynftwGif;odkY ppfaMumif;BuD;rsm; cGJum

0ifa&mufcJhNyD; ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfMum pdk;rdk;

aeaom NAdwdoQwdkYtm; armif;xkwf wdkufcdkuf

cJhNyD;aemuf at;at;vlvlae&awmhrnf[k

jrefrmjynfolwdkY awG;xifírSrqHk; zufqpf

wdkYu ZmwdjyMuavawmhonf/ 1942ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif armfvNrdKif? rwfv

(8)&ufaeYwGif &efukef? arv (8)&ufaeYwGif

jrpfBuD;em;udk odrf;ydkufNyD;aomfvnf; *syef

wdkYonf rlvu xm;&SdcJhonfh uwdtwdkif;

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk csufcsif; raMunmcJh?

jrefrmjynfudk odrf;ydkufxm;aom zufqpf

*syefwdkY\ umeDAdk? *dk½Id? rpfqlbD&SD tp&Sdaom

ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;u NAdwdoQwdkY\ bDtkdpD? &GdKufpf

ukrÜPDrsm;ae&m tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufNyD; pD;yGm;

a&; vuf0g;BuD;tkyf&ef ta&SU tm&SomwlnD

rQa&;[k a<u;aMumfum udkvdkeDjyK&ef ½kyfvHk;

azmfvmMuonf/ xkdYtjyif uifaywdkif[k ac:

aom *syefppfykvdyf wdkYuvnf; jrefrm

jynfolrsm;tm; yg;½dkuf? em;½dkuf? aeylvSrf;?

vufonf;cGm? usifpufwdkY? vHSpGyfxdk; ponfh

zufqpfenf;rsm;jzifh trsKd;rsKd; ESdyfpuf½HkrQru

trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;udkyg wjznf;

jznf; apmfum;vmMuonf/ *syef0ifpOfu

oajyyef;ESifh vSrf;qufcJhaom jrefrmjynfol

wdkYu tHhMoaMuuGJ&avonf/ wnfrdwJh bk&m;

vif;wyifem;em; qdk½dk;pum; &Sdaomfjim;

q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uyif ]rif;wdkY

yifhvmwJhbk&m; rif;wdkY jyefac:oGm;} [lí

rsK d;cspfjrefrm vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm;

ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefuwnf;u Armh

wyfrawmfESifh jrefrmjynfol jynfom;wdkY

pdwf0,f *syefudk jyefvnfawmfvSef&ef wtHk

aEG;aEG; tHwBudwfBudwf jzpfaeavNyD/

1944 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif *syefu

ESpfodrfhonfh oabmjzifh a&T&nfpdrf vGwfvyf

a&; ay;aomfvnf; wpfzufü jrefrm

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf/

23

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;

jynfolU vGwfvyfa&;tzGJU BuD;udk zGJUpnf;&ef

wdwfwqdwf jyifqifcJhMuonf/ aemifwpfcsdef

z.q.y.v tzGJUcsKyfBuD;tjzpf ay:aygufvm

rnfjzpfaom z.w.y.v tzGJUcsKyfudk uGefjrLepf

ygwD? jynfolU ta&;awmfyHkygwDESifh tm&Svli,f

tpnf;t½Hk;wdkY pkpnf;í zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/

*syef0ifpuyif tdEd,odkY wdwfwqdwf xGuf

cGmoGm;aom ocifodef;azESifh &Jabmf wifa&T

wdkYuvnf; r[mrdwfESifh qufoG,f&ef BudK;pm;

Muovdk ocifpdk; OD;aqmifaom ajratmuf

ajymufusm;rsm;u jrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif

vlxktm; pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhum vufeuf

rsm;udkvnf; wdwfwqdwfjzefYa0ay;cJhonf/

&cdkifjynfe,fwGif jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD; OD;ynm

oD[ESifh udkndKxGef;wdkYu ajymufusm;ppf qif

ETJ&ef v,form;wdkYtm; wdwfwqdwf ppfynm

ay;vsuf&Sdonf/

jyifqifjcif; tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmaom

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtkdifat)udk

ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf (bD'Dat)tjzpf

tiftm;csnfheJYatmif zufqpfwdkYu tiftm;avQmh

zGJUpnf;ay;cJhaomfvnf; wyfrawmf\ tjrKawrSm

jynfolvlxkyif jzpfygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?

AdkvfaZ,s? AdkvfvusfmwdkY acgif;aqmifaom

Armhwyfrawmfonf jynfolwdkY\tm;udk ,lí

vQdKU0SufwyfzGJUrsm; wdwfwqdwf zGJUpnf;cJh&m

ajymufusm;tiftm; &Spfaomif;ausmf &Sdvmonf/

wtHkaEG;aEG; tHwBudwfBudwfjzifh tajctae

aumif;udk apmifhqdkif;í *syeftm; xcs&ef

"m;aoG;aeMuNyD/ Armhwyfrawmfonf a&S;

OD;pGm o&ufNrdKUwGif taemufwdkif;ESifh rEÅav;

NrdKUü taemufajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk zGifh

vSpfcJhonf/ ,if;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u

txufjrefrmjynfwyfrsm;udk AdkvfrSL;Axl;

tkyfcsKyfí ppfaMumif;zGifh wdkufcdkuf&ef? ppfXme

csKyftzGJUESifh ppf0efBuD;½Hk;tzGJU tm;vHk;udk

AdkvfrSL;BuD; aZ,s tkyfcsKyfí o&ufpcef;rS

rif;wkef;pcef;odkY csDwuf&ef pDrHcJhNyD; atmuf

jrefrmjynfü Armhwyfrawmfu wdkif; 7 wdkif;

zGJUpnf;um zufqpfwdkYtm; wdkufcdkuf&ef

vQKdU0SufpGm BuHpnfcJhavonf/

,if;odkYaom tajctaewGif Oa&myü

zufqpf *smreDESifh tDwvDwdkY ½IH;edrfhum

jrefrmjynf ppfwvif;jyifüvnf; 1944 ckESpf?

