Vocabulary for Exam
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Vocabulary for exam:
1. Public law- branch of law which is concerned with the constitution or government of the state (laws
which govern processes in local and national government) and the relationship between state and
citizens.
2. Private law- branch of law which is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is,
indivuiduals and corporations (includes family law, contract law, property law)3. Civil law- branch of law which is concerned with the rights and duties of individuals, organisations
and associations & also with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for
compensation or an injunction
4. Criminal law- branch of law which deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves
punishment
5. Conduct- a pattern of behavior, the way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality
and ethics
6. Prosecute-To initiate civil or criminal court action against a person ( the offender).
7. Prosecutor-a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state
8. Offender-one that breaks a public law9. Claim( give rise to a claim)-something that one party owes another. Someone may make a legal
claim for money, or property, or forSocial Securitybenefits.; Legal demand
10.Compensation-A pecuniary remedy that is awarded to an individual who has sustained an injury in
order to replace the loss caused by said injury
11. Injunction-A court order by which an individual is required to perform, or is restrained from
performing, a particular act.(hotarare judecatoreasca)
12.Substantive law-creates, defines or regulates right, liabilities and duties in all areas of law ( is
common law and statute law used by the court in making decisions)
13.Liability-legal responsibility for one's acts or omissions. (raspundere)
14.Procedural law- defines the procedure by which a law is to be enforced15.Enforce- carry into effect, carry into execution
16.Chamber- assembly
17.Elected body
18.Upper house one of two branches of a legislature, generally smaller and less representative than the
lower branch.
19.Statute law An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law,
expressed in writing. (codified written laws.)
20.Common law= a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws;
21. Jurisdiction legal authorityover a certain area or certain persons
22.LegislatureA representative assembly of persons that makes statutory laws for a municipality, state,
or nation
23.Hierarchy of courts
24.Accession Coming into possession of a right or office; increase; augmentation; addition.;
25.Legislative authority
26.Signatory a person who has signed a document such as a treaty or contract or an organization,
state, etc, on whose behalf such a document has been signed
27.Legislation Lawmaking; the preparation and enactment of laws by a legislative body.
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28.LitigationAn action brought in court to enforce a particular right. The act or process of bringing a
lawsuit in and of itself; a judicial contest; any dispute.
29.Amend to alter or change by adding, subtracting, or substituting. One can amend a statute, a
contract or a written pleading filed in a law suit. The change is usually called an amendment.
30.Ensure-to make sure, to guarantee
31.Consolidate (laws)- to bring together (separate parts) into a single, unified whole
32.Codify- organize into a code or system, such as a body of law; (systemize) 33.Case law -law established by following judicial decisions given in earlier cases.
34. Enact To establish by law; to perform or effect; to decree.
Enact, sometimes used synonymously with adopt, is generally applied to legislative rather than executiveaction.
35.Repeal TheAnnulmentor abrogation of a previously existing statute by the enactment of a later law
that revokes the former law.36.Obsoleteno longer in use (applied to laws that lost their efficacy)
37.Scrutinize- examine or observe with great care, inspect critically
38.Scrutiny-A close, careful examination or study.
39.Scrutinizing provisions
40.Draft -A tentative, provisional, or preparatory writing out of any document (as a will, contract, lease,
and so on) for purposes of discussion and correction, which is afterward to be prepared in its final
form.
41.Bill a legislative proposal for enactment of a law. It is called a bill until it is passed and signed at
which time it is a law (statute) and is no longer referred to as a bill.
42.Immerse- to involve deeply,engross
43.Merge-join, combine, unite
45.Barrister InEnglish Law,an attorney who has an exclusive right of argument in all the superior courts.
A barrister is a counselor who is learned in law and who has been admitted to plead at the bar. A barristerdrafts the pleadings in all cases, with the exception of the simplest ones. Distinguished from an attorney,which is an English lawyer who conducts matters out of court, a barrister engages in the actual argument ofcases or the conduct of the trial.
44.SolicitorA type of practicing lawyer in England who handles primarily office work. The solicitor
meets prospective clients, hears the client's problems, gives legal advice, drafts letters and
documents, negotiates on the client's behalf, and prepares the client's case for trial. When a courtappearance appears inevitable, the solicitor retains a barrister on the client's behalf. The solicitor
instructs the barrister on how the client wishes to proceed in court.
45.Plead - To put forward a plea of a specific nature in court, make an allegation in an action or other
legal proceeding, especially answer the previous pleading of the other party by denying facts therein
stated or by alleging new facts
Plea- a.An allegation offered in pleading a case.
b.A defendant's answer to the declaration made by the plaintiff in a civil action.
