vocabulary by topics · IELTS VOCABULARY BY TOPICS COLLECTED BY SELFSTUDYMATERIALS.COM 8 MEDIA AND...

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IELTSVOCABULARYBYTOPICS

COLLECTEDBYSELFSTUDYMATERIALS.COM 2

TableofContents

CRIMEANDPUNISHMENT......................................................................................................3

MEDIAANDADVERTISING......................................................................................................8

THEENVIRONMENT...............................................................................................................14

BUSINESSANDMONEY..........................................................................................................20

GOVERNMENT.......................................................................................................................25

SPORTANDEXERCISE............................................................................................................30

SPACEEXPLORATION.............................................................................................................35

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CRIMEANDPUNISHMENT

1. crimeofpassion

Meaning:referstoacrime,especiallymurder,causedbysexualjealousy

Example:Peoplewhocarryoutcrimesofpassionoftenregrettheiractionslater,whentheyreflectonwhattheyhavedone.

2. toserveaprisonsentence

Meaning:tocarryoutconfinementinprisonasapunishment

Example:Theyareservinglongprisonsentencesfortheirpartintheassassination.

3. toturntocrime/drugs

Meaning:Tostartcommittingcrimesorusingdrugs.

Example:Duringperiodsofhighyouthunemployment,someyoungstersturntocrimetoobtainmoney.

4. tobetoughoncrime

Meaning:Topunishcrimeseverely

Example:Thecrimerateislikelytofallifgovernmentstakestrongmeasurestobetoughoncrime.

5. tocontesttheverdict

Meaning:notagreewiththedecisionofthejuryafterthetrialofacase

Example:Inmanycountries,theaccusedpersonhastherighttocontesttheverdictwhichwasreachedinthecourt.

6. totakeintoconsideration

Meaning:tothinkaboutaparticularfactordetailandallowittohavesomeinfluencewhenyouaremakingadecision

Example:Thepreviouscriminalrecordsofthosewhoarefoundguiltymustbetakenintoconsiderationwhenasentenceispassed.

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7. toreintegratebackintosociety/community

Meaning:torestoresomeonethrougheducationortherapy

Example:Thereisanincreasingfocusamongpolicy-makersandpractitionersonidentifyingprogramsandstrategiesthatwillhelpprisonerssuccessfullyreintegratebackintotheircommunitieswithoutre-offending.

8. tobesoftoncrime

Meaning:nottoimposestrictpunishmentsonoffenders

Example:Inordertodetercriminalseffectively,governmentsmustnotfollowpolicieswhicharesoftoncrime.

9. apolicyofzerotolerance

Meaning:apolicyofapplyinglawsverystrictly,sothateveryillegalactionispunished,evenifitisnotveryserious

Example:Iwouldarguethatthemosteffectivewaytoreducecrimeistoimplementapolicyofzerotolerance.

10. achanceofrehabilitation

Meaning:achanceofhelpingsomeonetohaveanormallifeafterservingaprisonsentence

Example:Weshouldgiveex-offerdersachanceofrehabilitationandteachthemhowtobecomeusefulmembersofsociety.

11.toembarkonsomething

Meaning:Tostartsomethingnew

Example:Youngpeoplesometimesembarkonalifeofcrimeasaresultofthebadinfluenceofcriminalswhomtheyknow.

12.tomakeafreshstart

Meaning:totrysomethingnewaftermakingmistakesinone’slife

Example:Ibelievethatpeopleshouldhavetheopportunitytomakeafreshstartaftertheyarereleasedfromprison.

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13. toactasadeterrent

Meaning:ameasurewhichmakessomebodylesslikelytodosomething

Example:Longerprisonsentenceswouldactasadeterrentandwouldbeoneusefulmeasuretotacklerisingcrime.

14. toreleasebackintosociety.

Meaning:togivefreedomtoprisonerswhohavefinishedtheirsentences.

Example:Hewasreleasedbackintosocietyafterservingtwoyearsofafive-yearsentence.

15. corporalpunishment

Meaning:topunishbyphysicallyharmingtheoffender

Example:Manyschoolshaveabandonedthepolicyofcorporalpunishmentforchildrenwhomisbehaveandprefertogiveextraworkordetentionafterschoolinstead.

16. drugtrafficking

Meaning:importingandsellingillegaldrugs

Example:Somepeoplearguethatlegalisingdrugswouldputanendtotheevilofdrugtraffickingandtheviolenceassociatedwithit.

17. anon-custodialsentence

Meaning:asentencewhichisnotservedinprison

Example:Thereisawiderangeofnoncustodialsentenceswhichacourtmaygivetooffenders,including:fines,probationordersorcommunityserviceorders.

18. tobefoundguilty

Meaning:thecourtdecidedthatthepersondidcommitthecrime

Example:Ifpeoplearefoundguiltyofcommittingseriousoffences,heavypunishmentsshouldbeimposed.

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19. thefullweightofthelaw

Meaning:allthestrictestpunishmentsavailableaccordingtothelawsofacountry.

Example:Inordertodetercrime,thefullweightofthelawmustbeimposedforallseriousoffences.

20. toimposeabanonsth

Meaning:toenforceanofficialrulewhichsaysthatsomethingisnotallowed

Example:Mostgovernmentshaveimposedabanonthesaleoftobaccotothoseagedunder16.

21. toconvictacriminal

Meaning:tofindanoffenderguiltyandtopunishthem

Example:Oncethecourtshaveconvictedacriminal,thepunishmentshouldbesevere.

22. law-abidingcitizens

Meaning:peoplewhoobeyandrespectthelaw

Example:Thegovernmentcouldtakesomeeffectivestepstoprotectlaw-abidingcitizens.

23. toenforcethelaw

Meaning:tomakesurethatthelawisobeyed

Example:Theroleofthepoliceandthecourtsistoenforcethelaw.

24. capitalpunishment

Meaning:punishmentbydeath

Example:InsomestatesofAmerica,thosewhocommitmurderaresometimessentencedtocapitalpunishment.

25. forensicevidence

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Meaning:connectedwiththescientifictestsconductedbythepolicewheninvestigatingacrime

Example:Modernpolicemethodsincludetheuseofforensicevidence,suchasDNAsamples,toinvestigatecrimes.