rwfv rPdyl& tifzmwdkufyGJwGif ppfa&;

csdefcGifvQm ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ ,if;rSm xdk;ppf

qifvmaom *syefwyfrBuD;rsm;udk r[mrdwf

wdkYu BuHhBuHhcH wGef;vSefvdkufNyD; r½IrvS

½IH;edrfhcJh&aom *syefwyfrsm;aemuf wefjyef

xdk;ppfqifavonf/ r[mrdwfESifh tquf

toG,f&cJhaom Armhwyfrawmfonf tcsdef

tcgaumif; tcGifhtcgaumif; usa&muf

awmhrnfudk od\/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmif

aom Armhwyfrawmf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf

zufqpfwdkYtm; vdr®myg;eyfpGm t,HkoGif;í

r[mrdwfwdkYtm; wdkufcdkuf&ef taMumif;jyum

wpfrsKd;om;vHk; vTwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmf

vSef&ef jyifqifavonf/

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf vQdKU0Suf

trnf ay;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk

OD;aemifcsKd? ocifpdk;udk OD;xGef;a0? ocif

oef;xGef;udk OD;barmif[lí owfrSwfcJh

Muonf/

awmfvSefjcif;

½IyfaxG;aeaom tajctaersm;Mum;

uyif awmfvSefvdkpdwf jyif;jyvSonfh rsKd;cspf

jrefrm wdkif;&if;om; trsm;tjym;onf *syef

uifaywdkifwdkY\ vufcsufjzifh &uf&ufpuf

puf n§if;yef;cH&um aoG;ajrus touf

qHk;½IH;cJh&onf/ xdkYtxJwGif NrdKUae vltrsm;

omru aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS wm0efod

awmifol v,form;rsm;? wHig aus;vufrS

wHig a&vkyfom;rsm;? rsKd;cspfpdwf jyif;jyvGef;

aom trsKd;orD;BuD;i,frsm;txd yg0ifcJh\/

vlrod olrod tnMw aoqHk;cJh&aom qif;&J

om;jynfolrsm;um; renf;/ odkYaomf awmfvSef

aoG;opöm wdkifwnfoHum; wdwfqdwfroGm;?

b0*f nHatmif yJhwifxyfvsuf aeavonf/

wpfckaom wefcl;vwGifum; aumuf½dk;yHkxJ?

pyg;usDxJ ½dkifz,f aoewfrsm; a&mufvm

onf/ wHigonfrsm;\ avS0rf;AdkufxJ ig;yd?

Memory

24

ig;ajcmufrsm;atmuf vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;

a&mufvmonf/ avSrsm;? vSnf;rsm;jzifh

tqifhqifh vQdKU0Sufo,faqmifum vufeuf

rsm; wpfjynfvHk; jzefYa0NyD;avNyD/

&efukefNrdKU a&Twd*HkapwDawmf taemuf

ajrmufbuf&Sd uGif;jyif (,ck awmfvSefa&;

yefNcH)ü ppfa&;jy tcrf;tem;wpf&yfudk usif;y

um ppfaoemywdESifh ppf0efBuD; AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;onf teD;qHk; &efol&SmNyD; wdkufMu

[lí &J&Jawmuf ppfxGuf rdefYcGef;ajymMum;

NyD; udk,fwdkifvnf; o&ufc½dkif ykPÖm;uRef;

wGif zGifhvSpfxm;aom wyfrawmfXmecsKyfqD

ppfcsDavonf/

,if;aemuf 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)&uf

(wefcl;vjynfaeY)n (7)em&DwGif zufqpf

*syefwdkYtm; jrefrm wpfrsKd;om;vHk;u awmf

vSefvdkufNyDjzpfaMumif; aMunmcsuf wpfapmif

twdtvif; xkwfjyefum ordkif;0if zufqpf

awmfvSefa&;udk qifETJavonf/ Armh wyfrawmf

udkvnf; jynfolESifh wpfom;wnfjzpfatmif

]jynfolY wyfrawmf}[k ajymif;vJ owfrSwf

cJhonf/

jynfolUwyfrawmfonf &cdkifbufrS jzwf

í qkwfcGmvmaom *syefwdkYudk o&ufc½dkif

ESifh jynfc½dkifrS rEÅav;ESifh rdw¬DvmwdkYrS

qif;vmaom *syefwyfrsm;udk ysOf;rem;?

awmifil? yJcl;c½dkif? z½dkz&J <uif;usefaom *syef

wyfcGJwyfusefrsm;udk jrpf0uRef;ay:ESifh &cdkif

a'orS ,dk;',m;vrf;rBuD;ü cHppf wnfaqmuf

aeaom *syefwyfrsm;udk weoFm&Dwdkif; trSwf

(5)wdkYu tjyif;txef wkdufcdkufMuavonf/

,if;odkY wdkufcdkufjcif;aMumifh *syefbufrS

8826 OD;usqHk;um 2304 OD; 'Pf&m&NyD; 215

OD;udk vuf&zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonf/ 1945 ck Zlvdkifv

23 &ufaeYwGifum; jynfolYwyfrawmf udk

rsK d;cspfArmhwyfrawmf trnfajymif;um

zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; jrefrmhajray:rS &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH

wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhojzifh *syefppfom; 3200 rSm

ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;ü r½IrvS usqHk;cJh&onf/

xdkYtwl awmfvSefa&;twGif; ArmhwyfrawmfESifh

rsKd;cspfjynfolU ajymufusm; wyfzGJU0iftcsKdUvnf;

toufudk tyfESif;cJh&avonf/

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;\ &v'fonfum;

vGwfvyfa&;\ tajccH tkwfjrpfjzpfaom

pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIudk wnfaqmufEdkifcJhjcif;

jzpfonf/ xdktajccHtkwfjrpfrSpí ordkif;0if

yifvHknDvmcHudk usif;yum wdkif;&if;om;

pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk xyfrH wnfaqmuf

EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ pifppfwGifrlum; jrefrm

wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; pnf;vHk; nDnGwfpGm

wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom tqdkyg awmfvSefa&;onf

vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;udkom awmfvSefjcif; r[kwf?

