Vocabulary List

• 1. Trait- a feature inherited from parents, e.g. eye color

• 2. Chromosome- strand of DNA inherited from parents, located inside nucleus

• 3. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid

• 4. Gene- piece of DNA that codes for a trait

DNADeoxyribonucleic Acid

1. List the phases of mitosis?

2. List the four classes of biological molecules

Components & Structure of DNA• In Interphase __________ replicates so

that _______________ can occur.• In mitosis we discussed the _________

dividing.• Now we are going to learn about

chromosome composition. (Composition = _______________).

• Chromosomes consist of genes.• Genes: sequence of DNA that codes for a

particular _________ to be formed, which will give you your __________.

Structure of DNA• DNA consists of nucleotides.• Nucleotides have three components:

1. Pentose sugar: deoxyribose2. Phosphate molecule3. Nitrogen base (molecule that contains nitrogen)

• Adenine• Guanine• Cytosine • Thymine• BONDING OF BASES• A-T (2 HYDROGEN BONDS)• C-G (3 HYDROGEN BONDS)

• DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder)

• The sides =sugar and phosphate.

• The steps = N bases

• Draw this and circle a nucleotide.

QOD 3-15-11 Draw and State a relationship between touching words

?Gene

Chromosome

Nucleotid

e

DNA

?Transcription

Translation

Inheritanc

e

Trait

DNA Math

• If A always bonds to __, and C always bonds to __, then we can calculate the % of each base pair in a strand of DNA.

• e.g. If there is 16% Adenine in a strand of DNA, calculate the % of:– ____%T

– ___%G– ___%C

DNA Math: Calculate the % of all fouor base pairs if:

• 1. G=15%

• 2. T=20%

• 3. A=10%

• 4. G=14%

• 5. C=22%

• 6. T=32%

• 7. C=28%

• 8. A=13%

• 9. T=42%

• 10. A=36%

What are the Eight Criteria for something to be Living?

• 1. Reproduction• 2. Growth and Development• 3. Energy Use• 4. Response to Environment• 5. Homeostasis• 6. Evolution• 7. Organization• 8. Inheritable Info

• Fire, dirt, air, heart, animal, plant, sun, heart

QUIZ TOMORROW• 1. Draw this strand of DNA.

• 2. Calculate %– A = 12%– T =– C =– G =

• 3. Fill-in-the-Blank– Feature inherited from parents– Strand of DNA– Piece of DNA that codes for a

trait– Spell DNA

DNA Marshmallow Model• 4-5 per group• 40 nucleotides: 10A, 10C, 10G, 10T• Assemble into a double helix.

• Exit Slip: Place your model on a piece of paper with a key and your name.

• Structure=20 points• Labeling=20 points

1-7-12

• What is a nucleotide?• What are the three components of a nucleotide?

DNA Extraction Lab & Lab Report

• Complete the lab and begin your lab report.

DNA & Complementary Base Pairing• Adenine and Thymine

always bond together with two hydrogen bonds.

• Cytosine and Guanine always bond together with three hydrogen bonds.

• Overall DNA is described as a double helix (twisted ladder)

Flashback of DNA &Traits

• In Interphase DNA _______________ so that a copy can be given to each new ____________ cell.

• DNA codes for our individual _____ by coding for particular ____________.

• DNA codes for these proteins using the nucleic acid known as __ __ __.

• RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways:– Single stranded– Uracil not thymine– Ribose not deoxyribose.

EOC Level 1

Relate the words in the drawing below.

?Gene

ChromosomeNucleot

ide

DNA

Vocabulary List #1: Semester 2• 1. Gene- segment of chromosome/DNA that codes for a

particular trait.

• 2. mRNA- type of RNA that copies the DNA in the nucleus

• 3. tRNA- type of RNA that attaches amino acids and has an anti-codon.

• 4. Transcription- process of mRNA made from the DNA

• 5. Translation- process of protein being made based off the mRNA

• 6. Codon- 3 base pairs on the mRNA

• 7. Anti-codon- 3 base pairs on the tRNA

• 8. Ribosome- organelle that makes proteins

• 9. Amino acid- monomer of a protein

• 10. Chromosome-strand of DNA in the nucleus

• 11. Mutation- DNA that has become changed

Transcription Looks Like…

DNA & RNA Working Together

• Transcription – the process that DNA strands become separated, and mRNA copies one of the strands.

• Notice mRNA is being made from DNA, and complimentary base pairing except with uracil.

Translation

• Translation- occurs in the ribosome.– Takes the mRNA from the nucleus, tRNA from the

ribosome and makes a protein.

– PROTEINS = YOUR TRAITS

Bell Ringer 1-13-14

Relate the

Following Terms

Gene

DNA mRNA

Transcription

Transcription and Translation MovieT & T Movie

1-14-14 Level 2

mRNA tRNA Protein• mRNA is made in the ____________, and then

travels to the ______________, and attaches to a ___________ so protein formation can occur.

• Translation- term used to describe mRNA and tRNA creating a protein.

• The monomer of a protein is an ______ _____, and these are coded for by codons and anti-codons.

• A codon is a _ letter sequence on the _____strand.• Each codon matches to an _______ , and an

amino acid is linked together.• The amino acids link together to form a ____ which

gives you your ________.

