GrandStrandRegionalMedicalCenterSpeechTherapyDepartmentIntern

ElizabethCoxNeedtoKnowVocabularyo AAC(AugmentativeandAlternativeCommunication):Allformsofcommunicationother

thanoralspeech.• AidedAAC:Relyontheuser’sbodytoconveythemessagesuchasbodyorsign

language• UnaidedAAC:Requirestheuseoftoolsorequipmentinadditiontogesturesorbody

languagerangingfrompaper/penciltocommunicationboards,orelectronicdevicestocreatemessages.

o Agnosia:Inabilitytorecognizeobjectswhenusingaspecificsensesuchasvisual,auditory,andtouch

o Agraphia:Inabilitytoproducewrittenlanguageo Amnesia:Lossofmemoryduetobraininjury,shockorillness.

• Anterograde:Lossofmemoriesthatwereformedbeforetheinjury.• Retrograde:Lossofabilitytoformnewmemoriesaftertheinjury.• PostTraumaticAmnesia:Stateofconfusionimmediatelyfollowingtraumaticbrain

injury.DuringPTAtheindividualcannotstoreneweventsinmemoryorremembereventsthatoccuraftertheinjuryandisoftenconfusedanddisoriented.

o Anosognosia:Thedenialorunawarenessofone’sneurologicaldeficitso Aphasia:Difficultyunderstanding,speaking,reading,andwritingwhilecognitivefunctionis

normallyintact.Normallycausedbydamagetotheleftsideofthebraino Types:

§ Expressive:Havetroublespeakingandwriting;alsoknownasBroca’sAphasia

• Onlyabletosay1or2wordsatatime• Havetroublethinkingofthewordstheywanttosay• Leavewordsoutofsentences• Haveproblemsspelling• Havetroubleputtingtogethersentencesthatmakesense

§ Receptive:Havetroublereadingandunderstanding;alsoknownasWernicke’sAphasia

• Onlyabletofollowsimpledirections• Troublefollowingaconversation• Needtohaveinformationrepeated• Needvisualortouchcuestohelpthemunderstand• Havetroubleunderstandingwhattheyread• Saywordsthatdon’tmakesensebutdon’tknowthatotherscan’t

understandthem.§ Global:Havetroublewithspeaking,writing,reading,andunderstanding

o Aphonia:Lossofvoice

o Apraxia:Theinabilitytoperformamovementorsequenceofmovementsdespiteintactsensationandunderstandingofthetask;difficultycontrollingmouthtospeakclearly

o Mixupsoundsinwordso Saythewrongsoundso Saywordsandsoundsdifferentlyeachtimeo Struggletosaysounds

o Articulation:Producingspeechsoundso Aspiration:Inhalingofaliquidorobjectintotheairway

o SignsandSymptoms§ Coughingafterswallowingfoodorliquid§ Throatclearingafterswallowingfoodorliquid§ Difficultybreathing(fast,slow,gurglinglungsounds)§ Achangeinvoice§ Fever(dizzy,sweating,chill)

o Ataxia:Lackofcoordinationfineandgrossmotoractivityo Bolus:Massoffoodpreparedbythemouthforswallowing(afterchewing).o CABG:Asurgicalprocedurethatimprovesandrestoresnormalbloodflowtotheheartfor

peoplewithcoronaryheartdisease.o CerebrovascularAccident:Decreasedbloodflowtothebraincausedbyablockedartery

thatresultsinthedeathofbraincells,alsoknownasastroke.o CerebralPalsy:Neurologicaldisorderthatpermanentlyaffectsbodymovement,muscle

coordination,andbalance.o Cognitive-CommunicationDisorders:Problemswithmemory,reasoning,problem-solving,

andattentiono Dysarthria:Slurredquietspeechcausedbymuscleweaknesso Dysphagia:Difficultychewingandswallowingfoodanddrink

• EsophagealDysphagia:Occurswhenfoodsorliquidsdonotreachthestomachproperlycommonlycausedbythebackingupofstomachacidintotheesophagusduetorefluxproblemsmakingitharderfortheesophagustopassfoodstothestomach.

• OropharyngealDysphagia:Difficultywiththeinitialstageoftheswallowingprocessresultingproblemsmovingfoodfromthefronttothebackofthemouth.

o Dysphasia:Impairmentofspeechduetobraindamage.o Dyspnea:Shortnessofbreatho Edema:Medicaltermforswellingorwhenbloodvesselsreleasefluidintonearbytissueso Embolus:Abloodclotthathasbeencarriedinthebloodstreamandeventuallylodgesinto

abloodvesselinanewlocationtocauseastrokeo Encephalopathy:Generaltermforbraindiseaseorbraindamage;symptomsinclude

memoryloss,alteredmentalstate,personalitychanges,dementia,seizures,orcoma.o EndotrachealIntubation:Aprocedureinwhichatubeisplacedintothetracheathrough

themouthornosetosupportbreathingandopentheairwaytogiveoxygen.o Fluoroscopy:X-raystudyofmovingbodystructures;usedtowatchapatient’sswallow.o Hematoma:Thecollectionofbloodoutsideofthevesselmostcommonlyduetodamageto

thevesselwall.Theselooklikebruisesundertheskinbutcanalsohappeninplacesthatarenotvisible.

o Hemorrhage:Anescapeofbloodfromarupturedbloodvessel;rapid,uncontrollablelossofblood.• BrainHemorrhage:Localizedbleedinginthebrainduetotheburstingofanarteryin

thebrain.Thiscausesswellinginthebrainandincreasesthepressureinthebrain,whichkillsbraincells.

o Hydrocephalus:Abnormalaccumulationofcerebrospinalfluidinthebrainthatcausesittoswell.Itcanleadtobraindamageandphysical,developmental,andcognitiveimpairments.

o Hyperlipidemia:Highnumberoflipidsorfats,mostcommonlyreferredtoashighcholesterol

o Infarct:Anareaofdeadtissueresultingfromlackofbloodsupplyo IschemicStroke:Occurswhenbloodvesselsconnectedtothebrainarecloggedorblocked.