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c. The answer of the accused to a criminal charge or indictment: entered a plea of not guilty.d.A special answer depending on or demonstrating one or more reasons why a suit should be delayed,dismissed, or barred in equity law.
46.Bar
47.TrialA judicial examination and determination of facts and legal issues arising between parties to a
civil or criminal action
48.Right of audience
49.Proceeding legal filing, hearing, trial and/or judgment in the on-going conduct of a lawsuit or criminal
prosecution.
50.Strike off- remove from membership of a professional body
51.Judge court officer authorized to decide legal cases
52.Inns of Court- the professional associations forbarristers in England and Wales.All such barristers must
belong to one such association.[1]
They have supervisory and disciplinary functions over their members.
53.Court- any official tribunal (court)(assembly) presided over by a judge or judges in which legal
issues and claims are heard and determined
54.Courtroom-A room in which the proceedings of a court are held.
55.Collate- to assemble in proper sequence (collate evidence)
56.Evidence- The documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in acourt of law; matter produced before a court of law in an attempt to prove or disprove a point in issue,
such as the statements of witnesses, documents, material objects, etc
Magistrate- a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice; A civil officer
with power to administer and enforce law, as:a.A local member of the judiciary having limited jurisdiction, especially in criminal cases.b.A minor official, such as a justice of the peace, having administrative and limited judicial authority.
57.Crown Court
58.Bar Council
59.Client-A person who employs or retains an attorney to represent him or her in any legal business; to
assist, to counsel, and to defend the individual in legal proceedings; and to appear on his or her
behalf in court.
60.Lord Chancellor
61.House of Lords
62.Breach The violation of an obligation, engagement or duty; as a breach of covenant is the non-
performance or violation of a covenant; the breach of a promise is non-performance of a promise; the
breach of a duty, is the refusal or neglect to execute an office or public trust, according to law.
63.Conveyance The transfer of ownership or interest in real property from one person to another by a
document, such as a deed, lease, or mortgage.
64.Tenancy A tenancyis the occupancy or possession of land or premises by lease. The occupant,
known as the tenant, must acquire control and possession of the property for the duration of thelawful occupancy. A tenancy can be created by any words that indicate the owner's intent to convey a
property interest on another individual. (inchiriere, arenda)
65.Advocacy The act ofPleadingor arguing a case or a position; forceful persuasion.
66.Acquisition . The act by which the person procures the property of a thing.
67.Sole trader - someone who works for himself
Pupil 1.A student under the direct supervision of a teacher or professor.
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2. LawA minor under the supervision of a guardian
68.Pupil master
69.Pupillage - the period spent by a newly called barrister in the chambers of a member of the bar
70.Lay client
71.In-house counselbarristers working solely for a company ( for an employer)
72.Appeal The act by which a party submits to the decision of a superior court, a cause which has
been tried in an inferior tribunal.73.Case short for a cause of action, lawsuit, or the right to sue
74.Convict to find guilty of a crime after a trial.
75.Defendant the person against whom the suit is brought
76.Fine payment for misconduct
77.Jury In trials, a group of people who are selected and sworn to inquire into matters of fact and to
reach a verdict on the basis of the evidence presented to them
78.Settlement The act of adjusting or determining the dealings or disputes between persons without
pursuing the matter through a trial.
79.Attorney A person admitted to practice law in at least one jurisdiction and authorized to perform
criminal and civil legal functions on behalf of clients. These functions include providing legal counsel,
drafting legal documents, and representing clients before courts, administrative agencies, and other
tribunals.
80.Power of attorneyA written document in which one person (the principal) appoints another person to
act as an agent on his or her behalf, thus conferring authority on the agent to perform certain acts or
functions on behalf of the principal.; written authorization to represent or act on another's behalf in
private affairs, business, or some other legal matter, sometimes against the wishes of the other's
81.Specialize To pursue a special activity, occupation, or field of study
82.Dispute A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights; an assertion of a right, claim, or
demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the other. The subject of litigation; the
matter for which a suit is brought and upon which issue is joined, and in relation to which jurors are
called and witnesses examined.
83.Allegation a statement of claimed fact contained in a complaint (a written pleading filed to begin a
lawsuit), a criminal charge, or an affirmative defense (part of the written answer to a complaint). Until
each statement is proved it is only an allegation. (prezumtie)
84.Grounds reasons sufficient in law to justify relief.
85.Relief generic term for all types of benefits which an order or judgment of court can give a party to a
lawsuit, including money award, injunction, return of property, property title, alimony, and dozens of
other possibilities
86.Tenant . A person who has the right to temporary use and possession of particular real property,
which has been conveyed to that person by a landlord.