26. toinstallsurveillancecameras

Meaning:toputcamerasinaplacewhereacrimeislikelytobecommitted

Example:Thesecuritycompanyhasinstalledsurveillancecamerasatalltheentrancesandexitsoftheshoppingmall.

27.toputonprobation

Meaning:tomakeaconvictedpersonseeanofficialatregularintervalstocheckontheirgoodbehavior,asanalternativetogoingtoprison

Example:Theyoungoffenderwasputonprobation,ashiscrimewasnotseriousenoughtosendhimtoprison.

28. topunishwrongdoers

Meaning:topunishpeoplewhodosomethingillegal

Example:Strictermeasuresmustbeintroducedbygovernmentstopunishwrongdoers.

29.toarrestsuspects

Meaning:tostopandholdpeoplewhothepolicethinkmayhavecommittedacrime

Example:Thegovernmentshouldgivethepolicegreaterpowerstoarrestsuspects.

30.theletterofthelaw

Meaning:theexactwordingofthelaw,withoutconsideringanyexcuses

Example:Ibelievethatthecourtsmustapplythestrictletterofthelawandimposetheharshestpossiblesentencesoncriminals.

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MEDIAANDADVERTISING

1. tobroadcastpropagandaMeaning:tosendoutaprogrammeontelevisionorradiothatmaybefalseorexagerratedinordertogainsupportforapoliticalleader,aparty,etc

Example:ThemediainNorthKoreabroadcastpropagandaeverydayaboutthedangersofwarwithSouthKoreaandtheUSA.

2. aleadingarticle

Meaning:apieceofwritingwhichdealswiththemostimportantnewsitemoftheday.

Example:Newspapersinmycountryoftenhavealeadingarticleonsomesensationalcrimethathasbeencommitted.

3. editorialpolicy

Meaning:thepolicyofthenewspaper,asdecidedbythepersoninchargeofproducingthenewspaper

Example:Theeditorialpolicyofanewspaperdetermineswhetherseriousnewsitemsarereportedinaresponsibleway.

4. sensationaljournalism

Meaning:reportingwhichtriestogetyourinterestbypresentingfactsoreventsasmoreshockingorworsethantheyare.

Example:Unfortunately,sensationaljournalismhasresultedinmuchpublicdistrustofthemedia.

5. tocarryastory

Meaning:toincludeaniteminanewsreport

Example:Themedianowadayscarriestoomanystoriesaboutcelebritiesandtriviaandnotenoughseriousnews.

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6. newscoverage

Meaning:thereportingofnewsandsportinnewspapers,tv,orradio.

Example:TheUSpresidentialelectionreceivedglobalnewscoverage,sothatthewholeworldbecameinterestedintheoutcome.

7. tomakefrontpageheadlines

Meaning:tobeanimportantitemofnewsinthenewspapers,onradioorTV.

Example:Itseemsthateveryinsignificanteventinthelivesofcelebritiesmakesfrontpageheadlines.

8. breakingnews

Meaning:newlyreceivedinformationaboutaneventthatiscurrentlytakingplaceOPIC

Example:Onedisadvantageoftheprintedmediaisthatitisunabletocarrythelatestbreakingnewsstories.

9. uptotheminute

Meaning:havingthelatestinformation

Example:Newspapersareunabletoprovideuptotheminutenewscoverageofeventsastheyhappen.

10. stalenews

Meaning:informationthatisnolongerinterestingornew,becauseithasalreadybeenreported

Example:Newspapershavenowbecomeonlyasourceofstalenews,whichisamajorreasonwhytheyhavebecomelesspopular.

11. fallingcirculation

Meaning:thedeclineinthenumberofcopiesofanewspapersoldeachday

Example:Asaresultoftheirfallingcirculation,newspapersarelosingadvertising

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revenue.

12. celebrityendorsement

Meaning:Aformofbrandoradvertisingcampaignthatinvolvesawellknownpersonusingtheirfametohelppromoteaproductorservice

Example:CelebrityendorsementbyfamousTVstarsiscommonlyusedbycompaniestoencourageconsumerstotrustandbuytheirproducts.

13. tosubscribetoamagazine

Meaning:topaymoneyregularlyinordertoreceiveacopyofamagazine

Example:Thosewithastronginterestinaparticularfieldsometimesprefertosubscribetoamagazinewhichhasarticlesrelatingtothatarea.

14. thefinancial/businesssections

Meaning:Newspapershaveincreasinglyturnedtoprovidingexpert,detailedanalysisofrecentevents,forexampleintheirfinancialorbusinesssections.

15. onlineadvertising

Meaning:advertisingaproductorserviceontheinternet

Example:Thegrowingpopularityofonlineadvertisinghasresultedinalossofrevenuefortheprintedmediaingeneral.

16. toslashthepricesofproducts

Meaning:toreducethepricedramatically

Example:Supermarkets,forexample,alwayscarryhugein-storeadvertisementswhentheyslashthepricesofproducts.

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17. tobewaryofsomething

Meaning:notcompletelytrustingorcertainaboutsomething

Example:Consumersmustalwaysbewaryoftheclaimsmadeinadvertisements,becausesuchclaimsareoftenexagerratedoruntrue.IELTSTOPICVOCABULARYBYNGOCBACH

18. topromotetheirproducts

Meaning:tomakeproductspopularbyadvertisingthem

Example:Mostlargeenterprisescontractspecialistmarketingcompaniestopromotetheirproducts.

19. tobuygoodsimpulsively

Meaning:tobuythingssuddenlywithoutanyplanningandwithoutconsideringtheeffectstheymayhave

Example:Advertisingmotivatesconsumerstobuygoodsimpulsively.

20. tobeswayedbyadvertisements

Meaning:tobeinfluencedtobuythingsasaresultofadvertising

Example:Ifconsumerswerenoteasilyswayedbyadvertisements,theadvertisingindustrywouldnotexist.

21. marketresearch

Meaning:theactionofcollectinginformationaboutwhatpeoplebuy

Example:Indecidinghowtopromotetheirproductsorservices,businessesshouldfirstconductmarketresearch.