Aclotformsandblockstheflowofbloodtocertainareasofthebraincausingthestroketooccur.

o Labial:Pertainingtothelips.o Language:Wordsweuseandunderstando Larynx:Valvestructurebetweenthetrachea(windpipe)andthepharynx(theupperthroat)

thatistheprimaryorganofvoiceproductiono Lesion:Aregionorzoneofanorganortissuethathassuffereddamage.o Lingual:Pertainingtothetongueo ModifiedBariumSwallow:Theuseofvideofluoroscopytoevaluateapatient’sswallow.o MultipleSclerosis(MS):Adiseaseofthecentralnervoussystemaffectingthebrainandthe

spinalcord.o MuscleAtrophy:Thelossofmuscleabilityduetounderuseorneglect.o Myalgia:Musclepaino NasalEmission:Airflowthroughthenose,usuallyaudibleandindicativeofanincomplete

sealbetweenthenasalandoralcavitieso Necrosis:Deathofmostorallofthecellsinanorganortissueo Paraesthesia:Anabnormaltingling/numbness(pinsandneedles)sensationusuallyinupper

andlowerextremitieso Paresis:Muscleweakness.o Parkinson’sDisease:Aprogressivediseasethatdisruptsmovement.Symptomsinclude

tremors,slowedmovementimpairedpostureandbalance,decreasedabilitytoperformautomaticmovements,speechandwritingchanges.

o Perseveration:Repetitionofaparticularresponse(wordorphrase)andrepeatedlybringingupatopicthatisnolongerappropriate

o Phonics:Therelationshipsbetweenwrittenlettersandtheirspokensounds• “Phone”spelledwitha/ph/,notan/f/asin“fone”

o PhonologicalAwareness:Awarenessofindividualsoundsinspokenwordsaswellashowthosesoundsgotogetherandhowtheycanbechangedtomakenewwords

o Phonology:Howspeechsoundsgotogether/followpatternstomakewordso Speech:Howwesaysoundsandputthemtogetherintowordo Thrombus:Abloodclotthatformswithinthevascularsystem.

o Tracheostomy:Aproceduredonetocreateanopeninginthetracheatoprovideanairwayandremovelungsecretions.Oftenusedinpatientswhohaveanobjectblockingtheairway,orlackofabilitytobreathe.

o TotalParenteralNutrition(TPN):AllnutritionalneedsaremetthroughanIVorintravenously.

Abbreviations:v A/P:anterior-posteriorv A&O:alertandorientedv adlib:asmuchasneededv ADL:activitiesofdailylivingv ARDS:acuterespiratorydistresssyndromev bm:bowelmovementv BS:breathsoundsv c:withv C/O:complainingofv c/o:complainsofv CA:cancerv CABG:coronaryarterybypassgraftingv CN:cranialnervesv CNS:centralnervoussystemv COLD:chronicobstructivelungdiseasev COPD:chronicobstructivepulmonarydiseasev CP:chestpainv CPAP:continuouspositiveairwaypressurev CSF:cerebrospinalfluidv CVA:cerebrovascularaccidentv CXR:chestx-rayv DAI:diffuseaxonalinjuryv DAT:dietastoleratedv DC:dischargev DJD:degenerativejointdiseasev DM:diabetesmellitusv DNR:donotresuscitatev DOA:deadonarrivalv DOE:dyspneaonexertionv DVT:deepvenousthrombosisv DX:diagnosisv ECG:electrocardiogramv EMT:eyes,motor,verbalresponsev ENT:ears,nose,throatv ETT:endotrachealtubev FTT:failuretothrivev FU:follow-upv FVC:forcedvitalcapacityv Fx:fracturev HA:headachev HBP:highbloodpressurev HO:historyof

v HOB:headofbedv HPI:historyofpresentillnessv HTN:hypertensionv Hx:historyv LLL:leftlowerlobev LLQ:leftlowerquadrantv LML:leftmiddlelobev LOC:levelofconsciousnessv LP:lumbarpuncturev LUL:leftupperlobev LUQ:leftupperquadrantv MVA:motorvehicleaccidentv NAD:noactivediseasev NAS:noaddedsaltv NG:nasogastricv NKA:noknownallergiesv NPO:nothingbymouthv NT:nasotrachealv OPPT:orientedtopersonplaceandtimev PMH:previousmedicalhistoryv PO:bymouthv PRN:asneededv Pt:patientv PTA:posttraumaticamnesiav qd:everydayv RLL:rightlowerlobev RLQ:rightlowerquadrantv RML:rightmiddlelobev ROM:rangeofmotionv RUL:rightupperlobev RUQ:leftupperquadrantv RV:residualvolumev Rx:treatmentv s:withoutv s/s:signsandsymptomsv SCI:spinalcordinjuryv SOAP:Subjective,Objective,Assessment,Planv SOB:shortnessofbreathv Sx:symptomsv TLC:totallungcapacityv TPN:totalparenteralnutritionv TV:tidalvolumev Tx:treatmentv UGI:uppergastrointestinal

v VC:vitalcapacityv VO:verbalorvoicedisorderv VSS:vitalsignsstablev WF:whitefemalev WM:whitemalev WN:wellnourishedv WNL:withinnormallimitsv yo:yearold