xdktcsdefu urÇmü tjrpfpGJcdkifrmatmif 0g'

jzefYaeaom zufqpfpepfudk wdkufzsufjcif;

om jzpfayonf/

xdkuJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;wGif azsmuf

zsufí r&onfh ordkif;wefzdk;BuD;rm;onfh

]awmfvSefa&;aeY} onf vmrnfh rwfv

(27)&ufaeYwGif ESpfaygif; 68 ESpfwdkifcJhNyD

jzpfayonf/ n

[dkifeefppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; ppfajryHk avhvmaeMuyHk/

l rdk;ukyfukyf0,f

tdk ½kwfw&uf? rsOf;jzLpufí

uGJtufaMumif;&m? [ [ vmNyD;

rdk;jymudkjzwf? ywåjrm;&nf

pD;vnft[kef? eDjref;ukefonf

t½kPfay:p 0dk;w0g;/

l rIefrTm;rTm;vQif

0dk;0g;wdwfqdwf? Mu,fa&mif&dyf0,f

jrpfqdyfESifhvnf;? reD;ra0;

acsmif;½dk;ab;rSm ajz;ajznif;nif;

avSwpif;xuf? awmwGif;om;ysKd

zsOfvufwdkESifh? udk,fudk0yfí

pdkufpdkufa&GUonf? ajcmufaoGU jrufxHk;

aumuf½dk;zHk;vsuf? uG,fykef;0Sufvm

,lumvufaxmuf? tvsm;arSmufonf

avSatmuf0rf;rS pufaoewf/

ltarSmif&dyf0,f

arS;rSdwfNidrfouf? acsmif;auGUxufwGif

tkyf,SufaxG;a&m? oifaygif;awm\

aemufausmap;yspf? aomifa&ppfrS

zufqpfuif;apmifh ppfpcef;/

lacsmif;udkauGUaomf? awGUvQifawGUcsif;

ajril&if;odkY? csOf;uyfavSmfum? eD;í

vmvQif

tom½kwfcsif;? wdwfqdwfrif;udk

NzdKcGif;jyif;xef? aoewfoHonf

jrpf,HyJhwif xyfownf;/

laiGva&mifvQif? tarSmifn&dyf

ao;ao;pdwfom? rdk;xdyfwdrfaomf

NidrfhNidrfhay:onf? paEémfNyHK;vSnfh

iHkYumMunfh&Sifh? xGef;onfhnOfhcg

xdefxdefomaomf? us,fpGm0rf;vsm;

v,fuGif;em;rS? awmzsm;ndKtkyf

rSdwfwkwfwkwfvQif? ,drf;vIyfjyum

rD;tdrf0gESifh? tmumjymrIdif;

wGJvGJqdkif;í? jzL0dkif;pufpuf

qif;vmoufrS? vufvufa&mifxif

usoGifoGifonf? av,mOfay:rS ppf&du©m/

l&Gmwpf&Gmum;? rIdif;jymrnf;ndKU

rD;½dIUavmifuRrf;? wif;0if&rf;aMumifh

y&rf;ywm? xGufajy;&Sm&

v[maoGUaoGU? cdk;aiGUa0a0

rD;avmifajrrS? EGrf;acGaysmif;vJh

nif;avzGJUu? oJhoJhacG;a[mifoHwum;/

lca&yGifhvQif? a<u&ifh0g0g

ajrürSmvQif? a&mumaygif;,Suf

a[mif;opf&GufESifh? w0ufarmif;eD

a0hvnfvnfudk? avcsDokwfjzL;

eD0gul;onf? aEGOD;aygufrdkY a&mf&Gufa<u/

l&ifha<uanmif;onfh? &Gufa[mif;pGefUypf

b0opfodkY? oepfajymif;rnf

zl;opfrSDonf? teDxJrS <u,fjzLyGifh/

rwfv awmfvSefa&;'*kefwm&m

25

Poem

26

vlrsKd;a&; cGJjcm;rI? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;rI

ESifh vdifcGJjcm;rIwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom

rw&m;rIwdkYESifh ywfoufí pOf;pm;NyD; tajz

&Sm&mwGif odyfrcufcJvSyg/ ,if; rw&m;rIwdkY

onf vlwdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsuf

aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfjzpf&um; þodkY cGJjcm;

qufqHrI rjyKvkyfEdkifap&ef wm;qD;jcif;tm;

jzifh ajz&Sif;Edkifayrnf/ vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;ESifh tom;

ta&mif rwlolrsm;udk xdkufwefaom vkyfc

ay;&ef jiif;qdkonfh tvkyf&Sif? a,musfm;ESifh

rdef;rcGJjcm;í qufqHaom ukrÜPDtzGJUtpnf;

wdkYtm; w&m;Oya'jy|mef;í ta&;,l wm;

jrpfEdkifayonf/

odkY&mwGif vlom;wdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom

ya,m*aMumifh r[kwfbJ jzpfay:vmaom rnD

rQrIrsm;? rw&m;rIrsm;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;í

tajz&Sm&mwGifrl tawmfyif½IyfaxG;í cufcJ

vSonfudk awGU&ayonf/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; qif;&J

csKdUwJhaom rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmolwdkYrSm rdrd

wdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsuf wpfpHkwpf&m

ryg&SdygbJvsufESifh b0wGif tajccH pm;0wfae

a&;rStp ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tvkyftudkif

wdkYtxd nHhzsif;? edrfhyg;? csKdU iJh aeMu&onf/

þodkYjzpf&onfrSm uHraumif; taMumif;

rvSí jzpf&wmyg[kqdkum vlom;wpfOD;pD\

uHMur®mtay: yHkcsvdkuf&rnfavm? pOf;pm;ÚmPf

&Sdolrsm; vufcHEdkifonfhenf; r[kwfacs/ tvkyf

jzpfrnfh ajz&Sif;csufvnf; r[kwfacs/

þodkYqdkvQif ,if;rnDrQrI? rw&m;rIwdkY

onf csrf;omol olaX; ol<u,frsm;aMumifh

jzpfay:vm&onf[k qdk&rnfavm/ vlYtzGJU

tpnf;wpf&yftwGif; vlwdkY rnfodkY csrf;om

vmMuoenf;[laom tcsufudk OD;pGm pOf;pm;