87.Plaintiff The party who sues in a civil action; a complainant; the prosecutionthat is, a state or the
United States representing the people
in a criminal case. (accuser)88.Sue To initiate a lawsuit or continue a legal proceeding for the recovery of a right; to prosecute, assert
a legal claim, or bring action against a particular party.
89.Tort a civil wrong, or wrongful act, whether intentional or accidental, from which injury occurs to
another. (delict)
90.Contract an agreement with specific terms between two or more persons or entities in which there is
a promise to do something in return for a valuable benefit known as consideration
91.LawyerA person, who through a regular program of study, is learned in legal matters and has been
licensed to practice his or her profession.
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92.Law suit a common term for a legal action by one person or entity against another person or entity,
to be decided in a court of law, sometimes just called a "suit."
93.*** Life peer- appointed members of thepeerage,whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast
tohereditary peers.
94.Process the legal means by which a person is required to appear in court or a defendant is given
notice of a legal action against him/her/it.
95.To enshrine
to incorporate96.To make a law
97.Decision of a higher court
98.Binding precedent Incommon lawlegal systems,a precedentor authorityis a principle or rule
established in a previouslegal casethat is either binding on or persuasive for acourtor other tribunal
when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues orfacts.
99.Precedent rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and
thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases.
100. Regulatory law regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies
101. The crown council
102. Placement contact established between applicants and prospective employees; "the agency
provided placement services"
103. Party one of the participants in a lawsuit or other legal proceeding who has an interest in the
outcome. Parties include plaintiff (person filing suit), defendant (person sued or charged with a
crime), petitioner (files a petition asking for a court ruling), respondent (usually in opposition to a
petition or an appeal), cross-complainant (a defendant who sues someone else in the same lawsuit),
or cross-defendant (a person sued by a cross-complainant).
104. VacancyA position, office, or place of accommodation that is unfilled or unoccupied.
105. Investigation
106. Order n. every direction or mandate of a judge or a court which is not a judgment or legal
opinion (although both may include an order) directing that something be done or that there isprohibition against some act
107. JudgmentA decision by a court or other tribunal that resolves a controversy anddetermines the rights and obligations of the parties.
A judgment is the final part of a court case
108. To be called to the Bar
109. To qualify as a barrister
110. Mortgage an agreement under which a person borrows money to buy property, esp a
house, and the lender may take possession of the property if the borrower fails to repay the money
111. Mitigation to make less rigorous
112. Sentence the punishment given to a person convicted of a crime. A sentence is ordered by
the judge, based on the verdict of the jury (or the judge's verdict if there was no jury) within the
possible punishments set by state law
113. Statement of case the formal written statements presented alternately by the plaintiff and
defendent in a lawsuit setting out the respective matters relied upon. Former name: pleadings
114. With notice
115. Without notice
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116. Legal person
117. Contract law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties
entering into contracts
118. Property law area of law that governs the various forms ofownershipand tenancy inreal
property(land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property,within
thecommon lawlegal system
119. Appoint (appointment) The prerogative power of an government official or executive toselect persons to fill an honorary position or employment in the government
120. Incorporate into
121. Hereditary peer
122. Legislative authority
123. LegislatureAn officially elected or otherwise selected body of people vested with the
responsibility and power to make laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation
124. Compliance (with) cooperation or obedience
125. Bye-law delegated legislation made by Local Government or public bodies
126. Statutory instrument delegated legislation created by government ministers
127. Green Paper a command paper containing policy proposals to be discussed, esp by
Parliament
128. White Paper an official government report.
129. Pressure group
130. Government Bills
131. Private members Bills
132. Public Acts
133. Private Acts
134. To draw up a contract - To compose or write in a set form; write out: draw up a contract;
draw up a list.
135. Specialism a field of specialization within a science or area of knowledge,
136. (be on) Secondment the detachment of a person from their regular organization for
temporary assignment elsewhere; assignment to a different duty
137. Clerk a legally qualified person who sits in court with lay justices to advise them on points of
law; an official or employee who handles the business of a court or a system of courts, maintains
files of each case, and issues routine documents (grefier?)
138. Ancillary A legal proceeding that is not the primary dispute but which aids the judgment
rendered in or the outcome of the main action
139. Provide representation
140. Conversion course
141. Deviling (pupillage in Scotland)
142. Supply legal service143. Forensic accountancy
144. Senior Barrister
145. Allege- to declare in or as if in a court of law; state without or before proof: he alleged malpractice.
2. to put forward (an argument or plea) for or against an accusation, claim
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