22. apricewar

Meaning:asituationinwhichcompaniesorshopscontinuallyreducetheirpricesinordertoattractcustomersawayfromtheircompetitors

Example:Advertisingplaysakeyroleinpricewarsbetweensupermarkets.

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23. tolaunchaproduct

Meaning:tointroduceanewproduct

Example:Companieshaverecognisedthattheservicesofthemarketingindustryareessentialtolaunchanewproductsuccessfully.

24. targetaudience

Meaning:consumerswhombusinessesaimatwhensellingtheirproducts

Example:Companieswhichsellsoftdrinks,likeCocaCola,aimmainlyatatargetaudienceofchildrenandadolescents.

25. brandawareness

Meaning:theactionofbringingthenameofacompanytotheattentionofthepublic

Example:Advertising,notthequalityoftheproduct,isresponsibleforcreatingbrandawarenessamongconsumers,ascanbeseenbythesuccessofmarketleaderssuchasNikeorCocaCola.

26. primetimetelevision

Meaning:thehoursduringwhichmostpeoplearewatchingTV

Example:Althoughadvertisingonprimetimetelevisionisexpensive,itisguaranteedtoreachalargeaudience.VOCABULARYBYNGOCBACH

27. theelectronicmedia

Meaning:broadcastmediawhichuseelectronictechnology,suchastheinternet,television,radio,DVDs,etc.

Example:Incontrast,toprintmedia,theelectronicmediaaregrowinginpopularity,especiallyamongtheyouth.

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28. toimposeregulationson

Meaning:tocontrolsomethingbymeansofrules

Example:Governmentsmustimposeregulationsontheadvertisingindustryinordertoprotectconsumers.

29. commercialadvertising

Meaning:advertisingontheradioortelevision,betweenorduringprogrammes.

Example:CommercialadvertisingontelevisionprovidestherevenueformostTVchannels.

30. telemarketing

Meaning:amethodofsellingthingsortakingordersforsalesbytelephone

Example:Telemarketinghasbecomeagrowthindustry,employingmillionsofpeopleacrosstheworld.

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THEENVIRONMENT1. todischargechemicalwaste

Meaning:todisposeofwasteproductsfromchemicalprocesses.

Example:Nowadays,moreandmorecompanyandindustrialzoneshavebeendischargingchemicalwasteintorivers,causingdeathtomanyfishandotheraquaticanimals.

2. environmentaldegradation

Meaning:theprocessorfactoftheenvironmentbecomingworse

Example:Africaisacontinentinwhichenvironmentaldegradationisevidentinthespreadofdesertsandtheextinctionofanimalspecies.

3. totakeactiononglobalwarming

Meaning:todowhathastobedoneonproblemsrelatedtoglobalwarming

Example:Therehavebeennumerousinternationalconferencestowarnofthedangers,butmanygovernmentshaverefusedtotakeactiononglobalwarming.

4. tobebio-degradable

Meaning:asubstanceorchemicalthatcanbechangedtoanaturalharmlessstatebytheactionofbacteria

Example:Mostplasticsarenotbiodegradable,andremainaswasteproductsintheenvironmentforthousandsofyears.

5. todepletenaturalresources

Meaning:Toreducetheamountofnaturalresources.

Example:Timbercompaniesmustnotbeallowedtodepletenaturalresourcesby

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cuttingdowntreeswithoutplantingnewtreestoreplacethem.

6. ozonelayerdepletion

Meaning:referstoasteadydeclineinthetotalamountofozoneintheEarth'satmosphere

Example:Ozonelayerdepletionhastheeffectofallowingharmfulradiationfromthesuntopenetratetheatmosphereandthisincreasestherisktohumansofskincancer.

7. anecologicalcrisis

Meaning:aserioussituationthatoccurswhentheenvironmentofaspeciesorapopulationchangesinawaythatdestabilizesitscontinuedsurvival

Example:Environmentaldegradationcausedbyhumanactivityisprovokinganecologicalcrisiswhichthreatensourexistence.

8. carbonfootprint

Meaning:ameasureoftheamountofcarbondioxidethatisproducedbythedailyactivitiesofacompanyorperson

Example:Byprovidingsubsidies,governmentsshouldencouragecompaniestoreducetheircarbonfootprintthroughenergyefficiencyorother‘greenmeasures’.

9. tocutdownonemissions

Meaning:toreducetheamountofgasessentoutintotheair

Example:Peoplemustbemadeawareoftheneedtocutdownonemissionsfromtheircarsifwearetoreduceairpollution.

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10. tofightclimatechange

Meaning:Totrytopreventchangesinclimatepatterns,suchasrainfall,temperatureandwinds.

Example:UnlessweconsumelessoftheEarth’snaturalresources,itwillbeimpossibletofightclimatechangeandsafeguardourfuture.

11. toreducethedependence/relianceonfossilfuels

Meaning:todecreasepeople’sconsumptionoffossilfuels,likeoil,coalorgas.

Example:Governmentsmustinvestheavilyinsolarandwindenergyprojectsinordertoreduceourdependence/relianceonfossilfuels.

12. toalleviateenvironmentalproblems

Meaning:tomakebadenvironmentalproblemslesssevere

Example:Everyonecanassistintheefforttoalleviateenvironmentalproblemsinthelocalcommunitythroughsimpleactionssuchasrecyclingwasteorplantingatreeintheirgarden.

13. tothrowone’sweighbehindsth

Meaning:Touseone'sinfluencetohelpsupport

Example:Thecouncilistothrowitsweightbehindacampaigntosaveoneoftheborough'sbest-lovedbeautyspots.

14. toholdsbdyaccountablefor+noun/gerund

Meaning:toconsidersomeoneresponsibleforsomething;toblamesomethingonsomeone

Example:Companieswhichdischargechemicalwastefromtheirfactoriesintotheseaorintoriversmustbeheldaccountablefortheiractionsandbefinedheavily.

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15. toachievesustainabledevelopment

Meaning:economicdevelopmentthatisachievedwithoutdepletingnaturalresources

Example:Organicmethodsmustbeintroducedeverywhereinordertoachievesustainabledevelopmentinagriculture.