Let’s Practice

• DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation

Expectations:

• Protein Lab Paper Due

• Test Tomorrow: Vocabulary, Math, DNA

• Extra Credit if Signed

• Today: MUTATIONS

• mRNA: G G C U A A C A G C C C

1-21-14• 1. Where is mRNA synthesized?

• 2. How many nitrogen bases comprise a codon?

• 3. tRNA will match its ____ _____ to the _____ on the mRNA strand, and link the correct ____ acid to make the correct protein.

• 4. The process that makes mRNA is called _________, and occurs in the __________.

• 5. The process that makes proteins is called____, and occurs in the _________.

If the mRNA codon is AUG which amino acid will it deliver?

Mutations• When DNA is being copied during ___________,

sometimes it makes mistakes.• ______________ are changes in the genetic

material.• Two Types of Mutations:

– 1. Point Mutations– 2. Chromosomal Mutations

Bellringer 1-27-14

• PREDICT what will happen to an individual if their mRNA goes from:

• Original mRNA: A U G C A G U C C U G A

• Mutated mRNA: A U G U A A C C U A A G

MutationsPoint Mutations 4 types• One nucleotide is

inserted, deleted, or substituted.

• Silent- no change• Missense- one amino

acid is changed.• Nonsense- stop codon is

inserted where it shouldn’t be

• Frameshift- entire amino acid sequence changes

Chromosomal Mutations

• Deletion- entire piece of a chromosome is missing

• Duplication- two of the same gene are on the same chromosome.

• Inversion- gene is inserted upside down.

• Translocation- gene from one chromosome is put on the wrong one.

Figure 12.19 Chromosomal Mutations (A, B)

Point Mutations Frameshift Mutations

Kabuki’s disease 1:32,000- caused by framshift & nonsense

Exit Slip 1-22-13: Name the processes taking place below. (there are 3)

DNA and Criminology Reading

• Why do scientists use 13 different loci (locations) to DNA fingerprint someone?

• When the article talks about “DNA evidence” what are they referring to?

• Do you think DNA evidence is accurate enough to incarcerate or exonerate someone?

Assignment• Read 12.1, 12.2• Answer questions on 294,296, and

299• Begin constructing a paper model

of DNA• Color Code:

– Deoxyribose= purple– Phosphate= black– Adenine= blue– Thymine= yellow– Cytosine= brown– Guanine= green

Assignment• In 1970 a man was accused of killing his beloved

wife. All that was gathered at the crime scene was a bloody knife he was holding, and some unidentified hairs on his wife’s body. He maintains his innocence, and has contacted you a DNA expert to help exonerate him from prison.

• Can you help him?– Use your knowledge of DNA base pair sequencing.– Outline the steps you will take to help him repeal his

case.

Early Investigation of DNA

• Scientists knew that DNA:• 1. Genes carried genetic information from

one generation to another.• 2. Genes used DNA to code for an

individual’s traits.• 3. Genes had to be easily duplicated,

since each time a cell divides (mitosis) the DNA was copied as well.

Vocabulary Week #2• 1. codon- sequence of 3 nitrogen bases

on mRNA• 2. anti-codon- sequence of 3 nitrogen

bases on tRNA• 3. mRNA- made in the nucleus, copy of

DNA strand• 4. tRNA- located in ribosome, makes the

amino acid chain based off of mRNA

• 7. Transcription- process that a DNA strand become separated, and mRNA copies one of the DNA strands.

• 8. Translation- process of mRNA being decoded resulting in protein formation.

DNA Terms

• DNA has a twisted ladder shape known as _________ _______

• ___ (#)bonds hold adenine to thymine

• ___ (#) bonds hold cytosine to guanine

• __________, ___________, & __________ make up a nucleotide.

Semi-conservative Replication

• DNA replicates in the __ phase of _____________.

• DNA replicates by a process known as semi-conservative replication.

• One old and one new strand results.

Model Semi- Conservative Replication

• DNA RAP• DNA Replication• AP DNA Rep.

-12 minutes

Bellringer 1-10-13: Graded Today

• 1. What is the relationship between the structure of DNA and the traits you inherit?

• Hint: Think about the nitrogen bases.

• 2. Predict the consequence of your traits if your DNA becomes damaged.

• TEST TOMORROW

Vocab Week #3• 1. transcription- takes place in the nucleus;

mRNA synthesized from DNA

• 2. translation- takes place in ribosome; tRNA present, protein synthesized

• 3. cell- smallest unit of life

• 4. synthesis- process of making something

• 5. nucleotide- monomer of DNA: consists of phosphate, deoxyribose, & nitrogen base

• 6. amino acid- monomer of proteins – a.a +a.a +a.a = protein

• 7. RNA- ribonucleic acid: consists of ribose, phosphate, & nitrogen base (has U not T)

• 8. mRNA vs. tRNA-

Exit Slip 3-28-11: Name the processes taking place below. (there are 3)

Which terms don’t belong? Justify

• Amino Acid Deoxyribose Nucleus• Protein Phosphate mRNA• Nucleotide Protein tRNA

Christmas Graphing

• The average American will spend: $704.18Category AmountFriends 68.23

Coworkers 21.06Other 23.39Cards 26.53Candy 96.76

Flowers 18.23Decorations 46.73

Kids 403.26