Munfh&ayrnf/ tcsKdUu csrSwfxm;aom Oya'

w&m;rQwrI 'óe armifMunfopf

ESifhtnD aumif;a&mif; aumif;0,fvkyfum

csrf;omvmMu\/ tcsKdUurl enf;vrf;aygif;pHk

oHk;um 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;aMumifh rw&m;rI

rsm; jzpfay:vm&onf[kqdkvQif ,if; 'kp½dkuf

aumifrsm;tm; vIyf&Sm;vkyfudkifcGifhay;aom

vlYtzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&onfvnf;

tvdkyg jzpfojzifh tjypfruif;ay/ ,if;wdkYtm;

w&m;rQwrIudk vkdvm;onfh vlom;wdkY\

yifudk,fpdwf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh wpfcsdefcsdefwGif

y,fzsufypfEdkifrnfom jzpfayonf/

odkYaomf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vltcsKdU

onf tjcm;olrsm;xufydkí pD;yGm;a&; tuGuf

jrifum aiGaMu;&SmazG pkaqmif;wwfMu\/

ypönf;Opöm ydkí &SmazGwwfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh

ydkifqdkifrI ydkí ydkírsm;jym;vmum csrf;om

<u,f0vmMu\/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;

rsKd;qufrsm;udk bufaygif;pHk aumif;pGm

axmufyHhEdkifMu\/ rdrdwdkYcsrf;omol vlwef;pm;

tcsif;csif; aygif;oif;qufqH vufxyfMu\/

þodkYjzifh rsKd;quf wpfqufNyD;wpfquf ydkí

ydkí csrf;omvmMuNyD; olwdkYESifh tjcm;vl

trsm;tjym; vlrIrwlnDcsufrsm; social inequalities jzpfay:vmayonf/ ,if; rnDrQ

csufonf xdkxdkaom vlcsrf;omrsm;\ rSm;,Gif;

aom rormrIrsm;aMumifh ay:ayguf vm&

onf[k vufn§dK;xdk;pGyfpGJí &Edkifygrnfavm/

27

Political

trSefpifppf olwdkY\ rsKd;½dk;pOfquf tarGtESpf

ydkifqdkifrI? aiGaMu; &SmazGpkaqmif;wwfrI?

om;orD;wdkYtm; taxmuftyHhaumif;pGm

ay;EdkifolwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmif

csufrsm;? rormrIrsm;[k owfrSwfajymqdkEdkif

rnf r[kwfacs/ odkYaomf olwdkY\ vkyfaqmif

csufrsm;aMumifh xGufay:vmaom &v'furl

pdwfrouf omp&m jzpf&onf/ xdk&v'fum;

tjcm;vltrsm;onf vlUb0udk vlom;tjzpf

taetm;jzifh rqDavsmf rxkdufwefvSonfh

qdk;&Gm;edrfhusonfh tajctaewdkYjzifh pwif

Mu&jcif; jzpfayonf/

xdkYaMumifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vlrI

rnDrQcsufrsm;udk jzpfay:apaom t"du

taMumif;&if; ESpf&yf&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/

4if;wdkYrSm vlwdkYarG;zGm;&aom vlrI pD;yGm;a&;

b0 tqifhtwef;rwl uGJjym;rIESifh vlwpfOD;

csif;pD&Sd vkyfief;uRrf;usifrI pGrf;aqmif&nf?

yifudk,f udk,f&nfudk,faoG; jcm;em;csufwdkY

jzpfayonf/ þtaMumif;w&m;wdk Yonf

vlom;wdkY\ ,if;rnDrQcsufrsm;? rw&m;rI

rsm;onf b0uHay &v'frsm;om jzpfonf[k

cH,lvdkufygvQif aemufxyfbmrQ qufvuf

pOf;pm; aqG;aEG;zdkYvdkawmhrnf r[kwfay/

uka#<u,folaX;rsm;\ ukd,fydkifaiGaMu;

oHk;pGJrI? rdom;pkb0 aexdkif[efyef? tvkyf

tudkif a&G;cs,fcefYxm;EdkifrItp&Sdaom yk*¾v

a&G;cs,fcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufírl wdkuf½dkuf

0ifa&mufpGufzuf xdef;csKyfí roifhawmfay/

odkYaomf 4if;wdkY\ Opöm"eydkifqdkifrIudk oG,f0dkuf

í 0ifa&mufxdef;csKyfEdkifaom enf;vrf; wpf&yf

&Sd\/ ,if;rSm tcGefaumufcHjcif; (Taxation) enf;jzpf\/ 0ifaiGcGef? ukefypönf;cGef? vkyfief;

cGefrsm;udk csrf;omolrsm;tay: ydkrdkpnf;Muyf

aumufcHjcif; jzpfonf/ þenf;rSm qif;&J

csrf;om uGm[rI BuD;xGm;vmjcif;udk avsmh

yg;oGm;ap&ef tpdk;&u toHk;jyKEdkifaom enf;

jzpfonf/

tcGefaumufcHjcif;xuf ydkíta&;BuD;

onfrSm aumufcH&&SdaiGudk cGJa0oHk;pGJjcif;

jzpf\/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;trsKd;rsKd;rS &&Sdvmaom

jynfolUb@maiG trsm;pkudk qif;&Jom;

atmufajc vlwef;pm;wdkYtwGuf ynma&;?

usef;rma&;? tpm;tpm? aetdrf? t0wftpm;

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ jznhfqnf;

axmufyHhay;&rnf jzpfonf/ vltrsm;twGuf

b0wnfaqmufrI tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zGifhay;

&rnfjzpf\/ þodkYaom jynfolUb0 vlrI

zlvHka&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf vlrI rnDrQcsuf

rsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf wdkufzsufay;aom tpDtrH

rsm; jzpfayonf/

yifudk,f vkyf&nfudkif&nf odkYr[kwf

udk,f&nfudk,faoG; uGm;jcm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:

vmaom vlrIa&; rrQwrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufírl

0ifa&mufpGufzuf xdef;n§dzdkYqdkonfrSm ydkí

cufcJvSayonf/ txl;ojzifh yk*¾v t&nf

taoG;pGrf;aqmif&nf NydKifqdkifrIudk cGifhjyKaom

pD;yGm;a&;pepf (Compitative Economic System) twGif;ü ydkí cufcJvSayonf/

vkyfief;&Sifu olUvkyfief;twGuf ydkrdkpGrf;aqmif

&nf&Sdaom tvkyform;udk vdkcsifayonf/

pm;yGJxdk;csif; twlwl? refae*smcsif; twlwl

ydkrdk vkyf&nfudkif&nf&Sdaom pm;yGJxdk;udk vdkcsif

ayonf/ ydkrdk pDrHcefYcGJwwfaom refae*smudk

vpmydkay;NyD; iSm;&rf;rnfom jzpfonf/ ESpfcsKyf

tjrwf0ifaiGydkí &Smay;Edkifaom trIaqmif

t&m&SdcsKyf (CEO)udk vpmaiG tqrwef

ay;í cefYxm;rnfom jzpfonf/ aumfydk&dwf

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ trIaqmif t&m&SdcsKyfawG?