16. alternativeenergysources

Meaning:referstoanyenergysourcethatisanalternativetofossilfuel

Example:CleanenergywhichdoesnotpollutetheEarthcanonlycomefromgreaterrelianceonalternativeenergysources.

17. foodmiles

Meaning:Distancefoodhastotravelbetweenwhereitisgrownormadeandwhereitisconsumed

Example:Wecanallreduceourcarbonfootprintbyflyingless,andreduceourfoodmilesbybuyinglocalproduce.

18. captivebreeding

Meaning:thereproductionofanimalsinconfinement,notintheirnaturalhabitats.

Example:Asuccessfulcaptivebreedingprogramingzooshasresultedinanincreaseintheworld’spandapopulation.

19. tostemfrom

Meaning:tobecausedbyExample:Scientistssaythatglobalwarmingpartlystemsfromtheincreaseincarexhaustemissions.

20. environmentalimpactassessment

Meaning:astudyintohowadevelopment,likeanewroad,anewdamorotherconstructionactivitywillaffecttheplants,animalsandlocalcommunitieslivinginanarea.

Example:Thegovernmentmustcommissionanindependentenvironmentalimpact

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assessmentwheneveranewdevelopmentisproposed.

21. thegreenhouseeffect

Meaning:thenaturalprocessbywhichthesunwarmsthesurfaceoftheEarth.

Example:OurburningoffossilfuelsisincreasingthegreenhouseeffectandmakingtheEarthhotter,endangeringalllifeontheplanet.

22. globalwarming

Meaning:theprocessbywhichtheEarthisgettinghotter,asaresultofthegreenhouseeffect–inparticulartheincreaseincarbondioxideintheair.

Example:Perhapsthemajorenvironmentalchallengewhichfaceshumanitytodayisglobalwarming,becauseitthreatensoursurvival.

23. habitatdestruction

Meaning:theprocessthatoccurswhenanaturalhabitat,likeaforestorwetland,ischangedsodramaticallybyhumansthatplantsandanimalswhichlivethere.

Example:Theelephantpopulationintheworldisdecliningbecauseofhabitatdestructioncausedbyhumanexploitationoftheenvironment.

24. endangeredspecies

Meaning:plantsoranimalsthatonlyexistinverysmallnumbers,sothatinfuturetheymaydisappearforever

Example:Oneexampleofanendangeredspeciesisthelowlandgorilla,whichhasalmostdisappearedasaresultofthedestructionofitsforesthabitat.

25. onthebrinkofextinction

Meaning:ananimalorplantwhichhasalmostdisappearedfromtheplanet

Example:Beforethecaptivebreedingprograminzoos,thegiantpandawasonthebrinkofextinction

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26. renewableenergy

Meaning:energyisrenewablewhenitsource,likethesunorwind,cannotbeexhaustedorcaneasilybereplaced(likewood,aswecanplanttreesforenergy)

Example:Morefundingisrequiredfromgovernmentfundstohelpcompaniestodeveloprenewableenergy,suchascompanieswhichproducesolarpanelsforbuildings.

27. windfarms

Meaning:anareaoflandonwhichtherearealotofwindmillsorwindturbinesforproducingelectricity

Example:Windfarmsshouldbeconstructedinmountainousareasorinthesea,closetoland.

28. environmentallyfriendly

Meaning:behaviororproductsthatdonotharmtheenvironment

Example:Wecanhelptoprotecttheenvironmentbyusingdetergentsandcosmeticsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.

29. toxicwaste

Manyspeciesoffishareendangeredasaresultofthetoxicwastedumpedbyindustriesintotheriversandthesea.

30. thegreenmovement

Meaning:alltheorganisationsconcernedwiththeprotectionoftheenvironment

Example:Individualsshouldjoinoneoftheorganisationswhichformpartofthegreenmovement,inordertocampaignforchangesinofficialpolicyontheenvironment.

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BUSINESSANDMONEY

1. Totakesomethingintoconsideration/account

Meaning:toconsiderorremembersomethingwhenjudgingasituationExample:Nobusinesswillsucceedifitfailstotaketheneedsofcustomersintoaccount/intoconsideration.

2. Tobreakintoamarket

Meaning:toenteramarketwiththeconnotationthatentrancetotheindustrywasdifficult.Example:ItisdifficulttobreakintothemarketfordesignersportswearbecausethereistoomuchcompetitionfromleadingbrandslikeNike.

3. Tokeepsomeone’sword

Meaning:toupholdone'spromise;todoasonesaysExample:Ilenthimalotofmoney,soIhopethathekeepshiswordandrepaystheloan.

4. Toreachaconsensus

Meaning:tocometoanagreementExample:Thedirectorsofthecompanyhavereachedaconsensusonthenewbusinessplan.

5. Tomakethemostofsomething

Meaning:tomakesomethingappearasgoodaspossible;toexploitsomething;togetasmuchoutofsomethingasispossible.Example:Theydesignedtheadvertisementstomakethemostoftheproduct'sfeatures.

6. Togooutofbusiness

Meaning:ifacompanygoesoutofbusiness,itstopsdoingbusinesspermanently,especiallybecauseithasfailedExample:Ifwesoldfoodatthosepriceswe’dsoongooutofbusiness.

7. Todomarketresearch

Meaning:tocollectinformationaboutwhatpeoplebuyandwhytheychooseit.Example:Advertisingcompaniesdoalotofmarketresearchbeforetheydesignpromotioncampaigns.

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8. Tomakecutbacks

Meaning:todecrease,toreduceExample:ThecompanymadecutbacksattheirstoresinNewYorkandmanyemployeesweredismissed.

9. Tomanageexpectations

Meaning:Seektopreventdisappointmentbyestablishinginadvancewhatcanrealisticallybeachievedordeliveredbyaproject,undertaking,courseofaction,etc.Example:thecompanyneedstomanagetheexpectationsofinvestorsbypresentingarealisticfigurefornextyear’sestimatedprofits.

10. Tomakeacalculation

Meaning:toassessasituationandfigureout(orguess)theoutcomeExample:Wecannotmakeaprecisecalculationofthepriceuntilwehaveallthecosts.

11. Topayinarrears

Meaning:referstomakingapaymenttoasupplierlaterthanthetermsofthearrangementunderwhichgoodsorserviceswerepurchasedfromthesupplier.Example:Thecompanypaysonemonthinarrearstoallitssuppliersandemployees.

12. Tobuyatauction

Meaning:tobuysomethingatausuallypublicsaleofgoodsorproperty,wherepeoplemakehigherandhigherbids(=offersofmoney)foreachthing,untilthethingissoldtothepersonwhowillpaymostExample:Buyingapropertyatanauctioncanbeanerve-wrackingorexhileratingexperience.

13. Tosquanderachance/savings

Meaning:towastemoneyorsupplies,ortowasteopportunitiesbynotusingthemtoyouradvantageExample:JamessquanderedallhissavingsinanunsuccessfulbusinessventuretosellicecreaminAlaska.

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14. Overheadcost

Meaning:referstoregularcostsrequiredtorunabusiness,suchasrent,electricity,wagesetcExample:Anincreaseinrentsintheshoppingmallincreasedtheoverheadcostsofalltheshopswhichoperatedthere.

15. AtakeoverMeaning:anactoftakingoveracompanybybuyingitssharesExample:SonymadeasuccessfultakeoverofthebroadcastingcompanyCBS.

16. Amerger

Meaning:theactionofjoiningtwoormorebusinessesintooneExample:ThedirectorsofKentuckyFriedChickenandBurgerKingareconsideringamergerofthetwocompanies.

17. Aheavyworkload

Meaning:havingmanytaskstoperformExample:Manyemployeesofthecompanytaketimeoffworkbecauseofillnessandstressduetotheheavyworkload.

18. Compensation

Meaning:somethingthatsomebodygivesyou[usuallymoney]becausetheyhavehurtyouordamagedsomethingthatyouownExample:IreceivedalargesumofmoneyascompensationfortheinjurywhichIsustainedatwork.

19. Revenue

Meaning:themoneythatagovernmentreceivesfromtaxesorwhichacompanyreceivesfromitsbusinessExample:Thetaxrevenuesofthegovernmenthavefallenasaresultoftheeconomiccrisis.

20. White-collar

Meaning:workinginanoffice,notafactoryExample:Theinsurancecompanyisofferingsomewhite-collarjobsifyouwanttoapply.

21. Blue-collar

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Meaning:connectedwithpeoplewhodophysicalworkinindustryExample:He’sablue-collarworkerinacarfactory.

22. Torunyourownbusiness

Meaning:tohaveabusinesswhichyouownExample:Iwastiredofworkingforotherpeople,soIdecidedtorunmyownbusiness.

23. Toearnaliving

Meaning:toearnmoneyExample:Iusedtoearnalivingasateacher,butnowIsellusedcars.

24. Enhancetheirpublicimage

Meaning:tomaketheircompanyappearmoreattractivetopeopleExample:Inordertoenhancetheirpublicimage,somecompaniesdonatelargesumsofmoneytocharities.

25. Togrowabusiness

Meaning:toexpandabusiness,usuallyanewoneExample:Thecompanystartedoneyearagowithonlyoneshop,buttheyhavegrownthebusinessandnowhavetenshops.

26. Togainacompetitiveedge

Meaning:toachieveanadvantageoveranothercompanyororganization,oftenbyprovidingthesamegoodsorservicesatalowerpriceExample:ThehighqualityofVWcars,combinedwiththeiraffordableprice,hasenabledthecompanytogainacompetitiveedgeoverallitsrivalsinworldmarkets.

27. Maximizeprofits

Meaning:toincreaseprofitstothehighestpossiblelevelExample:Thecompanyhashiredamarketingconsultanttorecommendhowtomaximizeprofitsnextyear.

28. Toconductabusiness

Meaning:tooperateabusinessinaparticularwayExample:Itisimportanttoconductabusinesswithhonestyinordertogaintheconfidenceofcustomers

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29. Tobemaderedundant

Meaning:toloseone’sjobExample:Thecarfactoryhasclosedand1000employeeshavebeenmaderedundant.

30. Pensionscheme

Meaning:asysteminwhichyouandyouremployerpaymoneyregularlyintoafund,tousewhenyouretirefromworkExample:Oneofthebenefitsofworkingforabigcorporationisthatsuchlargecompaniesusuallyprovideagoodpensionscheme.

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GOVERNMENT

1. toabideby

Meaning;(formal)toacceptandactaccordingtoalaw,anagreement,etc.Example:Motoristswhodonotabidebytherulesoftheroadshouldbeseverelypunished.

2. parliamentarydemocracy

Meaning:asystemofgovernmentinwhichcandidatesarevotedtorepresentthepeopleofacountryinanationalparliamentorassemblyExample:Freedomofspeechisusuallyoneoftherightsenjoyedbycitizensinaparliamentarydemocracy.

3. toadhereto

Meaning:tobehaveaccordingtoaparticularlaw,rule,setofinstructions,Example:Governmentswhichfailtoadheretotheirelectionpromisesgenerallybecomeunpopularveryquickly.

4. constitutionalgovernment

Meaning:connectedwiththelawswhichacountryisgovernedbyExample:Themediahaveanimportantroletoplayinreportingontheactionsofpoliticians,toensuretheproperfunctioningofconstitutionalgovernment.

5. theexecutivebranch

Meaning:thatpartofthegovernmentorganisationresponsibleforimplementinglawsanddecisionsExample:Theenforcementofpoliciesaffectingschoolsandhospitalsistheresponsibilityoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernment.

6. thelegislativebranch

Meaning:thatpartofthegovernmentresponsibleformakinglawsExample:Lawsrelatingtohumanrightshavebeenpassedbythelegislativebranchofmanynationalgovernments.

7. theseparationofpowers

Meaning:theprinciplethatseparatesgovernmentauthorityintothreebranches–legislative(theParliamentorSenate),executive(thePresidentorMinisters)andthejudiciary(thejudgesandcourts).

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Example:IntheUSA,theindependenceofthecourtsfromthegovernmentissafeguardedbytheseparationofpowers

8. toadoptpolicies

Meaning:tostarttouseparticularpoliciesExample:Inordertodealwithtrafficcongestion,thegovernmentmustadoptpoliciestorestricttheuseofprivatecars.