aumfydka&;&Sif; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;awG? pm;aomuf

qdkif pm;yGJxdk;awG udk,fhvkyfief;tvkduf vpm

0ifaiG wpfajy;nD wpfrsKd;wnf; ,l&rnf[k

A[dku csKyfudkifNyD; owfrSwfvdkufvQif vkyfief;

xda&mufatmifjrifrI usqif;NyD; 0ifaiGvnf;

,kwfavsmhNyD; tajctaeydkí qdk;&Gm;nHhzsif;

oGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/ vlom;wdkY\ pGrf;

aqmif&nf udk,f&nfudk,faoG;udk usqif;

oGm;aprnfom jzpfayonf/

þodkYaom tcGefpnf;Muyfí jynfolU

b@maiG pkaqmif;NyD; 0ifaiGedrfhyg;ol qif;&J

om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfcGJa0axmufyHhaom

enf;udk a0zefuefYuGufolrsm;vnf; &SdMu

ayonf/ odkYaomf vuf&Sd vlYtzGJUtpnf;\

taetxm;t&qdkvQif xdkvkyfief;pOfonf

toifhawmfqHk;? vufcHEdkifqHk; jzpfonf[k

qdk&ayrnf/

odkYaomf tcGefpnf;Muyfí jynfolUb@m

aiG pkaqmif;rIudpöwGif t"dutcef;u@u

wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif&aom tpdk;&onf rnfodkY

aom tpdk;&jzpfoenf;/ odu©m? orm"d&Sdaom?

w&m;rQwaom? oefY&Sif;aom tpdk;&omvQif

xdkudpöudk xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&Guf

taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/

n

28

jynfaxmifpkor®wEdkifiH\ taxGaxG

wdk;wufajymif;vJrIrsm;twGuf t"duusaom

pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI tcef;u@wGif

ta&;ygvSonfh jrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

Oya' (2012)tm; 2012 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (2)

&ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmfrS twnfjyK jy|mef;cJhyg

onf/ Oya'\ tajccHoabmt& jy|mef;Oya'

wpfcktm; rnfodkYrnfyHk taumiftxnfazmf

usifhoHk;&rnf[laom udpö&yfrsm;wGif u@

tvdkuf pepfwus&Sdap&efESifh enf;vrf;wus

vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkif&ef enf;Oya'rsm; xyfrH

xkwfjyef&ayonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh jynfaxmifpk

or®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& trsKd;om;pDrHudef;

ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI 0efBuD;Xmeonf

EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya' yk'fr (56) yk'frcGJ

(u)t& tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhudk

usifhoHk;í jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJU\ oabm

wlnDcsufjzifh ]EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI enf;Oya'

rsm;}udk trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 11^2013 jzifh

2013 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif xkwfjyef

jy|mef;cJhygonf/

enf;Oya'wGif atmufygtwdkif; tcef;

(22)cef;jzifh yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/

(1) tcef; (1) trnfESifh t"dyÜm,fazmfjy

csuf/

(2) tcef; (2) oufqdkifonfh pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;/

(3) tcef; (3) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIyHkpH/

(4) tcef; (4) aumfr&SifzGJUpnf;jcif; ESifh

tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;/

(5) tcef; (5) cGifhjyKrdefYavQmufxm;jcif;/

(6) tcef; (6) tqdkjyKcsuftay: qufvuf

aqmif&Gufjcif;/

(7) tcef; (7) tqdkjyKcsufudk pdppfjcif;/

(8) tcef; (8) cGifhjyKrdefY xkwfay;jcif;/

(9) tcef; (9) cGifhjyKrdefY&&SdNyD;aemuf quf

vufaqmif&Gufjcif;/

(10) tcef; (10) wnfaqmufrIumv owf

rSwfjcif;/

(11) tcef; (11) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm;

tm; iSm;&rf;jcif;? aygifESHjcif;?

tpk &S,f,mvTJajymif;jcif;?

vkyfief; vTJajymif;jcif;/

(12) tcef; (12) tmrcHxm;&Sdjcif;/

(13) tcef; (13) trIxrf;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;

rsm; cefYxm;jcif;/

(14) tcef; (14) uif;vTwfcGifhESifh oufom

cGifhrsm;/

(15) tcef; (15) ajrtoHk;jyKcGifh/

(16) tcef; (16) EdkifiHjcm;rwnfaiG&if;/

(17) tcef; (17) EdkifiHjcm;aiGajymif;EdkifcGifh/

(18) tcef; (18) EdkifiHjcm;aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpö/

(19) tcef; (19) Xmeqdkif&m yl;aygif;vkyfief;

tzGJU/

(20) tcef; (20) pDrHcefYcGJa&;qdkif&m jypf'Pfrsm;/

(21) tcef; (21) tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;jcif;/

(22) tcef; (22) taxGaxG

xdkYtjyif Z,m; (4)ckjzifh aemufqufwGJ

azmfjyNyD; EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkifaom

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;? EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif

Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jy|mef; owf

rSwfxm;onf/

(1) Z,m; (1) EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif

Edkifonfh ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;

0efaqmifr Ivkyfief;rsm;

(enf;Oya'-7 udk &nfñTef;

onf/)

(2) Z,m; (2) EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif

Edkifonfh v,f,mpdkufysKd;

a&;vkyfief;ESifh ESpfwdkESpf&Snf

pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;rsm;

(enf;Oya'-8 udk &nfñTef;

onf/)

(3) Z,m; (3) EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif

onfh arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;

(enf;Oya'-9 udk &nfñTef;

onf/)

(4) Z,m; (4) EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif

onfh jrefrmhyifv,fjyif ig;

zrf; vkyfief;rsm; (enf;Oya'

-10 udk &nfñTef;onf/)

EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI enf;ynmrsm;tm; avhvmjcif;

a'gufwm armifarmifjrifhoef;

29

Business

jynfaxmifpk or®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf?

jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sifonf trdefY

aMumfjimpmtrSwf 1^2013 udk 2013 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufwGif xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;

]pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm; owfrSwf

jcif;}udk jy|mef;cJhonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -

(1) cGifhrjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief; trsKd;

tpm;rsm;pm&if;/

(2) EdkifiHom;ESifh zufpyfpepfjzifhom

aqmif&GufcGifhjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; trsKd;

tpm;pm&if;/

(3) oD;jcm;jy|mef;onfh tajctaewpf

&yf&yfjzifh aqmif&GufcGifhjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;pm&if;/

(u) oufqdkif&m 0efBuD;Xme\ oabm

xm;rSwfcsufjzifh aqmif&GufcGifhjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;pm&if;/

(c) tjcm;cGifhjyKcsufjzifh aqmif&GufcGifh

jyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; trsKd;tpm;rsm;

pm&if;/

(*) ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufrI qef;ppfcsuf

&,l&ef vdktyfonfh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;trsKd;

tpm;rsm;pm&if;/

vlYobm0t& udk,fhtwGuf tusKd;r&Sd

onfh tvkyfudk rvkyfMuyg/ vkyfNyDqdkvQifvnf;

tusKd;tjrwfwpfckckudk &nf&G,fí vkyfjcif;

jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk

qdkvdkygonf/ y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;? vlrIa&;

tusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg/

odkYaomf urÇmESifh csDí vkyfaeMuaom vlom;

tusKd;jyK vkyfief;BuD;rsm;aemufwGifyif pD;yGm;a&;?

EdkifiHa&; vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;? aESmifBudK;rsm; yg&Sd

aewwfonfudk OyrmjyKí tjcm;obm0wpfck

jzpfaom? udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; umuG,fa&;udkvnf;

tajctaeESifhtnD vdkufavsmnDaxG usifhoHk;

wwf&rnf jzpfonf/ enf;ynmuRrf;usifrI?

aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;uGm[rIaMumifh wdkif;wpfyg;

om;\ vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcH&rIudk umuG,fEdkif&

rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufü

vnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrSm

&if;ESD;&aom aiGaMu;yrmP? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&rnfh

tcsdefumvponfwdkYudk rlwnfwGufcsufNyD;

usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfonfh tjrwftpGef;wpfck

rusefEdkifvQif xdkodkYaom tajctae&Sdonfh

vkyfief;rsKd;udk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfrnf r[kwfyg/

tjcm;wpfzufüvnf; EdkifiHawmf jy|mef;

Oya'? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk udkifwG,ftoHk;

csí vkyfief;xdef;aMumif;ay;&aom tpdk;&

Xmewm0ef&Sdolrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,cifh,cif

umvrsm;u rSm;,Gif;pGm trSm;udk trSm;vdkYyif

rxif&awmhatmif t½dk;pGJpGm vufcHusifhoHk;

aeMuaom "avhp½dkufqdk;rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJ

usifhoHk;Mu&awmhrnfh tcsdefvnf; jzpfygonf/

Oya'jyKolrsm;rSmvnf; vlom;rsm;om

jzpfygonf/ trSm;uif;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg/ tcsdef

tcgt&vnf;aumif;? awmif;qdkvmaom

tajctaersm;t&vnf;aumif;? vufawGU

rusaom trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;udk qefY

usifaom? jy|mef;csufrsm;&Sdaeygu &Sdvmygu

jy|mef;Oya'? pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh

tnD aemufqHk;tajctae tcsdeftcgESifh vdkuf

avsmnDaxGrI &Sdap&ef udkufnDrI&Sdap&ef jyKjyif

&OD;rnf jzpfygonf/

ed*Hk;jyK&aomf csrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;

enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhtnD vkyfief;taumiftxnf

azmfMu&mwGif Oya'? enf;Oya'rsm;tm;

t"dyÜm,f aumuf,ljcif;udpöonfvnf; ta&;

BuD;vSygonf/ odkYygí vkyfief;rpwifrD em;vnf

wwfuRrf;olrsm; vufawGUtaumiftxnf

azmfaeolrsm;? wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh pepfwus

wdkifyifaqG;aEG; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh? trSm;enf;NyD;

atmifjrifrI&rnfjzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;wifjy

vdkufygonf/

n

30

½dk;&Sif;wJhb0 aexdkifrI

uyÜvD&GmyGJawmfwGif eHeufpm pm;aeaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/

1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmvu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tif;av;wGif

w&m;a[majym&ef toGm;/

vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &,f&,farmarm/

31

Photo Essay

jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhtwl eD;eD;uyfuyf w&if;wESD;/ (1947 ckESpf? arv 30 &ufaeY)

1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvu ArmEkdifiH ½kyf&SifESihf jyZmwftpnf;t½Hk;rS BuD;rSL;

usif;yonhf a&Twd*HktaemufrkcfjyyGJü awGY&onfh jynfolxJu jynfolwpfOD;/

]]uRefawmf bdvyfu jyefvmawmh bm&ovJ ar;vdrfhr,f/ uRefawmfhtwGufawmh ,leDazmif;wpfpHk &vmw,f}}

oHjzLZ&yf o&P*Hkwif a&pufcstcrf;tem;wGif awGUjrif&yHk/

uRefawmf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;Munfpdk;xGef;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;udk

a&;awmhrnf[k pdwfydkif;jzwfvdkufonfhaeYwGif

ZmwfñTef;a&;q&monf tjcm;bmtaMumif;

t&mudkrS rpOf;pm;awmh? bmudpöudkrSvnf;

rvkyfawmhacs/ eHeufrdk;vif;onfrS nrdk;csKyf

onftxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; taMumif;t&m

awGudkcsnf; pOf;pm;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfawGudkcsnf; zwfcJh

onf/

eHeufvif;onfESifh NcHxJwGif pm;yGJwpfvHk;

cif;í ZmwfñTef;a&;&ef jyifonf/ A4 pm&Guf

tvGwf? abmvfyifteD? abmvfyifteuf?

abmvfyiftjym? aywHwpfacsmif;? AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm;

xnfhxm;onfh jcif;BuD; ]ESpf}jcif; 0J? ,m

csxm;onf/

abmvfyifteufu tcef;acgif;pOfawG

a&;zdkYESifh ZmwfaumifemrnfawG a&;zdkYjzpfNyD;?