9. toimposespendingcuts

Meaning:tointroducenewrulestospendlessmoneyonsomethingExample:Itisessentialfortheauthoritiestoimposespendingcutsonspaceprogramsinordertofundhealthservices.

10. toraisetaxeson

Meaning:toincreasetheamountoftaxonsomethingExample:Governmentsshouldraisetaxesoncigarettestopersuademorepeopletogiveupsmoking.

11. tocurbpublicspendingon

Meaning:torestrictwhatthegovernmentspendsonsomethingExample:Iwouldarguethatitispreferabletocurbpublicspendingonbuildingnewroadsratherthantoimposespendingcutsoneducation.

12. toallocateresourcesto

Meaning:tomakemoneyandmaterialsavailabletodosomethingExample:Ifgovernmentsallocatemoreresourcestoimprovingpublictransport,thiswillreducetheproblemoftrafficcongestionincities.

13. tointroducerestrictionson

Meaning:tolimitwhatpeoplecandoorwhatcanhappenExample:Thegovernmentmustintroducerestrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces.14. toinfringeon/uponsomething

Meaning:tolimitsomebody’slegalrightsExample:Governmentsmustsometimesinfringeuponindividualfreedomsinthewiderinterestsofsociety.

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15. tobeagovernmentpriority

Meaning:somethingwhichissoimportantthatthegovernmentshoulddealwithitfirst.Example:Indevelopingcountries,spendingonhealthandeducationshouldbetopgovernmentpriorities.

16. toprioritizeexpenditureon

Meaning:toputtheneedtospendmoneyoncertainthingsfirstExample:Ibelievethatitisimportanttoprioritizeexpenditureonmedicalresearchinordertosavelives.

17. toprovidefundingfor

Meaning:togivemoneytoenablesomethingtobedoneExample:Providingfundingforhealthcaremustbeapriorityofgovernments.

18. highontheagenda

Meaning:somethingwhichisamongthefirstthingsinthelistofactionstobetakenExample:Therehabilitationofprisonersmustbehighontheagendaofprisonauthoritieseverywhere.

19. toexertpressureon

Meaning:tousepowertoinfluencesomebodyorsomethingExample:Environmentalorganisationsshouldexertpressureongovernmentstoinvestinrenewableenergyprojects.

20. toformapressuregroup

Meaning:toorganizeagroupofpeoplewhotrytoinfluencethegovernmenttoachievetheactionthattheywant.Example:Activistsinmycountryhaveformedapressuregrouptopersuadethegovernmenttoclosenuclearpowerstations.

21. toprovidepublicsubsidiesfor

Meaning:togivegovernmentmoneytoreducethecostsofservicesortoproducegoodsinordertokeepthepricelowExample:Inordertopromoteagriculturethatisenvironmentally-friendly,thegovernmentshouldprovidepublicsubsidiesfororganicfarmers.

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22. internationalbodies

Meaning:organizationswhichoperateinmanycountriesExample:Nationalgovernmentsoughttogivefundstointernationalbodies,liketheRedCrossandtheUnitedNations,todealwithemergencysituations.

23. nationalandlocalauthorities

Meaning:governmentorganizationsactingatanationallevelorwithinasmaller,localareaExample:Tacklingcrimeisaresponsibilityofbothnationalandlocalauthorities.

24. non-governmentalorganizations:NGOs

Meaning:acharityorassociationthatisindependentofgovernmentorbusinessExample:IndividualscoulddonatemoneytoNGOstohelpothersinneedoffood,shelterandmedicalservices.

25. tocampaignforsomething

Meaning:totakepartinaseriesofactivitiesinordertoachieveaspecificaim.Example:Peoplewhoareconcernedabouttheenvironmentshouldcampaignforstrictercontrolsonpollution.

26. governmentdecision-making

Meaning:theprocessofdecidingaboutsomethingofficialExample:Pressuregroupsaresometimesabletoinfluencegovernmentdecision-making.

27. toimposeanofficialbanon

Meaning:tosayordeclarethatsomethingisnotallowedExample:Governmentsoughttoimposeanofficialbanontheuseofmobilephonesonpublictransport.

28. governmentsponsorship

Meaning:theactofprovidingfinancialsupportbythegovernmentExample:Governmentsponsorshipoftheartsisnecessaryifcreativetalentistobeencouraged.

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29. awelfarestate

Meaning:ataxationsystemwhichallowsgovernmentstoprovidefortheeconomicandsocialwell-beingofitscitizensExample:Inordertoeradicatepoverty,Ibelievethatawelfarestateshouldbeestablishedinalldevelopingcountries.

30. astopgapmeasure

Meaning:apolicyoractionadoptedforashorttimeuntilsomemorepermanentsolutionisfoundExample:Buildingmoreprisonswillnotsolvetheproblemofrisingcrimerates,butitisastopgapmeasurewhichthegovernmentmusttaketoprotectordinarycitizens.

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SPORTANDEXERCISE

1. totakeupsport/totakeupexercise

Meaning:tostartdoingasport,tostartdoingexerciseExample:Governmentsshouldprovidesportsfacilitiestoencouragemorepeopletotakeupsport.

2. togetintoshape

Meaning:tobecomefitExample:Ifpeoplehaveasedentarylifestyle,theymustdoregularexercisetogetintoshape.

3. tokeepfit

Meaning:tostayingoodphysicalconditionExample:Ahealthydietandplentyofexerciseareessentialforpeopletokeepfit.

4. toexertoneself

Meaning:tomakeabigphysicalefforttodosomethingExample:Ibelievethatsportsprofessionalsdeservehighsalaries,becauseconstanthardtrainingisnecessarysothattheycanexertthemselvestothelimitwhentheycompete.

5. toworkoutatthegym

Meaning:totrainthebodybyphysicalexerciseatthegymExample:Aspartofahealthylifestyle,peopleofallagesshouldworkoutatthegymonaregularbasis.

6. tobeoutofcondition

Meaning:tobephysicallyunfitExample:Oneofthecausesofobesityisthatmanypeopleareoutofconditionandfailtoexerciseregularly.

7. tobeinthepeakofcondition

Meaning:tobeinthebestpossiblephysicalconditionExample:Sportsprofessionalsshouldreceivehighsalaries,becausetheymustalwaysbeinthepeakofconditioninordertoperformatthehighestlevels.

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8. totakegentleexercise

Meaning:todoexercisewhichisnotphysicallydemandingortiringExample:Eventheelderlycankeepfitbytakinggentleexercise,likejoggingorevenawalkinthepark.

9. alternativeformsofexercise

Meaning:takingexerciseinlesscommonways,involvingthemindaswellasthebodyExample:Alternativeformsofexercise,suchasyogaandtaichi,arepopularinmycountryamongpeopleofallages.

10. tooutlawdangeroussports

Meaning:tobanorprohibitsportswhichhaveahighriskofcausinginjury

Example:Ibelievethatthegovernmentshouldoutlawdangeroussportsbecauseparticipantsmaysufferseriousinjuries.

11. onsafetygrounds

Meaning:forreasonsofsafetyExample:Boxingisaverydangeroussportandmustbeoutlawedonsafetygrounds.

12. ahigh/lowprobabilityofinjury

Meaning:youareverylikely/notverylikelytobeinjuredExample:Ifanyoneplanstotakeupmountaineeringorskydiving,theyshouldbeawarethatthereisahighprobabilityofinjury.

13. life-threateninginjuries

Meaning:injurieswhicharesoseriousthatthepersonmaydieExample:Paraglidingandcliff-jumpingaretwoexamplesofextremesportsinwhichlife-threateninginjuriesaresustainedalltoooftenbythosewhotakepart.

14. anextremesport

Meaning:asportingactivitywhichisverydangerousExample:Personally,Icannotunderstandwhysomepeopletakeupanextremesport,andtheyshouldconsideralltherisksfirst.

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15. essentialsportsgear

Meaning:theequipmentandclothingneededtopracticeaparticularsportExample:Inordertoreducetherisksassociatedwithdangeroussports,participantsshouldundergorigoroustrainingandusealltheessentialsportsgearrequired.

16. totakesensibleprecautions

Meaning:todosomethinginadvanceinordertopreventproblemsortoavoiddangerExample:Anyoneengaginginanextremesportmusttakesensibleprecautionsandseekexpertadvice.

17. tofosteracompetitivespirit

Meaning:encouragethedesiretobeatothersinasportseventExample:Theproblemwithencouragingsportatschoolisthatitfostersacompetitivespiritamongstudents,insteadofteachingchildrensimplytodothebestthattheycaninallaspectsoflife.

18. theOlympicideal

Meaning:theultimategoalisnottowinbuttoknowthatyouhavetakenpartanddoneyourbestinacompetitionExample:Unfortunately,professionalsportisjustanotherbranchoftheentertainmentindustry,andtheOlympicidealhasbeenlost.

19. awin-at-all-costsattitude

Meaning:anideathatamatchorcompetitionmustbewon,usingallpossiblemeansExample:Youthsportisbeingruinedbyawin-at-all-costsattitude,whichincludescheatingandbreakingtherulesinordertoachievevictory.

20. bedisqualifiedfromparticipating

Meaning:nottobeallowedtojoinacompetitionExample:Sportsmenorsportswomenwhotakedrugsshouldbedisqualifiedfromparticipatinginsportforalongtime.

21. performance-enhancingdrugs

Meaning:drugswhichimprovetheabilityofasportspersontocompeteExample:Athleteswhotakeperformance-enhancingdrugsarenotonlycheating,buttheyalsosetabadexampleforyoungpeople.

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22. tofailadrugstest

Meaning:tofailanexaminationbeforeorafteracompetitiontomakesurethatyouhavenottakenillegaldrugstoimproveyourperformanceExample:Cyclingisasportwhichhasbeendiscreditedinrecentyears,assomanycompetitorshavefaileddrugstests.

23. touseillegalsubstances

Meaning:tousedrugsormedicineswhicharenotallowedundertherulesofacompetitionExample:Inprofessionalsport,ithasbecomeincreasinglycommontouseillegalsubstancesinordertowinatallcosts.

24. toplacetoomuchvalueonsport

Meaning:toregardsportastooimportantExample:Iwouldarguethatschoolsplacetoomuchvalueonsportinthecurriculum,andparticipationinsportshouldbeanout-of-schoolactivity.

25. asportsfan

Meaning:apersonwhotakesakeeninterestinsportExample:WhileIthinkthatitishealthytobeasportsfan,peopleshouldrememberthatformostpeople,sportisjustentertainment,notamatteroflifeanddeath.

26. tosetarecord

Meaning:toachievethebestresulteverachievedinasportExample:RealMadridhavesetarecordforthenumberofgoalsscoredinamatch.

27. sportscoverage

Meaning:theactivityofreportingnewsrelatedtosportExample:Manytopsportsstarsarenowknowntomillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldbecauseofglobalsportscoveragebythemedia.

28. sportscommentators

Meaning:peoplewhoareexpertsonsportandtalkorwriteaboutitinthemediaExample:Notonlysportsstars,butevensomesportscommentatorshavebecomewell-knowncelebrities.

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29. sportsmerchandising

Meaning:theactivityofsellingproductsconnectedwithasportorsportspersonExample:Sportsmerchandisingisamulti-billiondollarbusinessworldwide,intheformoft-shirtsandsportsequipment.

30. theendorsementofsportinggoods

Meaning:anadvertisingstatement,usuallybyafamoussportsperson,sayingthattheyuseorlikeaparticularproduct.

Example:Inadditiontotheirfabuloussalaries,sportscelebritiesalsomakeagreatdealofmoneythroughtheirendorsementofsportinggoodssuchastrainersorevencasualclothesordeodorants!

Sourceofvocabulary:IELTSNgocBach

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SPACEEXPLORATION

1. Thespacerace

Meaning:competitionbetweentheUSandtheSovietUnioninthe1950sand60stobethefirsttoexplorespaceExample:Thespaceraceinthe1950smarksanimportantpointinthedevelopmentofspaceexploration

2. Aspaceprobe

Meaning:atypeofspacecraftthatdoesnothaveapersoninsideExample:Spaceprobescanbesenttofardistancesforlongperiodsoftimetogatherinformationaboutdifferentareasinspace.