abmvfyiftjymu ZmwfaumifvIyf&Sm;yHkESifh

pum;ajymrsm;udk a&;&efjzpfonf/ olUtkyfpkESifhol

cGJjcm;Edkif&ef aywHESifh cJwHoHk;&onfhtcg oHk;&

jyefonf/ ZmwfñTef;qdkonfrSm twwfynmESifh

tEkynm acgif;pnf;xm;aom ynm&yfrsKd;

jzpfyg\/ wdus&onf/ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&Sd&

onf/ 0w¬KZmwfvrf;awGvdk zGJU EGJU ír&/ vdk&if;

wdk&Sif; a&;&onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ½kyf&Sif

jzpfvmzdkYtwGuf pmtñTef;yif jzpfavonf/

y&rf;ywm pnf;rJhurf;rJh vkyfwwfavh

&Sdaom ZmwfñTef;q&monf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

ZmwfñTef;udkawmh ayghayghwefwefrvkyf&J/

ZmwfñTef;wdkY\ t*Fg&yfESifhtnD wdwdusus

pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&Sdatmif a&;enf;xHk;ESif h

avsmfnDpGm a&;om;zefwD;cJh&onf/

a&;xHk;enf;pmtkyfudkvnf; rSDjirf;&ovdk

tcsuftvufjynfhpHkatmifvnf; pmtESHUzwf

&onf? cHpm;csufjzpfay:vmatmifvnf; BudK;pm;

zefwD;cJh&onf/ þodkYaom tcsuftvufrsm;

jynfhpHkapzdkY ZmwfñTef;q&monf ocifatmifqef;?

w½kwfjynf trGdKifNrdKUodkY aemfa0EdkifiHydkif [dkif;vD

oabFmjzifh vdkufygpOfutp AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

b0 &JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh jynfawmfjyefvmonf

txd ajcz0g;xyfcsyf vdkufygcJh&onfhtaMumif;

,cifaqmif;yg;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;avNyD/

xdkodkY bDtdkifatppfaMumif;rsm;ESifh vdkufyg

cJhaomaMumifhvnf; Adkvfapmatmif? Adkvfrdk;?

AdkvfnmP? tp&Sdaom &JabmfoHk;usdyf ol&Jaumif;

rsm;taMumif;udkvnf; a&;cJhzl;avNyD/

1942 ckESpf? ZGefvrStpjyKí bDtdkifat

wyfudk bD'Datwyftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cJh

onf/ *syefzufqpfwdkY\ vufatmufwGif

n§if;yrf;ESdyfpufrI trsKd;rsKd;udk cHpm;cJh&aom

jynfolESif htwl Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf

wyfrawmfBuD;udk tiftm;BuD;atmif BuHaqmif

&if; usef;rma&;xdcdkufvmcJhavonf/ xdkY

aMumifh aq;½Hkwufa&mufuko&mrS tqdk;xJu

taumif;taejzifh zl;pm&Sif rcifMunfESifh

qHkpnf;cJh&onf/

zufqpf*syefwdkY\ EdkifxufpD;eif;vkyfrIrsm;

tvGefrsm;jym;vmonfhtavsmuf jrefrmvlrsKd;

rsm;\ &ifxJwGif *syefudk jyefvnf wGef;vSef

vdkpdwf ay:aygufaeaMumif;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

od&Sd em;vnfNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;onf *syefudk rvdkvm;aomfvnf;

y&d,m,fjzifh [efaqmifyl;wGJ vkyfaqmifcJh&

&Smonf/

xdkodkY vkyfaqmifaeonfh tcsdeftwGif;rSmyif

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pum;tcsKdUu ol\

&ifwGif;rS cHpm;csufrsm;udk jyoEdkifcJhonf/

Oyrm-*syefwdkYay;cJhonfh vGwfvyfa&; wpfESpf

ajrmufaeYwGif a[majymcJhonfh rdefYcGef; -

]tck ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&wm wpfESpf

aphvmNyD? 'DtawmtwGif;rSm usKyfwdkY bmawG

&cJhMuovJ? trSefajym&&ifawmh usKyfwdkY

wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;t&om

qdkwm rcHpm;&ao;bl;? cHpm;&wJhvlawG[m

vlenf;pkyJ jzpfw,f/ uRefawmftygt0if

usKyfwdkYtxufu tpdk;& t&m&SdBuD;awG?

'DvlawGudk uyfajr§mifNyD; pm;aewJhvlawG?

tjrwftpGef;BuD;BuD;,lNyD; vlawG&JU'ku©udk

&if;ESD;NyD; pD;yGm;&SmaeMuwJh acwfysufolaX;awG

tJ'gawGavmufyJ}

]trSefuawmh tckvGwfvyfa&;[m

trsm;odMuwJhtwdkif; pmay:vGwfvyfa&;yJ

&Sdao;w,f/ vufawGUoabm txnfeJY udk,feJY

j'yfeJY taumiftxnfudk rjrif&? rawGU&?

rcHpm;&ao;bl;/ usKyfwdkYa&SUqufNyD; pcef;

oGm;EdkifOD;rS vGwfvyfa&; taumiftxnf

BuD;udk jrif&r,f/ tckrjrif&ao;bl;/}

32

zufqpf*syeftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;ajymcJhonfh &J&JawmufrdefYcGef;

jzpfavonf/

þrdefYcGef;onf aemifwpfESpfausmftMum

zufqpfudk awmfvSefonfhaeYtwGuf rsKd;aphqdku

trSm;Edkifygacs/

ZmwfñTef;q&monf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

oGm;orQ vmorQ aeorQ xdkiforQ ajymorQ

qdkorQ tm;vHk;udk rSwfom;ae&onf/ t&m&m

tm;vHk;udk ZmwfñTef;twGif;odkY xnfha&;

oGif;&efawmh rjzpfEkdif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

ZmwfñTef;rjzpfbJ wpfaxmifhwpfn ZmwfñTef;

jzpfoGm;rSmvnf; pdk;&drf&onf/

onfawmh ta&;BuD;wmawG xnfha&;

&onf/ ta&;rBuD;wmawG csefvSyfypfcJh&onf/

wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; taMumif;t&m

rSeforQtm;vHk;u pdwf0ifpm;p&m? tm;vHk;u

ta&;BuD;wmawG csnf;yJjzpfw,f/ cufvdkufyHk

rsm; tukefxnfha&;csifvdkYuvnf; b,fvdkrSr&/

onfawmh ta&;BuD;onfxifonfht&mudk

OD;pm;ay;xnfha&;&onf/ a&G;cs,f&onf/

udk,fu ta&;rBuD;[kxifNyD; csefvSyfxm;cJhaom

t&mudk wpfpHkwpfa,mufu ta&;BuD;onf[k

xifaejyefvQifvnf; &Sif;avOD;awmh rNyD;Edkif

rpD;Edkif/ odkYaomf rwwfEdkifNyD/ cdkifrmonf?

rSefuefonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf?

ta&;BuD;onf[k pdwfwGifxifaom taMumif;

t&mrsm;udk a&G;xkwfum ZmwfñTef;tjzpf

zefwD;&onf/ ZmwfñTef;a&;&onfu tyif

yef;rBuD;/ a&G;cs,f&onfhtvkyfu wm0efBuD;

vGef;vSonf/

*syef awmfvSefa&;umvtaMumif;

ZmwfñTef;a&;&awmhr,fqdkaomtcg ,cifu

vlydef;odxm;ovdk 1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27

&ufaeYwGif ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfu

*syefwdkYtm; nDnDnGwfnGwf jyefvnfwGef;vSef

wdkufcdkifEdkkifí jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS armif;xkwf

vdkufavawmhonf[k a&;½Hkjzifhr&/

*syeftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh teD;uyfae&aom

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;b0? *syefrodatmif *syefudk

awmfvSefzdkY tpDtrHvkyfcJhyHkrsm;rSm &Sif;&Sif;

vif;vif; vG,fvG,fulul r[kwfygacs/ *syef

awG ,HkMunfatmifvnf; aejy&onf/ wpfzuf

u r[mrdwfawGESifhvnf; vQdKU0Suf tquf

toG,fawG vkyf&onf/

aemufqHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf

(rdwfaqGjzpfvdkaom) &efolr[mrdwfrsm;udk

ppfrsufESmzGifh&ef ppfxGuf&rnfhaeY 1945 ckESpf?

rwfv (17)&ufaeYwGif (,ck awmfvSefa&;

yefNcHae&mü) ppfxGufrdefYcGef; ajymcJh&onf/

pifppf xdkrdefYcGef;onf te,fe,f t&yf&yf

wGif&Sdaeaom *syefudkawmfvSefvdkonfh jrefrm

tm;vHk;udk tcsufjyvdkufonfh rdefYcGef;qdkvQif

rrSm;acs/

]&JabmfwdkY tus,fcsJUNyD; &Snf&Snfa0;a0;

rajymcsifbl;/ tck ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/

qif;&Jr,f? iwfr,f? tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif

&r,f/ ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jyMuyg/ txuf

Adkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudkemcHMuyg/ txufAdkvfawG

uvnf; omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &Jabmf

wdkYudk uwday;xm;wJhtwdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif

&JabmfwdkYeJYtwl csDwufr,f/ Armh&efoludk

acsrIef;Mu/ teD;uyfqHk;&efoludk&SmNyD; wdkufMu

'gyJ}

]'gyJ} qdkaomfjim;vnf; awmfvSefa&;

pwifrnfhtcsdefum; jywfjywfom;om; r&SdcJh/

yxrawmfvSefa&;aeYudk {NyDv (2)&ufaeYudk

a&TUqdkif;cJh&onf/

xdkrSwpfzef AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmu *syef

wyfrsm; wpfpwpfp &dyfrdaeNyDjzpfí {NyDv

(2) &ufrS rwfv (25)&ufodkY a&TUay;&ef trdefY

awmif;cHpma&mufvmojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmif

qef;onf wyftm;vHk;tqifajypGm awmfvSef

Edkifrnfh rwfv (27)&ufaeYodkY ajymif;a&TU

owfrSwfEdkifcJhonf/

þodkYjzifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)&ufaeY

onfum; zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; jrefrmwdkY

&Gyf&GyfcRHcRH awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhaom ordkif;0if

awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfcJhavawmhonf/

pifppf xdkaeYxdktcgu ZmwfñTef;q&monf

tnma'o &Gmav;wpf&GmrS aus;&Gmol rdcif\

0rf;MumwdkuftwGif; cdkatmif;ump umvav;

rQomjzpfyg\ odkYaomf

ESpfaygif; (68)ESpfMumaomtcg ZmwfñTef;

q&monf twdwfpuf0dkif;BuD;udk aemufjyef

vSnfh NyD; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk YESif htwl

awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJudk (ZmwfñTef;ay:ü) &Gyf&Gyf

cRHcRH qifETJvsuf &Sdaeygawmhownf;/

n

Memory

33

34

e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;pcef;

13 ckrS vuf&Sdb@mESpf ukefoG,f

rIyrmPrSm ,cifb@mESpf ukef

oG,frI yrmPxuf tar&duef

a':vm oef; 180 ausmf ydkrkd&&SdcJh

aMumif; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ul;oef;

a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;Xme? e,fpyf

ukefoG,fa&;OD;pD;XmerS owif;

&&Sdonf/

e,fpyfukefoG,fa&; pcef;rsm;

jzpfonfh rlq,f? vG,f*s,f? csif;

a&Ta[mf? uHydkufwD;? wmcsDvdwf?

jr0wD? aumhaomif;? Nrdwf? ebkv,f?

ppfawG? armifawm? wrl;ESifh &d'f

pcef;rsm;rSm ydkYukef? oGif;ukef ukef

oG,frI yrmPrSm 2012-2013

b@mESpf Zefe0g&D 18 &uftxd

tar&duefa':vm 2786 'or

838 oef; jzpfNyD; ,cifb@mESpf

jzpfonfh 2011-2012 b@mESpf

Zefe0g&Dv 18 &uftxd ukefoG,frI

yrmPrSmrl tar&duefa':vm

2605 'or 992 oef; jzpfaom

aMumifh ,ckESpf ukefoG,frIyrmPrSm

,cifESpfxuf tar&duefa':vm

180 'or 846 oef; ydkrdk&&SdcJh

aMumif; od&onf/

e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;rS v,f

,mxGuf ypönf;rsm;? wd&dpämefxGuf

ypönf;rsm;? a&xGuf ypönf;rsm;?

owåKwGif;xGuf ypönf;rsm;? opf

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ypönf;rsm; wifydkYaeNyD; vkyfief;oHk;

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35

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