3. Alunarmodule

Meaning:asmallcraftusedfortravellingbetweenthemoonandthelargerspacecraftorbitingthemoon.Example:Whenthefirstmenwalkedonthemoontheycameoutofthelunarmodule.Thefirstmantowalkonthemoonsaid"Onesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind."

4. Toputintoorbit

Meaning:Tosendsomethingintospace,followingacurvedpathofaplanetoranobjectasitmovesaroundastar,amoonoraplanetExample:Anewsatellitehasbeenputintoorbitaroundtheearth.

5. Mannedspaceflight

Meaning:avoyageintospacewhichhasapersontocontrolitExample:Asmannedspaceflightsaresodangerous,manychecksmustbecarriedoutfirst.

6. Tolaunchaspacerocket

Meaning:tosendarocketintospaceExample:Nowadays,menlaunchspacerockets–notships–todiscovernewworlds.

7. Thecosmos

Meaning:theuniverse,especiallywhenitisthoughtofasanorderedsystemExample:Althoughthechallengeofexploringandunderstandingthecosmosisexciting,itisalsoveryexpensive

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8. Topourmoneyintospaceresearch

Meaning:tospendenormousamountsofmoneyonspaceresearchExample:Somepeoplearguethatitiswastefultopourmoneyintospaceresearch.

9. Atestflight

Meaning:aflightduringwhichaspacecraftorpartofitsequipmentistestedExample:Testflightsaddtothehugecostsofspaceexploration.

10. Aspaceshuttle

Meaning:aspacecraftdesignedtobeused,forexample,totravelbetweentheearthandaspacestationExample:Thefirstspaceshuttlewasfront-pagenews,butnowpeoplearenolongerexcitedbytheconcept.

11. Aspacestation

Meaning:alargestructurethatissentintospaceandremainsabovetheearthasabaseforpeopleworkingandtravellinginspaceExample:Evenmaintaininganinternationalspacestationissoexpensivethatthecostsmustbesharedbyseveralcountries.

12. Spacevogages

Meaning:journeysintospaceExample:Publicinterestintheearlyspacevoyageswasunprecedented.

13. Spacetourism

Meaning:travellingtospaceasaformofvacation/holidayExample:Billionairesaretheonlypeoplewhoarelikelytoexperiencespacetourismintheforeseeablefuture.

14. Todiscoverthemysteriesoftheuniverse

Meaning:tofindoutmoreaboutspaceExample:Spaceexplorationisanessentialelementinourattempttodiscoverthemysteriesoftheuniverse.

15. Spacemissions

Meaning:flightsintospace

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Example:RecentspacemissionshavebeguntoexploreMarsandmoredistantpartsoftheuniverse.16. Theconquestofspace

Meaning:theactofgainingcontroloverthedifficulttaskofexploringspaceExample:Theconquestofspaceisachallengethatcontinuestoinspirethepublicimagination.

17. Tobeaninspirationto

Meaning:tomakesomebodyexcitedaboutsomething,especiallythinkingofthefutureExample:Theimagesofthefirstmenonthemoonwereaninspirationtopeople,andmadethemmorehopefulaboutthefuture.

18. Spacesuitsandhelmets

Meaning:theclothingwornbyastronauts.Example:Astronautsmustfinditdifficulttocarryoutmaintenancetasksduringspaceflightswearinguncomfortablespacesuitsandhelmets.

19. Vacuum-packedfood

Meaning:aspacethatiscompletelyemptyofallsubstances,includingallairorothergasExample:Duringmannedspaceflights,astronautshavetoliveoffvacuum-packedfood.

20. Weightlessconditions

Meaning;havingnoweightorappearingtohavenoweight.Asaresult,astronautsappeartofloatinspace.Example:Astronautsworkinweightlessconditions,whichmustmakeevenroutinetasksverydifficult.

21. ToendurehardshipsanddiscomfortsMeaning:toexperienceanddealwithconditionsthatareunpleasantExample:Idoubtthatspacetourismwillhavemassappealinthefuture.Travellerswouldhavetoendurehardshipsanddiscomfortssuchasweightlessconditions,vacuum-packedfoodandwearingspacesuitsandhelmets.

22. TofloatthroughspaceMeaning:tomoveslowlyintheairExample:Spacetourismwouldbereallyboring,simplyfloatingthroughspaceandlookingoutofthewindowofthespacecraft.

23. ZerogravityMeaning:havingnoforcetopullobjectstotheground,sothattheyfloat.

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Example:Livinginconditionsofzerogravityinspacemustbeextremelytiringanduncomfortable.

24. Satellitetechnology

Meaning:thetechnologyofsendingelectronicdevicesintospaceforcommunicationspurposesExample:Satellitetechnologyhasresultedinhugeadvancesincommunicationsandinformation-gathering.

25. Aspin-offMeaning:ausefulresultofanactivitythatwasdesignedtoproducesomethingdifferentExplanation:Spaceprogramshaveproducedspin-offsthathaverevolutionizedmodernlife,suchassatellitetelevisionandcommunications.

26. TomakespacetravelcommerciallyviableMeaning:tomakespacetravelasuccessfinanciallyExample:Holidaysinspacearejustfantasy.Itisdoubtfulifitwilleverbepossibletomakespacetravelcommerciallyviable.

27. ThequestforanewhomelandMeaning:thesearchforanewplacetoinhabitExample:Ashumansaredestroyingtheirownplanet,thequestforanewhomelandintheuniverseisessential.

28. AlienlifeformsMeaning:creaturesfromanotherworldExample:Oneofthemostexcitingpossibilitiesofthespaceprogramisfindingalienlifeformsonotherplanets.

29. ExtraterrestriallifeMeaning:lifethatmayexistonanotherplanetExample:Thequestforextraterrestriallifewillprovethathumansarenotaloneintheuniverse.

30. IntherealmofsciencefictionMeaning:onlypossibleinsciencefictionstories,onlyfantasyExample:Mostoftheargumentsinfavourofspaceprogramsareintherealmofsciencefiction.

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